Journal articles: 'Pathogen tracking'

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Check, Erika. "Pathogen-tracking questioned." Nature 420, no. 6915 (December 2002): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/420451b.

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COOKE, DAVID E. L. "Tracking the sudden oak death pathogen." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 18 (September 2007): 3735–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03430.x.

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Hadfield, James, Colin Megill, Sidney M. Bell, John Huddleston, Barney Potter, Charlton Callender, Pavel Sagulenko, Trevor Bedford, and Richard A. Neher. "Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution." Bioinformatics 34, no. 23 (May 22, 2018): 4121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407.

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Stroeymeyt, Nathalie, Anna V. Grasse, Alessandro Crespi, Danielle P. Mersch, Sylvia Cremer, and Laurent Keller. "Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect." Science 362, no. 6417 (November 22, 2018): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4793.

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Animal social networks are shaped by multiple selection pressures, including the need to ensure efficient communication and functioning while simultaneously limiting disease transmission. Social animals could potentially further reduce epidemic risk by altering their social networks in the presence of pathogens, yet there is currently no evidence for such pathogen-triggered responses. We tested this hypothesis experimentally in the antLasius nigerusing a combination of automated tracking, controlled pathogen exposure, transmission quantification, and temporally explicit simulations. Pathogen exposure induced behavioral changes in both exposed ants and their nestmates, which helped contain the disease by reinforcing key transmission-inhibitory properties of the colony’s contact network. This suggests that social network plasticity in response to pathogens is an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of disease in social groups.

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Noble, Rachel T., Steven M. Allen, Angelia D. Blackwood, Weiping Chu, Sunny C. Jiang, Greg L. Lovelace, Mark D. Sobsey, Jill R. Stewart, and Douglas A. Wait. "Use of viral pathogens and indicators to differentiate between human and non-human fecal contamination in a microbial source tracking comparison study." Journal of Water and Health 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0021.

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Assays for the detection and typing of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and F+ specific coliphages were performed on samples created as part of a national microbial source tracking methods comparison study. The samples were created blind to the researchers, and were inoculated with a variety of types of fecal contamination source (human, sewage, dog, seagull and cow) and mixtures of sources. Viral tracer and pathogen assays demonstrated a general ability to discriminate human from non-human fecal contamination. For example, samples inoculated with sewage were correctly identified as containing human fecal contamination because they contained human adenovirus or human enterovirus. In samples containing fecal material from individual humans, human pathogen analysis yielded negative results probably because the stool samples were taken from healthy individuals. False positive rates for the virus-based methods (0–8%) were among the lowest observed during the methods comparison study. It is suggested that virus-based source tracking methods are useful for identification of sewage contamination, and that these methods may also be useful as an indication of the public health risk associated with viral pathogens. Overall, virus-based source tracking methods are an important approach to include in the microbial source tracking ‘toolbox’.

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Leu, Stephan T., and Stephanie S. Godfrey. "Advances from the nexus of animal behaviour and pathogen transmission: new directions and opportunities using contact networks." Behaviour 155, no. 7-9 (2018): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003507.

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Abstract Contact network models have enabled significant advances in understanding the influence of behaviour on parasite and pathogen transmission. They are an important tool that links variation in individual behaviour, to epidemiological consequences at the population level. Here, in our introduction to this special issue, we highlight the importance of applying network approaches to disease ecological and epidemiological questions, and how this has provided a much deeper understanding of these research areas. Recent advances in tracking host behaviour (bio-logging: e.g., GPS tracking, barcoding) and tracking pathogens (high-resolution sequencing), as well as methodological advances (multi-layer networks, computational techniques) started producing exciting new insights into disease transmission through contact networks. We discuss some of the exciting directions that the field is taking, some of the challenges, and importantly the opportunities that lie ahead. For instance, we suggest to integrate multiple transmission pathways, multiple pathogens, and in some systems, multiple host species, into the next generation of network models. Corresponding opportunities exist in utilising molecular techniques, such as high-resolution sequencing, to establish causality in network connectivity and disease outcomes. Such novel developments and the continued integration of network tools offers a more complete understanding of pathogen transmission processes, their underlying mechanisms and their evolutionary consequences.

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Zhang, Ying, Der‐Shyang Kao, Bing Gu, Rajdeep Bomjan, Mayank Srivastava, Haojie Lu, Daoguo Zhou, and W. Andy Tao. "Tracking Pathogen Infections by Time‐Resolved Chemical Proteomics." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 6 (February 3, 2020): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201911078.

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Zhang, Ying, Der‐Shyang Kao, Bing Gu, Rajdeep Bomjan, Mayank Srivastava, Haojie Lu, Daoguo Zhou, and W. Andy Tao. "Tracking Pathogen Infections by Time‐Resolved Chemical Proteomics." Angewandte Chemie 132, no. 6 (January 9, 2020): 2255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201911078.

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Sokolova, Ekaterina, Johan Åström, Thomas J. R. Pettersson, Olof Bergstedt, and Malte Hermansson. "Estimation of pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source using hydrodynamic modelling and microbial source tracking." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (June 6, 2012): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.183.

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The faecal contamination of drinking water sources can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. To estimate a potential risk for waterborne infections caused by faecal contamination of drinking water sources, knowledge of the pathogen concentrations in raw water is required. We suggest a novel approach to estimate pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source by using microbial source tracking data and fate and transport modelling. First, the pathogen (norovirus, Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157/H7) concentrations in faecal contamination sources around the drinking water source Lake Rådasjön in Sweden were estimated for endemic and epidemic conditions using measured concentrations of faecal indicators (E. coli and Bacteroidales genetic markers). Afterwards, the fate and transport of pathogens within the lake were simulated using a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and microbiological model. This approach provided information on the contribution from different contamination sources to the pathogen concentrations at the water intake of a drinking water treatment plant. This approach addresses the limitations of monitoring and provides data for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and risk management in the context of faecal contamination of surface drinking water sources.

