Journal articles on the topic 'Pathogen reservoir'
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Brisson, Dustin, Catherine Brinkley, Parris T. Humphrey, Brian D. Kemps, and Richard S. Ostfeld. "It Takes a Community to Raise the Prevalence of a Zoonotic Pathogen." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/741406.
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By definition, zoonotic pathogens are not strict host-species specialists in that they infect humans and at least one nonhuman reservoir species. The majority of zoonotic pathogens infect and are amplified by multiple vertebrate species in nature, each of which has a quantitatively different impact on the distribution and abundance of the pathogen and thus on disease risk. Unfortunately, when new zoonotic pathogens emerge, the dominant response by public health scientists is to search for a few, or even the single, most important reservoirs and to ignore other species that might strongly influence transmission. This focus on the single “primary” reservoir host species can delay biological understanding, and potentially public health interventions as species important in either amplifying or regulating the pathogen are overlooked. Investigating the evolutionary and ecological strategy of newly discovered or emerging pathogens within the community of potential and actual host species will be fruitful to both biological understanding and public health.
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Han, Barbara A., John Paul Schmidt, Sarah E. Bowden, and John M. Drake. "Rodent reservoirs of future zoonotic diseases." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 22 (May 18, 2015): 7039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501598112.
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The increasing frequency of zoonotic disease events underscores a need to develop forecasting tools toward a more preemptive approach to outbreak investigation. We apply machine learning to data describing the traits and zoonotic pathogen diversity of the most speciose group of mammals, the rodents, which also comprise a disproportionate number of zoonotic disease reservoirs. Our models predict reservoir status in this group with over 90% accuracy, identifying species with high probabilities of harboring undiscovered zoonotic pathogens based on trait profiles that may serve as rules of thumb to distinguish reservoirs from nonreservoir species. Key predictors of zoonotic reservoirs include biogeographical properties, such as range size, as well as intrinsic host traits associated with lifetime reproductive output. Predicted hotspots of novel rodent reservoir diversity occur in the Middle East and Central Asia and the Midwestern United States.
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Hoyt, Joseph R., Kate E. Langwig, Keping Sun, Katy L. Parise, Aoqiang Li, Yujuan Wang, Xiaobin Huang, et al. "Environmental reservoir dynamics predict global infection patterns and population impacts for the fungal disease white-nose syndrome." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 13 (March 16, 2020): 7255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914794117.
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Disease outbreaks and pathogen introductions can have significant effects on host populations, and the ability of pathogens to persist in the environment can exacerbate disease impacts by fueling sustained transmission, seasonal epidemics, and repeated spillover events. While theory suggests that the presence of an environmental reservoir increases the risk of host declines and threat of extinction, the influence of reservoir dynamics on transmission and population impacts remains poorly described. Here we show that the extent of the environmental reservoir explains broad patterns of host infection and the severity of disease impacts of a virulent pathogen. We examined reservoir and host infection dynamics and the resulting impacts of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome, in 39 species of bats at 101 sites across the globe. Lower levels of pathogen in the environment consistently corresponded to delayed infection of hosts, fewer and less severe infections, and reduced population impacts. In contrast, an extensive and persistent environmental reservoir led to early and widespread infections and severe population declines. These results suggest that continental differences in the persistence or decay of P. destructans in the environment altered infection patterns in bats and influenced whether host populations were stable or experienced severe declines from this disease. Quantifying the impact of the environmental reservoir on disease dynamics can provide specific targets for reducing pathogen levels in the environment to prevent or control future epidemics.
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Wu, Ruonan, Gareth Trubl, Neslihan Taş, and Janet K. Jansson. "Permafrost as a potential pathogen reservoir." One Earth 5, no. 4 (April 2022): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.03.010.
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Washburne, Alex D., Daniel E. Crowley, Daniel J. Becker, Kezia R. Manlove, Marissa L. Childs, and Raina K. Plowright. "Percolation models of pathogen spillover." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20180331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0331.
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Predicting pathogen spillover requires counting spillover events and aligning such counts with process-related covariates for each spillover event. How can we connect our analysis of spillover counts to simple, mechanistic models of pathogens jumping from reservoir hosts to recipient hosts? We illustrate how the pathways to pathogen spillover can be represented as a directed graph connecting reservoir hosts and recipient hosts and the number of spillover events modelled as a percolation of infectious units along that graph. Percolation models of pathogen spillover formalize popular intuition and management concepts for pathogen spillover, such as the inextricably multilevel nature of cross-species transmission, the impact of covariance between processes such as pathogen shedding and human susceptibility on spillover risk, and the assumptions under which the effect of a management intervention targeting one process, such as persistence of vectors, will translate to an equal effect on the overall spillover risk. Percolation models also link statistical analysis of spillover event datasets with a mechanistic model of spillover. Linear models, one might construct for process-specific parameters, such as the log-rate of shedding from one of several alternative reservoirs, yield a nonlinear model of the log-rate of spillover. The resulting nonlinearity is approximately piecewise linear with major impacts on statistical inferences of the importance of process-specific covariates such as vector density. We recommend that statistical analysis of spillover datasets use piecewise linear models, such as generalized additive models, regression clustering or ensembles of linear models, to capture the piecewise linearity expected from percolation models. We discuss the implications of our findings for predictions of spillover risk beyond the range of observed covariates, a major challenge of forecasting spillover risk in the Anthropocene. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Myers, B. R., S. Beecham, J. A. van Leeuwen, and A. Keegan. "Depletion of E. coli in permeable pavement mineral aggregate storage and reuse systems." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 3091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.753.
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Permeable pavement reservoirs provide an important opportunity for the harvesting and storage of stormwater for reuse. This research aims to determine whether storage in dolomite, calcite and quartzite mineral aggregates in the base course of a permeable pavement impacts on the survival of the pathogen indicator organism Escherichia coli (E. coli) in storage. The reasons for depletion were also investigated. Twelve model permeable pavement storage reservoirs were filled, in triplicate, with dolomite, calcite and quartzite. Three reservoirs contained no aggregate. After filling with pathogen spiked rainwater, the concentration of E. coli was examined for 22 days in the reservoirs. The reservoirs were then agitated to determine if there was E. coli present which was not in aqueous suspension. The results of the experiments show that there is no significant difference in the depletion of E. coli found in reservoirs without aggregate, and those filled with dolomite or calcite. The rate of depletion was found to be significantly lower in the quartzite filled reservoirs. Agitation of the reservoirs yielded increases in the aqueous concentration of E. coli in all reservoir types, suggesting that the bacteria are adhering to the surface of the mineral aggregate and to the reservoir walls.
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Cronin, James Patrick, Miranda E. Welsh, Martin G. Dekkers, Samuel T. Abercrombie, and Charles E. Mitchell. "Host physiological phenotype explains pathogen reservoir potential." Ecology Letters 13, no. 10 (July 6, 2010): 1221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01513.x.
