Academic literature on the topic 'Pasture response'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pasture response"
1
Bolland, M. D. A., and I. F. Guthridge. "Determining the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05184.
Full textAbstract:
Fertiliser phosphorus (P) and, more recently, fertiliser nitrogen (N) are regularly applied to intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia. However, it is not known if applications of fertiliser N change pasture dry matter (DM) yield responses to applied fertiliser P. In three Western Australian field experiments (2000–04), six levels of P were applied to large plots with or without fertiliser N. The pastures were rotationally grazed. Grazing started when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. Plots were grazed in common with the lactating dairy herd in the 6-h period between the morning and afternoon milking. A pasture DM yield response to applied N occurred for all harvests in all three experiments. For the two experiments on P deficient soil, pasture DM yield responses also occurred to applications of P. For some harvests when no fertiliser N was applied, probably because mineral N in soil was so small, there was a small, non-significant pasture DM response to applied P and the P × N interaction was highly significant (P < 0.001). However, for most harvests there was a significant pasture DM response to both applied N and P, and the P × N interaction was significant (P < 0.05–0.01), with the response to applied P, and maximum yield plateaus to applied P, being smaller when no N was applied. Despite this, for the significant pasture DM responses to applied P, the level of applied P required to produce 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield was mostly similar with or without applied N. Evidently for P deficient soils in the region, pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser P are smaller or may fail to occur unless fertiliser N is also applied. In a third experiment, where the soil had a high P status (i.e. more typical of most dairy farms in the region), there was only a pasture DM yield response to applied fertiliser N. We recommend that fertiliser P should not be applied to dairy pastures in the region until soil testing indicates likely deficiency, to avoid developing unproductive, unprofitable large surpluses of P in soil, and reduce the likelihood of P leaching and polluting water in the many drains and waterways in the region. For all three experiments, critical Colwell soil test P (a soil test value that was related to 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield), was similar for the two fertiliser N treatments.
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Holst, P. J., D. F. Stanley, G. D. Millar, A. Radburn, D. L. Michalk, P. M. Dowling, R. Van de Ven, et al. "Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 3. Animal production response to pasture type and management." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 4 (2006): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04041.
Full textAbstract:
The main limitations for prime lamb production in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales are low availability of forage early in the growing season (late autumn–early winter) and low nutritive value in the summer. This paper describes the performance of a first-cross lamb breeding enterprise on 4 pasture types and 2 management systems over 4 years for the Central Tablelands region. The pastures studied comprised a traditional unfertilised naturalised pasture, a similar pasture fertilised with superphosphate, a sod-sown fertilised introduced perennial grass pasture and a sod-sown summer growing perennial, chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) pasture. Grazing management involved either continuous grazing or tactical grazing that combined a lower annual stocking rate with an optional summer rest to maintain perennial grass content above 50%. An additional area of chicory pasture was set aside for finishing lambs. Over the experiment stocking rates were increased each year as the pasture became established, with increases ranging from 1.5 ewes/ha for tactically grazed unfertilised natural pasture to 3.6 ewes/ha, for chicory and clover pasture. The feed quality v. quantity problem of summer and autumn was reaffirmed for each pasture type except chicory and the lamb enterprise appeared to be sufficiently adaptable to be promising. Ewes lambed in September and produced satisfactory lamb growth rates (about 280 g/day for twins) on the various pastures until weaning in late December. Thereafter, lamb growth rates declined as the pastures senesced, except chicory, reaffirming the feed quality v. quantity problem in summer and autumn of naturalised and sown grass pastures for producing lamb to heavyweight market specifications. Weaning liveweights (in the range of 32–40 kg) from grass-based pastures were high enough for only about 45% of the lambs to be sold as domestic trade lambs with the remainder as unfinished lambs. In contrast, the chicory and clover finishing pasture produced lamb growth rates of 125 g/day and quality large, lean lambs suitable for the export market. Vegetable matter in the late January shorn wool was insignificant and there was no significant effect of pasture on fleece weight, fibre diameter or staple strength. Position of break in staples of wool from chicory pastures differed from that of the other pasture types and warrants further study on time of shearing. It was concluded that a first cross lamb producing enterprise of suitable genetics was effective in producing trade and store lambs before pasture senescence, but the inclusion of a specialised pasture of summer growing chicory would create greater opportunities. In the unreliable summer rainfall region of the Central Tablelands, the area of chicory pasture needed to maintain lamb growth rates of >125 g/day, estimated from these results, is around 10 lamb/ha of chicory.
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Saul, Geoffrey, Gavin Kearney, and Dion Borg. "Pasture systems to improve productivity of sheep in south-western Victoria. 1. Growth, composition, nutritive value and persistence of resown pastures." Animal Production Science 49, no. 8 (2009): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06142.
Full textAbstract:
Two pasture systems were compared at five on-farm sites across south-western Victoria between 1990 and 1996. The ‘typical’ pasture treatment mimicked the pasture and grazing management common in the region, with volunteer annual-based pastures fertilised with around 5 kg/ha phosphorus (P) each year. The ‘upgraded’ pasture treatments were resown to phalaris, perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover, and higher rates of fertiliser (13–25 kg P/ha.year) plus other nutrients were applied. Both pastures were set stocked with the participating farmers breeding ewes. Stocking rate was an emergent variable on each plot. The stocking rate on the typical treatments was based on normal farm practise. Initially, the stocking rate of the upgraded pastures was 15% higher than for the typical pastures and increased over time depending if the ewes in the upgraded pastures were heavier than those in the typical pastures. Measurements included soil fertility, pasture production, nutritive value and composition, and animal production. Net annual pasture production of the upgraded pastures was 10 500 kg/ha compared with 8700 kg/ha for the typical pastures. This average difference (18%) between the treatments was greatly influenced by the large advantage (40%) of the upgraded pasture in the wet year of 1992. Upgraded pastures had higher pasture production than typical pastures in spring but the reverse occurred in autumn. In a separate small plot experiment, the response of each pasture to higher P fertiliser applications was tested. In autumn and winter, there was a significant interaction between pasture type and P rate, with higher responses on the upgraded pastures. In spring, both pastures responded to increased P applications but the upgraded pastures were more responsive at all P rates. The upgraded pastures contained significantly higher legume content (30–50%) than the typical pastures (10–20%). The proportion of sown perennial grasses in the upgraded pasture declined from around 30 to 10% after 6 years displaced by annual grasses and broad-leaf weeds. Herbage from upgraded pastures had significantly higher crude protein content (2–7 units) and digestibility (1–10 units) than the typical pastures with the difference between the treatments increasing over time. The set stocking policy used in this experiment is likely to have exacerbated the decline in sown perennial grasses and implementation of some form of strategic or rotational grazing may have improved persistence. The experiment also highlights the importance of selecting perennial grasses able to cope with the local environment and grazing conditions. Despite the decline in perennials, these results show significant potential to improve pasture productivity and quality in south-western Victoria.
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Macdonald, K. A., C. Matthew, C. B. Glassey, and N. Mclean. "Dairy farm systems to aid persistence." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3199.
Full textAbstract:
This manuscript reviews fundamental pasture management principles relevant to pasture persistence. We first note some points of context, within which the debate on pasture persistence is occurring: the release of new pasture cultivars, the debate about climate change, and the effects of newly introduced weeds and pests. We then examine trends in farm practice. The critical management period (of most concern to farmers) has shifted from winter/autumn to summer. It is essential that farmers have and use sets of decision rules to govern when and how hard to graze, when to supplement and when to remove cows from pasture to allow pastures to be grazed appropriately to aid pasture persistence. Adaptations available to improve pasture persistence include: the use of nitrogen fertiliser to increase feed supply going into the summer, the use of crops or other feed supplements, stocking rate and on-off grazing to ensure the pastures are appropriately grazed in the summer. New pastures must be treated with care in their first year of life to ensure survival. The response of farmers to these variables to aid persistence of pastures is discussed. Keywords: climate, insect pests, pasture growth model, pasture renewal, weeds
5
Bolland, M. D. A., and I. F. Guthridge. "Quantifying pasture dry matter responses to applications of potassium fertiliser for an intensively grazed, rain-fed dairy pasture in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser." Animal Production Science 49, no. 2 (2009): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08106.
