Journal articles on the topic 'Pasture renovation'
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Tozer, K. N., T. K. James, and C. A. Cameron. "Botanical and management factors associated with Setaria pumila abundance implications for pasture management." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6882.
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Yellow bristle grass (YBG) causes significant production loss on dairy farms as it is unpalatable to stock and can reduce forage intake and milk production This weed is rapidly spreading in North Island dairy pastures and effective control strategies are needed Botanical surveying was undertaken in February 2008 on 12 dairy farms in Waikato to ascertain its presence in pastures in relation to key management factors YBG cover was negatively associated with Olsen P pH paspalum cover and postgrazing residual dry matter in January Stocking rate time since pasture renovation inclusion of a cropping phase prior to renovation sowing rate during renovation ryegrass undersowing after renovation and cover of ryegrass clovers other dicots annual grasses and amount of bare ground had no significant effect on YBG cover Results suggest that while improved soil fertility and increasing pasture competition will enhance YBG control YBG seeds can survive during pasture renovation leading to rapid reinfestation of pastures
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Batson, M.-G. "Effect of pasture renovation on the size and composition of the germinable fraction of the seed pool beneath bent grass (Agrostis castellana) pastures in southern Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 1 (1999): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98026.
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This paper investigated the potential for propagation of grass weeds from seed by measuring changes in the size and composition of the germinable fraction of the seed pool beneath 4 bent grass (Agrostis castellana) pastures in southern Victoria during renovation. Soil samples, for the estimation of the seed pool by seedling emergence in the glasshouse, were taken from a control and a renovated pasture on 3 occasions during renovation at each of the 4 sites. The depth distribution of seeds in the top 0–100 mm was assessed by dividing collected soil samples into depths of 0–30 mm and 30–100 mm. The total germinable seed pool (0–30 mm) ranged from 17 620 to 83 540 seedlings/m2, as affected by the time of sampling. There were seedlings from 14 grass genera (12% contribution to the total seed pool), Juncus (60%), 4 leguminous genera (17%), and 22 other dicotyledonous genera (12%). The percentage change in the number of germinated seeds of grasses and dicotyledons between the first and second sampling was negative ( –7·3% to –31·4%) beneath renovated pasture, as opposed to a positive change (29·0–174·4%) beneath undisturbed pasture; this was attributed to the prevention of seeding due to the cultivation of the pasture associated with renovation. The percentage change in the number of germinated seeds of grasses and dicotyledons did not differ significantly between renovated and undisturbed pasture between the second and third sampling, which suggested that no more seed germinated in response to renovation. Re-distribution of germinable seed to lower depths (30–100 mm) with renovation was apparent for grasses and other dicotyledons, and would depress successful emergence of these seedlings. Renovation prevented re-seeding of weeds and buried surface seed, but did not significantly stimulate additional seed to germinate the following autumn after renovation. Weed seeds were still present in the soil seed pool after renovation, which indicated that these species could potentially germinate and establish in new pastures.
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Callow, M. N., W. J. Fulkerson, D. J. Donaghy, R. J. Morris, G. Sweeney, and B. Upjohn. "Response of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to renovation in Australian dairy pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 12 (2005): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04043.
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This study reports on the effect of oversowing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) into a degraded perennial ryegrass and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture to extend its productive life using various intensities of seedbed preparation. Sites in New South Wales (NSW), Western Australia (WA), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania (Tas.) were chosen by a local group of farmers as being degraded and in need of renovation. Control (nil renovation) and medium (mulch and graze, spray with glyphosphate and sow) renovation treatments were common to all sites whereas minimum (mulch and graze, and sow) and full seedbed (graze and spray with glyphosphate and then full seedbed preparation) renovation were imposed only at some sites. Plots varied in area from 0.14 to 0.50 ha, and were renovated then sown in March or April 2000 and subsequently grazed by dairy cows. Pasture utilisation was estimated from pre- and post-grazing pasture mass assessed by a rising plate pasture meter. Utilised herbage mass of the renovated treatments was significantly higher than control plots in period 1 (planting to August) and 2 (first spring) at the NSW site only. There was no difference among treatments in period 3 (first summer) at any site, and only at the WA and NSW sites in period 4 (March to July 2001) was there a response to renovation. As a result, renovation at the NSW site only significantly increased ryegrass utilisation over the whole experimental period. Ryegrass plant density was higher at the NSW, WA (excluding minimum renovation) and Tas. (excluding full renovation) sites 6 months after renovation but this was only sustained for 12 months for the minimum and medium treatments at the NSW and Tas. sites, respectively, presumably due to reduced competition from naturalised C4 summer grasses [kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)] in NSW. At the NSW, WA and SA sites, the original ryegrass plant density was low (<35 plants/m2) compared with the Tas. site where density was around 185/m2. The response to renovating a degraded perennial ryegrass pasture varied between sites in Australia. Positive responses were generally small and were most consistent where renovation removed competing C4 summer grasses.
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Lawson, A. R., and K. B. Kelly. "Responses to the renovation of an irrigated perennial pasture in northern Victoria. 1. Pasture consumption and nutritive characteristics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2007): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05258.
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A field experiment was established in northern Victoria in the autumn of 1999 to quantify the effects of renovating a 15-year-old irrigated perennial pasture which had a high paspalum content [>40% dry matter (DM)] in summer. The treatments were: (i) control, the existing pasture; (ii) oversown, in which the existing pasture was grazed, topped and direct drilled; and (iii) resown, in which the existing pasture was sprayed, cultivated and sown with a new pasture. The grass species used in both renovation treatments were perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass and tall fescue. The treatments were grazed by dairy cows when the perennial ryegrass had reached the 2.5–3 leaf stage. Grazing of the resown tall fescue coincided with the resown ryegrass in years 1 and 2, but in subsequent years, resown tall fescue was grazed at a rising plate meter height of 80 mm. All treatments were grazed to a residual pasture height of 40–45 mm, as measured with a rising plate meter. Pasture consumption (measured as DM removed by dairy cows), in vitro DM digestibility (in vitro DMD) and crude protein (CP) contents were measured. Oversowing increased pasture consumption over the 4-year period, compared with the control, by an average of 1.1 t DM/ha.year when oversown once with perennial ryegrass and by 1.6 t DM/ha.year when oversown annually with Italian ryegrass. This increase occurred principally during the winter–spring period for pastures oversown with both perennial (0.7 t DM/ha) and Italian (1.6 t DM/ha) ryegrass. Oversowing with perennial or Italian ryegrass did not affect the in vitro DMD or CP content of the pasture on offer. These results show that oversowing with either perennial or Italian ryegrass is a viable means of increasing pasture availability over winter and spring from perennial pastures consisting of a mixture of perennial ryegrass, white clover and paspalum. Pasture consumption in the first 12 months after resowing was 3.5–4.1 t DM/ha lower from the resown than from the control pasture. This was because of two fewer grazings in autumn–winter and to reductions in pasture consumption of 20% in spring and of 40% in summer. These reductions would add considerably to the cost of resowing through increasing the need for supplementary feeding. Pasture consumption from the resown perennial ryegrass pasture in years 2–4 was, on average, the same as the control, although it was higher during winter and spring and lower during summer. Pasture consumption from the resown tall fescue pasture in years 2–4 was, on average, 2.5 t DM/ha.year higher than that of the resown perennial ryegrass pasture, with most of this increase occurring in summer and autumn. The resown pastures had higher in vitro DMD and CP contents than the control with little difference between the resown perennial ryegrass and tall fescue pastures. These findings show that tall fescue is a viable alternative to perennial ryegrass when resowing pastures. The use of nitrogen fertiliser did not affect the in vitro DMD or CP contents of the pasture on offer but allowed an increase in DM consumption, with this increase being greater for the control and oversown pastures than for the resown pasture.
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Cuomo, G. J., D. G. Johnson, F. Forcella, M. V. Rudstrom, G. D. Lemme, and N. P. Martin. "Pasture Renovation and Grazing Management Impacts on Cool-Season Grass Pastures." Journal of Production Agriculture 12, no. 4 (October 1999): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1999.0564.
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Wilson, M. J., and G. M. Barker. "Slugs as Pasture Pests." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3194.
