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Journal articles on the topic 'Pasture dieback'
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Whitton, Maria M., Xipeng Ren, Sung J. Yu, Tieneke Trotter, Dragana Stanley, and Yadav S. Bajagai. "Remediation of Pasture Dieback Using Plant Growth Promotant." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 3153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123153.
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Pasture dieback is a syndrome of unknown cause affecting grasses in Australia, creating significant economic losses to farmers by reducing available livestock feed and paddock carrying capacity. RC3 is a commercial plant growth stimulant tri-sodium salt of trimercapto-S-triazine (TMT) and potassium humate as active ingredients. TMT is commonly used for soil and wastewater remediation by capturing and binding heavy metals, while potassium humate is an organic compound used as a plant growth promoter. We investigated the ability of RC3 to restore soil health and productivity under pasture dieback conditions. RC3 was applied on pasture dieback affected paddock replicate plots once, at a rate of 4 mL/m2, and soil core samples were taken weekly to analyse microbial communities. Plants were collected regularly to measure dry matter and plant morphometrics. Twenty weeks after a single application, dry matter increased in RC3 plots by 900 kg/ha compared to control plots, and at week 48, eleven months after the single application, RC3 plots showed a trend of more grass and dicot species than the control. Morphometric measures suggest minor improvements in dicotyledon plants. Alpha diversity did not change with the application of RC3. Temporal correlation analysis shows that RC3 steadily reduced the presence of genera predominant in poor soils and with extreme environmental conditions over time and prevented the decline of beneficial genera, such as Marmoricola, Actinomadura, Dactylosporangium, and mle1-7.
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Whitton, Maria M., Xipeng Ren, Sung J. Yu, Andrew D. Irving, Tieneke Trotter, Yadav S. Bajagai, and Dragana Stanley. "Sea Minerals Reduce Dysbiosis, Improve Pasture Productivity and Plant Morphometrics in Pasture Dieback Affected Soils." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214873.
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Pasture dieback (PD) is a grassland deteriorating syndrome resulting in grass loss and weed expansion in Australian pastures, with current estimates indicating that over four million hectares are affected. PD creates financial losses to the industry by reducing animal carrying capacity and producing poor-quality feed, resulting in diminished productivity. After more than a decade since PD first appeared in Australia, the causes and effective treatments are still unknown. Suggested causes include soil microbiota dysbiosis, pathogens, insects, climate change and overuse of chemical fertilisers. Sea minerals have been suggested as capable of improving plants’ yield, quality, taste, and nutritional value, but were never brought into conventional practice as an alternative to chemical fertilisers. Here, we investigated the capacity of sea minerals to improve grass health and yield of PD-affected soil. The replicate plots were treated with water or with 4 mL/m2 of commercially available sea mineral product to investigate the soil chemistry profile, plant morphometrics, pasture productivity, soil microbiota profile, and microbiota-nutrient interactions. Sea mineral application significantly increased total dry matter 20 weeks after a single application, translating to an additional 967 kg/ha; this benefit was still present at 498 kg/ha six months post a single application. Sea mineral application improved soil microbiota by boosting beneficial taxa while reducing genera associated with arid and toxic soils. Additionally, sea mineral application increased the number of grassroots up to six months post a single application. Our data suggest the benefits of sea mineral application to damaged, unproductive or exhausted soils could be further explored as a natural, affordable, and non-toxic alternative to chemical fertilisers.
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Ren, Xipeng, Maria M. Whitton, Sung J. Yu, Tieneke Trotter, Yadav S. Bajagai, and Dragana Stanley. "Application of Phytogenic Liquid Supplementation in Soil Microbiome Restoration in Queensland Pasture Dieback." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030561.
