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Journal articles on the topic 'Patella Diseases Risk factors'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Bi, Zhaodong, and Zeying Xie. "Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Techniques of Patellar Tendinitis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (August 17, 2022): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1188.

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Patellar tendinitis is one of the most common complications of patellar fracture in the adolescent population. This study specifically focuses on patellar fracture to introduce the causes and risks, examination, and treatment techniques of patellar tendinitis. Results show that the physical activity and overuse are the primary exopathic factors of patellar tendinitis, and tight thigh muscles, imbalanced muscles, overweight, patella alta, and the lower extremity skeletal alignment problems are the endopathic factors of patellar tendinitis. The examination includes both self-examination and medical examination. When the diagnosis is conducted, differentiating patellar tendinitis from other similar diseases is needed. The common treatments include conservative treatment and medical therapy. The conservative treatment is convenient and highly cost-effective, however, it usually needs a longer treatment period without significant effectiveness. Medical therapy is the last and most effective form of treatment, which includes wire loop fastening internal fixation, tension band fixation, Nickel-titanium patellar fixator, patellar plate fixation, partial patellar resection, and reconstruction of the patellar ligament. These five medical methods have their own characteristics. The wire loop fastening internal fixation is only used as a basis for joint fixation. The tension band fixation has a low rate of fixation failure while has a high loosening rate. Nickel-titanium patellar fixator can promote the early recovery of motor function. Patellar plate fixation is stable and reliable as well as has a low failure rate. Partial patellar resection and reconstruction of the patellar ligament can reduce knee degeneration, but it may result in postoperative knee t-pain and long-term traumatic patellar arthritis.

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Murphy, Michael V., Dongyi (Tony) Du, Wei Hua, Karoll J. Cortez, Melissa G. Butler, Robert L. Davis, Thomas A. DeCoster, et al. "Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 7 (March 31, 2016): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.65.

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OBJECTIVETo determine the effect of graft choice (allograft, bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft, or hamstring autograft) on deep tissue infections following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.SETTING AND POPULATIONPatients from 6 US health plans who underwent ACL reconstruction from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2008.METHODSWe identified ACL reconstructions and potential postoperative infections using claims data. A hierarchical stratified sampling strategy was used to identify patients for medical record review to confirm ACL reconstructions and to determine allograft vs autograft tissue implanted, clinical characteristics, and infection status. We estimated infection rates overall and by graft type. We used logistic regression to assess the association between infections and patients’ demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and choice of graft.RESULTSOn review of 1,452 medical records, we found 55 deep wound infections. With correction for sampling weights, infection rates varied by graft type: 0.5% (95% CI, 0.3%-0.8%) with allografts, 0.6% (0.1%–1.5%) with bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts, and 2.5% (1.9%–3.1%) with hamstring autograft. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found an increased infection risk with hamstring autografts compared with allografts (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% CI, 2.8–12.8). However, there was no difference in infection risk among bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts vs allografts (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.3–4.8).CONCLUSIONSThe overall risk for deep wound infections following ACL reconstruction is low but it does vary by graft type. Infection risk was highest in hamstring autograft recipients compared with allograft recipients and bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft recipients.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:827–833

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Kim, Eunju, Changyong Choe, Jae Gyu Yoo, Sang-Ik Oh, Younghun Jung, Ara Cho, Suhee Kim, and Yoon Jung Do. "Major medical causes by breed and life stage for dogs presented at veterinary clinics in the Republic of Korea: a survey of electronic medical records." PeerJ 6 (July 3, 2018): e5161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5161.

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BackgroundAge and breed are considered the greatest risk factors for disease prevalence and mortality in companion dogs. Understanding the prevalence of diseases, in relation to age and breed, would support appropriate guidance for future health care strategies and provide useful information for the early diagnosis of diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the major medical causes for dogs visiting primary-care veterinary clinics in the Republic of Korea, stratified by age and breed.MethodsA total of 15,531 medical records of canine patients were analyzed from 11 veterinary clinics who shared data from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. An electronic medical record (EMR) system was used for data collection, which included the animal identification number, age, breed, gender, neuter status, clinical information, and diagnosis. EMR data were classified using the International Classification of Disease system from the World Health Organization; presenting signs or diagnoses were identified according to breed and life stage.ResultsWithin the age groups, preventive medicine (16.7% confidence intervals (CI) [15.9–17.5]) was the most common cause for clinic visits for the <1 year and 1–3 year groups. Additionally, neutering surgery (6.6% CI [6.0–7.1]) and patella luxation (1.4% CI [1.8–2.7]) were frequently performed in these age groups. In the 4–6 year group, otitis externa (8.8% CI [7.8–10.0]) and dermatitis or eczema (8.5% CI [7.5–9.6]) were common medical problems. In older dogs (>10 year), the prevalences of heart disease, kidney disease, Cushing’s disease, and mammary tumors were higher than in the other age groups. Small and toy breed dogs comprised 67.7% of all dogs in this analysis. For all breeds, otitis externa, dermatitis or eczema, vomiting, and diarrhea were common medical problems.DiscussionThis study identified the most common medical disorders and differences in prevalences of diseases, according to age and breeds. The information from EMRs for dogs visiting primary-care veterinary clinics can provide background knowledge that is required to enable a better understanding of disease patterns and occurrence by age and breeds. The information from this study could enable the creation of strategies for preventing diseases and enable the identification of health problems for more effective disease management in companion dogs.

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Ristic, Vladimir, Mirsad Maljanovic, Vladimir Harhaji, and Miroslav Milankov. "Infections after reconstructions of anterior cruciate ligament." Medical review 67, no. 1-2 (2014): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1402011r.

