Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pathogenicity of H.influenzae

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Pathogenicity of H.influenzae'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pathogenicity of H.influenzae"

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Martin, Kimberly, Gregory Morlin, Arnold Smith, Andrea Nordyke, Abraham Eisenstark, and Miriam Golomb. "The Tryptophanase Gene Cluster of Haemophilus influenzae Type b: Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.1.107-118.1998.

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ABSTRACT Among strains of Haemophilus influenzae, the ability to catabolize tryptophan (as detected by indole production) varies and is correlated with pathogenicity. Tryptophan catabolism is widespread (70 to 75%) among harmless respiratory isolates but is nearly universal (94 to 100%) among strains causing serious disease, including meningitis. As a first step in investigating the relationship between tryptophan catabolism and virulence, we have identified genes in pathogenic H. influenzae which are homologous to the tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli. The tna genes are located on a 3.1-kb fragment betweennlpD and mutS in the H. influenzaetype b (Eagan) genome, are flanked by 43-bp direct repeats of an uptake signal sequence downstream from nlpD, and appear to have been inserted as a mobile unit within this sequence. The organization of this insertion is reminiscent of pathogenicity islands. Thetna cluster is found at the same map location in all indole-positive strains of H. influenzae surveyed and is absent from reference type d and e genomes. In contrast to H. influenzae, most other Haemophilus species lacktna genes. Phylogenetic comparisons suggest that thetna cluster was acquired by intergeneric lateral transfer, either by H. influenzae or a recent ancestor, and thatE. coli may have acquired its tnaA gene from a related source. Genomes of virulent H. influenzae resemble those of pathogenic enterics in having an island of laterally transferred DNA next to mutS.
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Allen, Simon, Anthony Zaleski, Jason W. Johnston, Bradford W. Gibson, and Michael A. Apicella. "Novel Sialic Acid Transporter of Haemophilus influenzae." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (September 2005): 5291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.5291-5300.2005.

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ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of otitis media in children and of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lipooligosaccharides, a major component of the outer membrane of H. influenzae, play an important role in microbial virulence and pathogenicity. N-Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) can be incorporated into the lipooligosaccharides as a terminal nonreducing sugar. Although much of the pathway of sialic acid incorporation into lipooligosaccharides is understood, the transporter responsible for N-acetylneuraminic acid uptake in H. influenzae has yet to be characterized. In this paper we demonstrate that this transporter is a novel sugar transporter of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter family. In the absence of this transporter, H. influenzae cannot incorporate sialic acid into its lipooligosaccharides, making the organism unable to survive when exposed to human serum and causing reduced viability in biofilm growth.
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Doyle, Daniel, Raynell Lang, and Oscar E. Larios. "Atypical presentation of right-sided native valve infective endocarditis." Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada 6, no. 2 (July 2021): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2020-0033.

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A previously healthy 55-year-old man presented to hospital with 10 days of progressive dyspnea with fever, night sweats, and a productive cough and no history of recreational drug use or occupational or animal exposures. His wife had developed similar symptoms 2 weeks earlier but had since recovered. Physical exam revealed a new systolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border. Transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated severe tricuspid regurgitation with a small vegetation. Blood cultures were positive for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. This case illustrates the necessity of both timely and proficient diagnosis of H. influenzae infection and the unique challenges associated with detecting H. influenzae–related pathology. Clinicians should be aware of the variable presentations of Haemophilus infection, including respiratory infection, neurological infection, and infective endocarditis. Given the fastidious nature of H. influenzae and variability between subtype pathogenicity, microbiology laboratories require tools to culture and differentiate Haemophilus species.
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Mhlanga-Mutangadura, Tendai, Gregory Morlin, Arnold L. Smith, Abraham Eisenstark, and Miriam Golomb. "Evolution of the Major Pilus Gene Cluster ofHaemophilus influenzae." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 4693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.17.4693-4703.1998.