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Gulumbe, Bashar Haruna, Abbas Yusuf Bazata, and Musbahu Abdullahi Bagwai. "Campylobacter Species, Microbiological Source Tracking and Risk Assessment of Bacterial pathogens." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3363.

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Campylobacter species continue to remain critical pathogens of public health interest. They are responsible for approximately 500 million cases of gastroenteritis per year worldwide. Infection occurs through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Microbial risk assessment and source tracking are crucial epidemiological strategies to monitor the outbreak of campylobacteriosis effectively. Various methods have been proposed for microbial source tracking and risk assessment, most of which rely on conventional microbiological techniques such as detecting fecal indicator organisms and other novel microbial source tracking methods, including library-dependent microbial source tracking and library-independent source tracking approaches. However, both the traditional and novel methods have their setbacks. For example, while the conventional techniques are associated with a poor correlation between indicator organism and pathogen presence, on the other hand, it is impractical to interpret qPCR-generated markers to establish the exact human health risks even though it can give information regarding the potential source and relative human risk. Therefore, this article provides up-to-date information on campylobacteriosis, various approaches for source attribution, and risk assessment of bacterial pathogens, including next-generation sequencing approaches such as shotgun metagenomics, which effectively answer the questions of potential pathogens are there and in what quantities.

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Zhang, Harry X., Monica Harrington, Joe Mauro, Lauren A. Fillmore, and James Wheeler. "Bacterial Source Tracking in Pathogen TMDL Development and Implementation." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 15 (January 1, 2002): 864–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702784247882.

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Stanwick, Richard. "Tracking the emergence of a suspected new human pathogen." Paediatrics & Child Health 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/3.1.42.

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Satterfield, Dara A., Peter P. Marra, T. Scott Sillett, and Sonia Altizer. "Responses of migratory species and their pathogens to supplemental feeding." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0094.

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Migratory animals undergo seasonal and often spectacular movements and perform crucial ecosystem services. In response to anthropogenic changes, including food subsidies, some migratory animals are now migrating shorter distances or halting migration altogether and forming resident populations. Recent studies suggest that shifts in migratory behaviour can alter the risk of infection for wildlife. Although migration is commonly assumed to enhance pathogen spread, for many species, migration has the opposite effect of lowering infection risk, if animals escape from habitats where pathogen stages have accumulated or if strenuous journeys cull infected hosts. Here, we summarize responses of migratory species to supplemental feeding and review modelling and empirical work that provides support for mechanisms through which resource-induced changes in migration can alter pathogen transmission. In particular, we focus on the well-studied example of monarch butterflies and their protozoan parasites in North America. We also identify areas for future research, including combining new technologies for tracking animal movements with pathogen surveillance and exploring potential evolutionary responses of hosts and pathogens to changing movement patterns. Given that many migratory animals harbour pathogens of conservation concern and zoonotic potential, studies that document ongoing shifts in migratory behaviour and infection risk are vitally needed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.

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van der Kuyl, Antoinette C. "Historic and Prehistoric Epidemics: An Overview of Sources Available for the Study of Ancient Pathogens." Epidemiologia 3, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3040034.

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Since life on earth developed, parasitic microbes have thrived. Increases in host numbers, or the conquest of a new species, provide an opportunity for such a pathogen to enjoy, before host defense systems kick in, a similar upsurge in reproduction. Outbreaks, caused by “endemic” pathogens, and epidemics, caused by “novel” pathogens, have thus been creating chaos and destruction since prehistorical times. To study such (pre)historic epidemics, recent advances in the ancient DNA field, applied to both archeological and historical remains, have helped tremendously to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of pathogens. These studies have offered new and unexpected insights into the evolution of, for instance, smallpox virus, hepatitis B virus, and the plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis. Furthermore, burial patterns and historical publications can help in tracking down ancient pathogens. Another source of information is our genome, where selective sweeps in immune-related genes relate to past pathogen attacks, while multiple viruses have left their genomes behind for us to study. This review will discuss the sources available to investigate (pre)historic diseases, as molecular knowledge of historic and prehistoric pathogens may help us understand the past and the present, and prepare us for future epidemics.

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Brown, Brad, Marc Allard, Michael C. Bazaco, Joseph Blankenship, and Travis Minor. "An economic evaluation of the Whole Genome Sequencing source tracking program in the U.S." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): e0258262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258262.

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) created the GenomeTrakr Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) Network in 2013, as a tool to improve food safety. This study presents an analysis of Whole Genome source tracking implementation on potential food contamination and related illnesses through theoretical, empirical, and cost benefit analyses. We conduct empirical tests using data from FDA regulated food commodity outbreaks garnering FDA response from 1999 through 2019 and examine the effect of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen detection program of source tracking WGS isolates collected in the U.S. on outbreak illnesses for three pilot pathogens (E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella). Empirical results are consistent with the theoretical model and suggest that each additional 1,000 WGS isolates added to the public NCBI database is associated with a reduction of approximately 6 illnesses per WGS pathogen, per year. Empirical results are connected to existing literature for a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate benefits and costs. By 2019, annual health benefits are estimated at nearly $500 million, compared to an approximately $22 million investment by public health agencies. Even under conservative assumptions, the program likely broke even in its second year of implementation and could produce increasing public health benefits as the GenomeTrakr network matures.