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Pasture production is vital in cattle farming as it provides animals with food and nutrients. Australia, as a significant global beef producer, has been experiencing pasture dieback, a syndrome of deteriorating grassland that results in the loss of grass and the expansion of weeds. Despite two decades of research and many remediation attempts, there has yet to be a breakthrough in understanding the causes or mechanisms involved. Suggested causes of this phenomenon include soil and plant microbial pathogens, insect infestation, extreme heat stress, radiation, and others. Plants produce a range of phytomolecules with antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, growth-promoting, and immunostimulant effects to protect themselves from a range of environmental stresses. These products are currently used more in human and veterinary health than in agronomy. In this study, we applied a phytogenic product containing citric acid, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, to investigate its ability to alleviate pasture dieback. The phytogenic liquid-based solution was sprayed twice, one week apart, at 5.4 L per hectare. The soil microbial community was investigated longitudinally to determine long-term effects, and pasture productivity and plant morphometric improvements were explored. The phytogenic liquid significantly improved post-drought recovery of alpha diversity and altered temporal and spatial change in the community. The phytogenic liquid reduced biomarker genera associated with poor and polluted soils and significantly promoted plant and soil beneficial bacteria associated with plant rhizosphere and a range of soil benefits. Phytogenic liquid application produced plant morphology improvements and a consistent enhancement of pasture productivity extending beyond 18 months post-application. Our data show that phytogenic products used in the livestock market as an alternative to antibiotics may also have a beneficial role in agriculture, especially in the light of climate change-related soil maintenance and remediation.
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Klavina, Darta, Lauma Bruna, Astra Zaluma, Natalija Burnevica, Kaspars Polmanis, Talis Gaitnieks, and Tuula Piri. "Infection and Spread of Root Rot Caused by Heterobasidion Parviporum in Picea Abies Stands after Thinning: Case Studies on Former Pasture and Meadow Lands." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07950.
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Afforestation of former agricultural lands is a well-established practice in several countries. It is beneficial for avoiding previous-generation forest diseases and expanding forest areas. However, several biotic and abiotic risks have been reported for such stands as well as a higher risk of Heterobasidion root rot after thinning. Therefore, this study investigates the spread patterns of Heterobasidion root rot in three Picea abies (L.) Karst. Plantations established on former pasture and meadow lands and subjected to forest management practices. First of all, to get an insight into the average infection rate we sampled all standing trees (157 in total) within a transect all along the sampling area. It showed slightly lower infection in pastures than in former meadows (16% vs. 29% and 33%, respectively). Based on those data and the observed dieback all over the stand, we established circle sample plots in disease centres where all trees and stumps were analysed, and the average infection rate there was 34–41%. All obtained Heterobasidion isolates belonging to Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen. Isolates were paired to detect genotype size and infection origin. Of 141 genets examined, 99 were single-tree, indicating primary infection, and 42 formed territorial clones (160 trees and or stumps) indicating the spread of infection through root contacts. The following conclusions were reached: (i) on average, primary infection in such stands is essential, but in older stands secondary infection predominates; (ii) H. parviporum can form large (up to 137 m2) territorial clones in forests on former pasture and meadow lands causing extensive tree dieback and mortality. This study was financially supported by European Regional Development Fund’s Post-doctoral Research project No. 1.1.1.2/VIAA/2/18/298 “Determining the risk of Heterobasidion root-rot and fungal communities in roots of Norway spruce stands on former agricultural land”.
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Whitton, Maria M., Xipeng Ren, Sung J. Yu, Andrew D. Irving, Tieneke Trotter, Yadav S. Bajagai, and Dragana Stanley. "Humate application alters microbiota–mineral interactions and assists in pasture dieback recovery." Heliyon 9, no. 2 (February 2023): e13327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13327.
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Klavina, Darta, Lauma Bruna, Astra Zaluma, Natalija Burnevica, Kaspars Polmanis, Talis Gaitnieks, and Tuula Piri. "Infection and Spread of Root Rot Caused by Heterobasidion parviporum in Picea abies Stands after Thinning: Case Studies on Former Pasture and Meadow Lands." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010070.
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Afforestation of former agricultural lands is a common practice in several countries. This is beneficial for avoiding diseases carry-over from previous forest generations and to expand forest areas. However, several biotic and abiotic risks have been reported in such stands, including a higher risk of Heterobasidion root rot after thinning. Therefore, this study investigates the spread of Heterobasidion root rot in three Picea abies (L.) Karst. plantations in Latvia established on former pasture and meadow lands and subjected to forest management practices. Initially, to determine average infection rate, we sampled all standing trees (157 in total) along transects within sampling areas. On the transects, the proportion of trees suffering from Heterobasidion root rot varied from 16 to 33% among stands. Based on those data and observed dieback over all the stands, we established circular sample plots in disease centres where all trees and stumps were analysed. The average infection rate in the circular plots varied from 34 to 41%. Obtained Heterobasidion isolates were analysed with species-specific primers and were all determined to be Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen. Isolates were paired to detect the number and size of genotypes. Of 141 genets examined, 99 were isolated from only one tree or stump, while 42 formed genets including two or more trees or stumps indicating spread of infection through root contacts. The total number of Heterobasidion genets per hectare in studied stands varied from 72 to 484. The following conclusions were reached: (i) stands on former non-forest lands (pastures and meadows) can be highly susceptible to Heterobasidion infection after thinning, (ii) the pathogen may form expanding territorial clones in both former pasture and meadows and (iii) stump treatment with biological or chemical control agents is recommended to prevent Heterobasidion infections.
