Journal articles on the topic 'Patrimonio alpino'

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1

d’Incà Levis, Gianluca. "Efficacia dell’arte, strategie di rete e approccio trasformativo a paesaggio e patrimonio alpino." Manipolazioni metasemiche del patrimonio 2 NS, Issue 2 Ns, July 2019 (June 15, 2019): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1902i.

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Ever since 2011, Dolomiti Contemporanee (DC) has been operating on the contemporary identity of the mountain, and on the state of the Landscape, as well as the cultural, historic, and architectural Heritage inside the region of UNESCO’s Dolomites. Its research takes shape in the reactivation of large, issue-heavy industrial archaeology sites and compounds: former factories, former social villages, iconic architectural creations, with a great historical or aesthetic value, abandoned and underutilized, immersed in the powerful nature of the Dolomitic region. DC works on the redefinition of the mountain’s identity, building re-innovative and thematic critical images. In this sense, we refuse to recognize as an acceptable identity for the Alpine landscape the hotchpotch of stereotypical reductions which deliver a bland and reified vision of it, one that almost always involves plain and simple economic and touristic exploitation of the asset, to the detriment of its real potential’s nourishment. DC’s practice puts at the centre the need for re-enhancement and functional re-use of a few exceptional sites, which must be re-processed and re-activated. It is a responsible necessity of care and an opportunity for the regeneration of extraordinary underdeveloped sources of potential at the same time. Contemporary art, innovation culture, network strategies, those are some of the “techniques” through which such sites, so important in the past and now lifeless, are tackled, and morphed into cultural and artistic production centres, finally operative again, engines able to represent and provide new value to the territory.
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2

Dini, Roberto. "Nuovi sguardi sulla montagna. Elementi per il progetto alla grande scala." TERRITORIO, no. 56 (March 2011): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2011-056024.

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In quanto spazio ‘altro' le Alpi costituiscono un terreno di sperimentazione privilegiato per tentare di rispondere ad alcune domande centrali nel dibattito sulla pianificazione e sul progetto d'area vasta: dalle problematiche connesse alla patrimonializzazione del paesaggio, all'intreccio tra dato fisico e sociale, alla sostenibilitŕ ambientale, alla tutela del patrimonio storico e ambientale. Č fondamentale ragionare su modalitŕ di trasformazione in grado di tenere assieme immagini, progettualitŕ, dinamiche di natura differente, al fi ne di generare ‘territori abitati' nella complessitŕ dei loro valori. Anche nel contesto alpino emerge la necessitŕ di una riflessione intorno al tema dell'architettura alla grande scala, nell'incrocio tra strutturazioni insediative, morfologie del substrato territoriale con l'insieme delle pratiche dell'abitare e delle politiche di sviluppo locale.
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3

Zamboni, Alberto. "Nuove osservazioni su una glossa botanica mediolatina : citamus 'colchico'." Linguistica 49, no. 1 (December 29, 2009): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.49.1.247-256.

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Il grigion. schiombla, tschiombla ‘colchico’, lombardo alpino or. ciĝám(b)ula, si-, trent.occ. (Giudicarie) čiĝámbọla, segámbola ecc., insieme forse con lo sporadico friul. subalpino siàngala, ven- gono attribuiti nel noto ribelle di V. Bertoldi (1923: §§ 71–3) ad una glossa mediolatina citamus, cito- mus, riportata nel Diefenbach ma piuttosto isolata e possibile cattiva lettura di cart(h)amus (1288, 1304). L’ipotesi passa attraverso un suffissato (e non documentato) *citamŭla, che renderebbe le numerose varianti dialettali attraverso una normale lenizione di -t- > -d- > -ø- (con eventuale refezio- ne tramite -g-) – tratto fonetico estraneo tuttavia al friulano – e si oppone a quella sostenuta in prima istanza da Michael (1905), che pensava ad un *cicamŭla dissimilato da *ciclamŭla, derivato da cyclāmen ‘ciclamino’, i cui fiori hanno somiglianza con quelli del colchico e del croco. Va tuttavia riconosciuta ad Alessio la valorizzazione del meridionale šamo ‘giusquiamo’, solanacea velenosa di lontana tradizione per le sue proprietà farmacologiche (così come per il colchico, una liliacea): una forma, almeno semipopolare, che a mio avviso può esser stata diffusa anche in aree settentrionali, sempre in una variante suffissata *šámula, *siá- che rende facile conto del patrimonio grigionese schiombla (/š/!), lombardo segám(b)ola, meno invece del friulano siángala. Una nuova soluzione che offre il vantaggio di recuperare un filone autonomo ed elaborato di hyoscyamus in un areale alpino sostanzialmente omogeneo.
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Gabellieri, Nicola. "Il patrimonio bio-culturale alpino: un approccio geografico-storico al pascolo alberato di larici in Trentino (XVIII-XXI sec.)." RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA, no. 3 (September 2021): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rgioa3-2021oa12533.