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Cherif, Emira, Fatou Seck Thiam, Mohammad Salma, Georgina Rivera-Ingraham, Fabienne Justy, Theo Deremarque, Damien Breugnot, Jean-Claude Doudou, Rodolphe Elie Gozlan, and Marine Combe. "ONTdeCIPHER: an amplicon-based nanopore sequencing pipeline for tracking pathogen variants." Bioinformatics 38, no. 7 (January 26, 2022): 2033–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac043.

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Abstract Motivation Amplicon-based nanopore sequencing is increasingly used for molecular surveillance during epidemics (e.g. ZIKA, EBOLA) or pandemics (e.g. SARS-CoV-2). However, there is still a lack of versatile and easy-to-use tools that allow users with minimal bioinformatics skills to perform the main steps of downstream analysis, from quality testing to SNPs effect to phylogenetic analysis. Results Here, we present ONTdeCIPHER, an amplicon-based Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing pipeline to analyze the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens. Our pipeline integrates 13 bioinformatics tools. With a single command line and a simple configuration file, users can pre-process their data and obtain the sequencing statistics, reconstruct the consensus genome, identify variants and their effects for each viral isolate, infer lineage and, finally perform multi-sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses. Availability and implementation ONTdeCIPHER is available at https://github.com/emiracherif/ONTdeCIPHER. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Wichuk, Kristine M., and Daryl McCartney. "Development of Time-Temperature Probes for Tracking Pathogen Inactivation During Composting." Compost Science & Utilization 16, no. 2 (March 2008): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2008.10702364.

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Ristaino, Jean Beagle. "Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans." Microbes and Infection 4, no. 13 (November 2002): 1369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00010-2.

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Vashisht, Vishakha, Ashutosh Vashisht, Ashis K. Mondal, Jaspreet Farmaha, Ahmet Alptekin, Harmanpreet Singh, Pankaj Ahluwalia, Anaka Srinivas, and Ravindra Kolhe. "Genomics for Emerging Pathogen Identification and Monitoring: Prospects and Obstacles." BioMedInformatics 3, no. 4 (December 7, 2023): 1145–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedinformatics3040069.

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Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose an increasingly significant global burden, driven by urbanization, population explosion, global travel, changes in human behavior, and inadequate public health systems. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the urgent need for innovative and robust technologies to effectively monitor newly emerging pathogens. Rapid identification, epidemiological surveillance, and transmission mitigation are crucial challenges for ensuring public health safety. Genomics has emerged as a pivotal tool in public health during pandemics, enabling the diagnosis, management, and prediction of infections, as well as the analysis and identification of cross-species interactions and the categorization of infectious agents. Recent advancements in high-throughput DNA sequencing tools have facilitated rapid and precise identification and characterization of emerging pathogens. This review article provides insights into the latest advances in various genomic techniques for pathogen detection and tracking and their applications in global outbreak surveillance. We assess methods that leverage pathogen sequences and explore the role of genomic analysis in understanding the epidemiology of newly emerged infectious diseases. Additionally, we address technical challenges and limitations, ethical and legal considerations, and highlight opportunities for integrating genomics with other surveillance approaches. By delving into the prospects and obstacles of genomics, we can gain valuable insights into its role in mitigating the threats posed by emerging pathogens and improving global preparedness in the face of future outbreaks.

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Healy-Profitós, Jessica, Seungjun Lee, Arabi Mouhaman, Rebecca Garabed, Mark Moritz, Barbara Piperata, and Jiyoung Lee. "Neighborhood diversity of potentially pathogenic bacteria in drinking water from the city of Maroua, Cameroon." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 3 (February 10, 2016): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.204.

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This study examined the spatial variation of potential gastrointestinal pathogens within drinking water sources and home storage containers in four neighborhoods in Maroua, Cameroon. Samples were collected from source (n= 28) and home containers (n= 60) in each study neighborhood. Pathogen contamination was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, targeting Campylobacter spp., Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (virulence genes, stx1 and stx2), and Salmonella spp. Microbial source tracking (MST) targeted three different host-specific markers: HF183 (human), Rum2Bac (ruminant) and GFD (poultry) to identify contamination sources. Staphylococcus aureus and the tetracycline-resistance gene (tetQ) were assessed to measure human hand contact and presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Pathogen/MST levels were compared statistically and spatially, and neighborhood variation was compared with previously collected demographic information. All the test fecal markers and pathogens (except Arcobacter) were detected in home and source samples. Two neighborhoods tested positive for most pathogens/MST while the others only tested positive for one or two. Spatial variation of pathogens/MST existed between sources, storage containers, and neighborhoods. Differing population density and ethno-economic characteristics could potentially explain variation. Future research should explore the influence of demographic and ethno-economic factors on water quality during microbial risk assessments in urban Africa.

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Buytaers, Florence E., Assia Saltykova, Sarah Denayer, Bavo Verhaegen, Kevin Vanneste, Nancy H. C. Roosens, Denis Piérard, Kathleen Marchal, and Sigrid C. J. De Keersmaecker. "A Practical Method to Implement Strain-Level Metagenomics-Based Foodborne Outbreak Investigation and Source Tracking in Routine." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081191.