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Several invasive European slug species are thriving in New Zealand and have become important pests of many crops. In pasture, they are particularly damaging to white clover during renovation and the problem may be exacerbated by direct drilling. Slug feeding causes both lethal and sublethal damage that reduces clover establishment and thus pasture quality. Much less is known about slug damage to established pastures and the degree to which slugs limit pasture persistence. Established pastures frequently support large slug populations that feed on clover and the application of molluscicides can reduce slug numbers and increase the proportion and yields of clover. Future research on these pests should concentrate on determining damage thresholds, breeding resistant clover varieties and developing agronomic practices that favour natural enemies. In the long term, there is much potential for developing microbiological pesticides that target slugs. Keywords: molluscs, slugs, clover
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Shakhane, L. M., C. Mulcahy, J. M. Scott, G. N. Hinch, G. E. Donald, and D. F. Mackay. "Pasture herbage mass, quality and growth in response to three whole-farmlet management systems." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12262.
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The effects of different whole-farm management systems were explored in a farmlet trial on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, between July 2000 and December 2006. The three systems examined were first, a moderate input farmlet with flexible grazing on eight paddocks considered ‘typical’ of the region (farmlet B), a second, also with flexible grazing on eight paddocks but with a high level of pasture renovation and increased soil fertility (farmlet A) and a third with the same moderate level of inputs as farmlet B but which practised intensive rotational grazing on 37 paddocks (farmlet C). The changes in herbage mass, herbage quality and pasture growth followed a seasonal pattern typical of the Northern Tablelands with generally higher levels recorded over spring–summer and lower levels in autumn–winter but with substantial differences between years due to the variable climate experienced. Over the first 18 months of the trial there were no significant differences between farmlets in total herbage mass. Although the climate was generally drier than average, the differences between farmlets in pasture herbage mass and quality became more evident over the duration of the experiment. After the farmlet treatments started to take effect, the levels of total and dead herbage mass became significantly lower on farmlet A compared with farmlets B and C. In contrast, the levels of green herbage were similar for all farmlets. Throughout most of the study period, pastures on farmlet A with its higher levels of pasture renovation and soil fertility, had significantly higher DM digestibility for both green and dead herbage components compared with pastures on either of the moderate input systems (B and C). Thus, when green herbage mass and quality were combined, farmlet A tended to have higher levels of green digestible herbage than either of the other farmlets, which had similar levels, suggesting that pasture renovation and soil fertility had more effect on the supply of quality pasture than did grazing management. This difference was observed in spite of the higher stocking rate supported by farmlet A after treatments took effect. Levels of legume herbage mass, while generally low due to the dry conditions, were significantly higher on farmlet A compared with the other two farmlets. While ground cover on farmlet A was found to be less than the other farmlets, this was largely associated with the higher level of pasture renovation. Generally, all three farmlets had ground cover levels well above 70% for the duration of the experiment, thus being above levels considered critical for prevention of erosion. A multivariate analysis showed that the main explanatory factors significantly linked (P < 0.01) with the supply of high quality herbage were, in decreasing order of importance, those related to season and weather, pasture renovation, grazing management and soil fertility. Measurements of net pasture growth conducted using a limited number of grazing exclosure cages on three paddocks per farmlet revealed clear seasonal trends but no significant (P > 0.05) differences between farmlets. However, post hoc estimates of potential pasture growth rate using remotely sensed MODIS satellite images of normalised difference vegetation index captured weekly from each farmlet revealed a significant (P < 0.001) relationship with the seasonal pattern observed in the measurements of pasture growth rate.
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Behrendt, Karl, Oscar Cacho, James M. Scott, and Randall Jones. "Optimising pasture and grazing management decisions on the Cicerone Project farmlets over variable time horizons." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11174.
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This study addresses the problem of balancing the trade-offs between the need for animal production, profit, and the goal of achieving persistence of desirable species within grazing systems. The bioeconomic framework applied in this study takes into account the impact of climate risk and the management of pastures and grazing rules on the botanical composition of the pasture resource, a factor that impacts on livestock production and economic returns over time. The framework establishes the links between inputs, the state of the pasture resource and outputs, to identify optimal pasture development strategies. The analysis is based on the application of a dynamic pasture resource development simulation model within a seasonal stochastic dynamic programming framework. This enables the derivation of optimum decisions within complex grazing enterprises, over both short-term tactical (such as grazing rest) and long-term strategic (such as pasture renovation) time frames and under climatic uncertainty. The simulation model is parameterised using data and systems from the Cicerone Project farmlet experiment. Results indicate that the strategic decision of pasture renovation should only be considered when pastures are in a severely degraded state, whereas the tactical use of grazing rest or low stocking rates should be considered as the most profitable means of maintaining adequate proportions of desirable species within a pasture sward. The optimal stocking rates identified reflected a pattern which may best be described as a seasonal saving and consumption cycle. The optimal tactical and strategic decisions at different pasture states, based on biomass and species composition, varies both between seasons and in response to the imposed soil fertility regime. Implications of these findings at the whole-farm level are discussed in the context of the Cicerone Project farmlets.
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Mitchell, GJ, RJ Carter, and SR Chinner. "Studies on the control of water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides) in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950483.
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Water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides L.), a tuberous perennial herb, is currently known in South Australia from only a single locality in the Mount Lofty Ranges. There is little information on water-dropwort control, and 2 experiments were conducted to assess the effects of sowing pasture, with or without presowing herbicides, on the control of this weed. Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and perennial clovers were successfully introduced into infested pastures by direct drilling in autumn. Water-dropwort regenerated from seed more densely in unsown plots than plots of established perennial pasture, suggesting that upgrading pastures may be a strategy to reduce the rate of spread by seed of this weed. A range of herbicide treatments applied to waterdropwort at the stem elongation stage in spring before autumn sowing of pastures provided effective shortterm control. The best short-term control was provided by glyphosate at 1440 g a.i./ha; metsulfuron methyl at 6, 12, and 36 g a.i./ha; and metsulfuron methyl at 12 g a.i./ha tank-mixed with glyphosate or 2,4-D amine at 720 or 1000 g a.i./ha, respectively. These treatments, and chlorsulfuron at 21 g a.i./ha, also significantly (P<0.05) reduced water-dropwort abundance (relative to untreated areas) for up to 18 months after sowing and initially improved the density of sown pasture species, but these improvements were not evident 14 months after resowing. Although prior season herbicide treatments controlled water-dropwort in newly sown pastures, 2 separate applications of herbicides, in May and October, gave no better control of water-dropwort than a single herbicide application in spring. Water-dropwort infestations do not appear to prevent successful direct drilling of phalaris and perennial clovers. Although pasture renovation did not provide long-term suppression of water-dropwort, the maintenance of vigorous pastures may reduce the rate of population growth from seedlings of this weed. Recropping restrictions may limit the role of chlorsulfuron for water-dropwort control in pasture renovation situations.
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Talbott, Charlotte L., Deidre D. Harmon, Matt H. Poore, Alan J. Franluebbers, Carolyn A. Young, and Emily H. Griffith. "PSXI-19 Impact of toxic-infected tall fescue renovation strategies on second-year hay yield, botanical composition, and nutritive value." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.633.
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Abstract Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) (TF) pastures to novel endophyte tall fescue (NE) is a solution to mitigate the negative associated effects of toxic fescue in beef cattle. However, beef cattle producers are uncertain of the payback period for costs associated with renovation techniques in terms of farm profitability and agronomic performance. In 2018, three renovation strategies were implemented in a randomized complete block design in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Each treatment plot (0.81 ha) was evaluated for botanical composition and hay was harvested in May and August of 2020. Round bales from each treatment were weighed to determine yield and core sampled to determine nutritive value. Data were analyzed using proc GLIMMIX of SAS v9.4. Combined forage yield was greater (P = 0.0226) for 3-CM (8,816 kg/ha) compared to 3-SM (7,191 kg/ha) and C (6,920 kg/ha), but did not differ from 1-SM (7,775 kg/ha). Crude protein concentration was greater (P = 0.035) for C (10.2%) in comparison to 3-SM (9.35%) in harvest 1, but was not different (P = 0.93) in harvest 2. Percentage of fescue in the sward was greatest (P = 0.0002) for 3-SM and least for C (84.9 and 62%, respectively). Similarly, presence of undesirable plants was greater (P < 0.0001) for C (37.5%) than 1-SM, 3-CM and 3-SM (23.7, 15.2 and 12.7%, respectively). Percentage of bare ground did not differ among treatments (P = 0.31). Data suggest agronomic performance for 3-CM and 3-SM was improved compared to C in years following pasture renovation.
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Di, H. J., and K. C. Cameron. "Nitrate leaching and pasture production from different nitrogen sources on a shallow stoney soil under flood-irrigated dairy pasture." Soil Research 40, no. 2 (2002): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01015.