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ABSTRACT Haemophilus influenzae is a ubiquitous colonizer of the human respiratory tract and causes diseases ranging from otitis media to meningitis. Many H. influenzae isolates express pili (fimbriae), which mediate adherence to epithelial cells and facilitate colonization. The pilus gene (hif) cluster of H. influenzae type b maps between purE andpepN and resembles a pathogenicity island: it is present in invasive strains, absent from the nonpathogenic Rd strain, and flanked by direct repeats of sequence at the insertion site. To investigate the evolution and role in pathogenesis of the hif cluster, we compared the purE-pepN regions of various H. influenzae laboratory strains and clinical isolates. Unlike Rd, most strains had an insert at this site, which usually was the only chromosomal locus of hif DNA. The inserts are diverse in length and organization: among 20 strains, nine different arrangements were found. Several nontypeable isolates lack hif genes but have two conserved open reading frames (hicA andhicB) upstream of purE; their inferred products are small proteins with no data bank homologs. Other isolates havehif genes but lack hic DNA or have combinations of hif and hic genes. By comparing these arrangements, we have reconstructed a hypothetical ancestral genotype, the extended hif cluster. The hif region of INT1, an invasive nontypeable isolate, resembles the hypothetical ancestor. We propose that a progenitor strain acquired the extended cluster by horizontal transfer and that other variants arose as deletions. The structure of the hif cluster may correlate with colonization site or pathogenicity.
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Gomez-De-Leon, Patricia, Jose I. Santos, Javier Caballero, Demostenes Gomez, Luz E. Espinosa, Isabel Moreno, Daniel Piñero, and Alejandro Cravioto. "Genomic Variability of Haemophilus influenzae Isolated from Mexican Children Determined by Using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Sequences and PCR." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 7 (2000): 2504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.7.2504-2511.2000.

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Genomic fingerprints from 92 capsulated and noncapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae from Mexican children with different diseases and healthy carriers were generated by PCR using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences. A cluster analysis by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages based on the overall similarity as estimated from the characteristics of the genomic fingerprints, was conducted to group the strains. A total of 69 fingerprint patterns were detected in theH. influenzae strains. Isolates from patients with different diseases were represented by a variety of patterns, which clustered into two major groups. Of the 37 strains isolated from cases of meningitis, 24 shared patterns and were clustered into five groups within a similarity level of 1.0. One fragment of 1.25 kb was common to all meningitis strains. H. influenzae strains from healthy carriers presented fingerprint patterns different from those found in strains from sick children. Isolates from healthy individuals were more variable and were distributed differently from those from patients. The results show that ERIC-PCR provides a powerful tool for the determination of the distinctive pathogenicity potentials of H. influenzae strains and encourage its use for molecular epidemiology investigations.
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Bergman, Nicholas H., and Brian J. Akerley. "Position-Based Scanning for Comparative Genomics and Identification of Genetic Islands in Haemophilus influenzae Type b." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1098-1108.2003.

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ABSTRACT Bacteria exhibit extensive genetic heterogeneity within species. In many cases, these differences account for virulence properties unique to specific strains. Several such loci have been discovered in the genome of the type b serotype of Haemophilus influenzae, a human pathogen able to cause meningitis, pneumonia, and septicemia. Here we report application of a PCR-based scanning procedure to compare the genome of a virulent type b (Hib) strain with that of the laboratory-passaged Rd KW20 strain for which a complete genome sequence is available. We have identified seven DNA segments or H. influenzae genetic islands (HiGIs) present in the type b genome and absent from the Rd genome. These segments vary in size and content and show signs of horizontal gene transfer in that their percent G+C content differs from that of the rest of the H. influenzae genome, they contain genes similar to those found on phages or other mobile elements, or they are flanked by DNA repeats. Several of these loci represent potential pathogenicity islands, because they contain genes likely to mediate interactions with the host. These newly identified genetic islands provide areas of investigation into both the evolution and pathogenesis of H. influenzae. In addition, the genome scanning approach developed to identify these islands provides a rapid means to compare the genomes of phenotypically diverse bacterial strains once the genome sequence of one representative strain has been determined.
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Brook, Itzhak. "Microbiology and antimicrobial management of sinusitis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119, no. 4 (April 2005): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215054020304.