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The management of a foodborne outbreak depends on the rapid and accurate identification of the responsible food source. Conventional methods based on isolation of the pathogen from the food matrix and target-specific real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) are used in routine. In recent years, the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial isolates has proven its value to collect relevant information for strain characterization as well as tracing the origin of the contamination by linking the food isolate with the patient’s isolate with high resolution. However, the isolation of a bacterial pathogen from food matrices is often time-consuming and not always successful. Therefore, we aimed to improve outbreak investigation by developing a method that can be implemented in reference laboratories to characterize the pathogen in the food vehicle without its prior isolation and link it back to human cases. We tested and validated a shotgun metagenomics approach by spiking food pathogens in specific food matrices using the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as a case study. Different DNA extraction kits and enrichment procedures were investigated to obtain the most practical workflow. We demonstrated the feasibility of shotgun metagenomics to obtain the same information as in ISO/TS 13136:2012 and WGS of the isolate in parallel by inferring the genome of the contaminant and characterizing it in a shorter timeframe. This was achieved in food samples containing different E. coli strains, including a combination of different STEC strains. For the first time, we also managed to link individual strains from a food product to isolates from human cases, demonstrating the power of shotgun metagenomics for rapid outbreak investigation and source tracking.

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Vasco, Daniel A., Helen J. Wearing, and Pejman Rohani. "Tracking the dynamics of pathogen interactions: Modeling ecological and immune-mediated processes in a two-pathogen single-host system." Journal of Theoretical Biology 245, no. 1 (March 2007): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.08.015.

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Holt, K. E., T. V. Thieu Nga, D. P. Thanh, H. Vinh, D. W. Kim, M. P. Vu Tra, J. I. Campbell, et al. "Tracking the establishment of local endemic populations of an emergent enteric pathogen." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 43 (September 30, 2013): 17522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308632110.

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Brandes, Susanne, Stefanie Dietrich, Kerstin Hünniger, Oliver Kurzai, and Marc Thilo Figge. "Migration and interaction tracking for quantitative analysis of phagocyte–pathogen confrontation assays." Medical Image Analysis 36 (February 2017): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2016.11.007.

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Dundas, Shannon J., Giles E. St J. Hardy, and Patricia A. Fleming. "The plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi influences habitat use by the obligate nectarivore honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (2016): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16019.

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Introduced plant pathogens can devastate susceptible plant communities, and consequently impact on animal communities reliant on plants for food and habitat. Specifically, plant pathogens change the floristic diversity of vegetation communities, thereby reducing availability of food sources for fauna (e.g. pollen and nectar) and result in major changes to habitat structure when canopy and understorey plant species succumb to disease. Phytophthora cinnamomi poses a threat to flowering plant species (e.g. Banksia species) which are important food sources for nectarivorous fauna. The honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus) is the only obligate nectarivorous non-flying mammal living on a restrictive diet of nectar and pollen; consequently, these tiny mammals are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the landscape-wide devastation caused by P. cinnamomi. We investigated habitat selection by honey possums in a vegetation community infested with P. cinnamomi to determine how these mammals respond to habitat affected by this pathogen. Over four seasons, 18 honey possums were fitted with radio-transmitters and tracked to identify habitat preferences. Vegetation surveys were compared for locations selected by honey possums (as determined from tracking) and randomly selected sites. Radio-tracking revealed that sites selected by honey possums were significantly taller, denser, and more floristically diverse than their paired random locations. The presence of P. cinnamomi influences habitat use by honey possums, but animals show resilience in terms of using the best of what is available in both P. cinnamomi–affected and unaffected locations. Habitat patches comprising less susceptible species, or plants that have yet to succumb to infection, provide refuge and food resources for honey possums. Management to reduce the spread of existing P. cinnamomi infestations and prevent contamination of new locations will benefit vegetation communities and associated faunal communities, while identifying honey possum food plant species that are resilient to the pathogen may support revegetation attempts.

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Shariat, Nikki, and Edward G. Dudley. "CRISPRs: Molecular Signatures Used for Pathogen Subtyping." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 2 (October 25, 2013): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02790-13.

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ABSTRACTRapid and accurate strain identification is paramount in the battle against microbial outbreaks, and several subtyping approaches have been developed. One such method usesclusteredregularinterspacedshortpalindromicrepeats (CRISPRs), DNA repeat elements that are present in approximately half of all bacteria. Though their signature function is as an adaptive immune system against invading DNA such as bacteriophages and plasmids, CRISPRs also provide an excellent framework for pathogen tracking and evolutionary studies. Analysis of the spacer DNA sequences that reside between the repeats has been tremendously useful for bacterial subtyping during molecular epidemiological investigations. Subtyping, or strain identification, using CRISPRs has been employed in diverse Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, includingMycobacterium tuberculosis,Salmonella enterica, and the plant pathogenErwinia amylovora. This review discusses the several ways in which CRISPR sequences are exploited for subtyping. This includes the well-established spoligotyping methodologies that have been used for 2 decades to typeMycobacteriumspecies, as well as in-depth consideration of newer, higher-throughput CRISPR-based protocols.

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Weiner-Lastinger, Lindsey M., Sheila Abner, Jonathan R. Edwards, Alexander J. Kallen, Maria Karlsson, Shelley S. Magill, Daniel Pollock, et al. "Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.296.

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AbstractObjective:Describe common pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) that occurred during 2015–2017 and were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).Methods:Data from central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), ventilator-associated events (VAEs), and surgical site infections (SSIs) were reported from acute-care hospitals, long-term acute-care hospitals, and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. This analysis included device-associated HAIs reported from adult location types, and SSIs among patients ≥18 years old. Percentages of pathogens with nonsusceptibility (%NS) to selected antimicrobials were calculated for each HAI type, location type, surgical category, and surgical wound closure technique.Results:Overall, 5,626 facilities performed adult HAI surveillance during this period, most of which were general acute-care hospitals with <200 beds. Escherichia coli (18%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%), and Klebsiella spp (9%) were the 3 most frequently reported pathogens. Pathogens varied by HAI and location type, with oncology units having a distinct pathogen distribution compared to other settings. The %NS for most pathogens was significantly higher among device-associated HAIs than SSIs. In addition, pathogens from long-term acute-care hospitals had a significantly higher %NS than those from general hospital wards.Conclusions:This report provides an updated national summary of pathogen distributions and antimicrobial resistance among select HAIs and pathogens, stratified by several factors. These data underscore the importance of tracking antimicrobial resistance, particularly in vulnerable populations such as long-term acute-care hospitals and intensive care units.