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Worsley-Tonks, Katherine E. L., Luis E. Escobar, Roman Biek, Mariana Castaneda-Guzman, Meggan E. Craft, Daniel G. Streicker, Lauren A. White, and Nicholas M. Fountain-Jones. "Using host traits to predict reservoir host species of rabies virus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): e0008940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008940.
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Wildlife are important reservoirs for many pathogens, yet the role that different species play in pathogen maintenance frequently remains unknown. This is the case for rabies, a viral disease of mammals. While Carnivora (carnivores) and Chiroptera (bats) are the canonical mammalian orders known to be responsible for the maintenance and onward transmission of rabies Lyssavirus (RABV), the role of most species within these orders remains unknown and is continually changing as a result of contemporary host shifting. We combined a trait-based analytical approach with gradient boosting machine learning models to identify physiological and ecological host features associated with being a reservoir for RABV. We then used a cooperative game theory approach to determine species-specific traits associated with known RABV reservoirs. Being a carnivore reservoir for RABV was associated with phylogenetic similarity to known RABV reservoirs, along with other traits such as having larger litters and earlier sexual maturity. For bats, location in the Americas and geographic range were the most important predictors of RABV reservoir status, along with having a large litter. Our models identified 44 carnivore and 34 bat species that are currently not recognized as RABV reservoirs, but that have trait profiles suggesting their capacity to be or become reservoirs. Further, our findings suggest that potential reservoir species among bats and carnivores occur both within and outside of areas with current RABV circulation. These results show the ability of a trait-based approach to detect potential reservoirs of infection and could inform rabies control programs and surveillance efforts by identifying the types of species and traits that facilitate RABV maintenance and transmission.
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Hoyer, Isaiah J., Erik M. Blosser, Carolina Acevedo, Anna Carels Thompson, Lawrence E. Reeves, and Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena. "Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease." Biology Letters 13, no. 10 (October 2017): 20170353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0353.
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Invasive apex predators have profound impacts on natural communities, yet the consequences of these impacts on the transmission of zoonotic pathogens are unexplored. Collapse of large- and medium-sized mammal populations in the Florida Everglades has been linked to the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl. We used historic and current data to investigate potential impacts of these community effects on contact between the reservoir hosts (certain rodents) and vectors of Everglades virus, a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that circulates in southern Florida. The percentage of blood meals taken from the primary reservoir host, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, increased dramatically (422.2%) from 1979 (14.7%) to 2016 (76.8%), while blood meals from deer, raccoons and opossums decreased by 98.2%, reflecting precipitous declines in relative abundance of these larger mammals, attributed to python predation. Overall species diversity of hosts detected in Culex cedecei blood meals from the Everglades declined by 40.2% over the same period ( H (1979) = 1.68, H (2016) = 1.01). Predictions based upon the dilution effect theory suggest that increased relative feedings upon reservoir hosts translate into increased abundance of infectious vectors, and a corresponding upsurge of Everglades virus occurrence and risk of human exposure, although this was not tested in the current study. This work constitutes the first indication that an invasive predator can increase contact between vectors and reservoirs of a human pathogen and highlights unrecognized indirect impacts of invasive predators.
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Shea, Dylan, Andrew Bateman, Shaorong Li, Amy Tabata, Angela Schulze, Gideon Mordecai, Lindsey Ogston, et al. "Environmental DNA from multiple pathogens is elevated near active Atlantic salmon farms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1937 (October 21, 2020): 20202010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2010.
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The spread of infection from reservoir host populations is a key mechanism for disease emergence and extinction risk and is a management concern for salmon aquaculture and fisheries. Using a quantitative environmental DNA methodology, we assessed pathogen environmental DNA in relation to salmon farms in coastal British Columbia, Canada, by testing for 39 species of salmon pathogens (viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic) in 134 marine environmental samples at 58 salmon farm sites (both active and inactive) over 3 years. Environmental DNA from 22 pathogen species was detected 496 times and species varied in their occurrence among years and sites, likely reflecting variation in environmental factors, other native host species, and strength of association with domesticated Atlantic salmon. Overall, we found that the probability of detecting pathogen environmental DNA (eDNA) was 2.72 (95% CI: 1.48, 5.02) times higher at active versus inactive salmon farm sites and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.42) times higher per standard deviation increase in domesticated Atlantic salmon eDNA concentration at a site. If the distribution of pathogen eDNA accurately reflects the distribution of viable pathogens, our findings suggest that salmon farms serve as a potential reservoir for a number of infectious agents; thereby elevating the risk of exposure for wild salmon and other fish species that share the marine environment.
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Swei, Andrea, Richard S. Ostfeld, Robert S. Lane, and Cheryl J. Briggs. "Impact of the experimental removal of lizards on Lyme disease risk." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1720 (February 16, 2011): 2970–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2402.
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The distribution of vector meals in the host community is an important element of understanding and predicting vector-borne disease risk. Lizards (such as the western fence lizard; Sceloporus occidentalis ) play a unique role in Lyme disease ecology in the far-western United States. Lizards rather than mammals serve as the blood meal hosts for a large fraction of larval and nymphal western black-legged ticks ( Ixodes pacificus —the vector for Lyme disease in that region) but are not competent reservoirs for the pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi . Prior studies have suggested that the net effect of lizards is to reduce risk of human exposure to Lyme disease, a hypothesis that we tested experimentally. Following experimental removal of lizards, we documented incomplete host switching by larval ticks (5.19%) from lizards to other hosts. Larval tick burdens increased on woodrats, a competent reservoir, but not on deer mice, a less competent pathogen reservoir. However, most larvae failed to find an alternate host. This resulted in significantly lower densities of nymphal ticks the following year. Unexpectedly, the removal of reservoir-incompetent lizards did not cause an increase in nymphal tick infection prevalence. The net result of lizard removal was a decrease in the density of infected nymphal ticks, and therefore a decreased risk to humans of Lyme disease. Our results indicate that an incompetent reservoir for a pathogen may, in fact, increase disease risk through the maintenance of higher vector density and therefore, higher density of infected vectors.
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Tolsá, María J., Gabriel E. García-Peña, Oscar Rico-Chávez, Benjamin Roche, and Gerardo Suzán. "Macroecology of birds potentially susceptible to West Nile virus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 19, 2018): 20182178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2178.
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Zoonotic diseases transmitted by wildlife affect biological conservation, public and animal health, and the economy. Current research efforts are aimed at finding wildlife pathogens at a given location. However, a meta-analytical approach may reveal emerging macroecological patterns in the host–pathogen relationship at different temporal and spatial scales. West Nile virus (WNV) is a pathogen with worldwide detrimental impacts on bird populations. To understand macroecological patterns driving WNV infection, we aimed to recognize unknown competent reservoirs using three disease metrics—serological prevalence (SP), molecular prevalence (MP) and mortality (M)—and test if these metrics are correlated with the evolutionary history, geographical origin of bird species, viral strain, time–space and methodology. We performed a quantitative review of field studies on birds sampled for WNV. We obtained 4945 observations of 949 species from 39 countries. Our analysis supported the idea that MP and M are good predictors of reservoir competence, and allowed us to identify potential competent reservoirs. Furthermore, results indicated that the variability of these metrics was attributable to phylogeny, time–space and sample size. A macroecological approach is needed to recognize susceptible species and competent reservoirs, and to identify other factors driving zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife.