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Introduction. Infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions are rare, but, on the other hand, they are difficult to be treated. The aim of this study was to analyze causes of infections, risk factors, diagnostics, and possibilities of their prevention. Material and Methods. Seventeen deep infections (1.2%) were found in 1425 patients who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Fifteen patients were males and two were females. Out of 475 professional athletes nine (1.9%) had this postoperative complication. Eleven patients with septic arthritis were allergic to penicillin. Three of them had immunosuppressive diseases. Results. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in eleven cases (65%), other Staphylococcus and Streptococcus groups were found in four and three patients, respectively; while one patient had infection although the punctate was negative. Out of 965 patients with the patellar tendon grafts, ten (1.03%) had this complication, while the incidence was 1.52% (7/460) in those with the hamstring grafts. Fifteen infections were acute with obvious symptoms within 14 days after surgery. Severe pain, limited range of motion, swelling of the knee joint and fever were the most common symptoms, while rubor and pus developed rarely. The infection was three times more frequent in the patients who had undergone surgery lasting more than 1.5 hour. Discussion and Conclusion. The following population groups are at risk of developing septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: professional athletes, those who are allergic to penicillin, and those with immunosuppressive diseases. Staphyllococus aureus is the most common cause of infection. The patients with the hamstring autografts have a higher risk than those with the patellar tendon grafts. Preventive measures that should be performed include aseptic conditions in operative rooms, irrigation of the graft before its placement into the bone tunnels, experience of surgeon and proper antibiotics.

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Schilaty, Nathan D., Nathaniel A. Bates, Thomas L. Sanders, Aaron J. Krych, Michael J. Stuart, and Timothy E. Hewett. "Incidence of Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears (1990-2000) and Associated Factors in a Specific Geographic Locale." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 7 (March 1, 2017): 1567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517694026.

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Background: Second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears after reconstruction occur at a reported rate of 20% to 30%. This high frequency indicates that there may be factors that predispose an athlete to graft failure and ACL tears of the contralateral knee. Purpose: To determine the incidence of second ACL injuries in a geographic population-based cohort over a 10-year observation period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes relevant to the diagnosis of an ACL tear and the procedure code for ACL reconstruction were searched across the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a multidisciplinary county database, between the years of 1990 and 2000. This cohort of patients was tracked for subsequent ACL injuries through December 31, 2015. The authors identified 1041 patients with acute, isolated ACL tears. These patients were stratified by primary and secondary tears, sex, age, activity level, side of injury, sex by side of injury, and graft type. Results: Of the 1041 unique patients with a diagnosed ACL tear in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1990 to 2000, there were 66 (6.0%) second ACL tears; 66.7% of these tears occurred on the contralateral side. A second ACL injury was influenced by graft type ( P < .0001), election of ACL reconstruction ( P = .0060), and sex by side of injury ( P = .0072). Nonparametric analysis of graft disruption by graft type demonstrated a higher prevalence of second ACL tears with allografts compared with hamstring ( P = .0499) or patellar tendon autografts ( P = .0012). Conclusion: The incidence of second ACL tears in this population-based cohort was 6.0%, with 66.7% of these tears occurring on the contralateral side from the original injury. There was a high population incidence of second ACL injuries in female patients younger than age 20 years. The utilization of patellar tendon autografts significantly reduced the risk of second ACL injuries compared with allografts or hamstring autografts in this cohort.

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Ristic, Vladimir, Vukadin Milankov, Miodrag Vranjes, Mirko Obradovic, and Mile Bjelobrk. "Results of surgical treatment of the patellar tendon rupture." Medical review 74, no. 3-4 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2104090r.

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Introduction. The aim of the study was to report surgical treatment results of complete patellar tendon ruptures reconstructed by different surgical procedures. Material and Methods. This study included 35 patients, 26 males and 9 females, with an average age of 39 (range, 16 - 66) years. Seventeen patients had the risk factors (48.6%), including 11 with prior surgeries of the same knee: 7 reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament, 3 total knee replacement surgeries, and one intramedullary nailing. In 27 patients (77.1%), the surgery was performed during the first seven days after the injury. The following procedures were applied: patellar tendon repair with suture anchors in 5 cases; 13 transpatellar suturing through transpatellar tunnels; additional strengthening with wires and screws was performed in 7 patients; 7 reconstructions with bone-tendon-bone allograft taken from the bone bank, and in 3 patients contralateral bonetendon-bone autografts were used. Results and Discussion. The average Lysholm score was 86.1 (range, 27 - 100). Excellent results were found in 19 cases (54.2%), satisfactory in 10 (28.6%), and unsatisfactory in 6 patients (17.1%) who had chronic diseases and total knee replacement. The patients with timely diagnosis had significantly better results (90.1) than patients with chronic tendon injuries (72.6 points). Conclusion. Good results of acute rupture reconstruction are achieved by transosseous techniques or suture anchors. The surgery is much more complicated in neglected and chronic ruptures, and the results are worse. Surgical procedures, such as the patellar tendon reconstruction by bone-tendon-bone graft, additionally strengthened with wiring and screws, contribute to stable fixation, enable early rehabilitation, and prevent stiffness and muscle weakness.

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TUDORACHI, Nicoleta-Bianca, Iuliana EVA, Mihaela MOSCALU, Rami AL- HIARY, Aurelian-Corneliu MORARU, Bogdan BARBIERU, Costin STANCIU, Calin CORCIOVA, and Valeriu ARDELEANU. "Evaluating risk factors involved in the alteration of biomechanics in relation to knee osteoarthritis." Balneo Research Journal 10, Vol 10 No. 4 (December 10, 2019): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2019.305.

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The knee joint is very complex in terms of degrees of mobility and for normal biomechanics it is necessary for all the anatomical structures at this level to be within physiological limits. Problems can be caused by a number of risk factors such as age, sex, weight, or local risk factors such as patellar changes represented by patela alta or patella baja, which can lead to instability of the lower limb. Risk factors that may influence the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis have been evaluated. Changes in patellar position in relation to knee osteoarthritis were also studied. A group of 377 patients hospitalized for unilateral or bilateral knee pain with instability were included in the study. 239 of the 377 starting group presented knee osteoarthritis, constituting the study group. The risk factors analyzed were age, patient sex, BMI, weight status, anatomical changes in position of the patella (patella alta and patella baja), COBB angle and spine deviation. The results indicated that obesity, anatomical changes in the position of the patella, (patella alta), COBB angle and spine deviations represent significant risk factors in the onset of knee osteoarthritis. Key words: risk factors, joint instability, knee osteoarthritis,

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Christensen, Tyson C., Thomas L. Sanders, Ayoosh Pareek, Rohith Mohan, Diane L. Dahm, and Aaron J. Krych. "Risk Factors and Time to Recurrent Ipsilateral and Contralateral Patellar Dislocations." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 9 (May 2, 2017): 2105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517704178.