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Gitter, Anna, Kristina Mena, Kevin Wagner, Diane Boellstorff, Kyna Borel, Lucas Gregory, Terry Gentry, and Raghupathy Karthikeyan. "Human Health Risks Associated with Recreational Waters: Preliminary Approach of Integrating Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment with Microbial Source Tracking." Water 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020327.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) illness risks associated with exposure to waters impacted by human and nonhuman fecal sources were estimated using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Microbial source tracking (MST) results had identified Escherichia coli (E. coli) contributors to the waterbody as human and unidentified (10%), cattle and domestic animals (25%), and wildlife (65%) in a rural watershed. The illness risks associated with ingestion during recreation were calculated by assigning reference pathogens for each contributing source and using pathogen dose–response relationships. The risk of GI illness was calculated for a specific sampling site with a geometric mean of E. coli of 163 colony forming units (cfu) 100 mL−1, and the recreational standard of E. coli, 126 cfu 100 mL−1. While the most frequent sources of fecal indicator bacteria at the sampling site were nonhuman, the risk of illness from norovirus, the reference pathogen representing human waste, contributed the greatest risk to human health. This study serves as a preliminary review regarding the potential for incorporating results from library-dependent MST to inform a QMRA for recreational waters. The simulations indicated that identifying the sources contributing to the bacterial impairment is critical to estimate the human health risk associated with recreation in a waterbody.

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McKenna, J. F., D. J. Rolfe, S. E. D. Webb, A. F. Tolmie, S. W. Botchway, M. L. Martin-Fernandez, C. Hawes, and J. Runions. "The cell wall regulates dynamics and size of plasma-membrane nanodomains inArabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (June 10, 2019): 12857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819077116.

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Plant plasma-membrane (PM) proteins are involved in several vital processes, such as detection of pathogens, solute transport, and cellular signaling. For these proteins to function effectively there needs to be structure within the PM allowing, for example, proteins in the same signaling cascade to be spatially organized. Here we demonstrate that several proteins with divergent functions are located in clusters of differing size in the membrane using subdiffraction-limited Airyscan confocal microscopy. Single particle tracking reveals that these proteins move at different rates within the membrane. Actin and microtubule cytoskeletons appear to significantly regulate the mobility of one of these proteins (the pathogen receptor FLS2) and we further demonstrate that the cell wall is critical for the regulation of cluster size by quantifying single particle dynamics of proteins with key roles in morphogenesis (PIN3) and pathogen perception (FLS2). We propose a model in which the cell wall and cytoskeleton are pivotal for regulation of protein cluster size and dynamics, thereby contributing to the formation and functionality of membrane nanodomains.

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Carter, C. J. "Alzheimer's Disease: A Pathogenetic Autoimmune Disorder Caused by Herpes Simplex in a Gene-Dependent Manner." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/140539.

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Herpes simplex is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and viral infection produces Alzheimer's disease like pathology in mice. The virus expresses proteins containing short contiguous amino acid stretches (5–9aa “vatches” = viralmatches) homologous to APOE4, clusterin, PICALM, and complement receptor 1, and to over 100 other gene products relevant to Alzheimer's disease, which are also homologous to proteins expressed by other pathogens implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Such homology, reiterated at the DNA level, suggests that gene association studies have been tracking infection, as well as identifying key genes, demonstrating a role for pathogens as causative agents. Vatches may interfere with the function of their human counterparts, acting as dummy ligands, decoy receptors, or via interactome interference. They are often immunogenic, and antibodies generated in response to infection may target their human counterparts, producing protein knockdown, or generating autoimmune responses that may kill the neurones in which the human homologue resides, a scenario supported by immune activation in Alzheimer's disease. These data may classify Alzheimer's disease as an autoimmune disorder created by pathogen mimicry of key Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. It may well be prevented by vaccination and regular pathogen detection and elimination, and perhaps stemmed by immunosuppression or antibody adsorption-related therapies.

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Pipová, Natália, Katarína Peňazziová, Miroslav Baňas, Igor Majláth, and Viktória Majláthová. "The Behavior of Rickettsia-Positive Dermacentor reticulatus Ticks under Laboratory Conditions." Life 13, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030612.

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Considering that tick-borne diseases are on the rise, a full understanding of how pathogen–tick–host interactions can lead to vector behavioral modifications is of high value. Successful transmission of pathogens to their hosts depends on vector mobility and their ability to quest for prey and attack hosts. In our research, the behavior of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (n = 88) that were positive or negative for Rickettsia spp. (prevalence—36.36%) were analyzed using novel behavioral apparatuses. Tick locomotion and their preference for light or darkness were studied utilizing a multirod arena (MA) and a light/dark test (LDT) optimized for ticks. Behavioral tasks were evaluated using a Smart video-tracking system (Panlab, Spain). The majority of ticks (p < 0.0001) explored in the center of MA during the first 15 minutes. Despite that, most of them (p < 0.01) chose the periphery for questing or resting postures. They also preferred the elevated parts of the rods (p < 0.001) for this behavior. Ticks significantly (p < 0.0001) preferred the light part of the LDT. Rickettsia-infected ticks had higher locomotor activity, manifesting as longer trajectories (p = 0.0221). Our results revealed the possible impact of pathogens on some behavioral patterns of ticks as their vectors, which may significantly increase the probability of pathogen transmission.