Full textAbstract:
Rain-fed dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia comprise the annual species subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). In wet years, clover becomes potassium (K) deficient and shows large dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser K due to leaching of K in soil by rainfall. In contrast, ryegrass rarely shows DM responses to applied K. Many dairy pastures in the region are now intensively grazed to maximise pasture use for milk production, and nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied after each grazing. It is not known if frequent applications of fertiliser N to these pastures changes pasture DM responses to applied K. Therefore, a long-term (2002–07) field experiment was undertaken on an intensively grazed dairy pasture in the region to quantify pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser K with or without applications of adequate fertiliser N (141–200 kg N/ha per year). Soil samples (top 10 cm of soil) were collected from each plot of the experiment each February to measure soil test K by the standard Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure used for both K and phosphorus soil testing in the region. When no N was applied, pasture comprised ~70% (dry weight basis) clover and 25% ryegrass, compared with ~70% ryegrass and 25% clover when adequate N was applied. Significant linear responses of pasture DM to applied K occurred in 3 of the 6 years of the experiment only when no N was applied and clover dominated the pasture. The largest response varied from ~1.7 to 2.0 t/ha DM consumed by dairy cows at all grazings in each year, giving a K response efficiency of between 8 and 10 kg DM/ha per kg K/ha applied. Significant pasture DM responses to applied N occurred at all grazings in each year, with ~2–3 t/ha extra DM consumed by dairy cows at all grazings in each year being produced when a total of 141–200 kg N/ha was applied per year, giving an N response efficiency of ~7–19 kg DM/ha per kg N/ha applied. Soil test K values were very variable, attributed to varying proportions of soil samples per plot collected between and within cow urine patches, containing much K, arbitrarily deposited on experimental plots during grazing. Soil test K values were not significantly affected by the rates of K applied per year. A re-evaluation of results from the major soil K test study conducted for pastures in the region confirm that ryegrass rarely showed DM responses to applied K, and that for clover, soil K testing poorly predicted the likelihood of K deficiency in the next growing season.
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Gourley, C. J. P., and G. S. James. "Predicting the response of irrigated perennial pasture to superphosphate in Victoria." Soil Research 35, no. 2 (1997): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96061.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments were conducted at 42 sites in the northern and south-eastern irrigation districts of Victoria to determine the relationship between extractable phosphorus (P) using the Olsen P soil test, and response of irrigated perennial pasture to an annual application of superphosphate. Relative responses (the response relative to the maximum yield, P non-limiting) were measured over 4 seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring). At 12 of these sites, selected from a range of soils with different clay contents, the effect of clay content on the curvature of the pasture dry mass (DM) response was determined. Different soil-sampling methods, with the surface organic mat included or excluded from the sample, were used to measure Olsen P. A well-defined linear model described the relationship between Olsen P values of soil sampled using these two methods. There was no significant effect of season on the relationship between relative response and Olsen P value. There was also no significant relationship between the curvature of the response to applied P and clay content of the soil. The derived relationship between Olsen P soil test level and relative response to applied fertiliser accounted for only 14 · 6% of the variation and it appears that other factors are markedly affecting irrigated pasture response to applied superphosphate. The accumulation of organic matter on the surface of irrigated perennial pastures may be influencing nutrient availability and pasture growth, and warrants further investigation.
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Gourley, Cameron J. P., Murray C. Hannah, and Kohleth T. H. Chia. "Predicting pasture yield response to nitrogenous fertiliser in Australia using a meta-analysis-derived model, with field validation." Soil Research 55, no. 6 (2017): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17032.
Full textAbstract:
An improved ability to predict pasture dry matter (DM) yield response to applied nitrogen (N) is a crucial step in determining the production and economic benefits of N fertiliser inputs with associated environmental benefits from reducing inefficient N fertiliser use. Pasture DM yield responses to applied N fertiliser from 920 independent field trial sites were used from a database repository of Australian fertiliser experiments. These data were analysed and a quantitative non-linear mixed-effects model based on the Mitscherlich function was developed. The fitted model provided a good fit to a large body of data (R2 = 0.92), using readily interpretable coefficients, including fixed effects for state by season, phosphorus status and harvest type (initial or residual), and nested random effects for location and trial or subtrial. The model was limited by patchiness of metadata, uneven representation of regions and few very high rates of applied N in the data. Nonetheless, model predictions were comparable with independent spring pasture DM responses to applied N fertiliser from subsequent field studies on three contrasting pastures on commercial dairy farms in Victoria. The final derived model can be used to predict pasture yield response to applied N fertiliser as a proportion of obtainable yield and can be scaled to absolute response using the fitted model estimates of maximal yield or, more usefully, a specified maximal yield by the user. Importantly, the response function exhibits diminishing returns, enabling marginal economic analysis and determination of optimum N fertiliser application rate to a specified pasture.
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Gourley, Cameron J. P., David M. Weaver, Richard J. Simpson, Sharon R. Aarons, Murray M. Hannah, and Ken I. Peverill. "The development and application of functions describing pasture yield responses to phosphorus, potassium and sulfur in Australia using meta-data analysis and derived soil-test calibration relationships." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19068.
Full textAbstract:
An improved ability to predict pasture dry matter (DM) yield response to applied phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) is a crucial step in determining the production and economic benefits of fertiliser inputs and the environmental benefits associated with efficient nutrient use. The adoption and application of soil testing can make substantial improvements to nutrient use efficiency, but soil test interpretation needs to be based on the best available and most relevant experimental data. This paper reports on the development of improved national and regionally specific soil test–pasture yield response functions and critical soil test P, K and S values for near-maximum growth of improved pastures across Australia. A comprehensive dataset of pasture yield responses to fertiliser applications was collated from field experiments conducted in all improved pasture regions of Australia. The Better Fertiliser Decisions for Pastures (BFDP) database contains data from 3032 experiment sites, 21918 yield response measures and 5548 experiment site years. These data were converted to standard measurement units and compiled within a specifically designed relational database, where the data could be explored and interpreted. Key data included soil and site descriptions, pasture type, fertiliser type and rate, nutrient application rate, DM yield measures and soil test results (i.e. Olsen P, Colwell P, P buffering, Colwell K, Skene K, exchangeable K, CPC S, KCl S). These data were analysed, and quantitative non-linear mixed effects models based upon the Mitscherlich function were developed. Where appropriate, disparate datasets were integrated to derive the most appropriate response relationships for different soil texture and P buffering index classes, as well as interpretation at the regional, state, and national scale. Overall, the fitted models provided a good fit to the large body of data, using readily interpretable coefficients, but were at times limited by patchiness of meta-data and uneven representation of different soil types and regions. The models provided improved predictions of relative pasture yield response to soil nutrient status and can be scaled to absolute yield using a specified maximal yield by the user. Importantly, the response function exhibits diminishing returns, enabling marginal economic analysis and determination of optimum fertiliser application rate to a specific situation. These derived relationships form the basis of national standards for soil test interpretation and fertiliser recommendations for Australian pastures and grazing industries, and are incorporated within the major Australian fertiliser company decision support systems. However, the utility of the national database is limited without a contemporary web-based interface, like that developed for the Better Fertiliser Decisions for Cropping (BFDC) national database. An integrated approach between the BFDP and the BFDC would facilitate the interrogation of the database by advisors and farmers to generate yield response curves relevant to the region and/or pasture system of interest and provides the capacity to accommodate new data in the future.
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Elliott, D. E., and R. J. Abbott. "Nitrogen fertiliser use on rain-fed pasture in the Mt Lofty Ranges, SouthAustralia. 2. Responses of perennial grasses, Tama ryegrass, andsod-sown oats to nitrogen fertiliser and cutting frequency." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 6 (2003): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01132.