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De Lerma Barbaro, A., G. Frumento, F. A. Procopio, and R. S. Accolla. "MHC immunoevasins: protecting the pathogen reservoir in infection." Tissue Antigens 66, no. 1 (July 2005): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00410.x.
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BORUCKI, MONICA K., JAMES REYNOLDS, CLIVE C. GAY, KATHERINE L. McELWAIN, SO HYUN KIM, DONALD P. KNOWLES, and JINXIN HU. "Dairy Farm Reservoir of Listeria monocytogenes Sporadic and Epidemic Strains." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.11.2496.
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Identifying the reservoirs of a pathogen is vital for control of sporadic disease and epidemics. Listeria monocytogenes is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen that is responsible for 28% of food-related deaths in the United States annually, as well as a major cause of massive product recalls worldwide. To examine the role of the dairy farm as a potential source or reservoir for L. monocytogenes subtypes shown to cause human listeriosis, we compared the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) restriction enzyme digestion profiles of L. monocytogenes dairy farm–associated strains (milk, environmental, and bovine) to human sporadic and epidemic disease strains. Twenty-three percent of human sporadic strains had PFGE patterns identical to that of farm isolate(s). Additionally, three farm environmental strains and one human sporadic strain had a PFGE pattern identical to a strain of L. monocytogenes responsible for the 1985 California epidemic. These data indicate that this epidemic strain continues to cause sporadic human illness and has a potential dairy farm as a reservoir.
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Paddock, Christopher D., and James E. Childs. "Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a Prototypical Emerging Pathogen." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.1.37-64.2003.
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SUMMARY Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. The moderate to severe disease caused by E. chaffeensis in humans, first identified in 1986 and reported for more than 1,000 patients through 2000, represents a prototypical “emerging infection.” Knowledge of the biology and natural history of E. chaffeensis, and of the epidemiology, clinical features, and laboratory diagnosis of the zoonotic disease it causes (commonly referred to as human monocytic ehrlichiosis [HME]) has expanded considerably in the period since its discovery. In this review, we summarize briefly the current understanding of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations associated with this pathogen but focus primarily on discussing various ecological factors responsible for the recent recognition of this important and potentially life-threatening tick-borne disease. Perhaps the most pivotal element in the emergence of HME has been the staggering increases in white-tailed deer populations in the eastern United States during the 20th century. This animal serves as a keystone host for all life stages of the principal tick vector (Amblyomma americanum) and is perhaps the most important vertebrate reservoir host for E. chaffeensis. The contributions of other components, including expansion of susceptible human populations, growth and broadening geographical distributions of other potential reservoir species and A. americanum, and improvements in confirmatory diagnostic methods, are also explored.
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Wu, Jianhong. "Tick-borne Diseases Transmission Research: Co-Feeding in Ticks." Open Access Government 36, no. 1 (October 13, 2022): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-036-10394.
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Tick-borne Diseases Transmission Research: Co-Feeding in Ticks Tick-borne diseases such as Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis are primarily transmitted during the blood feeding process, through systemic and co-feeding horizontal transmission routes. In this article, Research Professor Jianhong Wu explores transmission routes explaining that systemic transmission involves the transmission of the pathogen from infectious ticks to susceptible hosts, and the transmission of pathogen from infectious hosts back to susceptible feeding ticks. Co-feeding transmission provides an exchange of tick-borne pathogens between co-feeding infected and susceptible ticks (perhaps at different stages) directly even though pathogens have not been established within the reservoir host.
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Plowright, Raina K., Daniel J. Becker, Hamish McCallum, and Kezia R. Manlove. "Sampling to elucidate the dynamics of infections in reservoir hosts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20180336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0336.
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The risk of zoonotic spillover from reservoir hosts, such as wildlife or domestic livestock, to people is shaped by the spatial and temporal distribution of infection in reservoir populations. Quantifying these distributions is a key challenge in epidemiology and disease ecology that requires researchers to make trade-offs between the extent and intensity of spatial versus temporal sampling. We discuss sampling methods that strengthen the reliability and validity of inferences about the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife hosts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Dhingra, O. D., and R. A. Coelho Netto. "Reservoir and Non-reservoir Hosts of Bean-Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli." Journal of Phytopathology 149, no. 7-8 (June 28, 2008): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2001.tb03878.x.
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Dhingra, O. D., and R. A. Coelho Netto. "Reservoir and Non-reservoir Hosts of Bean-Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli." Journal of Phytopathology 149, no. 7-8 (August 2001): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2001.00664.x.
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Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, L. R. Cawley, J. I. Oragui, and S. A. Silva. "Pathogen removal in experimental deep effluent storage reservoirs." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (March 1, 1996): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0144.
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Studies on batch loaded pilot-scale deep effluent storage reservoirs (ESR) in NE Brazil using the operating regime of Fill, Rest and Use, rapidly produced a high microbiological quality effluent suitable for unrestricted irrigation ie. within 28 days at water temperatures of 25°C. There was little vertical variation in water quality in the ESR as the water column turned over at night. Physico chemical quality rather than microbiological quality of the effluent was more likely to control effluent re-use strategies and purification times as there were persistantly high ammonia and sulphide levels. ESR's could be organically loaded at rates similar to those used for facultative lagoons either using anaerobic pond effluent or raw sewage but the latter involved slightly longer purification times. The ESR's produced no odour problems. FC proved a good indicator of microbiological effluent quality and helminths could not be detected in the water column by the time the reservoir was full.
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Beckmann, Sean, Malcolm Engelbrecht, Fernanda Chavez, and Gissel Rojas. "Prevalence of zoonotic Bartonella among prairie rodents in Illinois." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz164.
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Abstract Bartonella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that includes a variety of human and veterinary pathogens. These pathogens are transmitted from reservoirs to secondary hosts through the bite of arthropod vectors including lice and fleas. Once in the secondary host, the bacteria cause a variety of pathologies including cat-scratch disease, endocarditis, and myocarditis. Reservoirs of these bacteria are numerous and include several species of large mammals, mesocarnivores, and small mammals. Research on reservoirs of these bacteria has focused on western North America, Europe, and Asia, with little focus on the eastern and central United States. We assessed the prevalence of zoonotic Bartonella species among prairie-dwelling rodent species in the midwestern United States. Tissue samples (n = 700) were collected between 2015 and 2017 from five rodent species and screened for the presence of Bartonella DNA via PCR and sequencing of two loci using Bartonella-specific primers. Bartonella were prevalent among all five species, with 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) serving as a likely reservoir of the pathogen B. washoensis, and other rodents serving as reservoirs of the pathogens B. grahamii and B. vinsonii subsp. arupensis. These results demonstrate the value of studies of disease ecology in grassland systems, particularly in the context of habitat restoration and human–vector interactions.