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Emmenegger, E. J., E. Kentop, T. M. Thompson, S. Pittam, A. Ryan, D. Keon, J. A. Carlino, et al. "Development of an aquatic pathogen database (AquaPathogen X) and its utilization in tracking emerging fish virus pathogens in North America." Journal of Fish Diseases 34, no. 8 (July 18, 2011): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01270.x.

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Ristaino, Jean Beagle. "Tracking the Evolutionary History of the Potato Late Blight Pathogen with Historical Collections." Outlooks on Pest Management 17, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/17oct12.

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Park, Pil-Gu, Min-Hee Cho, Gi-eun Rhie, Haeseul Jeong, Hyewon Youn, and Kee-Jong Hong. "GFP-taggedE. colishows bacterial distribution in mouse organs: pathogen tracking using fluorescence signal." Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research 1, no. 1 (2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.83.

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Valdivia-Granda, Willy A. "Biosurveillance enterprise for operational awareness, a genomic-based approach for tracking pathogen virulence." Virulence 4, no. 8 (November 15, 2013): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.26893.

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Thornton, Christopher R. "Tracking the Emerging Human Pathogen Pseudallescheria boydii by Using Highly Specific Monoclonal Antibodies." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 5 (March 25, 2009): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00061-09.

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ABSTRACT Pseudallescheria boydii has long been known to cause white grain mycetoma in immunocompetent humans, but it has recently emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of humans, causing potentially fatal invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals and evacuees of natural disasters, such as tsunamis and hurricanes. The diagnosis of P. boydii is problematic since it exhibits morphological characteristics similar to those of other hyaline fungi that cause infectious diseases, such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium prolificans. This paper describes the development of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG1 κ-light chain monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to P. boydii and certain closely related fungi. The MAbs bind to an immunodominant carbohydrate epitope on an extracellular 120-kDa antigen present in the spore and hyphal cell walls of P. boydii and Scedosporium apiospermum. The MAbs do not react with S. prolificans, Scedosporium dehoogii, or a large number of clinically relevant fungi, including A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fusarium solani, and Rhizopus oryzae. The MAbs were used in immunofluorescence and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISAs) to accurately differentiate P. boydii from other infectious fungi and to track the pathogen in environmental samples. Specificity of the DAS-ELISA was confirmed by sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA-encoding regions of environmental isolates.

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Gonzalez, Rodrigo J., M. Chelsea Lane, Nikki J. Wagner, Eric H. Weening, and Virginia L. Miller. "Dissemination of a Highly Virulent Pathogen: Tracking The Early Events That Define Infection." PLOS Pathogens 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): e1004587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004587.

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Pesapane, R., M. Ponder, and K. A. Alexander. "Tracking Pathogen Transmission at the Human–Wildlife Interface: Banded Mongoose and Escherichia coli." EcoHealth 10, no. 2 (April 24, 2013): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-013-0838-2.

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Zhang, Ying, Der‐Shyang Kao, Bing Gu, Rajdeep Bomjan, Mayank Srivastava, Haojie Lu, Daoguo Zhou, and W. Andy Tao. "Innenrücktitelbild: Tracking Pathogen Infections by Time‐Resolved Chemical Proteomics (Angew. Chem. 6/2020)." Angewandte Chemie 132, no. 6 (January 20, 2020): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201916224.

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Vidwans, Niraj Ashutosh, Bhupesh Pydiraju Y, Eshan Sandhu, Pushkar P. Lele, and Sreeram Vaddiraju. "Using Cell Motility and Particle Tracking to Deduce Mechanisms and Kinetics Underlying Photocatalytic Water Disinfection in Real Time." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 18 (December 22, 2023): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02181198mtgabs.

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Photocatalysis is a promising water disinfection method that has the potential to complement traditional approaches to water remediation. Large-scale implementation of photocatalysis for water remediation requires a two-fold improvement to the current state-of-the-art: understanding of the mechanisms underlying photocatalyst-pathogen interaction and pathogen inactivation during photocatalysis, and a process for rapid catalyst discovery that provides for evaluating photocatalyst efficacies in a reliable manner. Toward this goal, we will discuss the use of novel tools developed in our laboratory to track the viability loss of bacterial cells inactivated by photocatalytic treatment in real time. Using optical microscopy and particle-tracking algorithms, we observed that, when exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanowire-assisted photocatalytic stressors, the change in the motility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells tracks viability loss precisely. Furthermore, using phase and fluorescence optical microscopy, real-time observations of the interactions between the cells and the photocatalyst nanowires were also performed. Our findings suggest that these interactions occur through collisions between the nanowires and bacteria. Based on these observations, we developed a phenomenological model explaining the pseudo-first-order kinetics of E. coli inactivation. Through the use of fluorescence-based microscopy, we observed that the motility loss (and hence viability loss) was due to the dissipation of the proton motive force that powers motility, caused by cell membrane integrity loss. Our experiments show a good match between the kinetics of motility loss and viability loss for various operating conditions, showing that the methods presented here are versatile in applicability. Overall, our results indicate that these in situ methods offer significant time-savings for characterizing viability loss of pathogens over the traditional ex-situ methods. As indicated above, these methods will also help accelerate the evaluation of novel antibacterial agents, including, but not limited to novel photocatalysts, against emerging treatment-resistant pathogens, for applications ranging from water disinfection to equipment decontamination in healthcare facilities.