Full textAbstract:
Two series of experiments were conducted in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, to examine, in a grass–subterranean clover pasture, the contribution of the companion grass to herbage mass and the responsiveness to the application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The first study examined the responsiveness, to a single rate of N, of grass–clover pastures containing either Tama ryegrass, sod-sown oats or 1 of 4 perennial grasses, viz. Victorian perennial ryegrass, Demeter fescue, Currie cocksfoot or Australian phalaris. These were compared in 2 experiments, under 3��different cutting frequencies at 3 periods during the growing season. In the other study, consisting of 12�experiments, the response to increasing rate of N fertiliser application of sod-sown oats or the existing pasture were compared over a 3-month period following N fertiliser application in autumn.In autumn and winter, all pastures responded significantly to N fertiliser, whereas in spring, the proportion of clover in each pasture and its growth determined whether or not there was a response to N fertiliser. Clover composition of pastures declined with N application, but clover was not eliminated from swards by application of 210 kg N/ha a year. In both series of experiments, pastures that established well with a high density of sod-sown oats out-yielded all other pastures in autumn and winter, whether the swards were unfertilised or received regular N fertiliser applications. In late winter, pastures sod-sown with Tama ryegrass yielded as well as the pasture sod-sown with oats, and enhanced spring growth significantly compared with perennial ryegrass. However, spring production of Tama ryegrass was poorer than that of perennial ryegrass, and overall no increase in annual production occurred. Of the perennial grasses, the highest yielding when N fertiliser was applied were Currie cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass (yielding in autumn), phalaris (winter), and perennial ryegrass and Demeter fescue (spring). Increased cutting frequency depressed the herbage mass response to N fertiliser following the initial application, but increased herbage N concentration of all pastures and also increased the final clover composition of N-fertilised pasture of 4�pasture types.
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Toscan, Gustavo, Gustavo Cauduro Cadore, João Francisco Tadinello Limana, Augusto Weber, Heloisa Heinloft Palma, Marta Medeiros Frescura Duarte, Luis Antônio Sangioni, and Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel. "Immune response of sheep naturally infected with Haemonchus spp. on pastures with two different nutritional conditions." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p809.
Full textAbstract:
Parasitic nematodes in the gastrointestinal tract of small ruminants are considered one of the main causes of economical and productive losses. Haemonchus contortus is characterized as the major parasite affecting sheep worldwide. This study was designed to evaluate immunological responses in sheep naturally infected with Haemonchus spp. in two different feed grounds: native and cultivated pasture. Fecal and blood samples were collected weekly from fifteen Corriedale sheep, ages 8 to 12 months, to determine the counting of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), and the concentration of haematocrit, eosinophils, and cytokines during an 84-day experiment. Bromatological analysis of the two pasture treatments (types) showed levels of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates of 9.7% and 12.3% in the native pasture and 14.3% and 23.7% for the cultivated pasture, respectively. No significant difference in haematocrit concentration was found during the experiment between different pastures (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were found in EPG, eosinophils, interleukins, and immunoglobulins levels after 21 days in the cultivated (nutritionally-enhanced) pasture. These data suggest that immune response was characterized in sheep by significantly higher peripheral eosinophilia and an increase in serum concentrations of IgE, IgA, IgG, TNF-?, IFN-?, and IL-6. Likewise, the improvement in forage condition resulted in a reduction of EPG and an increase of elements that improve a sheep’s immune system response against Haemonchus spp. infection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pasture response"
1
Brown, Peter Robert, and n/a. "Pasture response following rabbit control on grazing land." University of Canberra. Resource & Environmental Science, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061113.144813.
Full textAbstract:
The experiments described in this thesis were designed to assess changes in pasture
dynamics (biomass and species composition of pasture) of grazing land on the Southern
Tablelands of ACT and NSW, after 16 combinations of rabbit control treatments had been
applied. The rabbit control performed by CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology
consisted of all combinations of presence-absence of Poisoning (using sodium
monofluoroacetate, 1080: POIS), Ripping (ripping warrens using a tractor fitted with
ripping tynes: RIP), Fumigation (pressure fumigation using chloropicrin: FUM) and
repeated follow-up fumigation (using phostoxin pellets one, six and eighteen months after
completion of the initial treatment: ANN). The pasture was assessed before treatments
were applied, and every six months after rabbit control treatments. Treatment
combinations were assigned randomly in a 24 factorial design on a total of 32 sites.
There was a significant increase of pasture biomass at the RIP+ANN treatment at
post-treatment sample 5. The analysis of covariance did not detect any other significant
increase or decrease of pasture biomass for any rabbit control treatment, at any posttreatment
sample.
A significant increase of grass species occurred for the treatments of
POIS+RIP+FUM, POIS and RIP+ANN for the post-treatment samples of 1, 3 and 5
respectively. There was a significant increase of thistles at the rabbit control treatments of
POIS+RIP+FUM+ANN (post-treatment sample 1), RIP, ANN, RIP+FUM,
RIP+FUM+ANN and POIS+RIP+FUM+ANN (post-treatment sample 3) and RIP and
FUM+ANN (post-treatment sample 5). A significant increase of weeds occurred at FUM
(post-treatment sample 3) and at FUM+ANN (post-treatment sample 5). No significant
changes in the amount of herbs or legumes was apparent for any rabbit control treatment or
post-treatment sample. There were no significant decreases for any species group. Except
for the significant results for post-treatment sample 1, all significant increases of biomass
for any species group occurred during spring (post-treatment sample 3 and 5) which
suggests a growth phase during spring then subsequent dieback (particularly for thistles and
weeds), as any change was not detected in the following autumn sample. No strong trend
is evident for any particular rabbit control treatments, or any combination of treatments.
Analysis of covariance revealed that the rabbit control treatment of RIP+ANN
showed significant increases in both total biomass of pasture and grass biomass during
post-treatment sample 5. This treatment reduced the number of active entrances the most.
Significant positive correlations were found between pasture biomass (total) with
grass, herb, legume, thistle and weed species groups. Significant negative correlations
between grass biomass and the number of active entrances were found when the rabbit
control had been highly effective in reducing the number of active entrances. When rabbit
control had not been very successful, there was a significant positive but low correlation
with the number of active entrances. There was no significant relationship between the
number of active entrances with the weight of rabbit dung pellets. It is reasoned that they
are different measures of rabbit abundance. More rabbit dung pellets were found closer to
the warren than further away from the warren, but there was no correlation between rabbit
dung and pasture biomass.
Rainfall was above average for most of the experiment, biomass increased
accordingly, and rabbit control was highly successful. The resulting changes in the pasture
were difficult to detect, although some increases in species composition groups occurred.
It is reasoned that the changes observed are partly attributable to seasonal conditions, and
to high rainfall. Grazing by domestic animals, sheep and cattle, had been found to be
consistent throughout the experiment.
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Manning, Paul. "Response of invertebrate communities to intensive management of improved pasture ecosystems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:266bd0f5-19ba-49f8-aab0-44a62567c80e.
Full textAbstract:
The number of people on our planet is projected to rise to between 9.4 and 10 billion by 2050. Some estimates suggest that current levels of food production will need to double to feed this population. Increasing the intensity of food production on existing agricultural land will be a crucial element in meeting this goal, but practices associated with intensive management can cause biodiversity declines and erode the ecosystem functions that underpin production. My work explores agricultural intensification within the context of pasture-based cattle production. I focus on a variety of ecosystem functions supported by dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) and other dung-associated invertebrates. I investigate how variations in diversity, and chemical perturbations of veterinary anthelmintics affect the delivery of multiple ecosystem functions. I show that maintaining species-rich dung beetle assemblages has inconsistent benefits in providing multiple ecosystem functions. While dung beetles play an important role in supporting functioning in the short term, my work also reveals that their contributions may be less evident when considered over longer periods. Chemical perturbations caused by anthelmintic residues represent a significant threat to some invertebrate groups, but my experiments show that exposure does not always translate into an immediate reduction in ecosystem functioning. While use of anthelmintic products with relatively low toxicological risk did not cause obvious reductions in function, my work shows exposure can have significant consequences for the conservation of sensitive species. Overall, my work highlights the need for multigenerational studies, mathematical modelling, and careful consideration of sublethal effects to assess fully the risks of anthelmintic residues in the pasture environment. Furthermore, the emphasis on dung beetles (rather than other dung-associated invertebrates) in the existing literature neglects potentially important functional benefits provided by other taxa, such as earthworms. As the global human population continues to expand, it is important that we find sustainable ways to produce food while simultaneously conserving biodiversity. As loss of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems does not always have functional consequences, it is important that wider justifications for conservation remain integrated into agricultural policy and practice.
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Kaufman, Katelyn Lucille. "Physiological response of grazing horses to seasonal fluctuations in pasture nonstructural carbohydrates." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89013.