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Brusina, Е. В., E. A. Chezganova, and О. M. Drozdova. "Airborne transmission of hospital pathogens." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2020-5-4-97-103.
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For decades, there have been a number of controversial issues regarding the airborne transmission of hospital pathogens. Here we decided to perform a critical review on this topic in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. We summarise the existing knowledge on biological aerosols including techniques of their generation, propagation of bioaerosol particles in a hospital environment, particle size-, shape- and composition-dependent airborne transmission, and microorganisms inhabitating such particles. It is still unclear which of the particles transfer the pathogens, which of the pathogens are capable of adhering to the particulate matter, and whether such adhesion affects pathogen virulence. Intriguingly, viruses, bacteria and fungi seemingly have distinct patterns of interactions with the bioaerosols. Moreover, particle formation and their colonization may be separated in time, further complicating the puzzle. Apparently, pathogen interactions with the particulate matter are of paramount importance to better understand the role of bioaerosol particles as a potential pathogen reservoir in the hospital environment and to properly assess the influence of environmental pollutants, novel biomedical materials and treatment technologies on airborne transmission of hospital pathogens.
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Lunn, Tamika J., Olivier Restif, Alison J. Peel, Vincent J. Munster, Emmie de Wit, Sanna Sokolow, Neeltje van Doremalen, Peter Hudson, and Hamish McCallum. "Dose–response and transmission: the nexus between reservoir hosts, environment and recipient hosts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20190016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0016.
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Dose is the nexus between exposure and all upstream processes that determine pathogen pressure, and is thereby an important element underlying disease dynamics. Understanding the relationship between dose and disease is particularly important in the context of spillover, where nonlinearities in the dose–response could determine the likelihood of transmission. There is a need to explore dose–response models for directly transmitted and zoonotic pathogens, and how these interactions integrate within-host factors to consider, for example, heterogeneity in host susceptibility and dose-dependent antagonism. Here, we review the dose–response literature and discuss the unique role dose–response models have to play in understanding and predicting spillover events. We present a re-analysis of dose–response experiments for two important zoonotic pathogens (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Nipah virus), to exemplify potential difficulties in differentiating between appropriate models with small exposure experiment datasets. We also discuss the data requirements needed for robust selection between dose–response models. We then suggest how these processes could be modelled to gain more realistic predictions of zoonotic transmission outcomes and highlight the exciting opportunities that could arise with increased collaboration between the virology and epidemiology disciplines. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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O’Hare, Anthony, Daniel Balaz, David M. Wright, Carl McCormick, Stanley McDowell, Hannah Trewby, Robin A. Skuce, and Rowland R. Kao. "A new phylodynamic model of Mycobacterium bovis transmission in a multi-host system uncovers the role of the unobserved reservoir." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (June 25, 2021): e1009005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009005.
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Multi-host pathogens are particularly difficult to control, especially when at least one of the hosts acts as a hidden reservoir. Deep sequencing of densely sampled pathogens has the potential to transform this understanding, but requires analytical approaches that jointly consider epidemiological and genetic data to best address this problem. While there has been considerable success in analyses of single species systems, the hidden reservoir problem is relatively under-studied. A well-known exemplar of this problem is bovine Tuberculosis, a disease found in British and Irish cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis, where the Eurasian badger has long been believed to act as a reservoir but remains of poorly quantified importance except in very specific locations. As a result, the effort that should be directed at controlling disease in badgers is unclear. Here, we analyse densely collected epidemiological and genetic data from a cattle population but do not explicitly consider any data from badgers. We use a simulation modelling approach to show that, in our system, a model that exploits available cattle demographic and herd-to-herd movement data, but only considers the ability of a hidden reservoir to generate pathogen diversity, can be used to choose between different epidemiological scenarios. In our analysis, a model where the reservoir does not generate any diversity but contributes to new infections at a local farm scale are significantly preferred over models which generate diversity and/or spread disease at broader spatial scales. While we cannot directly attribute the role of the reservoir to badgers based on this analysis alone, the result supports the hypothesis that under current cattle control regimes, infected cattle alone cannot sustain M. bovis circulation. Given the observed close phylogenetic relationship for the bacteria taken from cattle and badgers sampled near to each other, the most parsimonious hypothesis is that the reservoir is the infected badger population. More broadly, our approach demonstrates that carefully constructed bespoke models can exploit the combination of genetic and epidemiological data to overcome issues of extreme data bias, and uncover important general characteristics of transmission in multi-host pathogen systems.
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de Matos, A. P. Alves, F. F. Vale, and J. M. B. Vitor. "Helicobacter pylori Association with Amoeba: A Natural Reservoir of the Bacteria?" Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S5 (August 2012): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612012792.
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Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen involved in gastritis and gastric cancer whose mode of transmission remains unknown. Association of H. pylori with humans is thought to date from remote antiquity and the bacterium has apparently evolved together with the human host. A few studies have shown the presence of H. pylori in aquatic environments, which might provide a route of transmission of the bacteria to humans. A recent study has also disclosed the association of the bacteria with Acantamoeba castellanii. Amoeba are known to harbor and promote the persistence of several human pathogens in the environment, representing a significant source of contamination in community and hospital acquired infections.
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Tiwari, Shreekant, and Monalisah Nanda. "Bacteremia caused by Comamonas testosteroni an unusual pathogen." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_116_18.
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Abstract Comamonas species are rare isolates in microbiology laboratories and have been infrequently reported as an infectious agent in routine clinical practice. They have a wide range of natural habitats including water, soil, and plants as well as from some hospital devices, such as intravenous lines and the reservoir water in the humidifiers of respiratory therapy equipment. Comamonas testosteroni is rarely recognized as a human pathogen. In spite of its uncommon human pathogenesis, there are few reports where it was reported as an aggressive opportunistic pathogen, and that was mostly related to Testosterone species. Herewith, we are reporting this pathogen from the blood of an immunocompetent female. The aim of this case report is to alert clinicians and laboratory physicians for the potential diagnosis and clinical approach of bloodstream infections caused by such unusual pathogens. This is the first documented case of bacteremia caused by C. testosteroni from India.
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Veikkolainen, Ville, Eero J. Vesterinen, Thomas M. Lilley, and Arto T. Pulliainen. "Bats as Reservoir Hosts of Human Bacterial Pathogen,Bartonella mayotimonensis." Emerging Infectious Diseases 20, no. 6 (June 2014): 960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2006.130956.
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Maia, N. C., M. P. Melo, S. S. C. Guimarães, K. S. Matos, S. I. Moreira, U. G. P. Lana, and P. G. Cardoso. "Panicum maximum as a reservoir of a potential maize pathogen." European Journal of Plant Pathology 159, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02145-z.