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Background: Previous studies have reported variable rates of recurrent lateral patellar instability mainly because of limited cohort sizes. In addition, there is currently a lack of information on contralateral patellar instability. Purpose: To evaluate the rate of recurrent ipsilateral patellar dislocations and contralateral patellar dislocations after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation. Additionally, risk factors associated with recurrent dislocations (ipsilateral or contralateral) and time to recurrence were investigated. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This population-based study included 584 patients with a first-time lateral patellar dislocation occurring between 1990 and 2010. A retrospective review was conducted to gather information about the injury, subsequent dislocations (ipsilateral or contralateral), and structural characteristics including trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and tibial tubercle to trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance. Risk factors were assessed to delineate associations with subsequent dislocations and time to recurrence. Results: At a mean follow-up of 12.4 years, 173 patients had ipsilateral recurrence, and 25 patients had a subsequent contralateral dislocation. At 20 years, the cumulative incidence of ipsilateral recurrence was 36.0%, while the cumulative incidence of contralateral dislocations was 5.4%. Trochlear dysplasia (odds ratio [OR], 18.1), patella alta (OR, 10.4), age <18 years at the time of the first dislocation (OR, 2.4), elevated TT-TG distance (OR, 2.1), and female sex (OR, 1.5) were associated with recurrent ipsilateral dislocations. Time to recurrence was significantly decreased in patients with trochlear dysplasia (23.0 months earlier time to recurrence; P < .001), elevated TT-TG distance (18.5 months; P < .001), patella alta (16.4 months; P = .001), and age <18 years at the time of the first dislocation (15.4 months; P < .001). Risk factors for subsequent contralateral dislocations included patella alta and trochlear dysplasia. Conclusion: At 20 years after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation, the cumulative incidence of recurrent ipsilateral patellar dislocations was 36.0%, compared with 5.4% for contralateral dislocations. Trochlear dysplasia, elevated TT-TG distance, patella alta, age <18 years at the time of the first dislocation, and female sex were associated with ipsilateral recurrence. Trochlear dysplasia, elevated TT-TG distance, patella alta, and age <18 years at the time of the first dislocation were predictive of a statistically significant decrease in time to recurrence.

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Bengana, B., A. Ladjouze-Rezig, S. Ayoub, N. B. Raaf, C. Aimeur, A. Boukabous, and S. Lefkir. "POS1127 ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF GOUT LESIONS IN AN ALGERIAN POPULATION WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 843.1–843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1161.

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Background:Hyperuricemia is a common biological abnormality, often clinically asymptomatic. However, it can announce a gout and be linked to many diseases such as metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure or kidney disease.In fact, the majority of learned societies do not recommend any urate lowering therapy (ULT) as long as the hyperuricemia remains asymptomatic. But it turns out that part of the population with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) develops a gout after a few years particularly with genetic predisposition, but also on certain risk factors that need to be confirmed.By this way, musculoskeletal ultrasound (MUS) can detect “asymptomatic gout” by visualizing signs of urate deposits (UD) in subjects with AH.Objectives:Our main objective is already to estimate the prevalence of specific signs of gout in Algerian population with AH and assess the factors exposing to UD.Methods:This is a descriptive cross-sectional study from January 2017 to February 2019, with the recruitment of subjects with AH and serum urate level > 60 mg / L, who do not take any ULT and have not associated any chronic inflammatory rheumatism, where we performed a MUS of the knees, metatarsophalangeal joints MTP1, MTP2 and metacarpophalangeal joint MCP2 and MCP3 with the Achilles, patellar and quadricipital tendons.Results:We retained 258 subjects with AH, 132 women and 126 men (sex ratio = 0.95), the mean age was 59 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.4 kg / m2, 42 patients were under diuretics, 37 patients reported being on low-dose of aspirin 100 mg daily.The mean rate of serum urate levels was 78 ± 10 mg / L, the prevalence of UD found at the MUS was 22% (n = 58), among them 36 % (21/58) had a sign of the double contour DC on the MTP1 and 29% (17/58) on the knee, 7% (4/58) had tophi on the MTP1 and 3% (2/58) had urate aggregates. The factors reported to be linked to UD in the sample were: the male gender (p = 0.0016); the high uric acid level (p= 0.0355); BMI (p = 0.0427); taking diuretics for women (p= 0.0002).Conclusion:Through this work, it is clear that elementary ultrasound lesions related to gout disease are common in a population with AH and concerned one fifth of subjects in our study with a higher risk in men and subjects with obesity and high uric acid level, but also in women taking diuretics. These results need to be enhanced with a randomized controlled study in order to better determine the predisposing factors for gout in any subject with AH.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

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Maney, Alistair J., Christopher M. Frampton, and Simon W. Young. "Age and Prosthetic Design as Risk Factors for Secondary Patella Resurfacing." Journal of Arthroplasty 35, no. 6 (June 2020): 1563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2020.01.018.

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Anand, Sumit, C. S. Yadav, and Nishikant Kumar. "Age and Prosthetic Design as Risk Factors for Secondary Patella Resurfacing." Journal of Arthroplasty 35, no. 10 (October 2020): 3061–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2020.07.011.

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Stajic, Dalibor, and Nela Djonovic. "Cardiovascular diseases: Risk factors." Medicinski casopis 50, no. 2 (2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mckg50-11761.

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Maas, Kai-Jonathan, Malte Lennart Warncke, Miriam Leiderer, Matthias Krause, Tobias Dust, Jannik Frings, Karl-Heinz Frosch, Gerhard Adam, and Frank Oliver Gerhard Henes. "Diagnostic Imaging of Patellofemoral Instability." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 193, no. 09 (March 27, 2021): 1019–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1348-2122.