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Forage is an essential part of the equine diet for health and performance. Pasture nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) have been shown to fluctuate diurnally and seasonally throughout the year due to various factors including environmental conditions and plant stress. The intake of elevated NSC content is linked with metabolic and digestive diseases, including colic and laminitis. A yearlong grazing study was conducted at the Virginia Tech Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension Center from October 2016 through September 2017 to investigate fluctuations in pasture NSC concentrations as well as the metabolic and digestive response of grazing horses. Twelve sporthorse mares (15 ± 3.4 yrs) were maintained on an 8.5-ha cool season mixed grass pasture with water, mineral (Buckeye Nutrition, Dalton, OH), and white salt ad libitum. Weekly pasture samples (200 g wet weight) were clipped at random 2.5 cm from the plant base at 0800 (AM) and 1600 h (PM) on d 1 and 0800 (AM) and 1300 h (PM) on d 2. Samples were weighed and dried at 70� C and submitted to a commercial laboratory (Equi-analytical, Ithaca, NY) to determine NSC content (water soluble carbohydrates [WSC] + starch). Environmental conditions were measured including ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, rainfall, soil and canopy temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Corresponding weekly blood samples were collected at 1300 h on d 2 via jugular venipuncture into 4 mL potassium oxalate, and 7 mL EDTA vacutainer tubes and analyzed for glucose (mg/dL), insulin (μIU/mL), and L-lactate (mg/dL). Each month, fecal grab samples were collected from the midrectum to measure pH and D-lactate (�M). Additionally, monthly glucose and insulin dynamics (% �) were assessed via a modified oral sugar test. Pasture nutrients including DE (2.35 ± 0.12 Mcal/kg), NSC (25.45 ± 4.02% DM), WSC (19.65 ± 3.47% DM), and starch (7.25 ± 1.29% DM) were higher in the afternoon hours (PM) compared to morning measurements (AM). Pasture CP and carbohydrate fractions were higher in the spring and fall months compared to summer and winter months with NSC concentrations being highest in May (wk 19) at 25.45% DM. Pasture NSC content was correlated (P � 0.05) with relative humidity (r = 0.38), solar radiation (r = 0.32), and PAR (r = 0.51) and tended (P � 0.1) to have a relationship with ambient temperature (r = 0.23) and rainfall (r = 0.23). There was seasonal variation in all morphometric measures in grazing horses. BW was highest in the spring (P < 0.0001), while BCS and CNS were highest in the fall (P = 0.0021 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Metabolic responses in grazing horses also fluctuated seasonally with glucose and insulin concentrations being most elevated in the spring (P < 0.0001). There was also seasonal variation in digestive measures in grazing horses. Plasma L-lactate and fecal D-lactate means differed by month (P < 0.05) with the highest concentrations in April (11.8 ± 0.91 mg/dL and 4220.4 ± 185.5 �M, respectively). Fecal pH was most acidic in April (6.52 ± 0.08). Pasture NSC content was correlated with weight (r = 0.35), glucose (r = 0.21), and insulin (0.26) in grazing horses and tended to have a relationship with CNS (r = 0.14). There was also a relationship between NSC and plasma L-lactate (r = 0.33), fecal D-lactate (r = 0.48) and pH (r = -0.27). Lastly, glucose and insulin % � (P < 0.0001) were greatest during spring months, but there was no effect of fasting insulin (P < 0.2787) or fasting glucose (P < 0.2055) on glucose % �. These data indicate a relationship between seasonal changes in pasture NSC content and the physiological response in grazing horses. Future aims include evaluating possible seasonal fluctuations in the hindgut microbiome of grazing horses to better understand the link between the equine microbiome and nutritionally-related disturbances. Improved grazing management strategies are needed to reduce the risk of metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders in horses, which may lead to subsequent colic and pasture-associated laminitis.Doctor of Philosophy
Lush pastures are an important part of the equine diet for overall health and performance. However, there are several nutrition-related diseases that can occur when environmental conditions favor starch and sugar (nonstructural carbohydrates, NSC) accumulation in pasture grasses. Environmental conditions such as air temperature, intensity of sunlight, frost, and drought can all lead to increased accumulation of NSC in pasture grasses, especially in spring and fall months. When horses graze pastures with elevated NSC concentrations they can develop several conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and gastrointestinal upset. One of the most common but least understood equine diseases is pasture-associated laminitis, in which inflammation causes pain and damage to the structure of the equine hoof. The objectives of our research were to measure seasonal changes in pasture NSC concentrations as well as the metabolic and digestive response in grazing horses to better understand how the intake of pasture NSC content may lead to disturbances or disease in the horse. A yearlong grazing study was conducted at the Virginia Tech Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension Center from October 2016 through September 2017 to investigate the relationship between pasture NSC and grazing horses. Twelve sporthorse mares were maintained on a 21-acre mixed grass pasture with water, mineral (Buckeye Nutrition, Dalton, OH), and white salt ad libitum. Weekly pasture samples collected to determine NSC content of the grasses. Weekly blood samples were collected from the horses to measure glucose, insulin, and L- lactate concentrations. Each month, fecal samples were collected to measure pH and Dlactate. Additionally, monthly glucose and insulin dynamics (% ∆) were assessed via a modified oral sugar test. Pasture NSC content fluctuated throughout the year and was most elevated in the spring and fall months. There was seasonal variation in the metabolic response of grazing horses with glucose and insulin concentrations being highest in the spring months. There was also seasonal variation in digestive measures in grazing horses. Plasma L-lactate and fecal D-lactate were most elevated in the spring and fecal pH was most acidic in the spring. These results indicate a relationship between seasonal changes in pasture NSC content and the physiological response in grazing horses. Future aims include evaluating possible seasonal fluctuations in the hindgut microbiota of grazing horses to better understand the link between the equine gastrointestinal bacteria and nutritionally-related diseases. Improved grazing management strategies are needed to reduce the risk of metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders in horses, which may lead to diseases such as colic and pasture-associated laminitis.
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McIntosh, Bridgett J. "Circadian and Seasonal Variation in Pasture Nonstructural Carbohydrates and the Physiological Response of Grazing Horses." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27742.
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Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), which includes sugars, starches and fructans in pasture forages, undergo circadian and seasonal variation which has direct effects on metabolism in grazing horses. Increased intake of NSC is implicated in the development of digestive and metabolic disorders, such as laminitis. A series of five studies at Virginia Techâ s M.A.R.E. Center in April, May, August, and October 2005, and January 2006, examined circadian and seasonal variability in forage NSC content and metabolic and digestive variables in horses over a 36 h sampling period. Fourteen mares were randomly assigned to grazing (housed on a 5-ha predominantly tall fescue pasture; n = 10) or control (stabled within the pasture and fed timothy/alfalfa hay; n = 4) groups. Blood samples were collected hourly from the horses which corresponded to hourly pasture forage samples. In all five studies, plasma glucose and insulin were measured and proxies for insulin resistance were calculated. In the April study, plasma L-lactate and fecal pH, L-lactate, D-lactate and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were also measured. Two approaches were used for the determination of carbohydrate profiles in pasture forage samples. For the first (LAB1), sugar was water soluble carbohydrates extracted prior to analysis for starch, and included fructans. The NSC was the sum of starch and sugar. For the second (LAB2), samples were analyzed for specific NSC fractions using hydrolytic enzymes, with the addition of HCL for the determination of fructans including graminans, the type of fructans in cool season grasses. Both the LAB1 and LAB2 analyses revealed circadian and seasonal patterns in forage NSC and its constituents. In general, pasture forage NSC content was lowest in the morning and highest in the late afternoon. April had the highest NSC content which was comprised mostly of simple sugars. Forage NSC content (LAB1) was associated with environmental variables in all months with strongest correlations in April; ambient temperature (r = 0.72, P < 0.001), solar radiation (r = 0.62, P < 0.001), and humidity (r = -0.84, P < 0.001). In the animals, plasma insulin was highest in grazing horses in April (P < 0.001) followed by May (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin was higher in grazing compared to control horses at all sample points in April, and a circadian pattern was evident (P = 0.012). In grazing horses, plasma glucose was higher in April than all months except for May, and plasma glucose was higher in grazing horses compared to controls in April. In grazing horses, plasma insulin was significantly correlated with NSC and sugar in April (r = 0.69 and r = 0.67, respectively); May (r = 0.46 and r = 0.47, respectively); and January (r = 0.44 and r = 0.46, respectively). In April only, individual mean insulin response was proportional to the increase in insulin per increase in unit of NSC (r2 = 0.033, P < 0.001). Sinusoidal circadian patterns in NSC (r2 = 0.51, P < 0.001) and insulin in grazing horses (r2 = 0.12, P < 0.001) had similar frequency (P = 0.36). Plasma L-lactate was higher in grazing horses (0.64 mmol/L) than control horses (0.40 mmol/L) (P < 0.001). Fecal pH was lower in grazing horses (pH 6.9) than control horses (pH 7.2) (P = 0.008). Fecal VFAs, including acetic acid, butyric acid, and D- and L-lactate were higher in grazing horses compared to control horses (P < 0.05). These studies identified a link between forage NSC content and alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and digestion that may increase risk of laminitis via exacerbation of insulin resistance. Strategies for management practices to decrease intakes of pasture NSC by horses at risk of developing metabolic disorders are needed.Ph. D.