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The leaching of nitrate (NO3–) in intensive agricultural production systems, e.g. dairy pastures, is a major environmental concern in many countries. In this lysimeter study we determined the amount of NO3– leached following the application of urea, dairy effluent, urine returns, and pasture renovation to a freedraining Lismore stony silt loam (Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal) growing a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture. The study showed that NO3–-N leaching losses ranged from 112 to 162 kg N/ha per year, depending on the amount and forms of N applied and pasture conditions. Nitrate leaching under the urine patches was the main contributor to the N leaching loss in a grazed paddock. Nitrate leaching losses were lower for urine applied in the spring (29% of N applied) than for urine applied in the autumn (38–58%). The application of urea or dairy effluent only contributed a small proportion to the total NO3– leaching loss in a grazed paddock. Pasture renovation by direct-drilling may also have caused an increase in NO3– leaching (c. 31 kg N/ha) in the first year. Modelled annual average NO3–-N concentrations in the mixed recharge water in the acquifer were significantly lower than those measured under the rooting zone due to dilution effects by recharge water from other sources (3.9 v. 13–27 mg N/L). Herbage nitrogen offtake and dry matter yield were higher in the urine treatments than in the non-urine treatments. groundwater, denitrification, mineralisation, grazing, forage.
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Little, DL, and PE Beale. "Renovation of Yarloop subterranean clover pastures with Trikkala." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 6 (1988): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880737.
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Pastures containing the oestrogenic subterranean clover, Yarloop, were renovated and sown to Trikkala subterranean clover at the rate of 9 kg ha-1 germinable seed. The resultant pastures were continually grazed at either 7, 9 or 12 ewes ha for 6 years. Control Yarloop pastures were grazed similarly. Trikkala established at approximately 50 plants m-2 and represented 80% of all clover present in the year of sowing. Six years later Trikkala was successfully persisting at all stocking rates in terms of clover dry matter in spring (Trikkala 77%, Yarloop 23%), soil seed reserves in spring (Trikkala 450-1000 kg ha-1, Yarloop 300-450 kg ha-1) and plant density in spring (Trikkala 600-1000 plants m-2, Yarloop 200 plants m-2). Over the 6 years of the trial the proportion of Trikkala and Yarloop approached an equilibrium of 75% Trikkala to 25% Yarloop in all agronomic data collected. Compared with the control Yarloop pastures, the renovated Trikkala pastures maintained a greater clover percentage at all stocking rates. Available dry matter at the high stocking rate was consistently greater in the Yarloop pastures during winter and spring. At the low and medium stocking rates available dry matter tended to be greater in the Yarloop treatments for the first 2 years but was similar for both treatments in the latter 3 years. Clover scorch disease in the Yarloop pasture was controlled by spraying with a fungicide. Trikkala pastures were not sprayed and suffered minimal damage from the disease. Trikkala should perform better relative to Yarloop where clover scorch is a problem. It is concluded that Trikkala subterranean clover can successfully replace Yarloop subterranean clover in pastures previously dominated by Yarloop.
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Prudencio, Marcelo Falaci, Gabriela da Silva Freitas, and Cecílio Viega Soares Filho. "New technologies in pasture and grazing management in the face of climate change perspectives." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 9 (July 4, 2022): e20311931680. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31680.
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The search for sustainable livestock farming has been the focus of several researches in Brazil and worldwide, in face of climate change. Livestock production is mostly explored in pastures in Brazil. It is estimated that a large part of these pastures presents some kind of degradation, as a result of its incorrect management. With this degradation, besides reducing productivity, there is loss of soil organic matter and CO2 emission to the atmosphere, with a reduction in carbon sequestration by the pasture. Consequently, there is the release of excess enteric methane, which occurs in the digestive process of ruminants, by fermentation of fibrous and poor quality food ingested by these animals from this pasture. Several studies propose new technologies to mitigate greenhouse gases, with intensive pasture management, processing and conservation of forage to reduce particle size and increase digestibility. Recovery and renovation of pastures, using integrated production systems with grain, forest, and forage production. Implementation of pasture with forage in suitable environments and use of grasses with better leaf/stem ratio. Use of rotational grazing with height control of animals entering and leaving each forage species in order to produce a better and more digestible forage. With this, reduce the precursors of greenhouse gases to mitigate the possible effects on climate change.
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Pereira, R. Calvelo, M. J. Hedley, M. Camps Arbestain, P. Bishop, K. E. Enongene, and I. J. J. Otene. "Evidence for soil carbon enhancement through deeper mouldboard ploughing at pasture renovation on a Typic Fragiaqualf." Soil Research 56, no. 2 (2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17039.
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Permanent pastures require periodic renewal (cultivation and resowing) to maintain their productive potential, which involves a short-term carbon (C) loss. Normal cultivation (ploughing or discing) often involves only the top 10–15 cm, or less, of pasture soils. A regrassing field trial with ryegrass plus white clover swards was established in 2011 to assess the effect of deeper ploughing (25 cm) on C storage in an imperfectly drained soil (Tokomaru silt loam). The site was core sampled (0–30 cm depth) 2 and 4 years (i.e. in 2013 and 2015 respectively) after cultivation and regrassing (soil inversion treatment) to assess changes in soil C content at different depths. At both times, an adjacent uncultivated ryegrass paddock (undisturbed pasture treatment) under similar grazing intensity was also sampled and C stocks were compared. Profiles of cultivated soils (soil inversion) showed higher (P < 0.01) C stocks than the adjacent permanent pasture at the nominal 15–25 and 25–30 cm depths and significantly lower (P < 0.01) C stocks in the topsoil (nominal 0–5 cm depth) for both years sampled (2013, 2015). These findings imply that the differences (inversion – pasture) were consistent 4 years after cultivation and deep ploughing at pasture renewal had resulted in an overall increase in soil C mass to approximately 30 cm of ~18% (13.9 Mg C ha–1; equivalent soil mass 3701 Mg soil ha–1) compared with not undertaking the regrassing. This gain in soil C may be temporary, but in a period of 4 years it has significantly increased the net residence time of C in soil related to soil inversion.
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Defelice, Michael S., and Jimmy C. Henning. "Renovation of Endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum)-Infected Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) Pastures with Herbicides." Weed Science 38, no. 6 (November 1990): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051614.
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Fall, spring, or late-summer applications of glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim, and HOE-39866 were investigated in field trials for no-tillage renovation of endophyte fungus-infected tall fescue pastures. Only spring or late-summer applications of glyphosate at 1.68 and 2.52 kg ae ha−1 consistently provided greater than 80% visual tall fescue control. However, none of the herbicide treatments significantly reduced final percent endophyte fungus infection levels after the pasture was reestablished. High final infection levels were due to regrowth from underground rhizomes of old tall fescue sod that survived the herbicide treatments.
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Watson, R. N., G. M. Barker, L. N. Robertson, R. S. Marsden, and E. A. Wilson. "Nematicidal protection of ryegrass seedlings in pasture renovation trials." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (January 8, 1986): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9421.
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MALIK, NAJIB, and JOHN WADDINGTON. "NO-TILL PASTURE RENOVATION AFTER SWARD SUPPRESSION BY HERBICIDES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-028.
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Four experiments were conducted to investigate methods for establishing legumes without cultivation in a pasture of low productivity because of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies on the Pathlow Community Pasture in northeastern Saskatchewan. Glyphosate applied at 2.2 kg ha−1 in strips 36 cm wide in early fall 1983 and 1984 was used as a standard vegetation control method. Other treatments were applied the same way. Alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. ’Beaver’) and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L. ’Oxley’) were seeded in the sprayed strips in late fall 1983 and spring 1985 using a triple-disk range drill. The degree of establishment was assessed initially by seedling counts and later by cover estimates each year until 1988. Legume establishment was best in strips where the vegetation was killed. The addition of 5% wt/vol ammonium sulphate to glyphosate did not improve establishment of the legumes significantly. Fluazifop-butyl, quizalofop-ethyl, and haloxyfop-methyl had little effect on the resident vegetation and legume establishment was poor. Sethoxydim tested at 0.8 kg ha−1 appeared to provide less suppression of vegetation than was achieved with glyphosate at 1.1 kg ha−1 but legume establishment was similar. There was no benefit to drilling phosphorus at rates up to 60 kg ha−1 with the seed.Key words: Pasture, renovation, no-tillage seeding, alfalfa, cicer milkvetch, sward suppression
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Vera, R. R., P. Hoyos, and M. C. Moya. "Pasture renovation practices of farmers in the neotropical savannahs." Land Degradation & Development 9, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(199801/02)9:1<47::aid-ldr283>3.0.co;2-n.