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Background Throughout the literature, patellofemoral instability (PI) is defined as an increased risk of re-/luxation of the patella within the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). In most patients it is caused by traumatic patella luxation or the existence of a range of predisposing anatomic risk factors leading to an unphysiological movement sequence within the PFJ also known as patellofemoral maltracking. In order to provide an individualized therapy approach, clinical and radiological evaluation of those risk factors of variable magnitude becomes essential. Diagnostic imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plain radiography, and computed tomography (CT) are straightforward diagnostic tools in terms of evaluation and treatment of PI. Method In this review we performed a precise analysis of today’s literature concerning the radiological evaluation of anatomic risk factors leading to PI. The purpose of the review is to present a logical compilation of the different anatomical risk factors causing PI and provide a straight overview of valuable radiological imaging techniques. Results and Conclusion PI is frequently based on a multifactorial disposition. The most relevant predisposing risk factors are trochlea dysplasia, rupture of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), patella alta, abnormal tibial tubercle to trochlea groove distance (TT-TG), femoral torsion deformities, and genu valgum. Although plain X-rays may provide basic diagnostic value, cross-sectional imaging (MRI, CT) is the standard radiological tool in terms of evaluation and detection of severity of predisposing anatomic variants leading to PI. Key Points: Citation Format

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Ng, Jimmy, Pau Balcells-Nolla, Peter J. James, and Benjamin V. Bloch. "Extensor mechanism failure in total knee arthroplasty." EFORT Open Reviews 6, no. 3 (March 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.6.200119.

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Extensor mechanism failure in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can present as quadriceps tendon rupture, patella fracture or patella tendon rupture. Component malrotation, excessive joint line elevation and previous lateral release are some of the risk factors contributing to extensor mechanism failure in TKA. Partial quadriceps tendon rupture and undisplaced patella fracture with intact extensor mechanism function can be treated conservatively. Extensor mechanism failure in TKA with disruption of the extensor mechanism function should be treated operatively as it is associated with poor function and extensor lag. It is recommended that acute repair of patella or quadriceps tendon rupture are augmented due to the high risk of re-rupture. Chronic ruptures of the extensor mechanism must be reconstructed as repair has a high failure rate. Reconstruction can be performed using autograft, allograft or synthetic graft. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:181-188. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200119

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Stanu, Gusti Ngurah Putra, Putu Astawa, I. Wayan Suryanto Dusak, Elysanti Dwi Martadiani, I. Gede Eka Wiratnaya, and I. Gusti Ngurah Wien Aryana. "Maltracking Patella, Pseudo Patella Baja, dan Patellar Tilt sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya nyeri patellofemoral pasca total knee arthroplasty tanpa mengganti komponen patella di RSUP Sanglah, Bali, Indonesia." Intisari Sains Medis 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v11i3.782.

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Background: Total Knee Artrhoplasty (TKA) is the final therapeutic choice for osteoarthritis (OA) if conservative therapy fails. However, some studies show that about 50% of patients undergoing TKA complain on anterior knee pain postoperatively. One of the most common causes of knee pain comes from the patellofemoral components. Some interesting potential risk factors needing investigations include patellar maltracking, pseudo patella baja, and patellar tilt. By knowing the relationship between these potential risk factors and patellofemoral pain after TKA, it is hoped that further modifications can be made intraoperatively to maximalize the functional outcomes of these patients.Methods: This is a Case Control study to investigate the factors affecting patellofemoral pain after TKA without patellar resurfacing, including patellar maltracking, pseudopatella baja, and patellar tilt, compared to those who don’t experience patellofemoral pain. The study was conducted at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali in September-December 2019. Clinical and radiographic data were obtained secondarily from patient medical records.Results: Chi Square Test for Maltracking patella test showed a value of P = 0,000 (P <0.05), indicating a significant difference between the group with patellofemoral pain and those without. Chi Square Test for Pseudopatella Baja showed a value of P = 1,000 (P> 0.05), indicating no significant difference. While the Chi Square Test for Patellar Tilt showed a value of P = 0.045 (P <0.05), indicating a significant difference.Conclusion: Patellar maltracking and patellar tilt are proven to be risk factors for higher NRS values compared to those without, in post-TKA patients patellar resurfacing. Whereas Pseudopatella Baja was not proven to be a risk factor for higher NRS values. Latar Belakang: Total Knee Artrhoplasty (TKA) merupakan pilihan terapi tahap akhir dari osteoartritis (OA) lutut bila manajemen konservatif gagal. Walaupun demikian, beberapa studi menunjukan bahwa pasca operasi TKA, sekitar 50% pasien justru mengeluhkan nyeri pada bagian depan lutut. Salah satu penyebab tersering nyeri lutut pada pasien-pasien OA pasca TKA berasal dari komponen patellofemoral. Beberapa faktor risiko yang menarik untuk diteliti sebagai peyebab nyeri patellofemoral pasca TKA antara lain maltracking patella, pseudo patella baja, dan patellar tilt. Dengan mengetahui keterkaitan antara faktor-faktor risiko potensial tersebut dengan nyeri patellofemoral pasca TKA, diharapkan lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan modifikasi saat operasi guna mengurangi insiden nyeri patellofemoral pada pasien-pasien pasca TKA, sehingga dapat meningkatkan keluaran fungsional pasien-pasien tersebut.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Case Control untuk mengetahui faktor risiko terjadinya nyeri patellofemoral pasca TKA tanpa mengganti komponen patella pasien-pasien dengan OA lutut, terkait dengan yang memiliki faktor maltracking patella, pseudopatella baja, dan patellar tilt, dibandingkan dengan yang tidak memiliki faktor tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan di RSUP Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali selama bulan September-Desember 2019. Data klinis dan radiografis didapat dari data sekunder dari rekam medis penderita.Hasil: Uji Chi Square Maltracking patella menunjukkan nilai P = 0,000 ( P < 0,05), menandakan perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok yang nyeri dan tidak nyeri. Uji Chi Square Pseudopatella Baja menunjukkan nilai P = 1,000 ( P > 0,05), menandakan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan. Sedangkan Uji Chi-square Patellar Tilt menunjukkan nilai P = 0,045 ( P < 0,05), menandakan perbedaan yang signifikan.Simpulan: Maltracking patella dan patellar tilt merupakan faktor risiko terhadap nilai NRS yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa maltracking patella pada pasien-pasien pasca-TKA tanpa mengganti komponen patella. Sedangkan Pseudopatella Baja tidak terbukti sebagai faktor risiko terhadap nilai NRS yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa pseudopatella Baja pada pasien-pasien pasca-TKA tanpa mengganti komponen patella.

