Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pathogens

Academic literature on the topic 'Pathogens'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Pathogens"

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Ehrlich, Garth D., N. Luisa Hiller, and Fen Hu. "What makes pathogens pathogenic." Genome Biology 9, no. 6 (2008): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-225.

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Sánchez-Vallet, Andrea, Simone Fouché, Isabelle Fudal, Fanny E. Hartmann, Jessica L. Soyer, Aurélien Tellier, and Daniel Croll. "The Genome Biology of Effector Gene Evolution in Filamentous Plant Pathogens." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035303.

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Filamentous pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose major threats to global food security. Crop pathogens cause damage by secreting effectors that manipulate the host to the pathogen's advantage. Genes encoding such effectors are among the most rapidly evolving genes in pathogen genomes. Here, we review how the major characteristics of the emergence, function, and regulation of effector genes are tightly linked to the genomic compartments where these genes are located in pathogen genomes. The presence of repetitive elements in these compartments is associated with elevated rates of point mutations and sequence rearrangements with a major impact on effector diversification. The expression of many effectors converges on an epigenetic control mediated by the presence of repetitive elements. Population genomics analyses showed that rapidly evolving pathogens show high rates of turnover at effector loci and display a mosaic in effector presence-absence polymorphism among strains. We conclude that effective pathogen containment strategies require a thorough understanding of the effector genome biology and the pathogen's potential for rapid adaptation.
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Tkáčová, Z., E. Káňová, I. Jiménez-Munguía, Ľ. Čomor, I. Širochmanová, K. Bhide, and M. Bhide. "Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier by Neuroinvasive Pathogens." Folia Veterinaria 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2018-0007.

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Abstract The penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) are important steps for all neuroinvasive pathogens. All of the ways of pathogens passing through the BBB are still unclear. Among known pathways, pathogen traversal can occur paracellularly, transcellularly or using a “Trojan horse” mechanism. The first step of translocation across the BBB is the interactions of the pathogen’s ligands with the receptors of the host brain cells. Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the temperate zones of Europe and North America, are caused by Borreliella species (former Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) that affects the peripheral and the CNS. In this review, we have presented various pathogen interactions with endothelial cells, which allow the disruption of the BBB so that the pathogens can pass across the BBB.
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WACHTEL, MARIAN R., JAMES L. McEVOY, YAGUANG LUO, ANISHA M. WILLIAMS-CAMPBELL, and MORSE B. SOLOMON. "Cross-Contamination of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Escherichia coli O157:H7 via Contaminated Ground Beef†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.7.1176.

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A lettuce outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 was used to quantitate the pathogen's survival in ground beef and its transfer to hands, cutting board surfaces, and lettuce. Overnight storage of inoculated beef at 4°C resulted in no pathogen growth, while room-temperature storage allowed multiplication. Hamburger patty formation allowed the transfer of bacteria to hands. Contaminated fingers subsequently transferred the pathogen to lettuce during handling. E. coli was transferred from hamburgers to cutting board surfaces; overnight storage of boards decreased the numbers of recoverable pathogens by ~1 log CFU. A 15-s water rinse failed to remove significant numbers of pathogens from cutting boards whether it was applied immediately after contamination or following overnight room-temperature storage. Three lettuce leaves were successively applied to a single contaminated cutting board area both immediately after contamination and after overnight room-temperature storage of contaminated boards. Another set of leaves was pressed onto boards immediately following contamination and was then stored overnight at 4°C before pathogen enumeration. The numbers of pathogens transferred to the first pressed leaves were larger than those transferred to the second or third leaves. There were no significant differences in the numbers of pathogens recovered from leaves pressed immediately after contamination whether pathogens were enumerated immediately or following overnight storage at 4°C. However, fewer pathogens were transferred to leaves pressed to boards stored overnight at room temperature prior to contact with lettuce. Twenty-five lettuce pieces were successively pressed onto one area on a board containing 1.25 × 102 CFU of E. coli. Pathogens were transferred to 46% of the leaves, including the 25th exposed leaf.
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Cunze, Sarah, Judith Kochmann, Lisa K. Koch, Korbinian J. Q. Hasselmann, and Sven Klimpel. "Leishmaniasis in Eurasia and Africa: geographical distribution of vector species and pathogens." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 5 (May 2019): 190334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190334.