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Recentemente l'UNESCO ha invitato gli studiosi ad approfondire lo studio delle dinamiche storiche e ambientali che hanno portato nel corso del tempo allo sviluppo di specifici ecosistemi e paesaggi, definiti come ‘bio-cultural heritage'. Raccogliendo questo stimolo, il contributo è dedicato a caratterizzare storicamente i pascoli alberati di larix decidua alpini: a partire dalla bibliografia sulla storia e sull'ecologia del larice, due casi studio di lariceti passati e presenti in Trentino sono approfonditi utilizzando un metodo geostorico che combina analisi di fonti documentali e osservazione di terreno. In conclusione, i lariceti risultano essere un prodotto di pratiche di uso e gestione delle risorse pascolive e forestali, capaci di fornire vari servizi ecosistemici, ma ad oggi a rischio di scomparsa.
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5

De Rossi, Antonio, and Roberto Dini. "Manipolazioni metasemiche del patrimonio." Manipolazioni metasemiche del patrimonio 2 NS, Issue 2 Ns, July 2019 (June 15, 2019): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1902a.

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The construction of a renewed habitability of the contemporary Alpine space requires a profound critical revision of the ways of looking and of the cultures concerning the theme of re-use of the built heritage. Over the last few decades, a sort of crystallization of imaginaries, operational practices and development ideas has emerged around the two terms of re-use and heritage and their ways of interaction, which today is likely to be an obstacle to the construction of new development scenarios for the Alpine region. Trying to imagine new values and meanings of the concepts of reuse and heritage, however, requires the questioning of those patrimonialization cultures that have served as the ultimate framework for the project of the Alpine space. The essay reconstructs those design processes that, starting from a renewed productive vision of the mountain, attempt today to overcome a hypostatized vision of the conventional cultural landscape produced by the patrimonialist paradigm, to embrace a transformative attitude of the heritage based on the materic character of the basic elements of the Alpine space. In particular we want to underline how the contemporary design culture in the Alps is directed to the development of synthetic languages aimed at capturing the stratified and diachronic dimension of the built landscape through metasemic cognitive and interpretative practices. It is an attitude that, against a background of the change in perspective brought about by climate change and environmental issues, allows the maximization of the opportunities and physical resources recovered in the place, perfectly in line with the aptitude for the continuous re-use of the Alpine civilizations of the past, which focuses on the awareness of participating in a constructive process of transformation of the long lasting Alpine territory.
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Kusstatscher, K., H. Grunenfelder, F. Bellagamba, R. Rossi, V. Capelli, and G. Jaritz. "Il Suino Nero delle Alpi – Salvataggio e Allevamento." Archivos de Zootecnia 67, Supplement (January 15, 2018): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/az.v67isupplement.3575.

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Tutte le razze che non hanno rispettato gli standard produttivi sono scomparse. Ciò è accaduto in particolare nell’ambito suinicolo. Fino a poco tempo fa erano tutti convinti della completa perdita di tutte le razze suine alpine autoctone! Ma nel 2013 alcuni membri della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria di Parma hanno trovato, in una fattoria didattica, un ultimo gruppo di maiali Valtellinesi (chiamato anche maiale Grigione). La rete alpina Pro Patrimonio Montano* ne ha continuato l’allevamento e ha trovato, dopo intense ricerche, altri due gruppi residui da includere ed evitarne la consanguineità. Questi tre gruppi, con diversa provenienza, costituiscono oggi il pool genetico che rappresenta tutte le razze suine alpine. Dopo tre anni, ci sono di nuovo 73 animali allevati distribuiti in 27 gruppi di allevamento in tre paesi. Precedentemente il Suino Nero e maculato delle Alpi era diffuse tra le montagne delle regioni centrali e sud-orientali delle Alpi Svizzere a nord-ovest della Slovenia. Eppure non sono ancora disponibili dati scientifici ma gli studi sono attualmente intraprese.
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Tolusso, Emiliano, Andrea Marini, and Luca Bonardi. "Dal racconto al paesaggio. La narrazione come strumento progettuale nel recupero degli spazi agricoli di versante (Valtellina, Alpi centrali)." RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA, no. 1 (March 2022): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rgioa1-2022oa13367.