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Sinusitis generally develops as a complication of viral or allergic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. The bacterial pathogens in acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, while anaerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus are predominant in chronic sinusitis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged as a potential pathogen in immunocompromised patients and in those who have nasal tubes or catheters, or are intubated. Many of these organisms recovered from sinusitis became resistant to penicillins either through the production of beta-lactamase (H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, Fusobacterium spp., and Prevotella spp) or through changes in the penicillin-binding protein (S. pneumoniae). The pathogenicity of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria is expressed directly through their ability to cause infections, and indirectly through the production of betalactamase. The indirect pathogenicity is conveyed not only by surviving penicillin therapy, but also by ‘shielding’ penicillin-susceptible pathogens from the drug. The direct and indirect virulent characteristics of these bacteria require the administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy directed against all pathogens in mixed infections. The antimicrobials that are the most effective in management of acute sinusitis are amoxycillin-clavulanate (given in a high dose), the newer quinolones (gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin) and the second generation cephalosporins (cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefprozil or cefdinir). The antimicrobials that are the most effective in management of chronic sinusitis are amoxycillinclavulanate, clindamycin and the combination of metronidazole and a penicillin.
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Read, Timothy D., Sarah W. Satola, and Monica M. Farley. "Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of Hypervariable Junctions of Haemophilus influenzae Pilus Gene Clusters." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 6896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.12.6896-6902.2000.

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ABSTRACT Haemophilus influenzae pili are surface structures that promote attachment to human epithelial cells. The five genes that encode pili, hifABCDE, are found inserted in genomes either between pmbA and hpt (hif-1) or between purE and pepN (hif-2). We determined the sequence between the ends of the pilus clusters and bordering genes in a number of H. influenzae strains. The junctions of the hif-1 cluster (limited to biogroup aegyptius isolates) are structurally simple. In contrast,hif-2 junctions are highly diverse, complex assemblies of conserved intergenic sequences (including genes hicA andhicB) with evidence of frequent recombination. Variation athif-2 junctions seems to be tied to multiple copies of a 23-bp Haemophilus intergenic dyad sequence. Thehif-1 cluster appears to have originated in biogroup aegyptius strains from invasion of the hpt-pmbA region by a DNA template containing the hif-2 genes with termini in the hairpin loop of flanking intergenic dyad sequences. The pilus gene clusters are an interesting model of a mobile “pathogenicity island” not associated with a phage, transposon, or insertion element.
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Twabela, Augustin, Masatoshi Okamatsu, Keita Matsuno, Norikazu Isoda, and Yoshihiro Sakoda. "Evaluation of Baloxavir Marboxil and Peramivir for the Treatment of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Chickens." Viruses 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121407.

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Control measures in the case of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry include culling, surveillance, and biosecurity; wild birds in captivity may also be culled, although some rare bird species should be rescued for conservation. In this study, two anti-influenza drugs, baloxavir marboxil (BXM) and peramivir (PR), used in humans, were examined in treating HPAI in birds, using chickens as a model. Chickens were infected with H5N6 HPAI virus and were treated immediately or 24 h from challenge with 20 mg/kg BXM or PR twice a day for five days. As per our findings, BXM significantly reduced virus replication in organs and provided full protection to chickens compared with that induced by PR. In the 24-h-delayed treatment, neither drug completely inhibited virus replication nor ensured the survival of infected chickens. A single administration of 2.5 mg/kg of BXM was determined as the minimum dose required to fully protect chickens from HPAI virus; the concentration of baloxavir acid, the active form of BXM, in chicken blood at this dose was sufficient for a 48 h antiviral effect post-administration. Thus, these data can be a starting point for the use of BXM and PR in treating captive wild birds infected with HPAI virus.
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Jóźwiak, Michał, Krzysztof Wyrostek, Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz, Monika Olszewska-Tomczyk, Krzysztof Śmietanka, and Zenon Minta. "Application of FTA® Cards for detection and storage of avian influenza virus." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0001.

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AbstractIntroduction: The aim of the study was to test the utility of Flinders Technology Associates filter paper (FTA® Cards) for molecular detection and storage of avian influenza virus (AIV). Material and Methods: There were two strains of AIV used in the study: low pathogenicity H7N1 and high pathogenicity H5N1 subtypes. Detection of viral material was conducted using molecular RT-PCR and rRT- PCR method. Results: The infectivity of LPAIV/H7N1 and HPAIV/H5N1 was completely inactivated within 1 h and 24 h after adsorption to FTA® Cards at room temperature, respectively. Viruses stored on FTA® Cards had detection limit approximately 1 log10 lower than live viruses. Viral RNA of both strains were detectable on the cards by rRT-PCR for a minimum of 150 d, irrespectively of storage temperatures (room temperature, -20ºC). RNA was also detected in all samples obtained from SPF chickens experimentally infected with HPAI/H5N1 on 3rd and 4th day post-infection (p.i.). Conclusion: FTA® Cards enable safe and effective alternative transport of samples for molecular diagnosis of AIV.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pathogenicity of H.influenzae"

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Rosadini, Charles V. "Roles of Secreted Virulence Factors in Pathogenicity of Haemophilus Influenzae: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/541.