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Ostfeld, Richard S., Sahar Adish, Stacy Mowry, William Bremer, Shannon Duerr, Andrew S. Evans, Ilya R. Fischhoff, et al. "Effects of Neighborhood-Scale Acaricidal Treatments on Infection Prevalence of Blacklegged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) with Three Zoonotic Pathogens." Pathogens 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020172.
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Acaricides are hypothesized to reduce human risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens by decreasing the abundance and/or infection prevalence of the ticks that serve as vectors for the pathogens. Acaricides targeted at reservoir hosts such as small mammals are expected to reduce infection prevalence in ticks by preventing their acquisition of zoonotic pathogens. By reducing tick abundance, reservoir-targeted or broadcast acaricides could reduce tick infection prevalence by interrupting transmission cycles between ticks and their hosts. Using an acaricide targeted at small-mammal hosts (TCS bait boxes) and one sprayed on low vegetation (Met52 fungal biocide), we tested the hypotheses that infection prevalence of blacklegged ticks with zoonotic pathogens would be more strongly diminished by TCS bait boxes, and that any effects of both acaricidal treatments would increase during the four years of deployment. We used a masked, placebo-controlled design in 24 residential neighborhoods in Dutchess County, New York. Analyzing prevalence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti in 5380 nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks, we found little support for either hypothesis. TCS bait boxes did not reduce infection prevalence with any of the three pathogens compared to placebo controls. Met52 was associated with lower infection prevalence with B. burgdorferi compared to placebo controls but had no effect on prevalence of infection with the other two pathogens. Although significant effects of year on infection prevalence of all three pathogens were detected, hypothesized cumulative reductions in prevalence were observed only for B. burgdorferi. We conclude that reservoir-targeted and broadcast acaricides might not generally disrupt pathogen transmission between reservoir hosts and tick vectors or reduce human risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens.
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Adolf, Lea A., and Simon Heilbronner. "Nutritional Interactions between Bacterial Species Colonising the Human Nasal Cavity: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects." Metabolites 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060489.
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The human nasal microbiome can be a reservoir for several pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. However, certain harmless nasal commensals can interfere with pathogen colonisation, an ability that could be exploited to prevent infection. Although attractive as a prophylactic strategy, manipulation of nasal microbiomes to prevent pathogen colonisation requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of interaction that occur between nasal commensals as well as between commensals and pathogens. Our knowledge concerning the mechanisms of pathogen exclusion and how stable community structures are established is patchy and incomplete. Nutrients are scarce in nasal cavities, which makes competitive or mutualistic traits in nutrient acquisition very likely. In this review, we focus on nutritional interactions that have been shown to or might occur between nasal microbiome members. We summarise concepts of nutrient release from complex host molecules and host cells as well as of intracommunity exchange of energy-rich fermentation products and siderophores. Finally, we discuss the potential of genome-based metabolic models to predict complex nutritional interactions between members of the nasal microbiome.
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Basinski, Andrew J., Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet, Anna R. Sjodin, Tanner J. Varrelman, Christopher H. Remien, Nathan C. Layman, Brian H. Bird, et al. "Bridging the gap: Using reservoir ecology and human serosurveys to estimate Lassa virus spillover in West Africa." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): e1008811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008811.
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Forecasting the risk of pathogen spillover from reservoir populations of wild or domestic animals is essential for the effective deployment of interventions such as wildlife vaccination or culling. Due to the sporadic nature of spillover events and limited availability of data, developing and validating robust, spatially explicit, predictions is challenging. Recent efforts have begun to make progress in this direction by capitalizing on machine learning methodologies. An important weakness of existing approaches, however, is that they generally rely on combining human and reservoir infection data during the training process and thus conflate risk attributable to the prevalence of the pathogen in the reservoir population with the risk attributed to the realized rate of spillover into the human population. Because effective planning of interventions requires that these components of risk be disentangled, we developed a multi-layer machine learning framework that separates these processes. Our approach begins by training models to predict the geographic range of the primary reservoir and the subset of this range in which the pathogen occurs. The spillover risk predicted by the product of these reservoir specific models is then fit to data on realized patterns of historical spillover into the human population. The result is a geographically specific spillover risk forecast that can be easily decomposed and used to guide effective intervention. Applying our method to Lassa virus, a zoonotic pathogen that regularly spills over into the human population across West Africa, results in a model that explains a modest but statistically significant portion of geographic variation in historical patterns of spillover. When combined with a mechanistic mathematical model of infection dynamics, our spillover risk model predicts that 897,700 humans are infected by Lassa virus each year across West Africa, with Nigeria accounting for more than half of these human infections.
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Ogbunugafor, C. Brandon, Sanjay Basu, Nadya M. Morales, and Paul E. Turner. "Combining mathematics and empirical data to predict emergence of RNA viruses that differ in reservoir use." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1548 (June 27, 2010): 1919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0075.
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RNA viruses may be particularly capable of contributing to the increasing biomedical problem of infectious disease emergence. Empirical studies and epidemiological models are informative for the understanding of evolutionary processes that promote pathogen emergence, but rarely are these approaches combined in the same study. Here, we used an epidemiology model containing observations of pathogen productivity in reservoirs, as a means to predict which pathogens should be most prone to emerge in a primary host such as humans. We employed as a model system a collection of vesicular stomatitis virus populations that had previously diverged in host-use strategy: specialists, directly selected generalists and indirectly selected (fortuitous) generalists. Using data from experiments where these viral strategists were challenged to grow on unencountered novel hosts in vitro , logistic growth models determined that the directly selected generalist viruses tended to grow best on model reservoirs. Furthermore, when we used the growth data to estimate average reproductive rate across secondary reservoirs, we showed that the combined approach could be used to estimate relative success of the differing virus strategists when encountering a primary host. Our study suggests that synergistic approaches combining epidemiological modelling with empirical data from experimental evolution may be useful for developing efforts to predict which types of pathogens pose the greatest probability of emerging in the future.
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Zhong, Yang, Siyao Guo, Kelyn Lee Ghee Seow, Glendon Ong Hong Ming, and Joergen Schlundt. "Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Jurong Lake, Singapore with Whole-Genome-Sequencing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030937.
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Background: The fast-spreading of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-producing E. coli) and ESBL genes has become a big challenge to public health. The risk of spreading ESBL genes and pathogens in the environment and community has raised public health concern. The characterizing and whole-genome sequencing studies of ESBL-producing bacteria from reservoir water in Singapore is still limited. Materials and methods: The reservoir water sample was taken from two randomly selected sampling points of the Chinese Garden (Jurong river reservoir), which is a popular reservoir park in Singapore. The bacteria of the water sample were collected with 0.45 µm filter membranes and enriched before processing with ESBL-producing E. coli screening. The collected ESBL positive isolates were further characterized by both phenotypic tests including disc diffusion and microdilution Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test, and also genotypic test as whole-genome sequencing analysis. Besides, to investigate the transferability of the resistance gene, a conjugation test was performed with the J53 E. coli strain as the gene receptor. Result: Nine ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were collected and confirmed as ESBL-producing with both phenotypic and genotypic tests. A potential pathogen as ST131 clade A isolate was identified, and all isolates were determined to harbor a blaCTX-M gene. Among them, strain J1E4 was resistant to polymyxin E and confirmed to harboring a conjugatable mcr-1 gene. Further genetic environment analysis has reflected a conversed gene cluster formed by insert sequence (IS), blaCTX-M-15, and WbuC family cupin-fold metalloprotein, which may potentially jump from the plasmids to the chromosome. Conclusion: The first time we reported the whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of ESBL-producing E. coli including potential pathogen (ST131) present in reservoir water in Singapore. The ESBL-producing E. coli from reservoir water also carrying conjugatable colistin resistance genes which may become a risk to human health.