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a broad global occurrence and an increasing number of recorded cases; however, it is still one of the world's most neglected diseases. We here provide climatic suitability maps generated by means of an ecological niche modelling approach for 32 Phlebotomus vector species with proven or suspected vector competence for five Leishmania pathogens occurring in Eurasia and Africa. A GIS-based spatial overlay analysis was then used to compare the distributional patterns of vectors and pathogens to help evaluate the vector species–pathogen relationship currently found in the literature. Based on this single factor of vector incrimination, that is, co-occurrence of both vector and pathogen, most of the pathogens occurred with at least one of the associated vector species. In the case of L. donovani , only a not yet confirmed vector species, P. rodhaini, could explain the occurrence of the pathogen in regions of Africa. Phlebotomus alexandri and P. longiductus on the other hand, proven vector species of L. donovani, do not seem to qualify as vectors for the pathogen. Their distribution is restricted to northern latitudes and does not match the pathogen's distribution, which lies in southern latitudes. Other more locally confined mismatches were discussed for each pathogen species. The comparative geographical GIS-overlay of vector species and pathogens functions as a first indication that testing and re-evaluation of some pathogen–vector relationships might be worthwhile to improve risk assessments of leishmaniasis.
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Kumar, Ankit, Priyanshu Srivastava, PDNN Sirisena, Sunil Dubey, Ramesh Kumar, Jatin Shrinet, and Sujatha Sunil. "Mosquito Innate Immunity." Insects 9, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030095.

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Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen’s propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito–pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.
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Mazarei, Mitra, Irina Teplova, M. Hajimorad, and C. Stewart. "Pathogen Phytosensing: Plants to Report Plant Pathogens." Sensors 8, no. 4 (April 14, 2008): 2628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8042628.

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Lepper, Simone, and Sylvia Münter. "Spotlight on pathogens: ‘Imaging Host-Pathogen Interactions’." Cellular Microbiology 11, no. 6 (June 2009): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01321.x.

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Rall, Björn C., and Ellen Latz. "Analyzing pathogen suppressiveness in bioassays with natural soils using integrative maximum likelihood methods in R." PeerJ 4 (November 3, 2016): e2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2615.

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The potential of soils to naturally suppress inherent plant pathogens is an important ecosystem function. Usually, pathogen infection assays are used for estimating the suppressive potential of soils. In natural soils, however, co-occurring pathogens might simultaneously infect plants complicating the estimation of a focal pathogen’s infection rate (initial slope of the infection-curve) as a measure of soil suppressiveness. Here, we present a method in R correcting for these unwanted effects by developing a two pathogen mono-molecular infection model. We fit the two pathogen mono-molecular infection model to data by using an integrative approach combining a numerical simulation of the model with an iterative maximum likelihood fit. We show that in presence of co-occurring pathogens using uncorrected data leads to a critical under- or overestimation of soil suppressiveness measures. In contrast, our new approach enables to precisely estimate soil suppressiveness measures such as plant infection rate and plant resistance time. Our method allows a correction of measured infection parameters that is necessary in case different pathogens are present. Moreover, our model can be (1) adapted to use other models such as the logistic or the Gompertz model; and (2) it could be extended by a facilitation parameter if infections in plants increase the susceptibility to new infections. We propose our method to be particularly useful for exploring soil suppressiveness of natural soils from different sites (e.g., in biodiversity experiments).
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Janni, Michela, Luca Sella, Francesco Favaron, Ann E. Blechl, Giulia De Lorenzo, and Renato D'Ovidio. "The Expression of a Bean PGIP in Transgenic Wheat Confers Increased Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 2 (February 2008): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0171.

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A possible strategy to control plant pathogens is the improvement of natural plant defense mechanisms against the tools that pathogens commonly use to penetrate and colonize the host tissue. One of these mechanisms is represented by the host plant's ability to inhibit the pathogen's capacity to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIP) are plant defense cell wall glycoproteins that inhibit the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases (endo-PGs). To assess the effectiveness of these proteins in protecting wheat from fungal pathogens, we produced a number of transgenic wheat lines expressing a bean PGIP (PvPGIP2) having a wide spectrum of specificities against fungal PGs. Three independent transgenic lines were characterized in detail, including determination of the levels of PvPGIP2 accumulation and its subcellular localization and inhibitory activity. Results show that the transgene-encoded protein is correctly secreted into the apoplast, maintains its characteristic recognition specificities, and endows the transgenic wheat with new PG recognition capabilities. As a consequence, transgenic wheat tissue showed increased resistance to digestion by the PG of Fusarium moniliforme. These new properties also were confirmed at the plant level during interactions with the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. All three lines showed significant reductions in symptom progression (46 to 50%) through the leaves following infection with this pathogen. Our results illustrate the feasibility of improving wheat's defenses against pathogens by expression of proteins with new capabilities to counteract those produced by the pathogens.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pathogens"

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Hovhannisyan, Hrant 1992. "Comparative transcriptomics of host-pathogen interactions and hybridization in Candida pathogens." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670316.