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Haemophilus influenzae is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans and can cause otitis media, upper and lower respiratory infections, and meningitis. Factors important for H. influenzae to colonize humans and cause disease are not fully understood. Different bacterial pathogens are armed with virulence mechanisms unique to their specific strategies for interacting with their hosts. Many of the proteins mediating these interactions are secreted and contain disulfide bonds required for function or stability. I postulated that identifying the set of secreted proteins in H. influenzae that require periplasmic disulfide bonds would provide better understanding of this bacterium's pathogenic mechanisms. In this thesis, the periplasmic disulfide bond oxidoreductase protein, DsbA, was found to be essential for colonization and virulence of H. influenzae. Mutants of dsbA were also found to be sensitive to the bactericidal effects of serum. However, the DsbA-dependent proteins important for pathogenesis of this organism have not been previously identified. To find them, putative targets of the periplasmic disulfide bond pathway were identified and examined for factors which might be important for mediating critical virulence aspects. By doing so, novel virulence factors were discovered including those important for heme and zinc acquisition, as well as resistance to complement. Overall, the work presented here provides insight into requirements for H. influenzae to survive within various host environments.
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Dhir, Atul. "Molecular studies on the contribution of capsular polysaccharide to the virulence of Haemophilus influenzae." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236279.

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Tsao, David L. "Serum resistance of an invasive nontypeable H. influenzae." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5808.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004.
"December, 2004." The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.
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Thomson, Duncan Paul. "5'-3'-nucleases of Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae." Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320399.

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Ladhani, Shamez N. "Investigations into the long-term impact of Haemophilus influenzae serptype b (Hib) immunisation on invasive H. influenzae disease, with particular emphasis on children with Hib vaccine failure." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542039.

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BATUT, PATRICIA. "Surveillance epidemiologique - frequence et resistance - de streptococcus pneumoniae et haemophilus influenzae dans les infections respiratoires au c. H. U. De rangueil." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU31702.

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Goddard, Elizabeth Anne. "IgG subclasses, specific antibodies and immunoglobulin allotypes in children with invasive Haemophilus influenzae type B and Staphylococcus aureus infections." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27003.