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Gui, Jin, and Isha R. Patel. "Recent Advances in Molecular Technologies and Their Application in Pathogen Detection in Foods with Particular Reference toYersinia." Journal of Pathogens 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/310135.

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Yersinia enterocoliticais an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause yersiniosis in humans and animals. Food has been suggested to be the main source of yersiniosis. It is critical for the researchers to be able to detectYersiniaor any other foodborne pathogen with increased sensitivity and specificity, as well as in real-time, in the case of a foodborne disease outbreak. Conventional detection methods are known to be labor intensive, time consuming, or expensive. On the other hand, more sensitive molecular-based detection methods like next generation sequencing, microarray, and many others are capable of providing faster results. DNA testing is now possible on a single molecule, and high-throughput analysis allows multiple detection reactions to be performed at once, thus allowing a range of characteristics to be rapidly and simultaneously determined. Despite better detection efficiencies, results derived using molecular biology methods can be affected by the various food matrixes. With the improvements in sample preparation, data analysis, and testing procedures, molecular detection techniques will likely continue to simplify and increase the speed of detection while simultaneously improving the sensitivity and specificity for tracking pathogens in food matrices.

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Eure, Taniece, Nimalie D. Stone, Nicola D. Thompson, Jeneita Bell, and Elisabeth Mungai. "Uropathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Among Nursing Home Residents - National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.120.

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Abstract Background Knowledge of urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogen and susceptibility patterns is necessary to inform antibiotic prescribing and monitor resistance. We describe bacterial pathogens and UTI antibiotic resistance patterns among residents in nursing homes (NHs) reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) long-term care facility (LTCF) component. Methods All UTI events from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016 were included; up to three organisms per UTI event may be reported. Pathogen susceptibility results for selected antibiotics are reported as: Susceptible (S), Intermediate (I), Resistant (R), or Not tested (N). For this analysis, resistance was defined as I or R. We described pathogens and summarized antibiotic resistance only when ≥100 isolates of a bacterial species had susceptibility test results for a particular antibiotic reported to NHSN. Results In 166 NHs located in 37 states, a total of 4,054 pathogens were reported for 2,827 residents. Six organisms accounted for 81% of all UTI events (n = 3,599) (Table). A large proportion of Escherichia coli isolates, which accounted for 41% of uropathogens, were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (35%) and levofloxacin (50%). Among Proteus mirabilis isolates, 53% were resistant to levofloxacin (Figure). Methicillin resistance was 74% among Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus spp. was 18%. Conclusion This is the first summary of UTI pathogens and susceptibility data from U.S. nursing homes reporting to a national surveillance system. Resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat UTIs was high. Tracking and preventing resistance for key pathogens is a CDC priority and NHSN reporting by NHs provides a crucial opportunity to track antibiotic resistance, highlighting the importance of enrolling more NHs into NHSN. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Krolik, Julia, Gerald Evans, Paul Belanger, Allison Maier, Geoffrey Hall, Alan Joyce, Stephanie Guimont, Amanda Pelot, and Anna Majury. "Microbial source tracking and spatial analysis of E. coli contaminated private well waters in southeastern Ontario." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 2 (December 24, 2013): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.192.

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Private water supplies, which are the primary source of drinking water for rural communities in developed countries, are at risk of becoming fecally contaminated. It is important to identify the source of contamination in order to better understand and address this human health risk. Microbial source tracking methods using human, bovine and general Bacteroidales markers were performed on 716 well water samples from southeastern Ontario, which had previously tested positive for Escherichia coli. The results were then geospatially analyzed in order to elucidate contamination patterns. Markers for human feces were found in nearly half (49%) of all samples tested, and a statistically significant spatial cluster was observed. A quarter of the samples tested positive for only general Bacteroidales markers (25.7%) and relatively few bovine specific marker positives (12.6%) were found. These findings are fundamental to the understanding of pathogen dynamics and risk in the context of drinking well water and will inform future research regarding host-specific pathogens in private well water samples.

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Garcia-Ceron, Donovan, Thy T. Truong, Julian Ratcliffe, James A. McKenna, Mark R. Bleackley, and Marilyn A. Anderson. "Metabolomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from the Cereal Fungal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9050507.

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Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) is a filamentous fungus that infects cereals such as corn, wheat, and barley, with serious impact on yield as well as quality when the grain is contaminated with mycotoxins. Despite the huge impact of F. graminearum on food security and mammalian health, the mechanisms used by F. graminearum to export virulence factors during infection are not fully understood and may involve non-classical secretory pathways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound compartments produced by cells of all kingdoms that transport several classes of macromolecules and are implicated in cell–cell communication. EVs produced by human fungal pathogens carry cargo that facilitate infection, leading us to ask whether plant fungal pathogens also deliver molecules that increase virulence via EVs. We examined the metabolome of the EVs produced by F. graminearum to determine whether they carry small molecules that could modulate plant–pathogen interactions. We discovered that EVs from F. graminearum were produced in liquid medium-containing inducers of trichothecene production, but in lower quantities compared to other media. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and cryo-electron microscopy revealed that the EVs were morphologically similar to EVs from other organisms; hence, the EVs were metabolically profiled using LC-ESI-MS/MS. This analysis revealed that EVs carry 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) and metabolites that have been suggested by others to have a role in host–pathogen interactions. BP-1 reduced the growth of F. graminearum in an in vitro assay, suggesting that F. graminearum might use EVs to limit metabolite self-toxicity.

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Chu, Timothy H., Camille Khairallah, Jason Shieh, Rhea Cho, Zhijuan Qiu, Yue Zhang, Onur Eskiocak, et al. "γδ T cell IFNγ production is directly subverted by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer protein YopJ in mice and humans." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): e1010103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010103.