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Candida pathogenic yeasts represent a global healthcare problem. They comprise phylogenetically diverse species, including newly emerged pathogens. How human-Candida interactions vary across species, and what processes underlie the emergence of novel pathogens are poorly understood. Current thesis addresses these issues using comparative transcriptomics and bioinformatics. We established the global patterns of host-pathogen interactions between human host and the main Candida species, providing novel mechanistic insights into their interplay. We also explored lncRNAs of these pathogens, assessing their implications in infection. Further, we designed and validated a pan-Candida RNA enrichment approach, opening new possibilities for studying host-pathogen interactions in vivo. Then, we assessed the impact of hybridization on transcriptomes of hybrid yeasts, exploring the links between hybridization and virulence emergence. We also developed a new bioinformatics tool facilitating the research in the field. Altogether, results of this thesis expand our knowledge on relevant aspects of human-Candida interactions and yeast evolution.
Las levaduras patógenas Candida representan un problema de salud global. Este grupo de levaduras, comprenden especies filogenéticamente diversas, e incluye patógenos emergidos recientemente. La forma en que las interacciones entre humanos y Candida varían de una especie a otra y qué procesos subyacen a la aparición de nuevos patógenos son poco conocidos. La tesis actual aborda estos problemas utilizando una aproximación de transcriptómica comparativa y bioinformática. Establecimos los patrones globales de las interacciones huésped-patógeno entre el huésped humano y las principales especies de Candida, proporcionando nuevas ideas mecanicistas sobre su interacción. También exploramos los lncRNA de estos patógenos, evaluando sus implicaciones en la infección. Además, diseñamos y validamos un enfoque de enriquecimiento de ARN pan-Candida, abriendo nuevas posibilidades para estudiar las interacciones huésped-patógeno in vivo. Luego, evaluamos el impacto de la hibridación en los transcriptomas de levaduras híbridas, explorando los vínculos entre la hibridación y la aparición de virulencia. En su conjunto, los resultados de esta tesis amplían nuestro conocimiento sobre aspectos relevantes de las interacciones humano-Candida y la evolución de las levaduras.
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Kärkkäinen, Riikka M. "Production of DNA aptamers with specificity for bacterial food pathogens." Thesis, University of Chester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620695.

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Aptamers are biomolecular ligands composed of nucleic acids. They can be selected to bind specifically to a range of target molecules and subsequently exploited in a fashion analogous to more traditional biomolecules such as antibodies. In this study a method for selecting new aptamers which specifically bind whole live bacterial cells is described. A non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli K12 was used to develop the method. A DNA library containing 100 bases long random nucleotide sequences was produced and the aptamer selection process was repeated nine times. An enzyme-linked technique was first used to detect bound aptamers thereafter fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy methods were used for the detection. The aptamers were cloned and sequenced and the cloned aptamers produced with fluorescent labels. The E. coli K12-binding aptamers were used to demonstrate the detection of the bacterial cells in a complex food matrix, namely probiotic yogurt, by using fluorescence based detection method. The aptamer selection method with some modifications was also used to select aptamers with specificity for the food pathogens E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis. The aptamers against E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium were cloned and the sequences and the binding properties of these aptamers were analysed. The use of E. coli K12 as a target organism and the aptamer sequences presented in this study, have not previously been published in scientific literature. This is also the first report where the aptamers have been used in detection of live bacterial cells in yogurt.
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Gibson, Josie. "In vivo imaging and analysis of host-pathogen interactions of intracellular pathogens." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19047/.

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Cellular and extracellular host-pathogen interactions are important in the progression of infection. Extracellular survival and growth can be significant for pathogen dissemination. Equally, intracellular pathways, such as autophagy, can be employed in host cell defence. Autophagy is a cellular self-degradation process that recycles cellular components through lysosomal degradation. Primarily for regulating starvation and housekeeping pathways, autophagy is also important for degradation of invading intracellular pathogens. Selective autophagy receptors can also target pathogens for autophagic degradation. However, some intracellular pathogens are able to subvert or block host cell autophagy. Cryptococcus neoformans and Staphylococcus aureus represent fungal and bacterial pathogens which can reside either intracellularly or extracellularly. The role of host cell autophagy in C. neoformans and S. aureus infection is unclear. Infection of zebrafish with C. neoformans or S. aureus enabled in vivo imaging of host-pathogen interactions, to examine infection growth dynamics and dissemination, in addition to cellular level imaging of pathogen interactions with host cell autophagy components. Cryptococcal infection can cause cryptococcal meningitis, frequently associated with cerebral infarcts. Analysis of cryptococcal proliferation during infection suggested that formation of intravascular cryptococcal masses precedes invasion of surrounding tissue. Vessel integrity analysis highlighted cryptococcal-mediated vascular damage, potentially providing a route for tissue dissemination. Vasculature damage may explain the origin of cortical infarcts in disease. Autophagy mutant zebrafish were generated to analyse host autophagy in pathogen infection. Characterisation of mutant larvae revealed a clear survival and growth defect, indicating autophagy is required for larval development. Autophagy mutants were subsequently used to analyse the role of autophagy during infection through analysis of pathogenic burden and pathogen association with autophagosome marker LC3-II. LC3II recruitment to pathogens was reduced in autophagy mutant neutrophils. Additionally, selective autophagy receptor p62 was recruited to S. aureus and C. neoformans within neutrophils, highlighting the involvement of host cell autophagy during infection.
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Jones, Steven Michael. "Nosocomial pathogens within biofilms." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370017.