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OBJECTIVE: The principal objective of this study was to measure various aspects of immunity in children with invasive infections due to Haemophilus influenzae type b and Staphylococcus aureus. These serious infections are a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in all populations and affect healthy as well as compromised children. Evidence suggests that imbalances or deficiencies in certain aspects of immunity such as IgG subclasses, the capacity to make specific subclass antibodies, antibody affinities, complement isotypes, immunoglobulin allotypes or mannose binding protein may place certain children at risk for developing invasive disease. Investigation of these factors in a group of children with infection necessitated that normal ranges be established for children of comparable ages from the same population. A secondary objective of this study has therefore been to establish normal percentiles for the IgG subclasses in age, race and sex matched healthy controls. METHODS: Patients admitted to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital with septic meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b and osteomyelitis/septic arthritis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b or Staphylococcus aureus formed the study population. Section A of this thesis describes the methods for establishing, validating and standardizing ELISAs for measuring the IgG subclasses (lgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) and subclass antibodies specific to Haemophilus influenzae polyribosylribitol phosphate, Staphylococcus aureus teichoic acid and tetanus toxoid. The relative affinity of antibodies in these ELISAs was determined by the incorporation of diethylamine (DEA). In order to determine the immunoglobulin allotypes ELISAs were developed to measure the G1m(f), G2m(n) and Km(3) allotypes. The frequency of these allotypic markers in the different ethnic groups was established. The relationship between immunoglobulin allotypes and IgG subclass values were investigated in both patient and control groups. RESULTS: ELISA assays to measure IgG subclasses; IgG, IgG 1 and IgG4 tetanus toxoid antibodies; IgG, IgG 1 and IgG2 H. influenzae type b polyribosylribitol phosphate capsular polysaccharide antibodies; IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 S. aureus teichoic acid antibodies and G1m(f), G2m(n) and Km(3) allotypes were successfully established. Where possible the assays were standardized with reference sera and specimens were exchanged with international laboratories. Age, race and sex related percentile charts and tables of normal ranges for IgG and IgG subclasses of Black and Coloured children were established. The IgG and IgG 1 values were higher than those previously reported for children in developed countries. Black children with H. influenzae meningitis had significantly lower IgG 1, IgG2 and IgG3 levels compared to the controls and although similar trends were seen for IgG and IgG4 levels they were not statistically significant. Coloured children with H. influenzae meningitis and Coloured and Black children with H. influenzae osteomyelitis/septic arthritis also showed a similar tendency of lower IgG and IgG subclass levels than the controls but these trends were also not significantly different. All patients responded to tetanus toxoid antigen suggesting normal immunocompetence to protein antigens. H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide antibodies were low in children with H. influenzae type b meningitis and osteomyelitis/septic arthritis and did not increase during the illness. IgG and IgG 1 teichoic acid antibodies were raised in patients with S. aureus osteomyelitis/septic arthritis although no further rise in these antibodies was seen when measured several weeks after the illness. The antibody affinity ELISAs showed that IgG 1 tetanus toxoid antibody had a greater affinity than IgG4 tetanus toxoid antibody, the IgG 1 and IgG2 H. influenzae capsular polysaccharide antibodies were of similar affinity and the IgG 1 teichoic acid antibody was of higher affinity than the IgG2 antibody. The G1m(f) and G2m(n) positive allotypes were uncommon in Black but common in the Coloured populations whereas Km(3) was common in both groups. There was a significantly decreased frequency of the G2m(n) positive allotype in Coloured patients with H. influenzae type b meningitis and H. influenzae type b osteomyelitis/septic arthritis which was not found in patients with S. aureus osteomyelitis/septic arthritis. In both Coloured and Black children with H. influenzae meningitis there was a significantly decreased frequency of the Km(3) allotype. No differences in C4 isotypes and mannose binding protein levels were evident in the patient and control groups. CONCLUSION: This study has developed simple, specific and reproducible ELISAs to measure IgG subclasses and subclass antibodies specific to tetanus toxoid, H. influenzae polyribosylribitol phosphate and S. aureus teichoic acid. Age, sex and race related normal ranges for IgG subclasses in the local Black and Coloured populations have been established. Black children with H. influenzae type b meningitis had significantly lower IgG 1, IgG2 and IgG3 levels compared to the controls. There was a clear association between a decrease of the G2m(n) allotype and the Km(3) allotype and susceptibility to invasive infections caused by H. influenzae.
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Popugaeva, Elena [Verfasser], Detlev H. [Gutachter] Krüger, Heribert [Gutachter] Hofer, and Thorsten [Gutachter] Wolff. "Molecular characterization and pathogenicity potential of novel hantavirus isolates / Elena Popugaeva ; Gutachter: Detlev H. Krüger, Heribert Hofer, Thorsten Wolff." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1208077872/34.

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Popugaeva, Elena [Verfasser], Detlev H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Krüger, Heribert [Akademischer Betreuer] Hofer, and Thorsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolff. "Molecular characterization and pathogenicity potential of novel hantavirus isolates : Greifswald virus from Germany and Sangassou virus, Africa / Elena Popugaeva. Gutachter: Detlev H. Krüger ; Heribert Hofer ; Thorsten Wolff." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102044309X/34.