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Contemporaneamente all'emersione di progetti di recupero del suo patrimonio storicoculturale, il paesaggio terrazzato della Media Valtellina di Tirano (Alpi centrali, Lombardia) ha negli ultimi anni guadagnato una posizione centrale nel discorso pubblico, sia a livello regionale che a quello, transfrontaliero e internazionale, della macroregione alpina. Tali progetti si focalizzano soprattutto sul restauro del patrimonio rurale, permettendone un nuovo impiego come substrato per la conduzione di attività agricole e turistiche, spesso integrate. Avvalendosi di interviste narrative con una serie di informatori chiave, sviluppate nell'ambito del progetto "Emblematici", l'articolo esplora, tramite un approccio qualitativo, la cultura contemporanea del terrazzamento in una regione fortemente contrassegnata dalla sua presenza. Questioni legate alla dimensione simbolica e culturale del terrazzamento si accompagnano a interrogativi riguardo al lavoro quotidiano, alle prospettive future di sviluppo dell'agricoltura locale e al ruolo dell'abbandono nella formazione del paesaggio culturale.
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8

Camanni, Enrico. "Per un nuovo regionalismo alpino. Crisi del «neo vernacolare» e necessità di contemporaneità / For a new alpine regionalism. Crisis of the «neo vernacular» and the necessity of contemporaneity." Regionalità e produzione architettonica contemporanea nelle Alpi, no. 1 ns, november 2018 (November 15, 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1801d.

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The mountain development model sustained by the coexistence of a distorting and stereotyped vernacular imaginary on one side and the uncritical and widespread re-proposing of urban settling schemes on the other, have been in a crisis situation since decades. Mass tourism and the spread of second houses have progressively brought on an overlap to local cultures and have caused a distortion of the natural environment, simplifying the idea of the mountain to just a place of transit and consumption. The way represented by the settling of the “new mountain dwellers”, even if it is still exiguous in numbers in terms of repopulation, it is essential in renewing and redefining lifestyles, cultures, forms: the Alps as a place of a contemporary living emancipated from rustic and urban, being able to get over the ambiguous paradigm founded on an old idea of “museum-ization” of the environment and the patrimony and on an indiscriminate exploitation of the territory too.
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9

Olmo, Carlo. "La traccia e l’impronta. Riflessioni su modernità e regionalismo / The trace and the footprint. Thoughts about modernity and regionalism." Regionalità e produzione architettonica contemporanea nelle Alpi, no. 1 ns, november 2018 (November 15, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1801c.

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The reflection on regionalism is really relevant on the present social, political and cultural situation that witnesses the crisis of projects of European unity and globalization. The alpine regionalism, founded on the permeability to cultures and movements to the detriment of physical and administrative limitations and catalyst of diversities, is mainly understandable as opposite to the nationalist ideologies from last century. It is a phenomenon with a distinctive condition that involves the alpine territory on different scales, from a large one to a small one. Its historical depth is determined by an articulated tratification of not linear processes (facts and interpretations, geographies, economies, migration, rights, etc.) accentuated by the complexity of the alpine context and able to destabilize and continuously discuss its models. The modernity on the Alps, which has imposed alien ways of using the space and has caused a complex network of regionalisms and internationalisms, is nowadays involved in a phenomenon of patrimonialisation: alpine territories that are under both regressive and strongly innovative processes, in relation to the critical marginality of the areas involved, have to face the issues of patrimony and space in deep interaction with the dynamics of nationality and democracy.
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10

Serafim, Rodica, and Sanda Maican. "Catalogue of Cerambycidae, Megalopodidae and Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) Recently Entered in the Patrimony of "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest). "Igor Ceianu" Collection." Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 54, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 425–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10191-011-0027-x.

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Catalogue of Cerambycidae, Megalopodidae and Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) Recently Entered in the Patrimony of "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest). "Igor Ceianu" Collection The paper presents data on 268 species belonging to the Cerambycidae, Megalopodidae and Chrysomelidae families, preserved in the "Igor Ceianu" Collection, recently entered in the patrimony of "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest). Some Carpathians endemic species are highlighted: Pseudogaurotina excellens Brancsik, 1874, Cryptocephalus carpathicus Weise, 1875, Sclerophaedon carpathicus Weise, 1875, Neocrepidodera transsilvanica Fuss, 1864 and Chrysolina weisei Frivaldszky, 1883. Among the rare species preserved in the "Igor Ceianu" collection, we mention: Nivellia sanguinosa Gyllenhal, 1827, Semanotus russicus russicus Fabricius, 1776, Pronocera angusta Kriechbaum, 1844, Callimoxys gracilis Brullé, 1832, Callimus angulatus angulatus Schrank, 1789, Cornumutila lineata Letzer, 1844, Pedostrangalia revestita Linnaeus, 1767, Pedostrangalia verticalis Germar, 1822, Etorofus pubescens Fabricius, 1787, Cryptocephalus bohemius Drapiez, 1819 and Cheilotoma musciformis Goeze, 1777. In terms of conservation, the following species of community interest are noted: Rosalia alpina Linnaeus, 1758, Morimus asper funereus Mulsant, 1863 and Pseudogaurotina excellens Brancsik, 1874.
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Delfosse, Claire. "De l'illustration du genre de vie pastoral au produit patrimonial. Le statut du fromage chez les géographes alpins depuis 1920." Revue de géographie alpine 86, no. 4 (1998): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.1998.2898.