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Ahmad, Sarah. "Identification of pathogen-specific protein-encoding genes from microbial pathogens based on bioinformatic analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425246.

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Sousa, Oliveira Márcia Patrícia de. "Microbial safety of lettuce: foodborne pathogens incidence, their pathogenic potential and biopreservative stratagies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/307379.

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La investigació descrita en aquesta tesi es centra en la determinació de la influència de les pràctiques de maneig del cultiu, processament i les condicions d'emmagatzematge en la qualitat microbiològica de l'enciam mínimament processat i en l'estudi de les estratègies de mitigació per millorar la seva seguretat. S'ha estudiat l'efecte del sistema de producció, orgànica o convencional, de la qualitat microbiològica d'enciam fresc. Es va avaluar la transferència i la persistència de L. innocua i E. coli O157:H7 en els fulls d'enciam i en el sòl durant la tardor i la primavera utilitzant diferents mètodes de reg contaminats artificialment i el compost. La capacitat de L. monocytogenes, Salmonella i E. coli O157:H7 per créixer en enciam envasat en tres condicions d'atmosfera diferents creades per mitjà de la utilització de pel•lícules de diferents permeabilitats a dues temperatures d'emmagatzematge va ser evaluada. Es va examinar el potencial patogènic de dues soques de S. Typhimurium DT104, amb l'objectiu de mesurar la seva capacitat per sobreviure al tracte gastrointestinal simulat i d'adherir i envair cèl•lules diferenciades Caco-2, després d’una incubació seqüencial al sòl, l'enciam i enciam tallat emmagatzemat en condicions de MAP. En aquesta tesi l'efecte de millorar la microbiota d'enciam sotmesa a les diferents etapes de pre-condicionament en la supervivència de L. monocytogenes i E. coli O157:H7 com a mètode bioconservant també va ser avaluat. Finalment, s'ha estudiat l'ús de l'addició de bioconservants com a mètode per a controlar o reduir PTA en enciam mínimament processada.
La investigación descrita en esta tesis se enfoca en la determinación de la influencia de las prácticas de manejo del cultivo, procesamiento y condiciones de almacenamiento en la calidad microbiológica de la lechuga mínimamente procesada y en el estudio de las estrategias de mitigación para mejorar su seguridad. Se ha estudiado el efecto de los sistemas de producción, orgánico o convencional, en la calidad microbiológica de lechuga fresca. Se evaluó la transferencia y la persistencia de L. innocua y E. coli O157:H7 en las hojas de lechuga y en el suelo durante el otoño y la primavera, utilizando diferentes métodos de riego contaminado artificialmente y el compost. La capacidad de L. monocytogenes, Salmonella y E. coli O157:H7 para crecer en lechuga mínimamente procesada y envasada en tres diferentes condiciones de atmósfera, creada por la utilización de películas con diferentes permeabilidades a dos temperaturas de almacenamiento fue evaluada. Se examinó el potencial patogénico de dos cepas de S. Typhimurium DT104, con el objetivo de medir su capacidad para sobrevivir al tracto gastrointestinal simulado y de adherirse e invadir a las células diferenciadas Caco-2, después de la incubación secuencial en el suelo, lechuga y lechuga cortada almacenada en MAP. En esta tesis también se evaluó el efecto de aumentar la microbiota de lechuga sometida a las diferentes etapas de pre-acondicionamiento en la supervivencia de L. monocytogenes y E. coli O157:H7 como método bioconservante. Por último, se ha estudiado el uso de la adición de bioconservantes como método para controlar o reducir los PTA en lechuga mínimamente procesada.
The research described in this thesis is focused on the determination of the influence of field management practices, processing and storage conditions on the microbial quality of fresh-cut lettuce and on the study of mitigation strategies to enhance its safety. The effect of production system, organic or conventional, on the microbiological quality of fresh lettuce was studied. The transfer and persistence of L. innocua and E. coli O157:H7 on lettuce leaves and in soil during fall and spring using different artificially contaminated irrigation methods and compost was evaluated. The ability of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 to grow on shredded lettuce packaged in three different atmosphere conditions created by means of using different permeability films at two storage temperatures was evaluated. The pathogenic potential of two S. Typhimurium DT104 strains was examined, with the aim to measure their capability to survive a simulated gastrointestinal tract system and to adhere to and invade differentiated Caco-2 cells, after sequential incubation into soil, lettuce and cut lettuce stored under MAP conditions. In this thesis the effect of enhancing native microbiota of lettuce submitted to different pre-conditioning steps on survival of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 as a biopreservative method was also evaluated. Finally, the use of adding biopreservatives as a method to control or reduce FBP in fresh-cut lettuce was studied.
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Mixão, Verónica de Pinho 1991. "Hybridization in Candida yeast pathogens." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670103.