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Slaughter, Lindsey C. "SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: RESULTS FROM A TEMPERATE KENTUCKY PASTURE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/8.
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Climate change is likely to alter plant species composition and interactions between plants and soil microbes that together dictate the quantity and quality of forage produced in pastures, the base of animal production in central Kentucky. This study assessed the seasonal dynamics of soil microbes and their response to increased temperature (+3oC) and growing season precipitation (+30% of the mean annual). Total soil microbial biomass, community composition, enzyme activities, potential carbon mineralization, and catabolic responses to selected substrates were measured seasonally in the different climate treatments. In this system, seasonal variability was a dominant driving factor for all the soil microbial characteristics that I investigated. Summer maxima and winter minima were identified in the active microbial biomass, while soil microbial community structure differed between each season. Extracellular enzyme activities were generally highest in either the spring or summer, while seasonal patterns for each substrate were unique across catabolic response profiles. Climate treatments produced few significant main or interactive effects on the soil microbial biomass and function. This resiliency, coupled with evidence of functional redundancy, suggests that central Kentucky pasture ecosystems may be well-equipped to handle future environmental stress associated with climate change and to maintain critical ecosystem services.
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Bankroff, Timothy J. "Arthropod community response to high-intensity, low-frequency cattle grazing events and pasture succession." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1417541806.
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Joseph, Tony. "The response of photosynthesis and respiration of a grass and a native shrub to varying temperature and soil water content." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6685.
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In New Zealand, native shrubs are considered an important potential carbon-sink in disturbed or abandoned land (e.g., pastoral land that is unsustainable for long-term pastoral agriculture). However, the impact of varying environmental drivers on carbon uptake from photosynthesis and carbon loss from respiration of a developing shrubland remains uncertain. In this study, the effects of both temperature and soil water content (θ) on photosynthesis and respiration were examined under controlled growth cabinet and field conditions in a pasture grass and the native shrub, kānuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides). The purpose of the investigation was to assess the combined impacts of varying temperature and θ on canopy processes and to disentangle the effects of θ on photosynthesis and respiration for the two different plant types.
A controlled growth cabinet study (Chapter 2) showed that θ had a greater effect on the short-term temperature response of photosynthesis than the temperature response of respiration. The optimum value of θ for net photosynthesis was around 30 % for both kānuka and the grass. Statistical analysis showed that the temperature sensitivity of photosynthetic parameters was similar for both plant types, but the sensitivity of respiratory parameters was different. Reduction in θ induced an inhibition of photosynthetic capacity in both plant types. The response of respiratory parameters to θ was not related to substrate limitations, however available evidence suggests that it is likely to be a species dependent plant mechanism in regulating the cost of maintenance due to reduced photosynthate assimilation and decreasing energy supply to support the activity of respiratory enzymes.
Results obtained from a field study (Chapter 3) showed that photosynthesis and respiration in the grass and kānuka were sensitive to seasonal changes in temperature and θ. Photosynthetic parameters showed little acclimation following changes in seasonal growth conditions. In contrast, respiratory parameters tended to acclimate more strongly. Respiratory acclimation to multiple environmental conditions was characterised by changes in temperature sensitivity and a shift in the response of respiration to temperature, demonstrating the involvement of both ‘Type I’ and ‘Type II’ acclimation in both plant types.
The results from controlled growth cabinet and field studies were used to drive a leaf level model that integrates the responses of photosynthesis and respiration to changes in temperature and θ and incorporates acclimation using variable photosynthetic and respiratory parameters (Chapter 4). This model was used to estimate the annual canopy carbon exchange of the grass and kānuka in response to seasonal changes and to predict changes in canopy carbon exchange under varying future climate change scenarios. The model highlighted the importance of considering seasonally-acclimated parameters in estimating canopy carbon exchange of both plant types to concurrent changes in multiple environmental variables.
The overall results support the conclusion that understanding the combined effects of environmental variables on canopy processes is essential for predicting canopy net carbon exchange of a pasture-shrub system in a changing global environment. It has been shown here that the rate of increase in photosynthesis with increasing θ is greater than that of respiration which results in a progressively greater apparent carbon gain at moderate values of θ. Moreover, the impact of lower values of θ, which reduced the apparent sensitivity of respiration to temperature, may effectively decrease the rate of respiration during warmer summer months and enhance thermal acclimation via downregulation of respiration. Therefore, considering the influence of soil water conditions on the temperature sensitivity of photosynthetic and respiratory model parameters has important implications for precisely predicting the net carbon exchange of a pasture-shrub system.
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Williamson, Jessica A. "Animal and Pasture Responses to Grazing Management of Chemically Suppressed Tall Fescue in Mixed Pastures." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/57.
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Treatment of endophyte-infected tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh] with the broad leaf herbicide Chaparral® can mitigate fescue toxicosis and enhance forage quality by suppressing seedhead emergence. Applying the herbicide to fescue pastures also reduces forage mass and promotes severe spot grazing when pastures are continuously grazed. A grazing experiment was conducted with steers (2013) and heifers (2014) to evaluate animal and plant responses in fescue-bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) mixtures treated with Chaparral to determine the effects of grazing management on pasture carrying capacity, nutritive values, botanical composition, and animal performance. Continuous and rotational (i.e., four subdivisions to provide a 7-d grazing period and a 21-d rest period) grazing treatments were assigned to six, 3.0-ha fescue-bluegrass pastures in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each pasture had six tester animals, and stocking rates were varied using put-and-take animals. Pastures were grazed from 16 April to 8 July 2013 (Year 1) and 20 May to 12 Aug (Year 2) and cattle were blocked by body weight for allotment to pastures. Pasture carrying capacities were greater (P = 0.07) for rotational compared to continuous pastures across both years. Calves on rotationally grazed pastures had greater average daily gain (P = 0.03) and gain per acre (P = 0.05) than those on the continuous treatment across both years. Canopies of continuously grazed pastures contained less (P = 0.01) tall fescue than those in rotationally grazed pastures. Herbage in pre-grazed paddocks had less NDF and ADF than post-grazed paddocks and continuously grazed pastures in 2013 (P < 0.10), but did not differ in 2014 (P > 0.10). In vitro digestible dry matter was greater (P = 0.07) in pre-graze rotational pastures in 2013 compared with continuous and post-graze rotational, and IVDDM did not differ (P < 0.01) between pre-graze rotational and continuous in 2014, but was greater than post-graze rotational. Crude protein was lower (P = 0.06) in both years in post-graze rotational pasture than in continuous or pre-graze rotational pasture, which did not differ. In 2013, there was no difference (P = 0.60) in root WSC among treatments; however, in 2014, WSC levels were greater (P = 0.01) in rotationally grazed pastures compared with continuously grazed pastures. This grazing experiment indicated that rotational grazing of Chaparral treated fescue-bluegrass mixtures can improve both animal performance and the sustainability of pasture productivity.
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Varella, Alexandre Costa. "Modelling lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) crop response to light regimes in an agroforestry system." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1477.