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Lawson, A. R., and K. B. Kelly. "Responses to the renovation of an irrigated perennial pasture in northern Victoria. 2. Botanical composition, and plant and tiller densities." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2007): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05261.
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A field experiment was established in northern Victoria in the autumn of 1999 to quantify the effects of renovating a 15-year-old, irrigated perennial pasture with a high paspalum content. The treatments were: (i) control, the existing pasture; (ii) oversown, the existing pasture grazed, topped and direct drilled; and (iii) resown, the existing pasture sprayed, cultivated and a new pasture sown. The grass species used in both renovation treatments were perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass and tall fescue. The treatments were grazed by dairy cows. The botanical composition, tiller density and plant frequency are reported in this paper. Oversowing with either perennial or Italian ryegrass increased the sown grass content by an average of 4–8% DM, and by up to 20% DM during winter and spring, but did not affect the average white clover, volunteer species or dead contents. Oversowing did not affect the sown grass or paspalum tiller densities but annual oversowing with either perennial or Italian ryegrass increased the ryegrass plant frequency and, in 2 of the 4 years, reduced the white clover growing point density. Resowing increased (P < 0.05) the content of sown grasses (by 12% DM for perennial ryegrass and by 20% DM for tall fescue) and white clover (by 8% DM) and decreased (P < 0.05) the content of volunteer species (by 18% DM) and, in years 1 and 2, dead material. The plant frequency of tall fescue increased over time (from 75 to 83% of quadrats), whereas that of perennial ryegrass declined (from 87 to 72% of quadrats). This resulted in the resown tall fescue having a lower (P < 0.05) white clover content and growing point density in years 3 and 4, and a tendency for a lower volunteer species content and tiller density in year 4, than the resown perennial ryegrass. Tall fescue is thus better able to resist the invasion of summer-active species and is less likely to require either oversowing or resowing than perennial ryegrass-based pastures. These results suggest that tall fescue should be considered as an alternative to perennial ryegrass when sowing pastures. The use of nitrogen did not improve the sown grass content, tiller density or plant frequency and will not therefore overcome problems resulting from a low ryegrass content.
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Seguin, P., P. R. Peterson, C. C. Sheaffer, and D. L. Smith. "Physical sod suppression as an alternative to herbicide use in pasture renovation with clovers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-023.
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Using herbicides for sod suppression during pasture renovation by legume sod-seeding often results in the loss of potentially usable forage, weed encroachment, and inadequate legume:grass ratios. Physical sod suppression methods could alleviate some of the problems associated with suppression via herbicide. A study was conducted in Québec, Canada, to investigate, as an alternative to herbicide, sod suppression by sheep grazing or mowing before and after spring no-till seeding of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) or white clover (T. repens L.). Sod-suppression treatments included six physical suppression methods: mowing or sheep grazing, to 5 or 10 cm, at seeding and when the grass sward reached 30 cm during the first 2 mo of clover establishment, or similarly managed mowing or sheep grazing to 5 cm with an additional defoliation the previous fall. Additional treatments included suppression by herbicide (glyphosate [N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 2.6 kg a.i. ha–1) and two controls: sod-seeding with no sod suppression and no seeding. Among the physical suppression treatments, grazing and mowing to 5 cm resulted in highest clover densities, similar to those achieved via herbicide suppression. Red and white clover had similar plant densities. Yield components and total forage yields varied with sites. Clover yields tended to be higher with herbicide than under physical suppression treatments. However, increasing the severity of physical suppression increased clover yields. Weed encroachment was observed only with herbicide sod suppression. Unlike suppression with herbicide, physical suppression did not decrease total forage yields in the renovation and post-renovation years when compared with controls. Forage quality was increased in the renovation year by both physical suppression methods and herbicide when compared with unrenovated controls; but the increase was greater with herbicide suppression. Only the most severe of the physical suppression methods sustained increased forage quality in the year after renovation. Timely mowing or grazing as methods for suppression of grass sod during renovation with legumes appear to have potential, but cannot yet be recommended as alternatives to herbicide. Key words: Clover, forage, grazing, pasture renovation, sod-seeding
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Batson, M.-G. "Length of rhizome and depth of burial affects the regeneration of bent grass (Agrostis castellana Boiss. et Reuter)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98014.
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Renovation of pastures dominated by bent grass (Agrostis castellana), by killing the vegetation with herbicides followed by cultivation and re-sowing, according to current recommendations, can kill up to 95% of the bent grass. To improve the success of killing bent grass and reducing the likelihood of regeneration from rhizomes after renovation, the behaviour of rhizomes after fragmentation was studied in pots. Rhizomes were cut into different lengths (15, 40, and 100 mm) to contain 1, 3, and 8 nodes per section and planted at depths of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mm in cultivated soil, with or without competition from establishing seedlings of perennial ryegrass and white clover. The proportion of bent grass shoots developing from buried rhizomes was reduced to <10% when rhizomes were broken into sections containing only a single node and buried at or below 75 mm. Even after 3 months burial, an average of 0, 0·2, and 0·4 nodes in 1-node, 3-node, and 8-node sections, respectively, were still viable after fragmentation and could potentially develop, should conditions change, ensuring regeneration. The presence of newly sown pasture did not affect either the development of nodes or the vigour of shoots of bent grass during the 3-month measurement period. Pasture production, however, was reduced with increasing bent grass shoot production such that 8-node sections buried at 25 and 50 mm produced up to 3 times more dry matter per pot than other pasture components, giving bent grass a competitive advantage.
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Brink, Geoffrey E., Randall D. Jackson, Jonathon S. Bleier, Susan K. Chamberlain, and Andrew R. Jakubowski. "Renovation and Management Effects on Pasture Productivity Under Rotational Grazing." Forage & Grazinglands 8, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/fg-2010-0361-01-rs.
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Guppy, C. N., C. Edwards, G. J. Blair, and J. M. Scott. "Whole-farm management of soil nutrients drives productive grazing systems: the Cicerone farmlet experiment confirms earlier research." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12147.
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The Cicerone Project included a study of three 53-ha farmlets, each subjected to a different management system. The systems varied first in their input of fertilisers and sown pastures and second in their grazing management. Farmlet A undertook a high level of pasture renovation and had soil fertility targets of 60 mg/kg Colwell phosphorus (P) and 10 mg/kg KCl-40 sulfur (S), while farmlets B and C both had a low rate of pasture renovation and targets of 20 mg/kg P and 6.5 mg/kg S. In addition, both farmlets A and B adopted a flexible rotational grazing regime over the eight paddocks of each farmlet, whereas farmlet C, which had 37 paddocks, adopted intensive rotational grazing. This paper first reviews the literature relating to soil fertility research in the summer-dominant rainfall region of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It then examines whether the soil fertility targets set for the farmlets were attained and how the consequences of fertiliser management measured in this trial related to earlier research findings. Fertiliser applications, comprising both capital and maintenance rates, were based on soil test results but at times were constrained by the availability of finance. Soil tests over 5 years indicated that only nitrogen (N), P and S varied with time within the farmlets while the other indices of soil fertility remained similar. Phosphorus and S levels increased in response to fertiliser applications whereas N levels responded to increases in legume composition, which was stimulated by the higher P and S levels. Multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated that farmlet productivity was driven by P and S fertility and thus the two farmlets with lower P and S fertility (farmlets B and C) had similar but lower levels of farmlet productivity compared with farmlet A. Significant increases in several measured pasture productivity parameters were observed in response to the higher P and S fertility on farmlet A, especially when climatic conditions were favourable. The results of the Cicerone farmlet experiment confirm the findings of earlier research on the Northern Tablelands, and elsewhere in the high rainfall zone, that has demonstrated that higher soil fertility levels and pasture renovation enhance the productivity of grazing enterprises more than grazing management, without imposing significant risks to the environment.
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Wallau, Marcelo, Joao Vendramini, Jose Dubeux, and Ann Blount. "Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flueggé): Overview and Pasture Management." EDIS 2019, no. 4 (August 9, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ag342-2019.
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This 10-page document discusses bahiagrass forage cultivars, forage production, nutritive value, animal performance, planting, pasture renovation, management, and more. Written by Marcelo Wallau, Joao Vendramini, José Dubeux, and Ann Blount, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised July 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag342
Original version:
Newman, Yoana, Joao Vendramini, and Ann Blount. 2010. “Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum): Overview and Management”. EDIS 2010 (4). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/118607.