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Trück, Johannes. "B cell response to pneumococcal vaccines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4bbccd8c-febd-4713-a97b-d6a8a08e3979.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in both children and older adults, with infection resulting in invasive disease, pneumonia and otitis media. The inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in routine infant immunisation programmes has had a major impact on disease rates. Vaccine-induced protection against pneumococcal infection is thought to be mediated by the generation of persistent serotype-specific functional antibodies and antigen-specific memory B cells, the latter capable of generating a rapid secondary antibody response on re-exposure to antigen. Although many studies have investigated the immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines in different age groups by measuring serotype-specific antibodies, there is more limited information about the B cells underlying such an immune response. Important areas to investigate include the identity of the B cell subsets involved in antibody production and the potential link between memory B cells (BMEM) and persistent antibody production by long-lived plasma cells. In this thesis I have investigated in detail the immune response to pneumococcal vaccines given to children and adults by a variety of different methods. By examining the variability of a BMEM ELISpot method, it was shown that this assay is robust and reproducible and can be performed on fresh or frozen samples and in different laboratories. Using this technique, in a study of pre-school children, it was demonstrated for the first time that the level of pre-existing serotype 3-specific antibody is negatively correlated with, and may directly impair the BMEM response to a booster dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) containing serotype 3 glycoconjugate. In the same study, it was shown that antibody persistence against most vaccine serotypes can be expected until the age of 3.5 years. A novel antigen-labelling technique was used in a detailed kinetics study of antigen-specific B cell subsets in response to either PCV-13 or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults. The results of this study revealed distinct B cell subset response patterns that were observed in all study participants indicating that IgM BMEM seem to play a major role in the immune response to pneumococcal vaccines. In addition, in the same study, genome wide analysis of gene expression was performed and it was shown that vaccination with either a pneumococcal conjugate or polysaccharide vaccine results in a marked difference in numbers of differentially expressed genes 8 days following vaccination. A further tool likely to be of use in investigating B cell responses is the analysis of the antibody repertoire using next-generation sequencing techniques. In order to test the ability of these methods to detect vaccine responses, a large dataset of high-throughput B cell receptor sequences was analysed and revealed convergence of antigen-specific complementary-determining region (CDR)3 amino acid (AA) sequences following vaccination and identified antigen-specific sequences. It was further demonstrated that for sequences directed against the H. influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide, diversity of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements is much greater than previously recognised. Frequencies of Hib-specific CDR3 AA sequences were linked with anti-Hib avidity indices highlighting the potential of this method as an alternative (functional) measure of vaccine immunogenicity. These data suggest that studying the B cells and antibody repertoire post-vaccination can give novel insights into the biology that underlies the immune responses.
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Books on the topic "Pathogenicity of H.influenzae"

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Smoot, Laura Marie. Molecular and genetic analysis of potential virulence determinants harbored by the Brazilian purpuric fever clone of H. influenzae bigroup aegyptius. 1999.

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2

(Contributor), WHO, ed. Human Papillomaviruses (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to H). World Health Organisation, 1995.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division (Corporate Author), Felipe C. Cabello (Editor), and Carla Pruzzo (Editor), eds. Bacteria, Complement, and the Phagocytic Cell (Nato a S I Series Series H, Cell Biology). Springer, 1989.

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Gilsdorf, Janet R. Continual Raving. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677312.001.0001.

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This book explores the lives and work of scientists who unraveled the mysteries of meningitis and describes the steps (and sometimes missteps) they used to accomplish their splendid achievements. Although symptoms of meningitis were recorded as early as the time of Hippocrates, its origin remained obscure. Then, in 1892, one of the bacteria that cause meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae, was discovered when Richard Pfeiffer saw it in material coughed up by a patient with influenza. Pfeiffer mistakenly thought the bacteria caused influenza, and it has carried that unfortunate, erroneous name since that time. Discovery, however, marched forward, and Quincke discovered how to obtain spinal fluid by inserting a needle between two bones in the patient’s back. Pittman discovered the sugar overcoat that protects H. influenzae from being eaten by white blood cells. Flexner managed epidemics of meningitis with serum from a horse. Griffith unknowingly stumbled on DNA, the master of all life. Weech gave the first antibiotic used in America to a little girl with meningitis. Alexander learned why antibiotics sometimes fail in such patients. Smith won the Nobel Prize for showing how DNA invades bacteria, the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. And four scientists, in two teams, vied to be the first to create the best vaccine to prevent meningitis in infants.
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DeAugustinas, M., and A. Kiely. Periocular Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0015.

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Periocular Infections occur when there is inflammation of the conjunctiva. Uncomplicated viral infections can usually be managed with careful hand hygiene and lubrication of the eye with artificial tears. More severe infections are notable for purulent discharge, membrane formation, and scarring, and can lead to corneal change. For suspected bacterial conjunctivitis, empiric therapy begins with broad spectrum antibiotic eye drops or ointment, which are supplemented with oral antibiotics in cases associated with pharyngitis and in children with H. influenzae infection. For gonococcal conjunctivitis, systemic ceftriaxone is recommended for both adults and children (including neonates) due to the increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. If the cornea is not involved and the patient is extremely reliable, next day referral to an ophthalmologist in addition to management with IM ceftriaxone is sufficient. Otherwise, admission for IV therapy is advised. Copious, repeated irrigation is also advised to remove inflammatory mediators and debris that can contribute to corneal melting.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pathogenicity of H.influenzae"

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Moxon, E. Richard, and Jeffrey N. Weiser. "Studies on the Genetic Basis of Haemophilus Influenzae Pathogenicity." In Microbial Surface Components and Toxins in Relation to Pathogenesis, 171–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8995-8_19.