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The general goal of this research was to understand the agronomic and physiological changes of a lucerne crop in distinct physical radiation environments and to verify the potential of lucerne to grow under shaded conditions. To achieve this, the research was conducted in four main steps: (i) firstly, experimental data collection in the field using two artificial shade materials (shade cloth and wooden slats) under inigated and non-irrigated conditions; (ii) a second experiment with data collection in a typical temperate dryland agroforestry area under non-irrigated conditions; (iii) generation of a light interception sub-model suitable for shaded crops and (iv) a linkage between the light interception sub-model and a canopy photosynthesis model for agroforestry use. In experiments 1 and 2, lucerne crop was exposed to 6 different light regimes: full sunlight (FS), shade cloth (FS+CL), wooden slats (FS+SL), trees (T), trees+cloth (T +CL) and trees+slats (T+SL). The FS+SL structure produced a physical radiation environment (radiation transmission, radiation periodicity and spectral composition) that was similar to that observed in the agroforestry site (f). The mean annual photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 41 % under the FS+CL, 44% under FS+SL and 48% under T compared with FS in clear sky conditions. Plants were exposed to an intermittent (sun/shade) regime under both FS+SL and T, whereas under FS+CL the shaded light regime was continuous. The red to far-red (RIFR) ratio measured during the shade period under the slats was 0.74 and under the trees was 0.64. However, R/FR ratio increased to 1.26 and 1.23 during the illuminated period under FS+SL and T, respectively, and these were equivalent to the ratio of 1.28 observed under the FS+CL and 1.31 in FS. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) of shoots increased under the 5 shaded treatments compared with full sunlight. The pattern of radiation interception was unchanged by radiation flux, periodicity and spectral composition and all treatments had a mean extinction coefficient of 0.82. However, the magnitude of the decrease in canopy growth was less than those in PPFD transmissivity. The mean lucerne annual dry matter (DM) yield was 17.5 t ha⁻¹ in FS and 10 t ha⁻¹ under the FS+CL, FS+SL and T regimes. This declined to 3.4 t DM ha⁻¹ under T+CL (22% PPFD transmissvity) and 4.1 t DM ha⁻¹ under T+SL (23% transmissivity). A similar pattern of response was observed for leaf net photosynthesis (Pn) rates under the shade treatments compared with full sun. In addition, spectral changes observed under the trees and slats affected plant motphology by increasing the number of long stems, stem height and internode length compared with full sunlight. Thus, there were two main explanations for the increase in RUE under shade compared with full sun: (i) preferential partition of assimilates to shoot rather than root growth and/or (ii) leaves under shade were still operating at an efficient part of the photosynthetic light curve. The changes proposed for the canopy Pn model were appropriate to simulate the radiation environment of an agroforestry system. However, the model underestimated DM yields under the continuous and intermittent shade regimes. These were considered to be mainly associated with plant factors, such as overestimation in maintenance respiration and partitioning between shoots and roots in shade and the intermittency light effect on leaf Pn rates. Further investigation in these topics must be addressed to accurately predict crop yield in agroforestry areas. Overall, the lucerne crop responded typically as a sun-adapted plant under shade. It was concluded that lucerne yield potential to grow under intermediate shade was superior to most of C3 pastures previously promoted in the literature.
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Silva, Amanda Marília da. "Influência do sistema de produção no semiárido brasileiro sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos, voláteis e sensorial do leite e queijo caprino." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9412.
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Caprine livestock is among the main economic activities in semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil which is characterized by low rain rates and a dry weather, where caatinga biome represents the most important feed source for caprine herds. In this study, we evaluated the fatty acids and volatile compounds profiles as well as the sensorial properties of milk and cheese from caprines kept and raised under different systems in semi-arid Brazil, confined space and open pastures. An optimization of the extraction conditions for the volatile compounds in caprine milk was made by using Response Surface Methodology. From this statistical tool we could identify the best conditions to maximize the number of volatile compounds extracted, corresponding them to 15 minutes for equilibrium time, 30 minutes for extraction time and 45 °C for extraction temperature. Using these conditions, 19 different volatile compounds were identified. Amongst these compounds, octanoic acid (caprylic acid) and decanoic acid (capric acid) can be highlighted with having larger relative areas, and they are volatile fatty acids correlated to the characteristic flavor presented in caprine milk. The dairy caprines (Saanen and American Alpine) used were divided into two groups: Caprines fed in open pasture plus concentrate supplementation (OF) and those fed in confined space (CS) with hay and concentrate. Milk and cheese from animals fed in OF presented higher content of fatty acids for oleic acid (C18:1c9), stearic acid (C18:0), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA), including C16:1c7 C16:1c9 e C17:1c9, isomers cis and trans of C18:1, linoleic acid (C18:2n6), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), desired fatty acids (DFA) and higher PUFA/SFA and MUFA/SFA rates. Several volatile compounds found in milk and cheese from OF were not present in CS, such as the terpene compounds α-terpineol e β-caryophyllene. The milk from OS was described for having a more intense herbal flavor whereas the milk from CS was more intense in butter flavor and taste and showed a higher residual aftertaste. Regarding to the sensorial properties of the cheese, no differences were found between the two different systems, however, the overall acceptability was higher for milk and cheese from animals feed in OF. Our results suggest that raising caprines in open field can be considered the best production system to be used in semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil as it valorizes the use of the native pasture found in Caatinga to feed caprine herds, being an interesting economic alternative for the local farmers.
A pecuária caprina é uma das principais atividades realizadas na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro. Essa região caracteriza-se por apresentar condições ambientais de terras áridas e de baixa pluviosidade, onde os caprinos têm no Bioma caatinga sua principal fonte alimentar. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o impacto do sistema de produção realizado na região semiárida brasileira sobre os perfis de ácidos graxos, voláteis e sensorial do leite e do queijo caprino. Inicialmente, foi realizada a otimização das condições de extração de compostos voláteis em leite caprino por meio da metodologia da superfície de resposta. A partir desta metodologia estatística, foi possível identificar as melhores condições para maximizar a variável resposta (número de compostos voláteis extraídos), correspondendo a 15 minutos para o tempo de equilíbrio, 30 minutos para o tempo de extração e 45 °C para a temperatura de extração. Utilizando estas condições, foram identificados 19 compostos voláteis diferentes, dentre os quais se destacaram o ácido octanóico (ácido caprílico) e ácido decanóico (ácido cáprico) com maiores áreas relativas. Em seguida, cabras leiteiras mestiças, Sannen e Alpina-americana, foram divididas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em dois grupos: cabras alimentadas em sistema de pastagem mais a suplementação concentrada (SP), e aquelas alimentadas em sistema de confinamento (SC), com feno e concentrado. O leite e o queijo de animais alimentados em SP apresentaram maiores quantidades ácido oleico (C18:1c9), esteárico (C18:0), de poli-insaturados (PUFA) e monoinsaturados (MUFA) totais, incluindo os monoinsaturados C16:1c7 C16:1c9 e C17:1c9, os isômeros cis e trans de C18:1, o ácido linoleico (C18:2n6), linolênico (C18:3n3), araquidônico (C20:4n6), ácidos graxos desejáveis (DFA) e maior razão PUFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA. Alguns compostos voláteis estavam ausentes nos leites e queijos provenientes de animais de confinamento, destacando-se a presença de dois compostos terpênicos (α-terpineol e β-cariofileno), encontrados exclusivamente em leite e queijo de animais de pasto. O leite SP foi descrito com maior sabor herbáceo e o leite SC com maior aroma e sabor de manteiga e maior persistência residual. As variações entre os sistemas de produção não foram suficientes para promover diferenças perceptíveis nos atributos sensoriais dos queijos, mas, para o atributo aceitabilidade geral, tanto o leite quanto o queijo SP foram considerados mais aceitos pelos julgadores. Os resultados provenientes da execução deste estudo indicam que o melhor sistema de produção a ser realizado na região semiárida nordestina é o sistema desenvolvido na pastagem nativa com suplementação, pois valoriza a criação de caprinos leiteiros na Caatinga, tornando-se uma alternativa economicamente vantajosa para os produtores e processadores de leite de cabra.
Books on the topic "Pasture response"
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Can fallen pastors be restored?: The church's response to sexual misconduct. Chicago: Moody Press, 1995.
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Garasse, François. Le Rabelais réformé par les ministres: Et nommément par Pierre du Moulin, ministre de Charanton, pour response aux bouffonneries inserées en son livre: De la vocation des pasteurs. Zug [Switzerland]: IDC, 1987.
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Service, United States Forest, ed. Appendix 1: Public comments and Forest Service response to the environmental assessment for 36 livestock grazing allotments on the Shoshone National Forest. [Cody, Wyo.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1996.
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Roth, Daniela. Regeneration dynamics in response to slash-and-burn agriculture in a tropical deciduous forest of western Mexico. 1996.