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Garcia-Talegon, Jacinta, Adolfo C. Iñigo, Santiago Vicente-Tavera, and Eloy Molina-Ballesteros. "Heritage Stone 5. Silicified Granites (Bleeding Stone and Ochre Granite) as Global Heritage Stone Resources from Ávila, Central Spain." Geoscience Canada 43, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.087.

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Silicified granites were used to build the Romanesque monuments in the city of Ávila, Spain. The building stones comprise two types of granite based on their technical properties and colour: Bleeding Stone (Piedra Sangrante) and Ochre Granite (Caleño). They were used as a facing stone in the city´s Romanesque monuments of the 12th century (e.g. the cathedral and church of San Pedro), and the famous city walls that constitute the best example of military Romanesque Spanish architecture. During the Gothic and Renaissance periods of the 13th and 15th centuries, silicified granites were used mainly to build ribbed vaults, the voissoirs of the arches, and elements of the windows in the monuments of Ávila. Silicified granites are found in the intermediate and upper part of a complex palaeoweathering zone or mantle developed on the Iberian Hercynian Basement which underlies much of the western Iberian Peninsula. The silicification occurred during tropical conditions in the Mesozoic. The weathered mantle was truncated by Alpine tectonic movements during the Tertiary, and its remnants were unconformably overlain by more recent sediments in the western and southern part of the Duero Basin and along the northern edge of the Amblés Valley graben. The historical, and now protected, quarry is located in a village called La Colilla, about 5 km from the city of Ávila. Currently, this stone is exploited only for restoration work performed in the city, for example the Walls of Ávila, and the church of San Pedro. The resource is limited and being depleted, so the stone will be scarce in the near future. Consequently, these silicified granites should be recognized as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. The specific technical properties of these stones and their historic use, decay patterns, durability, and suitability for conservation treatments combine to support its designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.RÉSUMÉDes granites silicifiés ont été utilisés pour construire les monuments romans dans la ville d’Ávila, en Espagne. Les pierres de construction comprennent deux types de granite selon leurs propriétés techniques et leur couleur : Bleeding Stone (Piedra sangrante) et Ochre Granite (Caleño). Ils ont été utilisés comme pierre de revêtement de monuments romans du 12ème siècle de la ville (par exemple la cathédrale et de l'église de San Pedro), et pour les célèbres remparts de la ville qui constituent le meilleur exemple de l'architecture espagnole romane militaire. Durant les périodes gothique et Renaissance des 13e et 15e siècles, les granites silicifiés ont été utilisés principalement pour construire des croisés d'ogives, des voussoirs d’arcs et des éléments de fenêtres des monuments d’Ávila. Les granites silicifiés se trouvent dans la partie intermédiaire et supérieure d'une zone complexe de paléo-altération ou de manteau développée sur le socle ibérique hercynien qui supporte une grande partie de la péninsule ibérique occidentale. La silicification s’est produite dans des conditions tropicales au Mésozoïque. Le matériau mantélique altéré a été tronqué par des mouvements tectoniques alpins au cours du Tertiaire, et ses restes ont été recouverts en discordance par des sédiments plus récents dans la partie ouest et sud du bassin de Duero, et le long de la bordure nord de la vallée en graben d’Amblés. L’ancienne carrière, maintenant protégée, est située dans un village appelé La Colilla, à environ 5 km de la ville d’Ávila. Actuellement, cette pierre est exploitée uniquement pour les travaux de restauration effectués dans la ville, par exemple les murs d’Ávila, et l'église de San Pedro. La ressource est limitée et en voie d'épuisement, de sorte que la pierre sera rare dans un proche avenir. Par conséquent, ces granites silicifiés devraient être reconnus en tant que pierre du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre. Les propriétés techniques spécifiques de ces pierres et leur valeur historique, leurs modes de désintégration, leur durabilité et leur pertinence pour la conservation patrimoniale justifient leur désignation en tant que roche du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre. Traduit par le Traducteur
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De Rossi, Antonio, and Roberto Dini. "Piemonte. Tra stasi e sperimentazioni, un quadro chiaroscurale / Piedmont. Between stasis and experimentations, a «chiaroscuro» framework." Regionalità e produzione architettonica contemporanea nelle Alpi, no. 1 ns, november 2018 (November 15, 2018): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1801g.