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Marčeta, Elizabeta, and Petar Milić. "Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases." Zdravstvena zastita 47, no. 4 (2018): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1802034m.

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Rafieipour, Amin, Zahra Sakeni, Somayeh Ramesh, and Negar Mazloom Al-Hosseini. "Cardiovascular Diseases: Psychological Risk Factors." Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/rbs.17.3.467.

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Dülek, Hatice, Zeynep Tuzcular Vural, and Işık Gönenç. "Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases." Journal of Turkish Family Physician 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.18.00253.

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Hiemstra, Laurie A., Sarah Kerslake, Nathalie Kupfer, and Mark Lafave. "Patellofemoral Stabilization: Postoperative Redislocation and Risk Factors Following Surgery." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 232596711985262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119852627.

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Background: Patellofemoral instability is a common knee problem that is difficult to manage owing to its multifactorial etiology as well as the fact that predisposing pathoanatomic features vary from individual to individual. There is limited knowledge regarding the demographic and pathoanatomic risk factors or the relationship between these risk factors and the redislocation rate after surgical stabilization for this challenging condition. Purpose: To analyze the postoperative redislocation rates and the prevalence of demographic and pathoanatomic risk factors for patients undergoing a patellofemoral stabilization. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients with symptomatic recurrent patellofemoral instability underwent a soft tissue patellofemoral stabilization procedure. A total of 342 patellofemoral stabilization procedures (reconstruction, n = 256; imbrication, n = 86) were assessed at a mean follow-up of 24.3 months. Concomitant procedures were performed in accordance with the à la carte concept of addressing significant anatomic or biomechanical characteristics. Two surgical cohorts were analyzed separately for reconstruction or imbrication to address laxity of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). Failure of the patellofemoral stabilization procedure was defined as postoperative redislocation of the patella. Prevalence of demographic and pathoanatomic risk factors was determined for all patients. Disease-specific patient-reported outcomes were assessed with the Banff Patella Instability Instrument (BPII). Results: A redislocation rate of 5.1% was identified for MPFL reconstruction and 20.9% for MPFL imbrication. For both MPFL procedures, age at time of surgery was significantly younger for the failed group as compared with the intact group. Postoperative BPII scores were significantly lower for patients who subsequently experienced a surgical failure as compared with intact surgery for both MPFL reconstruction ( P = .048) and MPFL imbrication ( P = .003). Conclusion: Patellofemoral stabilization with an à la carte approach to surgical selection demonstrated a low postoperative redislocation rate and good clinical results. Younger age at time of surgery was associated with surgical failure. This information may be used to guide surgical decision making and patient education.

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Kapilow, Jaclyn, Junho Ahn, Kathryn Gallaway, and Megan Sorich. "Early Outcomes After Surgical Management of Geriatric Patella Fractures." Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 12 (January 1, 2021): 215145932098769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2151459320987699.

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Objectives: To report the incidence and risk factors for prolonged hospitalization, discharge to a facility, and postoperative complications in geriatric patients who underwent surgery for patella fracture. Design: Retrospective database review. Setting: The American College of Surgeons—National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) collects data from 600 hospitals across the United States. Patients/Participants: NSQIP patients over 65 years of age with patella fractures. Intervention: Surgical fixation of patella fracture including extensor mechanism repair. Main Outcome Measurements: Prolonged hospitalization, discharge to a facility, and 30-day post-operative complications. Results: 1721 patients were included in the study. The average age was 74.9 years. 358 (20.8%) patients were male. 122 (7.1%) patients had a length of stay greater than 7 days. Factors associated with prolonged length of stay include pre-existing renal failure, need for emergent surgery, and time to surgery greater than 24 hours from admission. 640 patients (37.2%) of patients were discharged to a facility after surgery. Discharge to facility was associated with age >77 years, obesity, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pre-operative SIRS, and CCI > 0.5. Admission from home decreased the odds of discharge to a facility. The most common postoperative complications in this population were unplanned readmission (3.4%), unplanned reoperation (2.7%), surgical site infection (1.1%), mortality (1.0%), venous thromboembolism (0.8%), and wound dehiscence (0.2%). Complication rates increased with anemia and ASA class IV-V. Conclusions: Geriatric patients undergoing operative intervention for patella fractures are at high risk for prolonged hospitalization, discharge to facility, unplanned readmission or reoperation, and surgical site complications in the first 30 days following surgery. This study highlights modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with adverse events. Early recognition of these factors can allow for close monitoring and multidisciplinary intervention in the perioperative period to improve outcomes. Level of Evidence: Prognostic level III.

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Jimenez, Andrew E., Benjamin J. Levy, Nathan L. Grimm, Steven M. Andelman, Chris Cheng, Jon P. Hedgecock, Andrew Cohen, and J. Lee Pace. "Relationship Between Patellar Morphology and Known Anatomic Risk Factors for Patellofemoral Instability." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712098869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120988690.