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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne pathogen that subverts immune function by translocation of Yersinia outer protein (Yop) effectors into host cells. As adaptive γδ T cells protect the intestinal mucosa from pathogen invasion, we assessed whether Y. pseudotuberculosis subverts these cells in mice and humans. Tracking Yop translocation revealed that the preferential delivery of Yop effectors directly into murine Vγ4 and human Vδ2+ T cells inhibited anti-microbial IFNγ production. Subversion was mediated by the adhesin YadA, injectisome component YopB, and translocated YopJ effector. A broad anti-pathogen gene signature and STAT4 phosphorylation levels were inhibited by translocated YopJ. Thus, Y. pseudotuberculosis attachment and translocation of YopJ directly into adaptive γδ T cells is a major mechanism of immune subversion in mice and humans. This study uncovered a conserved Y. pseudotuberculosis pathway that subverts adaptive γδ T cell function to promote pathogenicity.

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Zhang, Harry X., Joseph T. Mauro, Lauren A. Fillmore, and James Wheeler. "Bacterial Source Tracking in Pathogen TMDL Development and Implementation Part II: Challenge and Opportunity." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2003, no. 12 (January 1, 2003): 850–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864703784755049.

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Bahri, Bochra, Oliver Kaltz, Marc Leconte, Claude de Vallavieille-Pope, and Jérôme Enjalbert. "Tracking costs of virulence in natural populations of the wheat pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici." BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, no. 1 (2009): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-26.

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van Lieverloo, J. Hein M., E. J. Mirjam Blokker, and Gertjan Medema. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment of distributed drinking water using faecal indicator incidence and concentrations." Journal of Water and Health 5, S1 (September 1, 2007): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.134.

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Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessments (QMRA) have focused on drinking water system components upstream of distribution to customers, for nominal and event conditions. Yet some 15—33% of waterborne outbreaks are reported to be caused by contamination events in distribution systems. In the majority of these cases and probably in all non-outbreak contamination events, no pathogen concentration data was available. Faecal contamination events are usually detected or confirmed by the presence of E.coli or other faecal indicators, although the absence of this indicator is no guarantee of the absence of faecal pathogens. In this paper, the incidence and concentrations of various coliforms and sources of faecal contamination were used to estimate the possible concentrations of faecal pathogens and consequently the infection risks to consumers in event-affected areas. The results indicate that the infection risks may be very high, especially from Campylobacter and enteroviruses, but also that the uncertainties are very high. The high variability of pathogen to thermotolerant coliform ratios estimated in environmental samples severely limits the applicability of the approach described. Importantly, the highest ratios of enteroviruses to thermotolerant coliform were suggested from soil and shallow groundwaters, the most likely sources of faecal contamination that are detected in distribution systems. Epidemiological evaluations of non-outbreak faecal contamination of drinking water distribution systems and thorough tracking and characterisation of the contamination sources are necessary to assess the actual risks of these events.

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Victorio, Carla Bianca Luena, Wisna Novera, Jing Yang Tham, Satoru Watanabe, Subhash G. Vasudevan, and Ann-Marie Chacko. "Peptide-Conjugated Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers for In Situ Live-Cell Molecular Imaging of Dengue Virus Replication." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 9260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239260.

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Current methods to detect and monitor pathogens in biological systems are largely limited by the tradeoffs between spatial context and temporal detail. A new generation of molecular tracking that provides both information simultaneously involves in situ detection coupled with non-invasive imaging. An example is antisense imaging that uses antisense oligonucleotide probes complementary to a target nucleotide sequence. In this study, we explored the potential of repurposing antisense oligonucleotides initially developed as antiviral therapeutics as molecular probes for imaging of viral infections in vitro and in vivo. We employed nuclease-resistant phosphorodiamidate synthetic oligonucleotides conjugated with cell-penetrating peptides (i.e., PPMOs) previously established as antivirals for dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV2). As proof of concept, and before further development for preclinical testing, we evaluated its validity as in situ molecular imaging probe for tracking cellular DENV2 infection using live-cell fluorescence imaging. Although the PPMO was designed to specifically target the DENV2 genome, it was unsuitable as in situ molecular imaging probe. This study details our evaluation of the PPMOs to assess specific and sensitive molecular imaging of DENV2 infection and tells a cautionary tale for those exploring antisense oligonucleotides as probes for non-invasive imaging and monitoring of pathogen infections in experimental animal models.

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Castro Monzon, Federico, Mark-Oliver Rödel, and Jonathan M. Jeschke. "Tracking Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection Across the Globe." EcoHealth 17, no. 3 (September 2020): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-020-01504-w.

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AbstractInfection records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that has devastated amphibian populations worldwide, have rapidly increased since the pathogen’s discovery. Dealing with so many records makes it difficult to (a) know where, when and in which species infections have been detected, (b) understand how widespread and pervasive Bd is and (c) prioritize study and management areas. We conducted a systematic review of papers and compiled a database with Bd infection records. Our dataset covers 71 amphibian families and 119 countries. The data revealed how widespread and adaptable Bd is, being able to infect over 50% of all tested amphibian species, with over 1000 confirmed host species and being present in 86 countries. The distribution of infected species is uneven among and within countries. Areas where the distributions of many infected species overlap are readily visible; these are regions where Bd likely develops well. Conversely, areas where the distributions of species that tested negative overlap, such as the Atlantic Coast in the USA, suggest the presence of Bd refuges. Finally, we report how the number of tested and infected species has changed through time, and provide a list of oldest detection records per country.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pathogen tracking'

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