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The contemporary architectural production in the Alps of Piedmont has to be studied taking into consideration the contrasting phenomena of depopulation and tourism that have involved the mountain areas of the region during last century. In the fifties and sixties the percentage of abandonment of the high valleys reaches even 80-90%. Entire communities move to industrial urban centers in the cities on the plain. On the other side we witness to a strong polarization of the winter stations that become real “banlieues blanches” for the free time of the citizens and where the architecture of alpine modernism, with various forms, shapes. The paradox nowadays is that the rarefaction of abandoned and depopulated territories is necessary to force to start and choose new innovative paths. We witness a contemporary situation with different shades: on one side the well-established touristic territories that need projects to promote the redevelopment and diversification, on the other side the marginal places where are rising new visions are practices of reactivation of the territory in which architecture is fundamental. The topic of quality of the construction of the physical space intersects with the regeneration of places on a cultural basis, new agriculture and green economy, innovative development of the patrimony, sustainable tourism, with inclusive and participative paths of nature, by giving new meanings to places and building new economies and identities.
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"Scomporre e ricomporre il patrimonio. Dialogo con Martino Pedrozzi." Manipolazioni metasemiche del patrimonio 2 NS, Issue 2 Ns, July 2019 (June 15, 2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1902e.

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Martino Pedrozzi operates in Canton Ticino. His architectural production ranges from renovations to ex novo interventions; among the most remarkable projects, the interventions on the abandoned heritage of high mountain pastures in Val Malvaglia are worth mentioning. With a combination of art and architecture, Pedrozzi “reassembles” the stones of the destroyed ruins within their own perimeter walls, with implications of symbolic, conservative and landscape value. This project implies various meanings: from the restoration of a neat public spatiality, to a gesture of pietas and dignity towards a civilization, the rural Alpine one, ended only a few decades ago. The interventions are going to involve also building reconditioning, wherever the pre-existing ones will allow it, through minimal substitutions and integrations. The redevelopment also extends to the landscape, through practical and symbolic cleaning operations of former alpine pastures covered with vegetation since their abandonment. Freed from functionality and economic interests, they become construction sites shared by volunteers, friends and students, involving a strong educational component.
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Dunoyer, Christiane. "Monde alpin." Anthropen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.101.