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Candida species are among the most important fungal pathogens. Although Candida albicans is the most common cause of Candida infections, many other Candida species have emerged as pathogens. How pathogenicity is evolutionary acquired is unknown, but previous studies point to a role of hybridization in its development. This thesis studied the genomic features of Candida pathogens, with a special focus on hybrids and their evolution. Specifically, it asked the questions of how spread are hybrids among Candida species, and what are the processes that drive the evolution of their genomes. To this end, genomes from 141 isolates belonging to 13 Candida species were analyzed and compared, to reconstruct their features and evolution. Overall, this thesis supports an important role of hybridization in the emergence of new yeast pathogens and provides novel insights on the evolutionary aftermath of hybridization.
Candida spp. se encuentran entre los hongos patógenos más importantes. Candida albicans es la principal causante de infecciones por Candida, pero muchas otras especies del mismo género han emergido como patógenos. Los mecanismos evolutivos implicados en la adquisición de patogenicidad se desconocen, pero estudios precedentes apuntan a que la hibridación puede haber jugado un papel importante en este desarrollo. Esta tesis estudia las características genómicas de las especies patógenas del género Candida, centrándose en híbridos y su evolución. Específicamente, se analiza la presencia de híbridos entre las especies de Candida y se estudian los procesos que impulsan la evolución de sus genomas. Para ello, se analizaron y compararon los genomas de 141 cepas correspondientes a 13 especies con el propósito de reconstruir sus características genómicas y estudiar su evolución. En resumen, esta tesis respalda un papel importante de la hibridación en la aparición de nuevas levaduras patógenas y aporta nuevas ideas sobre las consecuencias evolutivas de dicha hibridación.
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Dawkins, Glenys Heather Mary. "Plant pathogens and ecological succession." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8317.

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Krüger, Carina. "Passive immunization against oral pathogens /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-960-9/.

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Encheva, Vesela. "Proteome analysis of bacterial pathogens." Thesis, University of East London, 2005. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1301/.

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The explosive progress over the past decade in the fields of genomics, bioinformatics and mass spectrometry has resulted in an increased capability to investigate and compare the global protein expression of cells, tissues and organisms. The main focus of this study was on characterising the protein expression profiles of different serovars of Salmonella enterica and different serotypeso f Streptococcusp neumoniae in an attempt to identify protein factors associatedw ith host specificity and virulence. A novel approach for typing of bacterial isolates using SELDI TOF MS was developed. A thorough investigation on the effect of different factors on the quality of the SELDI profile was carried out, and the potential of several software programmes to perform cluster analysis of the SELDI data was assessedB. oth cytosolic and membrane-associatepdr oteins were separatedb y 2D GE, and detailed referencem aps of the proteins expressedu nder standardisedc. onditions were created.I n the caseo f Salmonella, it containedm ore than 300 proteins. The comparativea nalysisa t the subspeciesle vel revealedt hat, in many cases,t he variation in the expression patterns was greater between strains with the same serospecificity than betweens erotypes/serovarss, uggestingt hat the serological properties of bacteria do not correlate with differential protein synthesis. However, in the case of Salmonella, where the serovars have different host specificity, the high resolution 2D gel maps revealed several serovar-specific proteins, including enzymes involved in the catabolismo f various substrates,o r in the processo f cell detoxification. Changesi n the expression patterns of the serovars in different growth conditions, such as pH or oxygen availability, were mostly universal amongst the serovars, although a few serovar-specific proteins were also present. The findings revealed parts of the proteome that alter their expression when the microorganism are subjected to unfavourable conditions such as while colonising the host, amongst other parts that remain stable. Overall, the results demonstrated the importance of analysing many different isolates when performing protein expression studies in highly variable microbial populations.
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Books on the topic "Pathogens"

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Council, National Safety, ed. Bloodborne pathogens. 2nd ed. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1997.