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Background: Patellar instability (PI) is a common problem among pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients. Recent literature has shown a correlation between pathoanatomy and PI. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is any difference in patellar shape in patients with and without PI and if there is any association between the shape of the patella and the shape of the trochlea. Our hypothesis was that there would be no association between the shape of the patella and the likelinhood of having PI and that the shape of the trochlea would not be associated with patellar morphology. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were analyzed for 97 study patients with PI and 100 control patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Radiologic measurements of trochlear morphology were collected via MRI; 15 measurements of patellar morphology were then measured using axial MRI scans. Comparisons between the control and PI groups were performed using a 2-tailed t test. Regression analysis was performed to determine if associations existed between the 15 patellar morphology measurements and the trochlear dysplasia measurements. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the PI and control groups for the majority of patellar morphology measurements. With regression analysis, there were no statistically significant associations between the majority of patellar morphology measurements and the trochlear dysplasia measurements. Conclusion: Patellar morphology is highly variable in knees with and without PI. There was a minimal association between measurements of patellar morphology and trochlear dysplasia.

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Nasiłowska-Barud, Alicja, and Małgorzata Barud. "PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 9 (2020): 1829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202009104.

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Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important causes of the morbidity and mortality in the Polish and European population, accounting for nearly half of the causes of death. Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, especially in view of the predicted increase in mortality rate as a result of these diseases in the aging populations is crucial. The aim: To characterize selected psychological risk factors that predispose to the development of cardiovascular disease. Review and disscusion: Numerous scientific studies indicate the importance of mental and psychosocial factors in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation patients with cardiovascular diseases. In this article the most important psychological risk factors, such as Type A and D personality, stress, depression and depressed mood, anxiety, social support and lifestyle are presented. Conclusions: Population-focused programs devoted to health promotion and informing the general public about the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases should mainly aim at improving people’s lifestyle, in particular with regard to nutrition, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and mental well-being.

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Choi, Hyon K. "Dietary risk factors for rheumatic diseases." Current Opinion in Rheumatology 17, no. 2 (March 2005): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cco.0000152664.87204.3c.

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McQuaid, Kenneth R. "Gastrointestinal Diseases. Risk Factors and Prevention." Gastroenterology 114, no. 6 (June 1998): 1347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70452-4.

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Lu, Xiangyi. "Emerging Risk Factors for Urologic Diseases." Clinical medicine. Urology 2 (January 2008): 117956110800200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117956110800200001.

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Feltkamp, T. E. W., Lucien A. Aarden, Cees J. Lucas, Cor L. Verweij, and René R. P. de Vries. "Genetic risk factors for autoimmune diseases." Immunology Today 20, no. 1 (January 1999): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01347-4.

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Piccoli, F., F. Brighina, V. La Bella, M. Monte, and R. Guarneri. "Common risk factors of three diseases." Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 1992): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02222893.

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Bajwa, SukhminderJit Singh, Randeep Kaur, and Esha Sethi. "Nutritional risk factors in endocrine diseases." Journal of Medical Nutrition and Nutraceuticals 2, no. 2 (2013): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-019x.114732.

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Egger, Josef. "Psychological risk factors in cardiovascular diseases." Theoretical Medicine 7, no. 3 (October 1986): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00539852.

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Soret, Juliette, Dominique Debray, Flore Sicre de Fontbrune, Jean-Jacques Kiladjian, David Saadoun, Régis Peffault de Latour, Dominique Valla, et al. "Risk factors for vascular liver diseases." Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 44, no. 4 (September 2020): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2020.03.010.

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Stolk, Ronald P., Judith G. M. Rosmalen, Dirkje S. Postma, Rudolf A. de Boer, Gerjan Navis, Joris P. J. Slaets, Johan Ormel, and Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel. "Universal risk factors for multifactorial diseases." European Journal of Epidemiology 23, no. 1 (December 13, 2007): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-007-9204-4.

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Ser-Od, Tungalag. "Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases." Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24079/cajms.2020.06.008.

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Leal, Ana, Renato Andrade, Betina Hinckel, Marc Tompkins, Ricardo Bastos, Paulo Flores, Filipe Samuel, Joao Espregueira-Mendes, and Elizabeth Arendt. "Patients with different patellofemoral disorders display a distinct ligament stiffness pattern under instrumented stress testing." Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine 5, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2019-000409.

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ObjectiveInvestigate the patellar force-displacement profile (ligament stiffness) of patellofemoral disorders.MethodsFifty-two knees from 34 consecutive patients (mean 31.6 years and 53% male) were analysed including 24 knees with patellofemoral pain (PFP), 19 with potential patellofemoral instability (PPI) and 9 with objective patellofemoral instability (OPI). Physical examination, patient-reported outcome measures (Kujala and Lysholm Scores), standard radiography and MRI or CT were performed in all patients. Instrumented stress testing (Porto Patella testing device) concomitantly with imaging (MRI or CT) was performed to calculate ligament stiffness.ResultsThe force-displacement curves in patients with PPI and OPI displayed a similar pattern, which was different from that of the PFP group. Patients with PPI showed higher ligament stiffness (a higher force was required to displace the patella) than the patients in the OPI group. Patients with OPI had a statistically significant shallower trochlear groove and increased lateral tilt. More than half of the PPI and OPI population presented with at least one classic risk factor (patella alta, trochlear dysplasia, increased quadriceps vector, lateral tilt). In the PPI group, at least two risk factors were found in 37% of patients, whereas at least 33% of patients in the OPI group had three risk factors present. None of the patients presented with all four anatomical risk factors.ConclusionPatients presenting with patellofemoral instability (PPI and OPI) display similar ligament stiffness patterns (force-displacement curve). Patients with PFP and PPI showed higher ligament stiffness as compared with patients with OPI.Level of evidenceLevel V, case series.

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Delgado-González, Alberto, Juan José Morales-Viaji, Guillermo Criado-Albillos, Adoración del Pilar Martín-Rodríguez, Josefa González-Santos, Remedios López-Liria, Carla Collazo-Riobo, Raúl Soto-Cámara, and Jerónimo J. González-Bernal. "Explanatory Factors for Periprosthetic Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112315.