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Lewis, C. D., C. K. M. Ho, J. L. Jacobs, and B. Malcolm. "Benefits and costs of grazing various proportions of perennial ryegrass and chicory for dairy production." Animal Production Science 58, no. 8 (2018): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17772.
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Understanding the economic trade-off between changes in the supplementary feed required and the cost of pasture renovation is important when considering investing in alternative forages. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the main pasture species used for dairy production in temperate Australia. Alternatives to perennial ryegrass are grown to complement the seasonal growth pattern of perennial ryegrass, and to potentially increase annual dry matter (DM) yield. A case study analysis of a dairy farm in Gippsland was used to explore the benefits and costs over 15 years when either 0%, 20% or 40% of the milking area was sown to chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), with the balance sown to perennial ryegrass. Chicory was part of a 3-year pasture renovation cycle; in the year of establishment, annual ryegrass was sown in the autumn, with chicory sown in spring, followed by 27 months of production. This was compared with a 5-year renovation cycle of perennial ryegrass. Stocking rates of 3.3 and 2.5 cows/ha were modelled. A whole farm budget approach with stochastic simulation was used to quantify the potential effect on profit and risk. The profitability of growing chicory depended on the balance among (1) savings in supplementary feed costs during summer and autumn, and (2) possible reductions in the overall supply of DM during winter and early spring, and (3) increased pasture renovation costs. Stocking rate influenced the most profitable percentage of land sown to chicory. When stocking rate was 3.3 cows/ha, sowing 20% of the milking area to chicory returned a net present value (NPV) over 15 years AU$31 000 greater, on average, than did sowing 0% chicory, and AU$46 000 greater than sowing 40% chicory. With 2.5 cows/ha, sowing 40% of the milking area to chicory returned an NPV AU$39 000–AU$102 000 greater, on average, than did sowing either 20% or 0% chicory, respectively. The ratio of perennial ryegrass to chicory had little effect on the variability of NPV. For an individual farm, the most profitable percentage will fluctuate over time with variations in prices, seasonal conditions and management choices.
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Trompf, J. P., and P. W. G. Sale. "The impact of commodity prices and seasonal conditions on the adoption of productive pasture technology during the final 18 months of the Grassland’s Productivity Program." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 8 (1998): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98088.
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Summary. Nineteen participants in the Grassland’s Productivity Program were surveyed in autumn 1997 to determine whether they had continued to adopt productive pasture practices during the final 18 months of the program. The objective was to determine whether changes in commodity prices in 1996, involving falls in wool and beef prices and increases in prime lamb prices, and unfavourable seasonal conditions, impacted on the continuing adoption of productive pastures by participants of the Grassland’s Productivity Program. Despite the less favourable market and seasonal conditions, the Grassland’s Productivity Program participants continued to increase their adoption of productive pastures, almost trebling the area of land under the productive pasture technology from mid 1995 to 1997. This was achieved by rationalising farm expenditure in ways to cope with the less favourable conditions. The first was to undertake more pasture manipulation instead of high-cost pasture renovation. The second was to maintain expenditure on phosphorus fertiliser but focusing the application on more productive pasture paddocks. As a result the stocking rate across the whole farm was only increased marginally (by 0.2 dse/ha) from 1995 to 1997. Nevertheless the participants predicted that they would increase their stocking rate by an average of 17% across their farms, from 10.9 to 12.7 dse/ha, by the year 2000. The continuing strong commitment to adopt productive pastures is highlighted by the future intention of over half of the Grassland’s Productivity Program participants (53%) to implement the technology over their whole farm. The remaining participants intended to have at least half their farm under productive pastures. There was no discernible difference between wool growers and prime lamb producers in achieving adoption intentions apart from the area of the farm that is sown to productive species. This indicates that a short-term change in enterprise profitability is not necessarily a major determinant of adoption of more intensive grazing practices by participants in this type of group-facilitated program.
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Scott, J. M., K. Behrendt, A. Colvin, F. Scott, L. M. Shakhane, C. Guppy, J. Hoad, et al. "Integrated overview of results from a farmlet experiment which compared the effects of pasture inputs and grazing management on profitability and sustainability." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12284.
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The Cicerone Project conducted a grazed farmlet experiment on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, from July 2000 to December 2006, to address questions raised by local graziers concerning how they might improve the profitability and sustainability of their grazing enterprises. This unreplicated experiment examined three management systems at a whole-farmlet scale. The control farmlet (farmlet B) represented typical management for the region, with flexible rotational grazing and moderate inputs. A second farmlet (farmlet A) also used flexible rotational grazing but had a higher level of pasture renovation and soil fertility, while the third farmlet (farmlet C) had the same moderate inputs as farmlet B but employed intensive rotational grazing. The present paper provides an integrated overview of the results collated from component papers and discusses the inferences that can be drawn from what was a complex, agroecosystem experiment. The measurements recorded both early and late in the experiment were tabulated for each of the farmlets and compared with each other as relative proportions, allowing visual presentation on a common, indexed scale. Because of equivalent starting conditions, there was little difference between farmlets early in the experimental period (2000–01) across a wide array of measured parameters, including herbage mass, potential pasture growth rate, liveweight, wool production per head, stocking rate, gross margin and equity. Although the experiment experienced drier-than-average conditions, marked differences emerged among farmlets over time, due to the effects of treatments. During the latter half of the experimental period (2003–06), farmlet A showed numerous positive and a few negative consequences of the higher rate of pasture renovation and increased soil fertility compared with the other two farmlets. While intensive rotational grazing resulted in superior control of gastrointestinal nematodes and slightly finer wool, this system had few effects on pastures and no positive effects on sheep liveweights, wool production or stocking rate. Whereas farmlet A showed higher gross margins, it had a negative and lower short-term cash position than did farmlets B and C, due largely to the artificially high rate of pasture renovation undertaken on this farmlet during the experiment. Although farmlet B had the highest cash position at the end of the experiment, this came at a cost of the declining quality of its pastures. Modelling of the farmlet systems allowed the results to be considered over the longer timeframes needed to assess sustainability. Thus, returns on investment were compared over realistic amortisation periods and produced outcomes based on long-term climatic expectations which were compared with those that arose under the drier-than-average conditions experienced during the experimental period. The main factors responsible for lifting the productivity of farmlet A were the sowing of temperate species and increased soil fertility, which enhanced the amount of legume and increased pasture quality and potential pasture growth. The factor that affected farmlet C most was the low proportion of the farmlet grazed at any one time, with high stock density imposed during grazing, which decreased feed intake quality. The paper concludes that more profitable and sustainable outcomes are most likely to arise from grazing enterprises that are proactively managed towards optimal outcomes by maintaining sufficient desirable perennial grasses with adequate legume content, enhancing soil fertility and employing flexible rotational grazing.
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de Koff, J. P., P. A. Moore, S. J. Formica, M. Van Eps, and P. B. DeLaune. "Effects of Pasture Renovation on Hydrology, Nutrient Runoff, and Forage Yield." Journal of Environmental Quality 40, no. 2 (March 2011): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0158.
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de Koff, J. P., P. A. Moore, S. J. Formica, M. Van Eps, and P. B. DeLaune. "Effects of Pasture Renovation on Hydrology, Nutrient Runoff, and Forage Yield." Journal of Environmental Quality 40, no. 3 (May 2011): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0158er.
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Barker, G. M. "Pasture renovation: interactions of vegetation control with slug and insect infestations." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 2 (October 1990): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075122.
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SUMMARYIn a field trial at Rukuhia, New Zealand, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed was direct drilled into pasture (i) without herbicide suppression of the resident sward, (ii) with banded application of glyphosate or paraquat herbicide at drilling to remove 50% of the resident sward and (iii) after complete removal of the grass and weed components of the old sward with glyphosate or paraquat before drilling. These treatments were compared with the untreated old swards. Where the old sward was removed by herbicide before drilling, pests moved onto the drilled seedling rows, but, where herbicide was sprayed in bands over the drill rows, the pests remained in or moved into the residual bands of the old sward. Significant beneficial interactions between herbicide use and in-furrow applications of molluscicides and insecticides resulted in reductions in the numbers of pests on the seedling rows. The influence of vegetation control on the pest burden is discussed in the context of current pasture renovation practices.