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Rataud, Amalia, Clemence Galon, Laure Bournez, Pierre-Yves Henry, Maud Marsot, and Sara Moutailler. "Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Tick Larvae Feeding on Breeding Birds in France." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080946.
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Birds play a role in maintaining tick-borne diseases by contributing to the multiplication of ticks and pathogens on a local scale during the breeding season. In the present study, we describe the diversity of tick and pathogen species of medical and veterinary importance in Europe hosted by 1040 captured birds (56 species) during their breeding season in France. Of the 3114 ticks collected, Ixodes ricinus was the most prevalent species (89.5%), followed by I. frontalis (0.8%), I. arboricola (0.7%), Haemaphysalis concinna (0.5%), H. punctata (0.5%), Hyalomma spp. (0.2%), and Rhipicephalus spp. (0.06%). Because they may be representative of the bird infection status for some pathogen species, 1106 engorged tick larvae were screened for pathogens. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was the most prevalent pathogen genus in bird-feeding larvae (11.7%), followed by Rickettsia spp. (7.4%), Anaplasma spp. (5.7%), Babesia spp. (2.3%), Ehrlichia spp. (1.4%), and B. miyamotoi (1%). Turdidae birds (Turdus merula and T. philomelos), Troglodytes troglodytes, and Anthus trivialis had a significantly higher prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l.-infected larvae than other pathogen genera. This suggests that these bird species could act as reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi s.l. during their breeding season, and thus play an important role in acarological risk.
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Ostfeld, Richard S., and Felicia Keesing. "Biodiversity series: The function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2061–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-172.
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This is a critical evaluation of the influence of species diversity within communities of vertebrates on the risk of human exposure to vector-borne zoonoses. Vertebrates serve as natural reservoirs of many disease agents (viral, bacterial, protozoal) that are transmitted to humans by blood-feeding arthropod vectors. We describe the natural history of the Lyme disease zoonosis to illustrate interactions among pathogens, vectors, vertebrate hosts, and risk to humans. We then describe how the presence of a diverse assemblage of vertebrates can dilute the impact of the principal reservoir (the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi), thereby reducing the disease risk to humans. Exploring the logic of what we call the dilution effect reveals four conditions that are necessary for it to apply generally to vector-borne zoonoses: (1) the feeding habits of the vector are generalized; (2) the pathogen is acquired by the vector from hosts (as opposed to exclusively transovarial transmission); (3) reservoir competence (the ability of a particular host species to infect a vector) varies among host species; and (4) the most competent reservoir host tends to be a community dominant, as defined by the proportion of the tick population fed by that species. When these conditions are met, vertebrate communities with high species diversity will contain a greater proportion of incompetent reservoir hosts that deflect vector meals away from the most competent reservoirs, thereby reducing infection prevalence and disease risk. Incorporating the likelihood that the abundance of competent reservoirs is reduced in more diverse communities, owing to the presence of predators and competitors, reinforces the impact of the dilution effect on the density of infected vectors. A review of the literature reveals the generality, though not the universality, of these conditions, which suggests that the effects of diversity on disease risk may be widespread. Issues in need of further exploration include (i) the relative importance of diversity per se versus fluctuating numbers of particular species; (ii) the relevance of species richness versus evenness to the dilution effect; (iii) whether the dilution effect operates at both local and regional scales; and (iv) the shape of empirically determined curves relating diversity to measures of disease risk. Further studies linking community ecology with epidemiology are warranted.
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Park, Andrew W., James Haven, Ray Kaplan, and Sylvain Gandon. "Refugia and the evolutionary epidemiology of drug resistance." Biology Letters 11, no. 11 (November 2015): 20150783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0783.
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Drug resistance is a long-standing economic, veterinary and human health concern in human and animal populations. Efficacy of prophylactic drug treatments targeting a particular pathogen is often short-lived, as drug-resistant pathogens evolve and reach high frequency in a treated population. Methods to combat drug resistance are usually costly, including use of multiple drugs that are applied jointly or sequentially, or development of novel classes of drugs. Alternatively, there is growing interest in exploiting untreated host populations, refugia , for the management of drug resistance. Refugia do not experience selection for resistance, and serve as a reservoir for native, drug-susceptible pathogens. The force of infection from refugia may dilute the frequency of resistant pathogens in the treated population, potentially at an acceptable cost in terms of overall disease burden. We examine this concept using a simple mathematical model that captures the core mechanisms of transmission and selection common to many host–pathogen systems. We identify the roles of selection and gene flow in determining the utility of refugia.
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Mehta, Sahil, Amrita Chakraborty, Amit Roy, Indrakant K. Singh, and Archana Singh. "Fight Hard or Die Trying: Current Status of Lipid Signaling during Plant–Pathogen Interaction." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061098.
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Plant diseases pose a substantial threat to food availability, accessibility, and security as they account for economic losses of nearly $300 billion on a global scale. Although various strategies exist to reduce the impact of diseases, they can introduce harmful chemicals to the food chain and have an impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and exploit the plants’ immune systems to control the spread of pathogens and enable sustainable agriculture. Recently, growing pieces of evidence suggest a functional myriad of lipids to be involved in providing structural integrity, intracellular and extracellular signal transduction mediators to substantial cross-kingdom cell signaling at the host–pathogen interface. Furthermore, some pathogens recognize or exchange plant lipid-derived signals to identify an appropriate host or development, whereas others activate defense-related gene expression. Typically, the membrane serves as a reservoir of lipids. The set of lipids involved in plant–pathogen interaction includes fatty acids, oxylipins, phospholipids, glycolipids, glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. Overall, lipid signals influence plant–pathogen interactions at various levels ranging from the communication of virulence factors to the activation and implementation of host plant immune defenses. The current review aims to summarize the progress made in recent years regarding the involvement of lipids in plant–pathogen interaction and their crucial role in signal transduction.
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Sanderson, Victoria P., Iain L. Mainprize, Lisette Verzijlenberg, Cezar M. Khursigara, and Melanie K. B. Wills. "The Platelet Fraction Is a Novel Reservoir to Detect Lyme Borrelia in Blood." Biology 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9110366.