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Klavina, Darta, Lauma Bruna, Astra Zaluma, Natalija Burnevica, Kaspars Polmanis, Talis Gaitnieks, and Tuula Piri. "Infection and Spread of Root Rot Caused by Heterobasidion parviporum in Picea abies Stands after Thinning: Case Studies on Former Pasture and Meadow Lands." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010070.
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Afforestation of former agricultural lands is a common practice in several countries. This is beneficial for avoiding diseases carry-over from previous forest generations and to expand forest areas. However, several biotic and abiotic risks have been reported in such stands, including a higher risk of Heterobasidion root rot after thinning. Therefore, this study investigates the spread of Heterobasidion root rot in three Picea abies (L.) Karst. plantations in Latvia established on former pasture and meadow lands and subjected to forest management practices. Initially, to determine average infection rate, we sampled all standing trees (157 in total) along transects within sampling areas. On the transects, the proportion of trees suffering from Heterobasidion root rot varied from 16 to 33% among stands. Based on those data and observed dieback over all the stands, we established circular sample plots in disease centres where all trees and stumps were analysed. The average infection rate in the circular plots varied from 34 to 41%. Obtained Heterobasidion isolates were analysed with species-specific primers and were all determined to be Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen. Isolates were paired to detect the number and size of genotypes. Of 141 genets examined, 99 were isolated from only one tree or stump, while 42 formed genets including two or more trees or stumps indicating spread of infection through root contacts. The total number of Heterobasidion genets per hectare in studied stands varied from 72 to 484. The following conclusions were reached: (i) stands on former non-forest lands (pastures and meadows) can be highly susceptible to Heterobasidion infection after thinning, (ii) the pathogen may form expanding territorial clones in both former pasture and meadows and (iii) stump treatment with biological or chemical control agents is recommended to prevent Heterobasidion infections.
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Moxham, Claire, and Josh Dorrough. "Recruitment of Eucalyptus strzeleckii (Myrtaceae) in intensive livestock production landscapes." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 6 (2008): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07187.
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Eucalyptus strzeleckii K. Rule (Strzelecki gum) is a medium-to-tall forest swamp gum, endemic to Victoria and listed as Nationally Vulnerable in Australia. This species occurs in the high rainfall (up to 1600 mm) region of Gippsland in south-eastern Victoria. The region has been intensively developed for agriculture, in particular dairy production. Surviving trees are often old and in varying stages of dieback and natural recruitment is rarely observed. The removal of cattle-grazing as a sole mechanism to encourage recruitment is rarely sufficient to promote regeneration of this species. The aim of this study was to examine the role of soil disturbance, weed competition, seed supply and parent plant competition, in the absence of cattle-grazing, in the recruitment of E. strzeleckii. Seed availability, distance from mature tree, soil disturbance, soil moisture and pasture competition all influenced seedling establishment and survival in the field. Removal of ground layer vegetation immediately before seedling emergence appears to be essential for successful establishment of E. strzeleckii. However, both soil disturbance and pasture removal by spraying had similar effects, suggesting that competition rather than soil disturbance per se is a limiting factor in these environments. In the absence of understorey vegetation manipulation, regeneration by this species is unlikely even in the absence of grazing.
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Thomson, Melody B., Shane D. Campbell, and Anthony J. Young. "Ground pearls (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in crops and pastures: biology and options for management." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20235.