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Pezzopane, José Ricardo Macedo, Alberto Carlos Campos Bernardi, Cristiam Bosi, Patricia Perondi Anchão Oliveira, Matheus Henrique Marconato, André de Faria Pedroso, and Sérgio Novita Esteves. "Forage productivity and nutritive value during pasture renovation in integrated systems." Agroforestry Systems 93, no. 1 (November 2, 2017): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0149-7.
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Costello, Tom and Anne. "Subterranean clover in North Canterbury sheep pastures." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3011.
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The Hawarden basin is typified by dry, hot conditions over summer, which makes it difficult to retain ryegrass/white clover pastures on the lighter soils. These conditions have led to the introduction of better-adapted species such as the annual, subterranean clover. The mid-flowering cultivar 'Mt Barker' was first sown in the 1930s; then the earlyflowering 'Woogenellup' and late 'Tallarook' were used in the 1960s. The 'Mt Barker' type became dominant in these old pastures. The key factors for good subterranean clover growth were soil fertility (particularly P and S), space following dry summers for seedlings to re-establish, and moisture in the spring to maximise herbage yield. A visit to Australia in 1996 prompted the inclusion in new sowings of the late-flowering 'Leura' at high sowing rates (8-10 kg/ ha). It has taken 5 years for seed stocks to build to a level where we can identify good seedling strikes of 'Leura'. Two of the autumns over this period were very difficult and hindered normal establishment. Rainfall is erratic in North Canterbury, which affects the success of subterranean clover from one year to another. Dry summer conditions are optimal for subterranean clover strikes, as the pasture opens, and when the autumn break occurs, more than 2 000 subterranean clover seedlings/m2 can be produced. Autumn grazing management, when recovering from extreme drought, is critical because pasture must be spelled for 6 weeks to allow the subterranean clover to establish. However, if the autumn is wet, pasture cover must be controlled so that subterranean clover seedlings are not smothered. Set-stocking is best in spring to control pasture cover, but grazing should not be too hard during the flowering and seed set period. Subterranean clover seed yields of up to 250 kg/ha have been achieved from old pastures, but this is less seed than is produced under Australian conditions. Pasture renovation using the baker boot drill to re-introduce grasses and new cultivars of subterranean clover has been successful following very dry summers. Lamb growth rates have been excellent on subterranean clover-based pastures and these have increased the farm's meat production and reduced the cost of maintaining pastures. Key words: grazing management, North Canterbury, seedling establishment, seed set, subterranean clover
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Talbott, Charlotte L., Deidre D. Harmon, Matt H. Poore, Alan J. Franluebbers, Carolyn A. Young, and Emily H. Griffith. "PSI-4 Animal and agronomic performance while grazing winter stockpiled novel endophyte tall fescue established with three pasture renovation strategies." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.506.
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Abstract Comparing animal and agronomic performance following renovation of toxic-infected tall fescue (TF) to novel endophyte tall fescue (NE) is fundamental to evaluating economic returns and increasing adoption of NE. In 2018, three NE renovation strategies were implemented in a randomized complete block design in Bahama, NC. Strategies included: 1) control (C), 2) renovation to NE after one season of a single specie cover crop (1-SM), 3) renovation to NE after three seasons of a single specie cover crop (3-SM), and 4) renovation to NE after three seasons of a multi-specie cover crop (3-CM). Sixty-four Angus heifers (initial BW 290 kg ± 88) were randomly assigned to treatments and strip-grazed stockpiled fescue for 56-d, two years after NE establishment. Forage yield and nutritive value was measured every 14-d. Data were analyzed using proc GLIMMIX of SAS v9.4. Average daily gain was greatest (P = 0.0024) for cattle grazing 1-SM (0.67 kg/d), and least for 3-CM (0.54 kg/d) and C (0.44 kg/d), which did not differ. 3-SM (0.57 kg/d) did not differ from other treatments. Within the grazing period, forage yield was greatest (P = 0.0001) in 3-CM, 3-SM, and C compared to 1-SM (3053, 2941, 2856 and 2465 kg/ha, respectively). Prior to the initiation of grazing, crude protein concentration was greater (P = 0.0089) for 3-CM (17.5%) compared to C, 1-SM, and 3-SM (15.8%, 15.8% and 15.3%, respectively). Neutral detergent fiber was greater (P = 0.0135) for 3-SM (57%) than C (55.1%) and 3-CM (54.5%), but did not differ from 1-SM (54.6%). Concentration of total digestible nutrients was greater (P = 0.0187) for 3-CM (73.2%) compared to 1-SM (72.1%) and 3-SM (71.9%), but did not differ from C (72.5%). Data suggest animal and agronomic performance for NE was improved compared to TF during winter stockpile grazing in years following renovation.
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Ludemann, C. I., J. L. Jacobs, and K. F. Smith. "The economic significance of maintaining pasture production at its peak value." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 2 (2015): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14162.
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Persistence of pasture is considered an important trait by many farmers using pasture-based systems. Despite this, pasture persistence is generally poorly defined. This study includes an analysis of changes in farm operating profits (OP) when pasture persistence is improved. Persistence was defined as either a 1-year increase in years at peak dry matter (DM) production or a reduction in the rate of decline in annual pasture DM production after the year that peak production occurred (duration of pasture life), both resulting in a 1-year delay in pasture renovation. Changes in OP for these definitions of pasture persistence were modelled for two dairy farms in temperate regions of Australia (Terang in south-western Victoria and Elliott in Tasmania). An increase in duration of peak DM production on the basis of economic theory increased OP more than an increase in duration of pasture life. Increases in OP for a 1-year increase in peak DM production were AU$165 ha–1 for Terang and $202 ha–1 for Elliott. This compared with $21 ha–1 for Terang and $15 ha–1 for Elliott for a 1-year increase in the duration of pasture life. Therefore, farmers and plant breeders could place more emphasis on improving the duration of time that pasture plants achieve peak DM production than improving pasture persistence at the end of the pasture plant’s lifetime, to increase annual OP.
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Belesky, D. P., and R. J. Wright. "Hill-Pasture Renovation Using Phosphate Rock and Stocking with Sheep and Goats." Journal of Production Agriculture 7, no. 2 (April 1994): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1994.0233.
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Keim, J. P., I. F. López, and O. A. Balocchi. "Sward herbage accumulation and nutritive value as affected by pasture renovation strategy." Grass and Forage Science 70, no. 2 (February 23, 2014): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12115.
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Müller, Martin, and František Hrabě. "Effect of owersowing on yields and botanical composition of pasture sward." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 4 (2008): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856040127.
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There are several metods of permanent pasture renovation. Different technologies were investigated on a pasture sward. Three seeders (Einböck seeder with the tine harrow, no-till Sulky disc seeder and SPP 8 strip seeder) and two fertilization regimes (with no fertilization and with mineral fertilization N90P30K60 kg.ha−1) were used to determine optimum methods of establishment and the use of oversowed pasture swards. In the first year, renovated plots had a higher DM production than control plots. The pasture oversowing had no effect on herbage production in the second production year. The fertilization had no effect in the first production year with a higher clover content in the sward. The share of clovers was higher in plots oversown with the Einböck and Sulky seeders but only in the second and third cuts of the first production year and in the third cut of the second production year. The highest content of clovers was observed in the second and third cuts. There was a positive correlation between the clover content in DM yield and herbage DM production. The oversowing did not show any effect on the grass content in the pasture sward.
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Thom, E. R., G. W. Sheath, A. M. Bryant, and N. R. Cox. "Renovation of pastures containing paspalum 1 . Persistence of overdrilled ryegrass and prairie grass and effect on seasonal pasture production." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 29, no. 4 (October 1986): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1986.10430451.
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Barker, G. M., P. J. Addison, L. N. Robertson, and B. E. Willoughby. "Interactions of seeding rate with pesticide treatments in pasture renovation by direct drilling." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 33, no. 4 (October 1990): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1990.10428463.
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Nashiki, Mamoru, Tetsuya Hatanaka, Toshiya Saigusa, Shutaro Kawabata, and Ken Ohta. "Effect of weed control on the success of pasture renovation in Hokkaido district." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 47, Supplement (2002): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.47.supplement_244.
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Tharmaraj, J., D. F. Chapman, J. Hill, J. L. Jacobs, and B. R. Cullen. "Increasing home-grown forage consumption and profit in non-irrigated dairy systems. 2. Forage harvested." Animal Production Science 54, no. 3 (2014): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12296.