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Après avoir été peint et décrit avec des traits plus pittoresques qu’objectifs par les premiers voyageurs et chercheurs qui traversaient les Alpes, mus tantôt par l’idée d’un primitivisme dont la difformité et la misère étaient l’expression la plus évidente, tantôt par la nostalgie du paradis perdu, le monde alpin a attiré le regard curieux des folkloristes à la recherche des survivances du passé, des anciennes coutumes, des proverbes et des objets disparus dans nombre de régions d’Europe. Au début du XXe siècle, Karl Felix Wolff (1913) s’inspire de la tradition des frères Grimm et collecte un nombre consistant de légendes ladines, avec l’objectif de redonner une nouvelle vie à un patrimoine voué à l’oubli. Tout comme les botanistes et les zoologues, les folkloristes voient le monde alpin comme un « merveilleux conservatoire » (Hertz 1913 : 177). Un des élèves les plus brillants de Durkheim, Robert Hertz, analyse finement ces « formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse » en étudiant le pèlerinage de Saint Besse, qui rassemble chaque année les populations de Cogne (Vallée d’Aoste) et du Val Soana (Piémont) dans un sanctuaire à la montagne situé à plus de 2000 mètres d’altitude. Après avoir observé et questionné la population locale s’adonnant à ce culte populaire, dont il complète l’analyse par des recherches bibliographiques, il rédige un article exemplaire (Hertz 1913) qui ouvre la voie à l’anthropologie alpine. Entre 1910 et 1920, Eugénie Goldstern mène ses enquêtes dans différentes régions de l’arc alpin à cheval entre la France, la Suisse et l’Italie : ses riches données de terrain lui permettent de réaliser le travail comparatif le plus complet qui ait été réalisé dans la région (Goldstern 2007). Une partie de sa recherche a été effectuée avec la supervision de l’un des fondateurs de l’anthropologie française et l’un des plus grands experts de folklore en Europe, Arnold Van Gennep. Pour ce dernier, le monde alpin constitue un espace de prédilection, mais aussi un terrain d’expérimentation et de validation de certaines hypothèses scientifiques. « Dans tous les pays de montagne, qui ont été bien étudiés du point de vue folklorique […] on constate que les hautes altitudes ne constituent pas un obstacle à la diffusion des coutumes. En Savoie, le report sur cartes des plus typiques d’entre elles montre une répartition nord-sud passant par-dessus les montagnes et les rivières et non pas conditionnée par elles » (Van Gennep 1990 : 30-31). L’objectif de Van Gennep est de comprendre de l’intérieur la « psychologie populaire », à savoir la complexité des faits sociaux et leur variation. Sa méthode consiste à « parler en égal avec un berger » (Van Gennep 1938 : 158), c’est-à-dire non pas tellement parler sa langue au sens propre, mais s’inscrire dans une logique d’échange actif pour accéder aux représentations de son interlocuteur. Quant aux nombreuses langues non officielles présentes sur le territoire, quand elles n’auraient pas une fonction de langue véhiculaire dans le cadre de l’enquête, elles ont été étudiées par les dialectologues, qui complétaient parfois leurs analyses des structures linguistiques avec des informations d’ordre ethnologique : les enseignements de Karl Jaberg et de Jakob Jud (1928) visaient à associer la langue à la civilisation (Wörter und Sachen). Dans le domaine des études sur les walsers, Paul Zinsli nous a légué une synthèse monumentale depuis la Suisse au Voralberg en passant par l’Italie du nord et le Liechtenstein (Zinsli 1976). Comme Van Gennep, Charles Joisten (1955, 1978, 1980) travaille sur les traditions populaires en réalisant la plus grande collecte de récits de croyance pour le monde alpin, entre les Hautes-Alpes et la Savoie. En 1973, il fonde la revue Le monde alpin et rhodanien (qui paraîtra de 1973 à 2006 en tant que revue, avant de devenir la collection thématique du Musée Dauphinois de Grenoble). Si dans l’après-guerre le monde alpin est encore toujours perçu d’une manière valorisante comme le reliquaire d’anciens us et coutumes, il est aussi soumis à la pensée évolutionniste qui le définit comme un monde arriéré parce que marginalisé. C’est dans cette contradiction que se situe l’intérêt que les anthropologues découvrent au sein du monde alpin : il est un observatoire privilégié à la fois du passé de l’humanité dont il ne reste aucune trace ailleurs en Europe et de la transition de la société traditionnelle à la société modernisée. En effet, au début des années 1960, pour de nombreux anthropologues britanniques partant à la découverte des vallées alpines le constat est flagrant : les mœurs ont changé rapidement, suite à la deuxième guerre mondiale. Cette mutation catalyse l’attention des chercheurs, notamment l’analyse des relations entre milieu physique et organisation sociale. Même les pionniers, s’ils s’intéressent aux survivances culturelles, ils se situent dans un axe dynamique : Honigmann (1964, 1970) entend démentir la théorie de la marginalité géographique et du conservatisme des populations alpines. Burns (1961, 1963) se propose d’illustrer la relation existant entre l’évolution socioculturelle d’une communauté et l’environnement. Le monde alpin est alors étudié à travers le prisme de l’écologie culturelle qui a pour but de déterminer dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques du milieu peuvent modeler les modes de subsistance et plus généralement les formes d’organisation sociale. Un changement important a lieu avec l’introduction du concept d’écosystème qui s’impose à partir des années 1960 auprès des anthropologues penchés sur les questions écologiques. C’est ainsi que le village alpin est analysé comme un écosystème, à savoir l’ensemble complexe et organisé, compréhensif d’une communauté biotique et du milieu dans lequel celle-ci évolue. Tel était l’objectif