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Ground pearls (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), so called for their shiny spherical cyst stage, are important root-feeding pests of a broad range of plants predominantly belonging to the family Poaceae. In the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Australia, ground pearl species cause significant damage on sugarcane and turf grasses and have been identified at multiple sites of pasture dieback in Queensland. The potential impact of ground pearls on pasture production in Australia and elsewhere is largely unknown. This paper reviews Australian and international literature on the biology and management of this poorly understood group of pests. Ground pearls have several features that make control difficult, including a resilient cyst which provides resistance to drought and excessive moisture, a relative impermeability to insecticides, and ease of dispersal through movement of soil. Ground pearls can also modulate the period of encystment to survive adverse environmental conditions, with some species capable of surviving for years while disassociated from a host. No insecticide effectively controls ground pearl cysts. Biological control agents have been identified for some species; however, these pathogens are relatively ineffective on subterranean ground pearl cysts. Cultural control methods such as cultivation and fallowing have helped to reduce ground pearl populations in sugarcane. In turf, practices that maintain plant health such as adequate irrigation and nutrition can mask signs of ground pearl infestation. The paucity of research conducted on the biology and impact of ground pearls represents a constraint to improving management of this pest.
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Williams, Gordon Terrell. "Cost-effective landscape revegetation and restoration of a grazing property on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales: 65 years of change and adaptation at ‘Eastlake'." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 6 (2017): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17110.
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This paper describes the restoration of woody vegetation on my family’s grazing property, ‘Eastlake’ (1202 ha) on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. We commenced revegetating ‘Eastlake’ in 1981 to reverse the loss of native tree cover due to New England dieback and improve shelter for livestock and pastures to increase farm profitability. We treated the revegetation program as a long-term business investment and, apart from a 5-year period of overseas employment, have allocated annual funding in the farm business plan ever since. Our decision was based on the benefits of shelter to livestock and pasture production. Once we began revegetation, aesthetics, amenity and the positive impact on the capital value of the farm became important motivations. More recently, increasing the farm’s biodiversity and resilience, and conserving native flora and fauna, have also motivated us. Our strategy is to link upland areas of remnant timber with ridgeline corridors of planted vegetation to maximise shelter, minimise pasture production losses and provide dispersal corridors for fauna and wildlife habitat. Initially, we planted introduced species of tree and shrub, but now we revegetate mainly with native species, as well as fencing off remnant timber to encourage natural regeneration and direct seeding understorey species (mainly acacias) in degraded remnants and elsewhere. Our target is to increase the area of fenced-off and planted timber cover from 8% to 10% over the next few years, which will take the proportion of total effective timber cover from ~8% in 1980 to 18% of the property. The key lessons are to: (1) plan, prepare, plant the right tree or shrub in the right place for the right purpose, and post-planting care (the ‘4 Ps’); (2) integrate revegetation into the whole-farm business plan; (3) finance the work slowly over time with the aid of a spatial farm plan; and (4) adapt to changing circumstances, values and understanding. Research is required to help farmers understand the role of on-farm biodiversity in contributing to the health of the farm business, owner–managers and their families and the farm environment, as well as to regional economies, communities, landscapes and society more generally.
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Guatimosim, E., C. A. G. Fuga, H. J. Pinto, and R. W. Barreto. "First Report of Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Yellow Cosmos (Bidens sulphurea) in Brazil." Plant Disease 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0439.
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Bidens sulphurea (synonym Cosmos sulphureus) (Asteraceae), commonly known as yellow cosmos, is a native herbaceous species from Mexico that is widely used as an ornamental. It has been introduced in Brazil and has escaped from gardens, becoming a minor weed in ruderal, crop and pasture areas (2). In June 2010, groups of B. sulphurea individuals were found in a garden at the locality of Piúna, municipality of Viçosa (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil), that were severely attacked by gray mold. The disease led to flower rot with dieback of infected peduncles and stems. Plant tissues became brown to grayish brown and were covered by extensive fungal sporulation; in addition, seeds were colonized and destroyed by the fungus. A hyphomycete was regularly found associated with the diseased flowers, which was readily recognized as having a morphology typical of Botrytis cinerea: conidiophores solitary, cylindrical, terminally branched, 15 to 20 μm wide, grayish to olivaceous gray, and smooth; conidiogenous cells polyblastic, subcylindrical to ampulliform, and 120 to 230 × (13-) 14 to 16 (-19) μm; conidia ellipsoid to obovoid, 8 to 12 × 6.5 to 8 (-9) μm, with a discrete hilum at the base, 1 to 2 μm, aseptate, and hyaline. The fungus was isolated in pure culture and inoculation of one isolate on healthy B. suphurea individuals was carried out with a 2.14 × 106 conidia/ml suspension, which was sprayed to runoff onto three plants bearing four to six inflorescences. All plants were left in a moist chamber for 48 h and later transferred to a bench in a greenhouse at 21 ± 3°C. Gray mold symptoms appeared after 10 days that led to rapid and complete necrosis of flowers and peduncles. Infection first appeared on the flowers but progressed downward, leading to top dieback and finally plant death (not seen in the field). Only Botrytis cinerea was obtained in isolations from diseased flowers, demonstrating the pathogenicity of the fungus. A representative sample was deposited in the UFV herbarium (VIC 31602). The only other record of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold of B. sulphurea is from China (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first record of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold on B. sulphurea in Brazil. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, ARS, UDSA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 2011. (2) H. Lorenzi and H. M. Souza. Plantas Ornamentais no Brasil. Plantarum, Nova Odessa, Brazil. 1995. (3) Z. Zhang. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 26. Botrytis, Ramularia. Science Press, Beijing, China. 2006.