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Gerardi, Michael H., and Mel C. Zimmerman. Wastewater Pathogens. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471710431.

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Gurtler, Joshua B., Michael P. Doyle, and Jeffrey L. Kornacki, eds. Foodborne Pathogens. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56836-2.

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Nagano, Keiji, and Yoshiaki Hasegawa, eds. Periodontal Pathogens. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0939-2.

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Bowman, Dwight D. Manure Pathogens. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

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Association, American Water Works, ed. Waterborne pathogens. 2nd ed. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2006.

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1953-, Jackson Mark, McKinnon Sally, and National Safety Council, eds. Bloodborne pathogens. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 1993.

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American Safety & Health Institute. Bloodborne pathogens. Holiday, FL: American Safety & Health Institute, 2003.

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Busi, Siddhardha, and Ram Prasad, eds. ESKAPE Pathogens. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8799-3.

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Tan, Ming, and Patrik M. Bavoil, eds. Intracellular Pathogens I. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817329.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pathogens"

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Kendig, Amy E., S. Luke Flory, Erica M. Goss, Robert D. Holt, Keith Clay, Philip F. Harmon, Brett R. Lane, Ashish Adhikari, and Christopher M. Wojan. "The role of pathogens in plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 208–25. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0208.

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Abstract Plant-pathogen interactions occur throughout the process of plant invasion: pathogens can acutely influence plant survival and reproduction, while the large densities and spatial distributions of invasive plant species can influence pathogen communities. However, interactions between invasive plants and pathogens are often overlooked during the early stages of invasion. As with introductions of invasive plants, the introduction of agricultural crops to new areas can also generate novel host-pathogen interactions. The close monitoring of agricultural plants and resulting insights can inform hypotheses for invasive plants where research on pathogen interactions is lacking. This chapter reviews the known and hypothesized effects of pathogens on the invasion process and the effects of plant invasion on pathogens and infectious disease dynamics throughout the process of invasion. Initially, pathogens may inhibit the transport of potentially invasive plants. After arrival in a new range, pathogens can facilitate or inhibit establishment success of introduced plants depending on their relative impacts on the introduced plants and resident species. As invasive plants spread, they may encounter novel pathogens and alter the abundance and geographic range of pathogens. Pathogens can mediate interactions between invasive plants and resident species and may influence the long-term impacts of invasive plants on ecosystems. As invasive plants shift the composition of pathogen communities, resident species could be subject to higher disease risk. We highlight gaps in invasion biology research by providing examples from the agricultural literature and propose topics that have received little attention from either field.
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Moore, David, Jeffrey C. Lord, and Susan M. Smith. "Pathogens." In Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM, 193–227. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4_8.

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El Bour, Monia. "Pathogens." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 475–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_358.

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Dangl, J., H. Liedgens, T. Debener, B. Mauch-Mani, A. J. Slusarenko, F. M. W. Grundler, U. Wyss, and W. Golinowski. "Pathogens." In Arabidopsis, 403–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2598-0_8.

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Vologodskii, Alexander. "Pathogens." In The Basics of Molecular Biology, 149–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19404-7_11.

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Angata, Takashi, and Ajit Varki. "Siglec Siglecs Interactions with Pathogens Pathogens." In Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 633–42. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54841-6_211.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "Human Pathogens." In General Microbiology, 635–56. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_32.

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Akhaddar, Ali. "Unusual Pathogens." In Cranial Osteomyelitis, 259–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30268-3_14.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "Human Pathogens." In General Microbiology, 635–56. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15028-1_32.

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Austin, Brian, and Dawn A. Austin. "Miscellaneous Pathogens." In Bacterial Fish Pathogens, 413–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4884-2_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pathogens"

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Crucean, Stefan, Tatiana Scerbacova, and Leonid Volosciuc. "The use of Trichoderma species against the main mycotic pathogens of walnut." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.20.

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Walnut plantations suffer from the impact caused by a number of pathogenic mycotic microorganisms. The most common pathogen fungus is Alternaria alternata and Fusarium poae. In the framework of the research, we aimed to determine the antagonistic activity of the strain Trichoderma harzianum CNMN - FD - 16 against the identified pathogens. Thus, on the 10th day the inhibition of the pathogen A. alternata by T. harzianum is 74%. On the same day, the inhibition of F. poae by T. harzianum is 73%. Trichoderma harzianum suppressed the colonies of A. alternata of 83% - this means 4 points, and the suppression of the colonies of F. poae was 69% - registering 3 points.
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Pershin, L., M. Ringuette, M. Sain, and J. Mostaghimi. "Copper-Embedded Facemasks for the Destruction of Covid-19 and Other Pathogens." In ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0489.