de départ de l’étude de John Friedl sur Kippel (1974), un village situé dans l’une des vallées des Alpes suisses que la communauté scientifique considérait parmi les plus traditionnelles. Mais à son arrivée, il découvre une réalité en pleine transformation qui l’oblige à recentrer son étude sur la mutation sociale et économique. Si le cas de Kippel est représentatif des changements des dernières décennies, les différences peuvent varier considérablement selon les régions ou selon les localités. Les recherches d’Arnold Niederer (1980) vont dans ce sens : il analyse les Alpes sous l’angle des mutations culturelles, par le biais d’une approche interculturelle et comparative de la Suisse à la France, à l’Italie, à l’Autriche et à la Slovénie. John Cole et Eric Wolf (1974) mettent l’accent sur la notion de communauté travaillée par des forces externes, en analysant, les deux communautés voisines de St. Felix et Tret, l’une de culture germanique, l’autre de culture romane, séparées par une frontière ethnique qui fait des deux villages deux modèles culturels distincts. Forts de leur bagage d’expériences accumulées dans les enquêtes de terrain auprès des sociétés primitives, les anthropologues de cette période savent analyser le fonctionnement social de ces petites communautés, mais leurs conclusions trop tributaires de leur terrain d’enquête exotique ne sont pas toujours à l’abri des généralisations. En outre, en abordant les communautés alpines, une réflexion sur l’anthropologie native ou de proximité se développe : le recours à la méthode ethnographique et au comparatisme permettent le rétablissement de la distance nécessaire entre l’observateur et l’observé, ainsi qu’une mise en perspective des phénomènes étudiés. Avec d’autres anthropologues comme Daniela Weinberg (1975) et Adriana Destro (1984), qui tout en étudiant des sociétés en pleine transformation en soulignent les éléments de continuité, nous nous dirigeons vers une remise en cause de la relation entre mutation démographique et mutation structurale de la communauté. Robert Netting (1976) crée le paradigme du village alpin, en menant une étude exemplaire sur le village de Törbel, qui correspondait à l’image canonique de la communauté de montagne qu’avait construite l’anthropologie alpine. Pier Paolo Viazzo (1989) critique ce modèle de la communauté alpine en insistant sur l’existence de cas emblématiques pouvant démontrer que d’autres villages étaient beaucoup moins isolés et marginaux que Törbel. Néanmoins, l’étude de Netting joue un rôle important dans le panorama de l’anthropologie alpine, car elle propose un nouvel éclairage sur les stratégies démographiques locales, considérées jusque-là primitives. En outre, sur le plan méthodologique, Netting désenclave l’anthropologie alpine en associant l’ethnographie aux recherches d’archives et à la démographie historique (Netting 1981) pour compléter les données de terrain. La description des interactions écologiques est devenue plus sophistiquée et la variable démographique devient cruciale, notamment la relation entre la capacité de réguler la consistance numérique d’une communauté et la stabilité des ressources locales. Berthoud (1967, 1972) identifie l’unité de l’aire alpine dans la spécificité du processus historique et des différentes trajectoires du développement culturel, tout en reconnaissant l’importance de l’environnement. C’est-à-dire qu’il démontre que le mode de production « traditionnel » observé dans les Alpes n’est pas déterminé par les contraintes du milieu, mais il dérive de la combinaison d’éléments institutionnels compatibles avec les conditions naturelles (1972 : 119-120). Berthoud et Kilani (1984) analysent l’équilibre entre tradition et modernité dans l’agriculture de montagne dans un contexte fortement influencé par le tourisme d’hiver. Dans une reconstruction et analyse des représentations de la montagne alpine depuis la moitié du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours, Kilani (1984) illustre comment la vision du monde alpin se dégrade entre 1850 et 1950, au fur et à mesure de son insertion dans la société globale dans la dégradation des conditions de vie : il explique ainsi la naissance dans l’imaginaire collectif d’une population primitive arriérée au cœur de l’Europe. Cependant, à une analyse comparative de l’habitat (Weiss 1959 : 274-296 ; Wolf 1962 ; Cole & Wolf 1974), de la dévolution patrimoniale (Bailey 1971 ; Lichtenberger 1975) ou de l’organisation des alpages (Arbos 1922 ; Parain 1969), le monde alpin se caractérise par une surprenante variation, difficilement modélisable. Les situations de contact sont multiples, ce qui est très évident sur le plan linguistique avec des frontières très fragmentées, mais de nombreuses autres frontières culturelles européennes traversent les Alpes, en faisant du monde alpin une entité plurielle, un réseau plus ou moins interconnecté de « upland communities » (Viazzo 1989), où les éléments culturels priment sur les contraintes liées à l’environnement. Aux alentours de 1990, la réflexion des anthropologues autour des traditions alpines, sous l’impulsion de la notion d’invention de la tradition, commence à s’orienter vers l’étude des phénomènes de revitalisation (Boissevain 1992), voire de relance de pratiques ayant subi une transformation ou une rupture dans la transmission. Cette thèse qui a alimenté un riche filon de recherches a pourtant été contestée par Jeremy MacClancy (1997) qui met en avant les éléments de continuité dans le culte de Saint Besse, presqu’un siècle après l’enquête de Robert Hertz. La question de la revitalisation et de la continuité reste donc ouverte et le débat se poursuit dans le cadre des discussions qui accompagnent l’inscription des traditions vivantes dans les listes du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité.
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16