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A dairy farmlet experiment was conducted at Terang in south-west Victoria, Australia, over 4 years to test the hypothesis that a 30% increase in forage harvested per ha could be achieved in a production system that incorporated a range of Complementary Forages with perennial ryegrass (CF) compared with a well managed perennial ryegrass-only farmlet (‘Ryegrass Max’, RM). The CF farmlet included perennial ryegrass pasture (44% of the farmlet area on average over 4 years), but also incorporated oversowing perennial ryegrass with short-term ryegrasses (average 16% of farmlet area) to increase winter growth, tall fescue-based pasture (average 20% of farmlet area) to increase production in the late spring–summer period, a double cropping rotation (15% of farmlet area) based on winter cereal for silage production followed by summer brassica crops for grazing, and summer crops used in the pasture renovation process (average 5% of farmlet area). The RM and CF farmlets were stocked at 2.2 and 2.82 June-calving cows/ha, respectively and average annual nitrogen (N) fertiliser application rates (pasture only) were 141 and 153 kg N/ha, respectively. The total amount of forage harvested per year was generally less than predicted from pre-experimental modelling of both farmlets. However, the proposed target of a 30% increase in home-grown forage harvest per ha in the CF system compared with RM was exceeded in 2005–06 (+33%), with 21, 16 and 11% higher forage harvest achieved in CF in 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively (average for all 4 years = 20%). Annual forage harvested in RM ranged between 6.5 and 8.9 t DM/ha compared with 7.9–10.3 t DM/ha in CF. Approximately two-thirds of the increased forage harvest in CF came from higher rates of pasture consumption per ha and one-third from the double cropping component of the system, although the performance of the double crop (mean annual production of 11.5 t DM/ha) was well below the expected 20 t DM/ha based on pre-experimental modelling. The higher per-hectare pasture harvest rates in CF were primarily due to increased perennial ryegrass pasture consumption achieved through higher stocking rates and efficient responses to higher N inputs from both higher fertiliser rates and additional supplementary feeding. In CF, the DM harvested from pastures oversown with short-term ryegrasses was lower than perennial ryegrass, while tall fescue-based pastures were similar to perennial ryegrass. Poor spring rainfall in 2006–07 and 2008–09 likely contributed to the lower than expected DM yields of tall fescue-based pasture and the summer crops within the double cropping component. Home-grown forage harvest rates can be increased by 11–33% above what is currently achieved by best industry practice with perennial ryegrass-only pastures using complementary forages but perennial ryegrass will remain a key component of the forage base for dairy production in southern Australia.
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De Oliveira Neto, Sebastião Soares, Ana Stella Freire Gonçalves, Rita Therezinha Rolim Pietramale, and Mário José Bellíssimo. "Nitrogen and Phosphate Fertilization Maximize Grass BRS Zuri Performance." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i1.15521.
Full textAbstract:
The low nutrients levels available in pasture formation reduces the forage yield. Soil correction and fertilization practices are considered priorities in the planning, renovation or recovery of pastures. The aimed of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization rate in productivity of the Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3×4 factorial arrangement, with three doses of superphosphate (0.0, 80.0 and 160.0 kg.ha-1) and four doses of ammonium nitrate (0.0; 20.0; 40.0 and 60.0 kg.ha-1), with three replicates. The following parameters were evaluated at 120 days after implantation: green mass and dry matter yield, plant height, number of plants and tillers per square meter. The doses of 80.0 and 160.0 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 and 60.0 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen combined to each other showed the best results for forage yield.
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Weller, Sandra, Singarayer Florentine, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Ako Mahmood, and Arunthathy Florentine. "Effects of various ecological factors on the germination of two crop and pasture weed species, Vulpia bromoides and Vulpia myuros." New Zealand Plant Protection 72 (July 26, 2019): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2019.72.231.
Full textAbstract:
Vulpia species (silver grasses), including V. bromoides and V. myuros, are native to the Mediterranean, Middle East and Eurasia, but have become dispersed worldwide. These two species reduce the grazing quality of pastures, frequently co-occur and are often associated with poor-quality acidic soils. This study investigated two species, Vulpia bromoides and V. myuros. Germination trials tested the effects of seasonal temperature, light,pH, moisture, salinity, pre-germination heat shock and smoke, and seed burial depth. Vulpia bromoides germinated well regardless of temperature or light (>80%, all conditions), whereas V. myuros preferred lower temperatures and absence of light (97%, 7/17oC in 24-h dark). Under different culture conditions, the two species germinated well across the pH range 4 to 10 (>85%). Reduced moisture, pre-germination heat shock and smoke, and increased burial depth reduced germination and emergence of both species. Preventing germination of these species in pastures must begin before or during winter. Fire may be useful for control, butsufficiently high temperatures must be achieved to kill seeds. Tillage to bury seeds, prior to pasture renovation, may prevent germination of seeds.
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Cottle, D., C. A. Gaden, J. Hoad, D. Lance, J. Smith, and J. M. Scott. "The effects of pasture inputs and intensive rotational grazing on superfine wool production, quality and income." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12289.
Full textAbstract:
A farmlet experiment was conducted between July 2000 and December 2006 as part of the Cicerone Project, which sought to enhance the profitability and sustainability of grazing enterprises on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. A self-replacing Merino enterprise was grazed as the dominant livestock enterprise, together with ~20% of the carrying capacity as cattle, on each of three farmlet treatments: higher levels of soil fertility and pasture renovation with flexible rotational grazing over eight paddocks (farmlet A), moderate soil fertility and pasture renovation with flexible rotational grazing over eight paddocks (farmlet B) and moderate soil fertility and pasture renovation with intensive rotational grazing over 37 paddocks (farmlet C). Prior to commencement of the trial, the three 53-ha farmlets were allocated equivalent areas of land based on soil type, slope and recent fertiliser history. This paper describes the effects of the three pasture and grazing management strategies on the production, quality and value of the wool produced per head, per ha and per farmlet. Up until 2001 there were no differences in wool production between farmlets. Thereafter, significant differences between farmlets emerged in greasy fleece weight per head and price received per kg of fleece wool. For example, the clean fleece value averaged over the 2003–05 shearings for all hoggets, ewes and wethers was 1531, 1584 and 1713 cents/kg for farmlets A, B and C, respectively. There were small but significant differences, which varied between sheep class and year, between the farmlets in average fibre diameter and staple length but less so with staple strength. In general, while the differences between farmlets in staple strength varied over time, farmlets A and B tended to have wool with longer staple length and broader fibre diameter than farmlet C and this affected wool value per kg. Differences in wool income per ha between farmlets grew in later years as the farmlet treatments took effect. In spite of farmlet A having a slightly lower wool value per kg, after taking into account its greater fleece weight per head and its higher stocking rate, the total wool income per ha was higher than on either farmlets B or C. The average gross wool income per ha from 2003 to 2005 was $303, $215 and $180 for farmlets A, B and C, respectively. The highest amount of greasy wool produced was in 2004 when 38.2, 26.5 and 21.5 kg/ha was harvested from farmlets A, B and C, respectively. The fibre diameter profiles of 2-year-old ewes showed similar profiles for farmlets A and B but a significantly finer fibre diameter profile for farmlet C ewes due to intensive rotational grazing. However, sheep on all three farmlets produced wool with high staple strength. Multivariate analyses revealed that greasy fleece weight, staple length and staple strength were significantly positively correlated with the proportion of the farm grazed at any one time, and with soil phosphorus, legume herbage and green digestible herbage thus highlighting the significant influence of pasture and soil inputs and of grazing management on wool production and quality.
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Andrae, J. G., and C. A. Roberts. "Transferring endophyte technology to North American farmers." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3066.
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Bacon and others discovered the tall fescue endophyte in 1977. Since that time, North American researchers have developed several endophyte-based technologies to reduce fescue toxicosis. The most recent has been the release of MaxQ, a novel endophyte that enhances persistence but does not cause fescue toxicosis. Despite its advantages, MaxQ has been adopted slowly across the fescue belt of the US. This paper presents possible social and managerial reasons for this slow adoption. It closes by offering some possible solutions. Keywords: MaxQ, novel endophyte, tall fescue toxicosis, pasture renovation, educational efforts
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BELANGER, G., and J. E. WINCH. "HERBICIDES FOR SOD-SEEDING LEGUMES ON SHALLOW SOIL PASTURES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-134.