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Chong, P., O. James, Y. P. Yang, C. Sia, B. Tripet, Y. Choi, and M. Klein. "Mapping of the immunodominant B- and T-cell epitopes of the outer membrane protein P6 of H. influenzae type b using overlapping synthetic peptides." In Peptides, 730–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0683-2_241.

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Chong, Pele C. S., Gloria Zobrist, Yan-Ping Yang, Raafat Fahim, Charles Sia, Brian Tripet, Yvonne Choi, and Michel Klein. "Mapping of the immunodominant B- and T-cell epitopes of the outer membrane protein P1 of H. influenzae type b using overlapping synthetic peptides." In Peptides, 697–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2264-1_277.

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Robinson, Esther. "Haemophilus influenzae." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 1066–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0117.

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Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacillus that is an exclusively human pathogen and commensal. There are six capsular serotypes (a–f), of which type b (Hib) is a major cause of childhood infectious disease. Transmission occurs by close bodily contact, the main source being other children. Carriage of the organism may be followed by disease in susceptible individuals. In infants, Hib causes symptoms ranging from a mild non-specific febrile illness (occult bacteraemia) to fully blown sepsis with meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, or cellulitis. Non-typeable H. influenzae are common nasopharyngeal commensals and cause otitis media and conjunctivitis in children. In adults, non-typeable H. influenzae cause exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia. Other Haemophilus species, including H. parainfluenzae, are common commensals and rare causes of infective endocarditis and other sepsis.
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Ainsworth, Sean. "H." In Neonatal Formulary, edited by Sean Ainsworth, 368–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198840787.003.0021.

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This chapter presents information on neonatal drugs that begin with H, including use, pharmacology, adverse effects, fetal and infant implications of maternal treatment, treatment, and supply of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, Heparin, Hepatitis B vaccine, Hyaluronidase, Hydralazine, and Hydrocortisone
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STEINHOFF, MARK C., and THOMAS CHERIAN. "Haemophilus influenzae (Including H. aegyptius) Infection." In Tropical Infectious Diseases, 341–44. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50033-8.

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Murphy, Timothy F. "Haemophilus Species, Including H. influenzae and H. ducreyi (Chancroid)." In Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2575–83. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00227-7.

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Barcak, Gerard J., Mark S. Chandler, Rosemary J. Redfield, and Jean-Francois Tomb. "[14] Genetic systems in Haemophilus influenzae." In Methods in Enzymology, 321–42. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(91)04016-h.

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MURPHY, TIMOTHY F. "Haemophilus Species (Including H. influenzae and Chancroid)." In Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2911–19. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-06839-3.00225-3.

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Gilsdorf, Janet R. "Keeping DNA Out, Letting It In." In Continual Raving, 183–96. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677312.003.0010.

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All three meningitis bacteria (meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and pneumococci) are able to soak up DNA from their environments; thus, they all exhibit substantial genetic diversity. Those whose cell walls stain Gram negative (meningococci and H. influenzae) use DNA uptake signal sequences to take up the DNA, while pneumococci, which stain Gram positive and thus possess a different kind of cell wall, use a unique and less well understood mechanism. Although these interesting and important scientific discoveries have little to do with the clinical management of meningitis, they reveal a lot about the basic biology of H. influenzae and other meningitis-causing bacteria. By using the molecular tools that permit bacteria to acquire new DNA from their environments, H. influenzae bacteria are able to refashion themselves. In this way, at least a few of the bacteria in the enormous population of bacteria that live in humans are able to cope with whatever challenging environment they happen to fall into, including their transit from the throat, where they normally live, to the blood and meninges, where they cause meningitis.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pathogenicity of H.influenzae"

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Rhee, Chung-Ku, So-Young Chang, Dong-Jo Hwang, Young Hoon Kim, and Jin-Chul Ahn. "The effect of PDT on H. influenzae biofilm in vivo." In BiOS, edited by Nikiforos Kollias, Bernard Choi, Haishan Zeng, Reza S. Malek, Brian J. Wong, Justus F. R. Ilgner, Kenton W. Gregory, et al. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.848587.