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Serological diagnosis of Lyme disease suffers from considerable limitations. Yet, the technique cannot currently be replaced by direct detection methods, such as bacterial culture or molecular analysis, due to their inadequate sensitivity. The low bacterial burden in vasculature and lack of consensus around blood-based isolation of the causative pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi, are central to this challenge. We therefore addressed methodological optimization of Borrelia recovery from blood, first by analyzing existing protocols, and then by using experimentally infected human blood to identify the processing conditions and fractions that increase Borrelia yield. In this proof-of-concept study, we now report two opportunities to improve recovery and detection of Borrelia from clinical samples. To enhance pathogen viability and cultivability during whole blood collection, citrate anticoagulant is superior to more commonly used EDTA. Despite the widespread reliance on serum and plasma as analytes, we found that the platelet fraction of blood concentrates Borrelia, providing an enriched resource for direct pathogen detection by microscopy, laboratory culture, Western blot, and PCR. The potential for platelets to serve as a reservoir for Borrelia and its diagnostic targets may transform direct clinical detection of this pathogen.
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MRAMBA, F., A. BROCE, and L. ZUREK. "Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.671.
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Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.
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Iriarte, Fanny, Erin Rosskopf, Mark Hilf, Greg McCollum, Joe Albano, and Scott Adkins. "First Report of Macrophomina phaseolina Causing Leaf and Stem Blight of Tropical Soda Apple in Florida." Plant Health Progress 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-1115-01-br.
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Leaf necrosis was observed in tropical soda apple plants in Fort Pierce, FL. A fungus was isolated from symptomatic stem tissue and from numerous excised pycnidia. Identity was confirmed by analysis of the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates were completed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of M. phaseolina as a pathogen of S. viarum. This report provides further evidence of this noxious weed serving as a reservoir for potential pathogens of vegetable crops. Accepted for publication 25 September 2007. Published 15 November 2007.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Lingyao Kong, Pengfei Zhi, and Cheng Chang. "Update on Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Its Roles in Plant Disease Resistance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 5514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155514.
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The aerial surface of higher plants is covered by a hydrophobic layer of cuticular waxes to protect plant tissues against enormous environmental challenges including the infection of various pathogens. As the first contact site between plants and pathogens, the layer of cuticular waxes could function as a plant physical barrier that limits the entry of pathogens, acts as a reservoir of signals to trigger plant defense responses, and even gives cues exploited by pathogens to initiate their infection processes. Past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of plant cuticular waxes and their functions regulating plant–pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the molecular biology of cuticular wax biosynthesis and highlighted its multiple roles in plant disease resistance against bacterial, fungal, and insect pathogens.
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GARIRA, WINSTON, and MARTIN CANAAN MAFUNDA. "FROM INDIVIDUAL HEALTH TO COMMUNITY HEALTH: TOWARDS MULTISCALE MODELING OF DIRECTLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIOUS DISEASE SYSTEMS." Journal of Biological Systems 27, no. 01 (March 2019): 131–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339019500074.
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In this paper, we present a new method for developing a class of nested multiscale models for directly transmitted infectious disease systems that integrates within-host scale and between-host scale using community pathogen load (CPL) as a new public health measure of a community’s level of infectiousness and as an indicator of the effectiveness of health interventions. The approach develops a multiscale modeling science base for directly transmitted infectious disease systems (where the inside-host environment’s biological entities such as cells, tissues, organs, body fluids, whole body are the reservoir of infective pathogen in the community) that is comparable to an existing multiscale modeling science base for environmentally transmitted infectious diseases (where the outside-host geographical environment’s physical entities such as soil, air, formites/contact surfaces, food and water are the reservoir of infective pathogen in the community) where pathogen load in the environment is explicitly incorporated into the model. This is achieved by assuming that infected hosts in the community are homogeneous and unevenly distributed microbial habitats. We illustrate the utility of this multiscale modeling methodology by evaluating the comparative effectiveness of HIV/AIDS preventive and treatment interventions as a case study.
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ERAZO, DIANA, JUAN CORDOVEZ, CAROLINA CABRERA, JOSE E. CALZADA, AZAEL SALDAÑA, and NICOLE L. GOTTDENKER. "Modelling the influence of host community composition in a sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi system." Parasitology 144, no. 14 (July 13, 2017): 1881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001287.
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SUMMARYSpecies composition of wild reservoir hosts can influence the transmission and maintenance of multi-host vector borne pathogens. The ‘pace of life’ hypothesis proposes that the life history strategy of reservoir hosts can influence pathogen transmission of vector borne generalist pathogens. We use empirical data to parameterize a mathematical model that investigates the impacts of host life history traits on vector transmission dynamics of the vector-borne multi-host parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in habitats characterized by different degrees of deforestation and varying host community structure. The model considers susceptible and infected vector and host populations. When comparing the proportion of vectors infected with T. cruzi predicted by the model with empirical data, we found a trend of increasing vector infection as anthropogenic landscape disturbance increases for both data and model output. The model's vector infection rates were significantly lower than empirical results, but when incorporating host congenital transmission in the model, vector infection approaches field data. We conclude that intervened habitats associated with r-selected host species communities predict higher proportions of infected vectors.
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Lazic, Srdjan, Miloje Cobeljic, and Bane Dimic. "Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli: An emerging pathogen which endanger the health of people and animals." Veterinarski glasnik 59, no. 5-6 (2005): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0506581l.
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A new group of pathogenic agents has appeared in the last 20 years -verotoxin-producing Escherichiae coli (VTEC), which cause increasing numbers of intestinal diseases in humans and animals. The reservoir for VTEC is the intestinal tract of domestic animals, primarily ruminants. It is believed that cattle are the principal reservoir for VTEC, because the biggest number of epidemics caused by these bacteria occurred through ground beef (hamburgers). Swine are also a significant factor of VTEC infections in humans, but these pathogenic agents are more frequently isolated from diseased animals than healthy ones, and most often from swine with a clinical picture of an endemic disease. Investigations in our geographic region have also demonstrated that domestic animals are a significant VTEC reservoir. In spite of this, sporadic diseases in humans caused by these agents are rare, and no epidemics have been registered so far. Such a characteristic of VTEC infections in our country imposes the need for further epidemiological and epizootiological research.
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Sybilski, Adam J. "Atypical pathogen infection of respiratory system." Medycyna Faktów 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.mf.0121.10.
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The frequency of respiratory infections, especially atypical pneumonia, is increasing significantly. Most often, atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Human is the only reservoir of these atypical bacteria. The infection occurs via droplets or direct contact with a sick person or convalescent. Pneumonia of the etiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae most often affects children without comorbidities and is usually mild, while most patients with Legionella infection require intensive care treatment. Symptoms of mycoplasma infection can range from mild symptoms in the upper respiratory tract to pneumonia and extrapulmonary symptoms. The infection is often underdiagnosed, and patients usually do not seek medical attention and treatment. Chlamydial pneumonia is, in most cases, mild, similar to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and tends to heal itself. The drugs of choice in the treatment of atypical pneumonia are macrolides, and because of the best compliance in children – azithromycin.