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At two shallow pasture sites in southern Ontario, glyphosate, paraquat and dalapon were evaluated for the control of the indigenous vegetation in the establishment of four sod-seeded legume species. The relative efficiency of herbicides in the control of vegetation decreased in the order given above and was evident in the establishment of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and in the present cover of legumes in the first production year. Mefluidide and fluazifop-butyl had little effect upon the control of vegetation and did not improve legume establishment. Crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) and cicer milkvetch (Astralagus cicer L.) failed to establish in the seedling year. A twofold to threefold increase in total dry matter production was obtained in the first production year by fertilizing and sod-seeding after control of vegetation.Key words: Herbicides, sod-seeding, legumes, pasture renovation
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Eckard, R. J., A. A. Salardini, M. Hannah, and D. R. Franks. "The yield, quality and irrigation response of summer forage crops suitable for a dairy pasture renovation program in north-western Tasmania." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (2001): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00053.
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The yield and quality of perennial ryegrass, short-rotation ryegrass–perennial ryegrass mix, oats, millet, maize, rape, kale, pasja and turnips were determined over a 13-week summer period in 1995–96 and 1996–97. The experiment was conducted on the Elliott Research Station in north-western Tasmania (145˚E, 41˚S) and consisted of 2 irrigated and 2 dryland main plots. Within each main plot was a randomised complete block design with 9 forage crop subplots. Where forage is required through the summer, there is little advantage in establishing millet or oats over a spring-sown ryegrass pasture, mainly as the former still require replacement with permanent pasture in the autumn. However, if additional forage is required from late January then turnips are clearly superior to the other forages evaluated in all respects, apart from a low bulb crude protein (CP) content. Turnips responded significantly to irrigation, producing between 15 and 22 kg DM/ha.mm irrigation applied, with yields ranging between 7.9 and 10.6 t DM/ha dryland and between 13.5 and 14.4 t DM/ha under irrigation. The metabolisable energy (ME) and CP contents of turnips were 12.5 MJ/kg DM and 12.4% in the shoots and 13.4 MJ/kg DM and 7.0% in the bulbs, respectively. In comparison, the other fodder crops tested yielded between 4 and 6 t DM/ha under dryland conditions and between 5 and 7 t DM/ha under irrigated conditions. Turnips were most economic, costing on average A$120/t DM irrigated and $160/t DM dryland, while spring renovation to perennial ryegrass cost $385/t DM irrigated and $344/t DM dryland; clearly more expensive than purchased feeds for this period. These findings confirm the choice of many farmers that, of the species examined, turnips are the most suitable as a summer fodder crop, both irrigated or dryland, and integrate well with a pasture renovation rotation.
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Lane, P. M. S., and B. E. Willoughby. "Helicropping - early adopters' experiences." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.573.
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Abstract Aerial establishment of pasture and crops in hill country in New Zealand has received mixed publicity. Popularly referred to as 'spray and pray' this detracts from the success some practitioners have achieved with 'helicropping', a highly structured process that has the potential to markedly change hill country farming. Four farmers with an average of 4.5 years (range 2 to 7 years) of helicropping in New Zealand hill country were interviewed using a semi-structured snowball technique. Cross-case analysis was used to analyse themes of learning experience of helicropping, crop establishment, utilisation and economics, and the management of potential risk of soil loss from hill country cropping and harvest. Generally, all aspects ranked highly in terms of success. However, there was a strong message that this was attributable to strictly following a prescribed process that reduced risks both to a profitable return and to soil conservation. Keywords: hill country, soil conservation, pasture renovation, no tillage
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Shakhane, L. M., J. M. Scott, G. N. Hinch, D. F. Mackay, and C. Lord. "Estimating the balance between pasture feed supply and demand of grazing livestock in a farmlet experiment." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12453.
Full textAbstract:
Data from the Cicerone farmlet study were used to quantify the balance between pasture feed supply and the demand from grazing livestock, in terms of metabolisable energy (ME), on three differently managed farmlets (each of 53 ha) on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Farmlet A had a high level of pasture renovation and higher soil fertility than the other two farmlets and employed flexible grazing management over eight paddocks. Farmlet B was designed to represent management ‘typical’ of the region and had the same grazing management and number of paddocks as farmlet A but moderate levels of pasture renovation and soil fertility. The third farmlet (C) had the same level of inputs as farmlet B but practised intensive rotational grazing over 37 paddocks. Regular measurements of the feed supply, namely herbage mass and quality, pasture growth and supplement fed and of feed demand were assembled to provide monthly estimates of the balance between feed supply and animal demand of all classes of livestock run on the experiment over its duration of 6.5 years. The significantly greater stocking rate, liveweight and reproductive rate of sheep reached on the higher input system (farmlet A) meant higher levels of ME were required to satisfy the nutritional demands of these animals. As only limited measurements were taken of animal intake, it was assumed that the supply of ME was derived from pasture growth and supplement fed. Using key livestock management dates and measurements of liveweights, the changes in the energy requirements of each class of animal were calculated and aggregated to provide an estimate of overall livestock energy demand over time. Subtracting the energy demand from the estimated energy supply provided a partial net energy balance. Measurements of the rates of change of green herbage during grazing events were found to be highly dependent on stock density with farmlets A, B and C recording rates of change of up to –50, –30 and –200 green DM/ha.day, respectively. Over a series of generally drier-than-average years, the ME supplied in pasture growth and through supplementation was at times inadequate to meet the energy demands of the livestock, resulting in periods during winter when the partial energy balance became negative. Similar feed deficits were observed for all three farmlets, suggesting that they were over-stocked to a similar extent. In spite of the divergence in the stocking rate supported by each farmlet, the similarity of the ME balances between farmlets suggests that no farmlet was subjected to bias because of decisions relating to feed supply and demand. The analyses presented suggest there is considerable potential for practical paddock and grazing management to be improved if more timely and regular assessments can be made of changes in the feed energy supply using satellite images of normalised difference vegetation indices and feed energy demand using calculations of the ME required by grazing livestock.
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Coventry, T., H. Sutherland, M. Waters, P. Dutton, B. Gream, R. Croft, E. Hall, et al. "Reflections on the concept, conduct and findings of the producer-led Cicerone Project." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12292.
Full textAbstract:
The Cicerone Project began as a producer-led partnership that sought, over a period of 8 years, to enhance the profitability and sustainability of livestock enterprises by improving the connection between those producers, research and extension. Following a detailed survey, the research and extension needs of livestock producers were identified and several applied investigations were conducted to meet those needs and delivered through a range of extension activities. This final paper of the Cicerone Special Issue reflects on the entire Project from a wide array of perspectives, including livestock producers, researchers, extension specialists and staff employed by the Project, all of whom are authors of this paper. A notable early successful outcome of the Project was the improved precision of footrot diagnosis, which has been of value to the entire sheep industry, and that flowed from a field investigation of benign and virulent footrot combined with detailed genetic investigations, which led to an improved testing regime. This paper also reflects on the findings of an unreplicated agricultural ecosystem research trial, which measured the impact of pasture renovation, increased soil fertility and grazing management on the profitability and sustainability of three different 53-ha farmlets. Valuable findings from this whole-farmlet trial included the need for a high quality feed supply for increasing stocking rate and animal liveweights; the ability and utility of satellite imagery to detect changes in pasture growth, composition and recent grazing pressure; the value of short grazing and long rest periods for controlling Barber’s pole worms of sheep; the impact of increased stocking rates on whole-farm profitability and risk; methods of optimising decisions relating to pasture renovation, fertiliser applications and grazing management; and an integrated analysis of all key measured components of the farmlet management systems. Collectively, these findings were powerful as they were demonstrated at a scale credible to livestock producers using the ‘compare – measure – learn – adopt’ approach, which was the key philosophy adopted by the Cicerone Project. By comparing and measuring different whole-farm systems, and by ensuring that producers had ownership of the trial process, the Project successfully delivered objective findings that producers trusted and which increased our understanding of important drivers of complex grazing enterprises under variable climatic conditions. Some of these drivers included: the influence of soil phosphorus on botanical composition and subsequent livestock production, the role of pasture renovation and soil fertility on herbage supply, herbage quality and stocking rate, and the improved gastrointestinal nematode control delivered by intensive rotational grazing. The beneficiaries of the Project included the 180 farmer members who participated in some 61 field days and workshops; the research and extension collaborators including four postgraduates who completed their research investigations in conjunction with the Project; and some 500 undergraduate and 300 technical students who benefited from coming to understand the applied field comparisons of the three whole-farmlet systems. Having livestock producers play a significant leadership role led to valuable outcomes achieved with research collaborators; this should encourage the development of other learning partnerships which aim to explore complex farming system issues.