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1967-, Neave Peter, and Soil and Water Environmental Enhancement Program (Canada), eds. The response of soil microflora and fauna to spring plowing of zerotill and pasture soils: Final report. [Harrow? Ont.]: SWEEP, 1991.
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Sharfstein, Joshua M. Elixir Sulfanilamide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697211.003.0002.
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In the fall of 1937, patients began to die soon after consuming a new therapy called the Elixir Sulfanilamide. In response, the fledgling agency known as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) jumped into action. The agency recovered the remaining 700 bottles and saved the lives of an estimated 4,000 Americans. The FDA also advocated for the landmark Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which, among other major steps, authorized the FDA to establish the world’s first advance review for safety of medications. The story of the Elixir Sulfanilamide exemplifies how much in public health has been shaped by crisis. Strong preparation, a well-managed response, and astute legislative strategy made all the difference in turning crisis to opportunity. If, as Louis Pasteur has famously said, chance favors the prepared mind, then the story of the Elixir Sulfanilamide shows that crisis favors the prepared agency.
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Nason-Clark, Nancy, Barbara Fisher-Townsend, Catherine Holtmann, and Stephen McMullin. Training Religious Leaders and Faith-Based Resources. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607210.003.0005.
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Few religious leaders feel well equipped to respond to the needs of families impacted by abuse, and neither do recent seminary graduates. There is a chasm between the needs of pastors for preparation to respond to this critical social issue and current levels of training and preparation. This chapter explores the process and content of training religious leaders to respond compassionately and with best practices to abuse in their congregations and the communities in which they serve, with reference to both empirical data and experience in offering such seminars and workshops. The chapter also examines the factors associated with the reluctance of many seminaries to equip their students for this area of ministry.
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Van Raalte, Theodore G. The Biography and Bibliography of a French Reformed Baron. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882181.003.0002.
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In order to familiarize the reader further with Chandieu’s fascinating life and to justify the choice of treatises that this monograph probes, this chapter relays much about the biography of Chandieu, with some points never mentioned by other scholars. Questions such as the following are answered: What education did he receive? When and why did he become a Reformed pastor? When and where did he teach theology? It also arranges in chronological order all of his writings, both poetic and scholastic, provides context, offers translations of some of his poetry, and notes many of the written responses of his opponents. In doing so, this chapter provides essential context for all those chapters which follow.
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Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095106.
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Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants draws on the most up-to-date research on the energy, protein, mineral, vitamin and water requirements of beef and dairy cattle, sheep and goats. It defines the responses of animals, in weight change, milk production and wool growth, to quantitative and qualitative changes in their feed supply. It has particular application to grazing animals.
Factors affecting the intake of feed are taken into account and recommendations are given according to the production systems being used; for instance, the feed intake of a grazing animal is affected by a larger number of variables than a housed animal. Examples of the estimation of the energy and nutrients required for the different production systems are given, as well as the production expected from predicted feed intakes. The interactions between the grazing animal, the pasture and any supplementary feeds are complex, involving herbage availability, diet selection and substitution. To facilitate the application of these recommendations to particular grazing situations, readers are directed to decision support tools and spreadsheet programs.
Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants is based on the benchmark publication, Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock: Ruminants, published in 1990 by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Standing Committee on Agriculture.
It provides comprehensive and useful information for graziers, livestock advisors, veterinarians, feed manufacturers and animal nutrition researchers. The recommendations described are equally applicable to animals in feedlots or drought yards.
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Johnsson, Lennart. Baptist Reconsideration of Baptism and Ecclesiology: A Presentation of the Baptist Union of Sweden and a Study of Its Official Response to BEM in Relation to the Public Discussions Primarily Amongst Its Pastors and Theologians. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pasture response"
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Pylianidis, Christos, Val Snow, Dean Holzworth, Jeremy Bryant, and Ioannis N. Athanasiadis. "Location-Specific vs Location-Agnostic Machine Learning Metamodels for Predicting Pasture Nitrogen Response Rate." In Pattern Recognition. ICPR International Workshops and Challenges, 45–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68780-9_5.
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Saggar, S., M. J. Hedley, R. E. White, P. E. H. Gregg, K. W. Perrott, and I. S. Cornforth. "Evaluation of soil tests for predicting pasture response on acid soils to phosphate supplied in water soluble and sparingly soluble forms." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management, 657–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0221-6_105.
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Mabhuye, Edmund B., and Pius Z. Yanda. "Locally based responses to impacts of climate change in pastoral landscapes of Northern Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 101–21. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0101.
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Abstract The impacts of climate change and variability have manifested themselves throughout the world, but considerable temporal and spatial variations exist across various places and countries. Given the variation in vulnerability, this study was undertaken in pastoral landscapes in northern Tanzania to assess the impacts of climate change, adaptation strategies and their implications to communities' livelihoods and ecosystem integrity. It examined: (i) climate trends and associated impacts on communities' livelihood options; (ii) climate change coping and adaptation strategies adopted by selected communities to reduce the severity of climate change impacts; and (iii) the challenges associated with climate change adaptation strategies in the pastoral landscape. Primary data were collected using household surveys, interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, direct field observation using transect walks and institutional analysis. Secondary data were obtained through documentary review and theme-content analysis. Results indicate that there are slight increases in temperature and wind speed as well as decreasing trends and erratic patterns of rainfall which cause drought and extended dry spells. Fluctuation in temperature and rainfall patterns affects livestock keeping through recurrent drought that has negative implications on pasture and water availability. Communities are responding to the changes through traditional response mechanisms and have embraced a few new adaptation strategies against these climate extremes, particularly drought. Generally, strategies for adaptation are likely to be successful in the near future, subject to review and harmonization of policies, institutional and legal frameworks to harness existing opportunities for management of natural resources for sustainable development and build the long-term balance between ecosystem integrity and human needs.
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Atamov, V. V., N. A. Mamedov, and V. D. Gadjiev. "Effects of Pasture on the Dynamics of Productivity of Steppe Ecosystems of Azerbaijan." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 926–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_227.
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Rangeley, Anne, and Peter Newbould. "The response to nitrogen fertilizer from a cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pasture in the Scottish uplands relative to efficiency of fertilizer use and provision of herbage for animals." In Nitrogen Fluxes in Intensive Grassland Systems, 19–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4394-0_2.
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Handcock, R. N., G. Mata, G. E. Donald, A. Edirisinghe, D. Henry, and S. G. Gherardi. "The Spectral Response of Pastures in an Intensively Managed Dairy System." In Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, 309–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93962-7_24.
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Wimberley, Wynnetta. "A Pastoral Theological Response to Depression in African American Pastors." In Depression in African American Clergy, 91–102. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94910-6_6.
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Gupta, Mayank, Igarashi Go, Jose Granja, Miguel Azenha, and Tetsuya Ishida. "Effect of Expansive Additives on the Early Age Elastic Modulus Development of Cement Paste by Ambient Response Method (ARM)." In RILEM Bookseries, 319–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72921-9_26.
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"The response of grazing animals to tropical pastures." In Tropical Pasture Utilisation, 88–106. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511525810.006.
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Lallo, Cicero H. O., Sebrena Smalling, Audley Facey, and Martin Hughes. "The Impact of Climate Change on Small Ruminant Performance in Caribbean Communities." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 296–321. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1607-1.ch011.
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Many Caribbean small ruminant management systems are forage-based, relying on rain to sustain pastures for feed. Animal performance is thus heavily dependent on forage availability. The nutritive value of pasture was highest during the intermediate season and lowest during the dry season, leading to under nutrition, and declined flock performance in the dry season. Climate change will therefore seriously hamper pasture availability and nutritive value. Hair sheep on pasture, without shade or water, experienced increased respiration rate, they were under chronic heat stress. However, where adequate shade and water were provided, heat stress was reduced. The current system of small ruminant production is prone to the negative impacts of climate change events due to its effect on nutrition, growth and reproduction. Immediate actions are needed to prepare farmers to respond by mitigation methods, to maintain and enhance animal productivity if the envisaged protein security goals set for this sector are to be realized.
Conference papers on the topic "Pasture response"
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Nutini, Francesco, Mirco Boschetti, Pietro A. Brivio, Etienne Bartholomé, Agata Hoscilo, Daniela Stroppiana, and Stefano Bocchi. "Analysis of vegetation pasture climate response on Sahel region through 10 years of remotely sensed data." In Remote Sensing, edited by Christopher M. U. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.865205.