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Coletta-Filho, Helvécio D., Leonora S. Bittleston, and Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. "Spatial Genetic Structure of a Vector-Borne Generalist Pathogen." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 8 (February 11, 2011): 2596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02172-10.
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ABSTRACTVector-borne generalist pathogens colonize several reservoir species and are usually dependent on polyphagous arthropods for dispersal; however, their spatial genetic structure is generally poorly understood. Using fast-evolving genetic markers (20 simple sequence repeat loci, resulting in a total of 119 alleles), we studied the genetic structure of the vector-borne plant-pathogenic bacteriumXylella fastidiosain Napa Valley, CA, where it causes Pierce's disease when it is transmitted to grapevines from reservoir plants in adjacent riparian vegetation. Eighty-three differentX. fastidiosamultilocus microsatellite genotypes were found in 93 isolates obtained from five vineyards, resulting in an index of clonal fraction closer to 0 and a Simpson's genotypic diversity index (D) closer to a maximum value of 1. Moderate values of Nei's gene diversity (HNei; averageHNei= 0.41) were observed for most of theX. fastidiosapopulations. The low Wright's index of genetic diversity among populations calculated by the FSTAT software (Wright'sFSTindex) among population pairs (0.0096 to 0.1080) indicated a weak or absent genetic structure among the five populations; a panmictic population was inferred by Bayesian analyses (with the STRUCTURE and BAPS programs). Furthermore, a Mantel test showed no significant genetic isolation by distance when both Nei (r= −0.3459,P= 0.268) and linearized θ (r= −0.3106,P= 0.269) indices were used. These results suggest that the riparian vegetation from which vectors acquire the pathogen prior to inoculation of grapevines supports a diverse population ofX. fastidiosa.
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Han, Joseph, Joseph Owen Hendley, and Birgit Winther. "Bacterial Origin of Ostiomeatalcomplex after Viral Infection." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.236.
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Objective After a viral infection in the nasal cavity or sinus, superimposed bacteria infection is likely to occur. Therefore the carriage rate of bacterial pathogen in the nasal cavity (NC), nasopharynx (NP), and ostiomeatal complex (OMC) were determined during wellness and upper respiratory viral infection. Methods There were 2 groups in the study. The control group was well with no nasal or sinus problems. The cohort group had an upper respiratory viral infection. The NC, NP, and OMC cultures were taken from each study group. Agars cultured were used to detect S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis. Statistical comparison was made between the groups. The bacterial pathogens were also compared between the various sites of culture within a group. Results There were 91 subjects in the study-51 subjects with an upper respiratory viral infection and 40 control participants. 59% of participants were female. There was no statistical difference in the rate of bacterial pathogen in the NP (p=0.2) or NC (p=0.06) between the control and cohort group. There was a significant increase (p<0.008) of bacterial pathogen in the OMC of viral illness group versus the control group. Bacterial pathogen present in the OMC had a similar pathogen in either the NC or NP. Conclusions This study defines the reservoir of bacteria in the NC or NP for the bacterial pathogen in the OMC during wellness and upper respiratory viral infection.
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Tobias, Nicholas J., Nana Ama Ammisah, Evans K. Ahortor, John R. Wallace, Anthony Ablordey, and Timothy P. Stinear. "Snapshot fecal survey of domestic animals in rural Ghana forMycobacterium ulcerans." PeerJ 4 (June 1, 2016): e2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2065.
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Identifying the source reservoirs ofMycobacterium ulceransis key to understanding the mode of transmission of this pathogen and controlling the spread of Buruli ulcer (BU). In Australia, the native possum can harborM. ulceransin its gastrointestinal tract and shed high concentrations of the bacteria in its feces. To date, an analogous animal reservoir in Africa has not been identified. Here we tested the hypothesis that common domestic animals in BU endemic villages of Ghana are reservoir species analogous to the Australian possum. Using linear-transects at 10-meter intervals, we performed systematic fecal surveys across four BU endemic villages and one non-endemic village in the Asante Akim North District of Ghana. One hundred and eighty fecal specimens from a single survey event were collected and analyzed by qPCR for theM. ulceransdiagnostic DNA targets IS2404and KR-B. Positive and negative controls performed as expected but all 180 test samples were negative. This structured snapshot survey suggests that common domestic animals living in and around humans do not shedM. ulceransin their feces. We conclude that, unlike the Australian native possum, domestic animals in rural Ghana are unlikely to be major reservoirs ofM. ulcerans.
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Stockwell, Michelle P., Deborah S. Bower, John Clulow, and Michael J. Mahony. "The role of non-declining amphibian species as alternative hosts for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in an amphibian community." Wildlife Research 43, no. 4 (2016): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15223.
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Context Pathogens with reservoir hosts have been responsible for most disease-induced wildlife extinctions because the decline of susceptible hosts does not cause the decline of the pathogen. The existence of reservoirs for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis limits population recovery and conservation actions for threatened amphibians. As such, the effect of reservoirs on disease risk within host community assemblages needs to be considered, but rarely is. Aims In this study we aimed to determine if amphibian species co-occurring with the green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea, a declining species susceptible to B. dendrobatidis, act as alternate hosts. Methods We quantified B. dendrobatidis infection levels, sub-lethal effects on body condition and terminal signs of disease in amphibian communities on Kooragang Island and Sydney Olympic Park in New South Wales, Australia, where two of the largest remaining L. aurea populations persist. Key results We found L. aurea carried infections at a similar prevalence (6–38%) to alternate species. Infection loads ranged widely (0.01–11 107.3 zoospore equivalents) and L. aurea differed from only one alternate host species (higher median load in Litoria fallax) at one site. There were no terminal or sub-lethal signs of disease in any species co-occurring with L. aurea. Conclusion Our results suggest that co-occurring species are acting as alternate hosts to L. aurea and whether their presence dilutes or amplifies B. dendrobatidis in the community is a priority for future research. Implications For L. aurea and many other susceptible species, confirming the existence of reservoir hosts and understanding their role in community disease dynamics will be important for optimising the outcomes of threat mitigation and habitat creation initiatives for their long-term conservation.
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Sokolow, Susanne H., Nicole Nova, Kim M. Pepin, Alison J. Peel, Juliet R. C. Pulliam, Kezia Manlove, Paul C. Cross, et al. "Ecological interventions to prevent and manage zoonotic pathogen spillover." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20180342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0342.
Full textAbstract:
Spillover of a pathogen from a wildlife reservoir into a human or livestock host requires the pathogen to overcome a hierarchical series of barriers. Interventions aimed at one or more of these barriers may be able to prevent the occurrence of spillover. Here, we demonstrate how interventions that target the ecological context in which spillover occurs (i.e. ecological interventions) can complement conventional approaches like vaccination, treatment, disinfection and chemical control. Accelerating spillover owing to environmental change requires effective, affordable, durable and scalable solutions that fully harness the complex processes involved in cross-species pathogen spillover. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.