Giromini, Patrick. "Dedans et contre le patrimoine." Lavorare dentro le cose: nuove architetture sulle Alpi occidentali, no. 6 Volume 2021 (July 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa2106e.

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There are the Alps, the Alpine space, and there is heritage or heritages, depending on the meaning of the term and on the position adopted with regard to the questions raised by this notion. Heritage is not only something that exists and to which we are attached, but it should also be possible to produce it. It is this production that is addressed in these brief reflections on architectural works that attempt to combine heritage and “montagnité”. As soon as the mountain is built upon, the problem of form and, therefore, of its shaping arises. It is the latter that requires production, i.e. a way of thinking that is capable of thematising both the mountain and the heritage. But what are we talking about when we apply the heritage label to Alpine architecture? Is this what is commonly defined as edilizia rurale (rural housing)? Or is it the architectural work that interprets the edilizia rurale and, in a way, absorbs it? Assuming that the heritage regime in the mountains is part of the variation and not the fixity of a notion such as that of the monument, and that the notion of heritage informs and conforms every architectural project in the mountains, it is possible to put forward a second hypothesis and to affirm that both the edilizia rurale and the architectural projects that transform it, operating within and against it, are heritage. For the latter, however, the rules that Adolf Loos wrote for those who build in the mountains remain valid.
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17

De Rossi, Antonio. "Case della modernità alpina. Spazi inaugurali di apertura, sperimentazione, sedimentazione." ARCHALP, Volume 2019, Issue N.3 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa1903a.

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"Why the need, in some way the urgency, of a historically retrospective number of «ArchAlp» magazine dedicated to the houses of Alpine modernity? The intent of this issue is to investigate the relationship between twentieth century modernity and contemporaneity in terms of breaks and novelties, of continuity and discontinuity, of shooting, variations and implementations, not just under the formal and linguistic aspect. In other words, are there points of interaction, long lasting red threads between the architectural vision of Lois Welzenbacher, Charlotte Perriand, Carlo Mollino, and that of Peter Zumthor, Gion A. Caminada, Bernardo Bader? It is basically a way to understand the existence of more or less long trajectories in the way architecture has set the critical and cultural field of mountain construction, recognizing differences and specificities. Although these are generally well-known projects, the works published in this issue of «ArchAlp» are not uniformly known in the territories that refer to the Alpine space. Hence the importance of gathering together a series of architectures that have had the potential for prototypes in order to submit them to a general and comparative view. Even in the absence of perhaps direct subsidiaries, the architectures presented in these pages represent an extraordinary patrimony of design moves and strategies which, through the internalization of experiences, deeply influenced the formation and determination of the contemporary architectural research field in the Alpine environment."
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18

De Rossi, Antonio, and Roberto Dini. "The living Corpus. New design developments of historical Alpine architecture." ARCHALP, no. 7 Volume 2021 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/aa2107b.

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T”The Corpus of historical architecture – built by traditional societies in the Alps be-tween the great settlement phase of the twelfth-thirteenth century and the break caused by twentieth-century modernization – represents one of the main references when addressing the topic of building in the mountains. It is recognized as having authority. It is to it that we appeal – from the nineteenth-century Swiss-German treatises, through Adolf Loos and Giuseppe Pagano, to contemporary designers – to legitimize theories or to support collective images on building in the mountains. The Corpus of historical Alpine architecture, however, consists not only of the materiality of the buildings and infrastructures, but above all of the dense layering of exegesis and interpretations. The essay highlights how in recent years, however, it seems to be set in motion again through actions of a different nature: on the one hand, the weakening of a patrimonial paradigm that only placed the recognition of historical values and the conservation-enhancement of heritage at the center; on the other hand, the emergence of an unprecedented issue related to the construction of a new habitability in the Alps through projects for the revitalization and re-generation of territories based on the need for spaces that provide social interaction to the community, welfare, and culture production. This creates a new demand for the construction of “use values” that goes beyond the historical and symbolic values of heritage; thus, an unprecedented way of looking and thinking about things is required to prefigure a new civilization of the mountain in which legacies return to being a living body.”
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19

Pech, Pierre, Mahé Ajinca, Sylvain Abdulhak, Eric Hustache, Laurent Simon, and Brigitte Talon. "L’évaluation géoécologique de l’intérêt patrimonial des sols polygonaux hérités en montagne alpine. L’exemple du Col du Noyer (Massif du Dévoluy, Hautes Alpes, France)." Revue de géographie alpine, no. 109-4 (December 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rga.8724.

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