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Cifuentes, Lorento, and R. Verdugo. "Undrained Monotonic and Cyclic Response in Thickened Tailings." In Twelfth International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/963_35.
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Witteman, Mandy, and Paul Simms. "Hydraulic response in cemented paste backfill during and after hydration." In Thirteenth International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1063_17_witteman.
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C N Lee and P E Hillman. "Thermal Responses of Holstein Dairy Cows on Pastures with High Solar Loads and High Winds." In Sixth International Dairy Housing Conference Proceeding, 16-18 June 2007, (Minneapolis, Minnesota) (Electronic Only). St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22791.
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Kavitha, A. L. "Electrochemical response studies of γ-Fe2O3-CH composite carbon paste modified electrode." In 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Technology and Science (ICETETS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetets.2016.7603128.
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Gadepalli, Harish, Rangaraj Dhanasekaran, S. Manian Ramkumar, Tim Jensen, and Ed Briggs. "Voiding and Thermal Resistance Modeling and Characterization for a QFN Assembly." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38391.
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Quad Flatpack No lead (QFN) packages have become a popular choice in electronics packaging due to its small form factor. They are also gaining rapid industry acceptance because of its excellent thermal and electrical performance. The bottom side of the QFN package has a large thermal pad. This exposed die attach pad effectively conducts heat to the PCB and also provides a stable ground connection. Effective soldering of this surface to the pad on the PCB is required for good thermal dissipation and component functionality. The exposed thermal pad presents various challenges during the surface mount assembly process. One major challenge is solder void formation. Voids are primarily formed due to the entrapment of volatiles in flux outgassing during the reflow process. The primary objective of this study is to determine optimal parameters to minimize void formation in QFN packages (QFN16, QFN20, QFN28, QFN32 and QFN44), specifically the reflow profile, lead-free solder paste and stencil aperture opening for the thermal pad. A systematic Design of Experiments (DOE) based approach was used to arrive at conclusions, using the ratio of void volume on the thermal pad to the actual volume of solder paste printed, as the response variable. A theoretical thermal resistance response variable was also modeled to analyze the DOE parameters and the conclusions were similar to the void model. Various graphs are presented to understand the impact of different parameters. Interaction graphs are used to determine optimal settings for each parameter. A regression equation for relationship between the factors and the void volume is identified to predict void volumes for any given component, paste volume and paste transfer efficiency.
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del Pozo, G., F. Fimbres, Stephen Wilson, A. Gutierrez del Olmo, and Adam Darby. "Integration of Paste Management Within a Mining Project to Respond to Operational and Permitting Needs — The Aguas Teñidas Mine in Southern Spain." In Eleventh International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/863_30.
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Escobar, Mariano Martin, Adrián Di Paolo, and Analía Vazquez. "Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Concrete Modified With Carbon Nanotube." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11475.
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CO2 emission from fossil fuel fired power plants contributed 30% of global emissions in 1990. In the same year, the cement industry contributed about 5% of the total. According to Kyoto Protocol, a tremendous effort is required to reduce the carbon dioxide emission. One potential technology in CO2 mitigation responses is the use of concrete products as carbon sink through the early age fast curing. The cement compounds C3S and C2S are instantaneously carbonized into calcium carbonate and silica gel, once cement is mixed with water and exposed to the carbon dioxide gas. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of adding carbon nanotubes in cement paste matrix on the capacity as CO2 sink. Adiabatic temperature was determined for different carbon nanotubos content on the cement paste. The microstructure was studied by scanning electronic microscopy. The calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide content were determined by a thermogravimetric analysis. The storage modulus was measured for the specimens of cement paste before and after the immersion in CO2. Carbon nanotubes act as nuclear agent of the calcium carbonate and increase the maximum temperature and decrease the time of hydration. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes to Portland cement paste could modify the transport properties of the matrix. In fact, it was shown that interfacial interactions between the hydration products and multi-walled carbon nanotubes occur; and it was observed the insertion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes between the hydration products.
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Agwu Nnanna, A. G., William Rutherford, Wessam Elomar, and Brian Sankowski. "Assessment of Thermoelectric Module With Nanofluid Heat Exchanger." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42702.
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For applications such as cooling of electronic devices, it is a common practice to sandwich the thermoelectric module between an integrated chip and a heat exchanger, with the cold side of the module attached to the chip. This configuration results thermal contact resistances in series between the chip, module, and heat exchanger. In this paper, an appraisal of thermal augmentation of thermoelectric module using nanofluid-based heat exchanger is presented. The system under consideration uses commercially available thermoelectric module, 27nm Al2O3 - H2O nanofluid, and a heat source to replicate the chip. The volume fraction of nanofluid is varied between 0 to 2%. At optimum input current conditions, experimental simulations were performed to measure the transient and steady-state thermal response of the module to imposed isoflux conditions. Data collected from the nanofluid-based exchanger is compared with that of deionized water. Results show that there exist a lag-time in thermal response between the module and the heat exchanger. This is attributed to thermal contact resistance between the two components. A comparison of nanofluid and deionized water data reveals that the temperature difference between the hot- and cold-side, ΔT = Th − Tc ≈ 0, is almost zero for nanofluid whereas ΔT > 0 for water. When ΔT ≈ 0, the contribution of Fourier effect to the overall heating is approximately zero hence enhancing the module cooling capacity. Experimental evidence further shows that temperature gradient across the thermal paste that bonds the chip and heat exchanger is much lower for the nanofluid than for deionized water. Low temperature gradient results in low resistance to the flow of heat across the thermal paste. The average thermal contact resistance, R = ΔT/Q, is 0.18 and 0.12 °C/W, respectively for the deionized-water and nanofluid. For the range of optimum current, 1.2 ≤ current ≤ 4.1Amp, considered in this study, the COP ranges between 1.96 and 0.68.
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Dhanasekaran, Rangaraj, Harish Gadepalli, S. Manian Ramkumar, Tim Jensen, and Ed Briggs. "Characterizing and Minimizing Voids in Quad Flat No-Lead Pack (QFN) Device Assembly Using Pb-Free Solder Alloys." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89304.
Full textAbstract:
Quad Flatpack No lead (QFN) packages have become a popular choice in electronics packaging due to its small form factor. They are also gaining rapid industry acceptance because of its excellent thermal and electrical performance. The bottom side of the QFN package has a large thermal pad. This exposed die attach pad effectively conducts heat to the PCB and also provides a stable ground connection. Effective soldering of this surface to the pad on the PCB is required for good thermal dissipation and component functionality. The exposed thermal pad presents various challenges during the surface mount assembly process. One major challenge is solder void formation. Voids are primarily formed due to the entrapment of volatiles in flux outgassing during the reflow process. The primary objective of this study is to determine optimal parameters to minimize void formation in QFN packages (QFN16, QFN20, QFN28 and QFN32), specifically the reflow profile, lead-free solder paste and stencil aperture opening for the thermal pad. A systematic DOE based approach was used to arrive at conclusions, using the ratio of void volume on the thermal pad to the actual volume of solder paste printed as the response variable. Various graphs are presented to understand the impact of different parameters. Interaction graphs are used to determine optimal settings for each parameter.
Reports on the topic "Pasture response"
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DeJong, Joel L., and Wayne B. Roush. Soybean Yield Response to Rhizobium Inoculation on Converted Grass Pasture. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2661.
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Miller, James E. Wild Turkeys. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208751.ws.
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Like other bird and mammal species whose populations have been restored through conservation efforts, wild turkeys are treasured by many recreationists and outdoor enthusiasts. Wild turkeys have responded positively to wildlife habitat and population management. In some areas, however, their increased populations have led to increased damage to property and agricultural crops, and threats to human health and safety. Turkeys frequent agricultural fields, pastures, vineyards and orchards, as well as some urban and suburban neighborhoods. Because of this, they may cause damage or mistakenly be blamed for damage. Research has found that despite increases in turkey numbers and complaints, damage is often caused by other mammalian or bird species, not turkeys. In the instances where turkeys did cause damage, it was to specialty crops, vineyards, orchards, hay bales or silage pits during the winter. In cultured crops or gardens where wood chips, pine straw or other bedding materials (mulch) are placed around plants, wild turkeys sometimes scratch or dig up the material and damage plants when searching for food. Wild turkeys are a valuable game species, treasured by recreational hunters and wildlife enthusiasts.