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There are many studies whose results reveal possible risk factors for developing an infection after a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The objective of this study is to analyse the risk factors that depend on the hospital and, especially, if the patellar replacement influences the appearance of periprosthetic infection. A retrospective study was performed, where data from the electronic registry of patients of people over 18 and who had undergone TKA, between the years 2015 and 2018, were reviewed. Dependent variables on the patients and the health care system were collected. The possible associations between the factors and the appearance of infection after TKA were studied using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. A total of 907 primary knee arthroplasties were included in the study. Those patients who had their patella replaced had a significantly higher risk of developing an infection (OR 2.07; 95% confidence interval 1.01–6.31). Likewise, patients who underwent surgery by surgeons with more than 10 years of experience were more than twice as likely to become infected than those operated on by younger surgeons (OR 2.64; 95%CI 1.01–6.97). Male patients were also found to be three times more likely to be infected than women (OR 2.99; 95%CI 1.32–5.74). Those interventions that were longer had a higher risk of infection. The same happened with patients who stayed in the hospital for a longer period of time. The rest of the variables did not show statistically significant results. In this study, it was found that the replacement of the patella may be a factor of infection, but it should be corroborated with randomized clinical trials. Furthermore, patients who underwent longer surgeries or those with prolonged hospital stays should be closely monitored to detect infection as soon as possible and establish the most appropriate treatment.

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Albandar, Jasim M. "Global risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal diseases." Periodontology 2000 29, no. 1 (April 2002): 177–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.290109.x.

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Li, Junran, Chuanjie Chen, Hongyan Zhou, Jingxiu Zhai, Hongbo Zhao, and Ligeng Li. "Anatomic Risk Factors for Osteochondral Fracture of Acute First-Time Patellar Dislocation in Adolescents: A Retrospective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6723326.

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Objective. To analyze the risk factors for osteochondral fracture (OCF) of first-time acute patellar dislocation (APD) through measurements of patellofemoral anatomy in adolescents. Methods. In this prospective study, all patients were divided into two groups according to whether OCF was detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Group A (associated with OCF) and Group B (without OCF). Patellofemoral anatomy was evaluated with four aspects including trochlear/patellar dysplasia, patella location, patellofemoral matching, and morphologic classification. On MRI scans, trochlear facet asymmetry ratio (TFAR), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), sulcus angle (SA), trochlear depth (TD), and patellar depth (PD) were measured to assess trochlear/patellar dysplasia. Insall–Salvati index (ISI), Caton–Deschamps index (CDI), Blackburne–Peel index (BPI), lateral patellofemoral angle (LPFA), patellar tilt angle (PTA), and lateral patellar displacement (LPD) were measured to show the location of patella. Patellofemoral matching was analyzed through the measurements of patellofemoral congruence angle (PFCA), patellofemoral index (PFI), and patellotrochlear index (PTI). Results. A total of ninety-four adolescents from 49 boys and 45 girls (mean age, 15 years; range, 10–18 years) with first-time APD were recruited and included in Group A (65) and Group B (29). The PFI (2.62 ± 0.51 vs. 2.10 ± 0.44) and PTI (0.28 ± 0.05 vs. 0.22 ± 0.07) were significantly higher in Group B than Group A P < 0.05 . There were no significant differences in other quantitative outcomes of the two groups P > 0.05 . The distribution of Dejour/Wiberg classification was statistically similar between the two groups P > 0.05 . Conclusions. Adolescent patients with first-time APD complicating OCF have closer morphologic features of patellofemoral dysplasia and patella location when compared to adolescents without OCF. Abnormal patellofemoral matching increases the risk of OCF after first-time APD in adolescents.

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Sychev, D. A. Sychev, O. D. Ostroumova Ostroumova, A. P. Pereverzev Pereverzev, A. I. Kochetkov Kochetkov, M. V. Klepikova Klepikova, E. Yu Ebzeeva Ebzeeva, and V. A. De De. "Risk factors of drug-induced diseases. Part 2. Comorbid diseases and lifestyle factors." Pharmateca 12_2021 (December 10, 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2021.12.41-52.

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Su, Qihang, Yi Zhang, Yuanzhen Zhang, Jie Li, Chao Xue, Hengan Ge, and Biao Cheng. "Multivariate Analysis of Associations between Patellofemoral Instability and Gluteal Muscle Contracture: A Radiological Analysis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020242.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between gluteal muscle contracture (GMC) severity and patellofemoral instability and evaluate the reliability of novel indicators by multivariate analysis. Clinical and imaging data from 115 patients with GMC were collected for retrospective analysis. Two novel indicators were used to evaluate GMC severity (knee flexion angle and hip flexion angle, feet distance), and two additional novel parameters were used to reflect patellofemoral instability [patellar displacement vector (L, α), patella-femoral trochlear (P-FT) area, and femoral-trochlear-patella (FT-P) area]. In this study, patients with moderate contracture were dominant, and 35.65% also experienced anterior knee pain after physical activity. Ordered logistic regression analysis indicated that a more serious GMC represented a higher risk of lateral tilt and lateral displacement of the patella. Multivariate analysis showed that feet distance was a reliable indicator for evaluating the severity of GMC. The results showed that the more serious the GMC, the more significant the difference between the P-FT area and the FT-P area of the patellofemoral joint space. L, patellar tilt angle, patellar congruency angle, and lateral patellofemoral angle were independent risk factors for this difference. A more serious GMC represents a higher risk of patellar subluxation.

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Lisboa, C., A. Santos, C. Dias, F. Azevedo, C. Pina-Vaz, and A. Rodrigues. "Candida balanitis: risk factors." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 24, no. 7 (December 11, 2009): 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03533.x.

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Sychev, D. A. Sychev, O. D. Ostroumova Ostroumova, M. S. Chernyaeva Chernyaeva, A. P. Pereverzev Pereverzev, A. I. Kochetkov Kochetkov, T. M. Ostroumova Ostroumova, M. V. Klepikova Klepikova, E. Yu Ebzeeva Ebzeeva, and V. A. De De. "Risk factors of drug-induced diseases. Part 1. Classification, non-modified risk factors." Pharmateca 11_2021 (November 8, 2021): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2021.11.34-46.

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Huntington, Lachlan S., Kate E. Webster, Brian M. Devitt, John P. Scanlon, and Julian A. Feller. "Factors Associated With an Increased Risk of Recurrence After a First-Time Patellar Dislocation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 2552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519888467.