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Rhee, C. K., S. H. Bae, J. W. Lee, J. C. Ahn, J. Y. Jung, and M. W. Suh. "The effect of PDT on H. influenzae biofilm in vitro." In SPIE BiOS: Biomedical Optics, edited by Nikiforos Kollias, Bernard Choi, Haishan Zeng, Reza S. Malek, Brian J. Wong, Justus F. R. Ilgner, Kenton W. Gregory, et al. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.820697.

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Radhakrishna, Naghmeh, Steven Lim, Peter McLaughlin, Philip Bardin, and Paul King. "Increased Reactive Oxygen Species In Macrophages Infected With Rhinovirus And Non-Typeable H. Influenzae." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a4454.

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Thulborn, Samantha, Jennifer Cane, Alessandro Ceroni, Christopher Brightling, Ian Pavord, and Mona Bafadhel. "The detection of free-living H. influenzae in the airways of patients with COPD." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa566.

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Azamor, Tamiris, Andréa Silva, Alessandro Souza, Luciana Tubarão, Patrícia Neves, and Denise Matos. "Development and validation of multiplex for measurement of antibodies against C. diphteriae, C. tetani and H. influenzae tipe B." In I Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico em Imunobiológicos. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.sact.2013_27221.

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Van Damme, Pierre, Geert Leroux-Roels, Corinne Vandermeulen, Iris De Ryck, Annaelisa Tasciotti, Marie Dozot, Luca Moraschini, Marco Testa, and Ashwani Kumar Arora. "Late Breaking Abstract - Safety and immunogenicity of non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) and M. catarrhalis (Mcat) adjuvanted vaccines in adults." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4088.

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Wilkinson, Tom, Stuart Schembri, Christopher Brightling, Nawar Diar Bakerly, William Macnee, Lars Rombo, Jan Hedner, et al. "Late Breaking Abstract - Safety and immunogenicity of non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) adjuvanted vaccine in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4089.

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Lima, Alan Gomes, and Mickie Takagi. "AVALIAÇÃO DO CRESCIMENTO DE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TIPO B EM MEIO SÓLIDO ISENTO DE SANGUE DE CAVALO." In I Congresso de Engenharia de Biotecnologia. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1383.

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Introdução: A bactéria Haemophilus Influenzae tipo b (Hib) apresenta uma grande importância médica em todo mundo, pois, é causadora de diversas doenças, sendo mais agravante a meningite. A capsula polissacarídica que é composto por moléculas de poliribosil-ribitol-fosfato (PRP) é considerada como principal fator de virulência sendo utilizada como antígeno vacinal. Por ser considerada um microrganismo fastidioso, Hib necessita de condições especificas para seu crescimento, por esse motivo o meio solido amplamente utilizado é o Ágar chocolate, onde, adiciona-se sangue de cavalo, carneiro ou coelho em temperatura alta para que liberem compostos fundamentais para seu desenvolvimento. Com a crescente discussão sobre o uso de animais e seus componentes para estudos laboratoriais, a busca por alternativas que diminua o uso destes é extremamente importante, desse modo objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a viabilidade célular de hib utilizando meio alternativo suplementado com fatores de crescimento NAD e Hemina; preparar o lote de trabalho utilizando o meio alternativo definido; quantificar a concentração de PRP obtida em frasco agitados. Material e métodos: O teste de viabilidade celular foi feito através da contagem do número de colônias viáveis que existem em 1 mL de amostra analisada expressa em UFC/mL; O teste de pureza da colônia foi feito através de Coloração de Gram; O acompanhamento do crescimento celular em meio líquido foi feito através da medida de Densidade Óptica em 540 nm (DO540); a determinação da concentração de PRP foi realizada através do método modificado de Bial (ASHWELL, 1957). Resultados: O meio solido suplementado proposto, proporcionou a manutenção da viabilidade celular em 1,4 x 1010 UFC/mL, muito similar a viabilidade atingida com o agar chocolate. Os ensaios em frascos agitados, em meio líquido apresentaram velocidade máxima específica de crescimento (µmax) de 0,515 h-1 e concentração de PRP na 8ª hora de cultivo de 360,9 mg/L de PRP reproduzindo aos ensaios cujo lote de trabalho fora realizado em agar chocolate. Conclusão: O meio sólido utilizado sem o uso de sangue de cavalo se mostrou eficiente para garantindo a viabilidade celular e a produção de PRP.
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