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Abstract Viruses and microbial pathogens can survive for hours on fabrics. This paper reports that copper-doping of natural and synthetic fabrics inactivates, within minutes, a human COVID surrogate pathogen. The fabric is embedded with copper particles by twin-wire arc thermal spray. The long-lasting fabric surface simultaneously provides good breathability, it is scalable and cost-effective. Virucidal activity is not affected by repeated washing of the fabric. Importantly, copper-embedded material will provide effective protection against all classes of pathogens, regardless of their mutation rates and infection strategies. It also can provide protection against all classes of pathogens, regardless of their mutation rates in industrial and residential filters.
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Galieva, Gulnaz, Kamalya Karamova, Polina Galitskaya, and Svetlana Selivanovskaya. "PATHOGENIC POLLUTION OF CROPS CAUSING BY CHIKEN MANURE BASED FERTILIZERS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.33.

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Chicken manure is one of the most wide spread waste worldwide. One of its hazardous properties is contamination with live pathogens or pathogens� spores. Being introduced into soil for fertilization, fresh, cured or treated manure can cause soil contamination with those pathogens. Further, transmission of the pathogens through soil and plant tissues to human or animal food is possible. The objective of the present work was to reveal the level of pathogenic contamination of wheat grains cultivated on soil that was previously treated with cured chicken manure. Two types of manures M1 and M2 sampled from the large poultry farms situated in Russia were used to fertilize soil and obtain wheat grains (samples G1 and G2, respectively). Grains obtained with mineral fertilizers were used as a control (G0). Among 10 pathogenic bacterial species investigated, 6 were detected in both M1 and M2 samples - Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis,, Enterococus spp,, Campylobacter jejuni,, Bacillus anthracis,, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, the gene copy numbers for those bacteria revealed using RT-PCR was found to range between 2.22*104 and 1.19*108 gene copies per g manure. 5 of those species, except of C. jejuni, were also detected in both types of grains, while the gene copies number were found to be lower, thus they ranged between 1.45*103 and 8.81*103 copies per g grain. No bacterial pathogens were detected in G0 sample. Viral particles of bursal disease virus and avian orthoreovirus were not found either in manures nor in grains. It can be concluded that the risk of pathogenic transmission from the manures to grains exists, and that higher attention should be paid on their treatment to avoid the secondary infection of livestock and human.
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Lytle, Fred E. "Identification of Bacterial Pathogens by Laser Excited Fluorescence." In Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1987.ma7.

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Aminopeptidase profiling is an established bioanalytical technique used for the identification of bacterial pathogens. This method is based on the production of highly fluorescent β-naphthylamine (BNA) through aminopeptidase hydrolysis of a series of nonfluorescent L-aminoacid-β-naphthylamide substrates by the microorganism of interest. The resultant profiles used to make the identification are bar graphs of the extent of hydrolysis of the substrate versus the identity of the nutrient. The shape of the plot is indicative of the pathogen.
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MORSCHHÄUSER, JOACHIM, GERWALD KÖHLER, WILMA ZIEBUHR, GABRIELE BLUM-OEHLER, ULRICH DOBRINDT, and JORG HACKER. "EVOLUTION OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS." In The Activities of Bacterial Pathogens in Vivo - Based on Contributions to a Royal Society Discussion Meeting. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848161610_0013.

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Kiel, Johnathan, Wes W. Walker, Carrie J. Andrews, Amy De Los Santos, Roy N. Adams, Matthew W. Bucholz, Shelly D. McBurnett, Vladimir Fuentes, Karon E. Rizner, and Keith W. Blount. "Pathogenic ecology: Where have all the pathogens gone? Anthrax: a classic case." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Augustus W. Fountain III and Patrick J. Gardner. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.821920.

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Şcerbacova, Tatiana. "Some aspects of developing microbial preparations for plant protection." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.32.