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Background: Recurrent dislocations after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation may occur in more than 50% of patients and can cause long-term disability. Many factors have been suggested to influence the risk of recurrence. Purpose: To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the literature for factors associated with an increased risk of recurrence after a first-time patellar dislocation. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Methods: A total of 4 electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies published before February 7, 2019. A quality assessment was performed with the National Heart, Lung, and Bone Institute quality assessment score. Factors assessed for their effect on the recurrence rate were documented, and the rates of recurrence were compared. Pooled dichotomous data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis with odds ratios (ORs). Results: A total of 17 studies met the criteria for inclusion. The overall rate of recurrent dislocations after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation was 33.6%. An increased risk of recurrence was reported in patients with a younger age (OR, 2.61; P < .00001), open physes (OR, 2.72; P < .00001), trochlear dysplasia (OR, 4.15; P = .009), an elevated tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance (OR, 2.87; P < .00001), and patella alta (OR, 2.38; P = .004). Sex, patterns of medial patellofemoral ligament injury, and history of contralateral dislocations were not found to be associated with an increased recurrence rate ( P≥ .05). In studies that reported on the presence of multiple risk factors, recurrence rates were 7.7% to 13.8% when no risk factors were present but increased to 29.6% to 60.2% when 2 risk factors were present and to 70.4% to 78.5% when 3 risk factors were present. Conclusion: Younger age, open physes, trochlear dysplasia, elevated TT-TG distance, and patella alta were key risk factors for the recurrence of lateral patellar dislocations. Despite being not infrequently cited as risk factors, patient sex and a history of contralateral dislocations were not found to be significant risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors increased the risk, and the development of predictive instability scores in large patient cohorts using all established risk factors should be a focus of future studies.

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Slavíček, Jaroslav, Otomar Kittnar, Gary E. Fraser, Eva Medová, Jana Konečná, Robert Žižka, Alena Dohnalová, and Vladimír Novák. "Lifestyle Decreases Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases." Central European Journal of Public Health 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3474.

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Rębak, Dorota, Edyta Suliga, Martyna Głuszek-Osuch, and Stanisław Głuszek. "Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in paramedics." Medical Studies 33, no. 4 (2017): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ms.2017.72481.

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Stoltz, J. F. "Cardiovascular diseases, risk factors and hemorheological parameters." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 1, no. 3 (December 9, 2016): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-1981-1307.

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Nakladalova, Marie, Eliska Sovova, Katerina Ivanova, Marketa Kaletova, Jan Lukl, and Jarmila Fialova. "RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN PHYSICIANS." Biomedical Papers 149, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/bp.2005.045.

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Zimna, Aleksandra Iwona, Hubert Wróblewski, Dariusz Chojęta, Ewelina Zygmunt, and Anna Kozłowska. "Risk factors of developing inflammatory bowel diseases." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 8 (June 1, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.008.

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Introduction: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unknown. It is known to be multi-factorial. The world is seeing an ever increasing number of new cases of these diseases. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the main representatives of inflammatory bowel diseases. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases. Materials and methods: The results were obtained on the basis of a questionnaire survey. Results: 95 people took part in the survey aged 16 to 72 years old. 35.8% were men and 64.2% were women. 78% lives in cites, only 22% are rural residents. 56.4% of them suffer from ulcerative colitis and 43.6% from Crohn's disease. 40.4% of respondents smoked cigarettes in the past, but currently only 12.6% are still struggling with the addiction. Only 4 people declare brushing their teeth after each meal. 18 people confirm the presence of NCDH in their families, 19 suffer from other autoimmune diseases at the same time. 2 people from among the respondents - also celiac disease. One person had Salmonella and Shigella infection. Conclusions: Due to the mutual cause-effect relationships between genetic predisposition and the influence of environmental factors, it is currently difficult to state which of the above factors plays a decisive role. Environmental factors that play a role in the etiopathogenesis of IBD include, first and foremost, the intestinal bacterial flora, diet, human environment and smoking. There is a clear tendency for the coexistence of autoimmune diseases in the group of patients with NCJ and a predisposition to the disease in the family. There is also a need to educate patients about the benefits of taking probiotics and taking care of proper eating habits. Key words: inflammatory bowel diseases, risk of developing the disease, irresponsible patient

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Мустафина, М. О., А. Телжанов, and З. Н. Лигай. "CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Vestnik, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53065/kaznmu.2021.91.74.014.

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Мы провели поиск в PubMed статей, опубликованных с 1980 по 2020, используя термины «острый инфаркт миокарда», «молодой», «разрыв бляшки», эрозия бляшки, спонтанное расслоение коронарной артерии (SCAD), коронарный вазоспазм», «вариантная стенокардия или стенокардия Принцметала», «лекарственный инфаркт миокарда», «миокардит», «коронарная эмболия», «микрососудистая дисфункция», «MINOCA», а также обзор всех опубликованных исследований. Используя данные этого поиска, мы стремимся проинформировать читателей о распространенности, факторах риска, проявлениях и лечении острого инфаркта миокарда у молодых пациентов, а также подробно рассказать о специальных подгруппах с диагностическими и терапевтическими проблемами. We searched PubMed for articles published from 1980 to 2020 using the terms acute myocardial infarction, young, plaque rupture, plaque erosion, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), coronary vasospasm, variant angina or angina pectoris. Prinzmetal, drug myocardial infarction, myocarditis, coronary embolism, microvascular dysfunction, MINOCA, and a review of all published studies. Using the data from this search, we aim to inform readers about the prevalence, risk factors, manifestations and treatment of acute myocardial infarction in young patients, as well as detail the special subgroups with diagnostic and therapeutic problems.

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Bashirov, N. H. "RISK FACTORS IN ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES." Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine 1, no. 1 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29254/2077-4214-2020-1-155-76-80.

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Melamed, Samuel, Talma Kushnir, and Arie Shirom. "Burnout and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases." Behavioral Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 1992): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08964289.1992.9935172.

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Albandar, Jasim M. "Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Periodontal Diseases." Dental Clinics of North America 49, no. 3 (July 2005): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2005.03.003.

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