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The basis of microbial means of plant protection against diseases is live cultures of microorganisms with high virulence and their metabolic products. The leading role in the biological control of plant diseases is assigned to microscopic fungi. A special place is occupied by the genus Trichoderma Pers. ex Fr. The advantages are a high growth rate, a wide range of antifungal activity, and simple equipment for cultivation on an industrial scale. The biopreparation production technology constitutes the cultivation of the fungus-producer in a liquid nutrient medium in a bioreactor or on a microbiological shaker for 72-96 hours. An important step in obtaining effective biopreparations is the selection of the optimal nutrient medium for cultivating the bioagent. Modification of nutrient media according to the main sources of nutrition of microorganisms (carbon, nitrogen) promotes the formation of biologically active substances that have an inhibitory effect on phytopathogens. This action can be strengthened or weakened. During the evaluation of the fungicidal action spectrum of the liquid biopreparation Gliocladin-SC (the active substance is the fungus Trichoderma virens Miller, Giddens, and Foster), 18 pathogenic agents of crop diseases causative agents were identified (Scerbacova T., 2019). Several liquid nutrient media were used in the present work. When the medium composition changed according to the carbon source, in addition to chlamydospores, conidia and blastospores were formed. The zones of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogens inhibition growth (Fig. 1) and Botrytis cinerea expanded, and the antifungal effect against pathogens of fruit crops Monilia cinerea and M. fructigena also increased. The preparation fabricated on the base of that nutrient medium was tested on “Krupnoplodnyi” sweet cherries variety to suppress the development of moniliosis. After two treatments with 1% concentration, the disease development reduction efficiency was 91.8% (Scerbacova T. et al., 2015). Media 2(a) Media 10 Media 11 Figure 1. Growth inhibition zones of the pathogen S. sclerotiorum with Gliocladin-SC biopreparation based on media with different compositions In the result of the conducted research, it was found that for the successful application of GliocladinSC biopreparation in plant protection against a wide range of diseases, separate balanced nutrient media for controlling different groups of pathogens are needed.
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Crowder, David W. "Factors affecting movement of arthropods that transmit plant pathogens and implications for pathogen spread." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105253.

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Becnel, James J. "Parasites and pathogens beyond Bt." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93296.

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Landkrohn, Kevin J. "The new bloodborne pathogens standard." In ILSC® ‘92: Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5056335.

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Reports on the topic "Pathogens"

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Rodriguez, Russell J., and Stanley Freeman. Gene Expression Patterns in Plants Colonized with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Gene Disruption Mutants of Colletotrichum. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592112.bard.

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Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. One group of nonpathogenic mutants confer disease protection against pathogenic species of Col!etotrichum, Fusarium and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants have been defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlates to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. A second group of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we have demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. We have been using wildtype and isogenic gene disruption mutants to characterize gene expression patterns in plants colonized with a pathogen, mutualist or commensal. The US group is contrasting genes expressed during colonization by mutuahstic and commensal mutants of C. magna and a pathogenic wildtype C. coccodes on tomato. The Israeli group is characterizing genes expressed during asymptomatic colonization of tomato by wildtype C. acutatum and a non-pathogenic mutant.To accomplish this we have been utilizing suppressive subtraction hybridization, microarray and sequencing strategies. The expected contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is: 1) understanding how pathogens colonize certain hosts asymptomatic ally will shed light on the ecology of plant pathogens which has been described as a fundamental deficiency in plant pathology; 2) identifying genes involved in symbiotically conferred disease resistance will help explain why and how pathogens cause disease, and may identify new candidate targets for developing genetically modified disease resistant crop plants.
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Baillie, Les. Dangerous Pathogens 2000. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392515.

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Kistler, Harold Corby, and Talma Katan. Identification of DNA Unique to the Tomato Fusarium Wilt and Crown Rot Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571359.bard.

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Wilt and crown rot are two important diseases of tomato caused by different strains ("formae speciales") of the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. While both pathogens are members of the same fungal species, each differs genetically and resistance to the diseases is controlled by different genes in the plant. Additionally, the formae speciales differ in their ecology (e.g. optimal temperature of disease development) and epidemiology. Nevertheless, the distinction between these diseases based on symptoms alone may be unclear due to overlapping symptomatology. We have found in our research that the ambiguity of the pathogens is further confounded because strains causing tomato wilt or crown rot each may belong to several genetically and phylogenetically distinct lineages of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, individual lineages of the pathogen causing wilt or crown rot may themselves be very closely related. The diseases share the characteristic that the pathogen's inoculum may be aerially dispersed. This work has revealed a complex evolutionary relationship among lineages of the pathogens that makes development of molecular diagnostic methods more difficult than originally anticipated. However, the degree of diversity found in these soil-borne pathogens has allowed study of their population genetics and patterns of dispersal in agricultural settings.
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David Perlin. Rapid Detection of Pathogens. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881270.

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Levon, Kalle. Potentiometric Detection of Pathogens. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada583695.

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ALAM, M. KATHLEEN, JERILYN A. TIMLIN, LAURA E. MARTIN, DRIAN HJELLE, RICK LYONS, and KRISTIN GARRISON. Spectroscopic Detection of Pathogens. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/771503.

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Katan, Jaacov, and Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.

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In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.
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Daugherty, Patrick. Rapid Molecular Fingerprinting of Pathogens. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada455360.

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Gunnison, Douglas. Evaluating Microbial Pathogens in Reservoirs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada367728.

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Ooi, Guck T., Sun H. Paik, and Earl W. Ferguson. Molecular Signature of Biological Pathogens. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada411716.

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