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Kholiavchuk, Dariia, Wolfgang Gurgiser, and Stefan Mayr. "Carpathian Forests: Past and Recent Developments." Forests 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010065.
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Forests of the Carpathians are of increasing research interest, as they cover a large area (>9 Mha) within European forests and are influenced by diverse environmental conditions and contrasting historical developments. We reviewed 251 papers dealing with Carpathian forests, their history, and future perspectives. Over 70% of articles and reviews appeared in the last ten years, and 80% refer to the Western and Eastern Carpathians, while the Serbian Carpathians remain a gap in this research field. Forest expansion and species changes have occurred since Holocene deglaciation, influenced by timber use, settlements, cropland development, and, since the Bronze Age, pasture activities. At higher elevations, early conifer successors have been increasingly replaced by Norway spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), while oaks have been present in the Carpathian foothills throughout the whole of history. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Norway spruce afforestation was favored, and timber use peaked. Recent transitions from agriculture to forest land use have led to a further increase in forest cover (+1 to +14% in different countries), though past forest management practices and recent environmental changes have impaired forest vitality in many regions; climate warming already causes shifts in treelines and species distributions, and it triggers pest outbreaks and diseases and affects tree–water relations. The risk of forest damage is the highest in monodominant Norway spruce forests, which often experience dieback after cascade disturbances. European beech forests are more resilient unless affected by summer droughts. In the future, increasing dominance of broadleaves within Carpathian forests and forest management based on a mix of intensive management and ecological silviculture are expected. Maintenance and promotion of silver fir and mixed European beech forests should be encouraged with respect to forest stability, biodiversity, and economic sustainability. As supported by the Carpathian Convention and related institutions and initiatives, connectivity, management, and stakeholder cooperation across administrative borders will be crucial for the future adaptive potential of Carpathian forests.
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Getachew, M. A., A. Mitchell, G. M. Gurr, M. J. Fletcher, L. J. Pilkington, and A. Nikandrow. "First Report of a “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense”-Related Strain in Lucerne (Medicago sativa) in Australia." Plant Disease 91, no. 1 (January 2007): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-91-0111a.
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Australian lucerne yellows (ALuY), a phytoplasma-associated disease, is a major problem in Australia that causes the pasture seed industry millions of dollars in losses annually (3). Samples were collected from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) plants exhibiting symptoms indicative of ALuY (4) in a seed lucerne paddock (cv CW 5558) at Griffith, southwestern New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in November 2005 and again in January 2006. Samples were kept at 4°C and processed within 36 h of collection. Total DNA was extracted from approximately 0.3 g of leaf midribs and petioles of each plant sample and used as template in a nested PCR assay with phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 and fU5/m23sr. PCR products resulting from the first amplification were diluted (1:30) with sterile distilled water (SDW) before reamplification with fU5/m23sr. DNA of Australian tomato big bud (TBB) phytoplasma and SDW were used as positive and negative assay controls, respectively. Ten of fifteen plant samples collected in November tested positive for phytoplasma DNA. Restriction digestion profiles of nested PCR amplicons with HpaII endonuclease were the same for all symptomatic plants but differed from the control. Phytoplasma identity was determined by sequencing two nested PCR products that yielded identical sequences. One was deposited in the GenBank database (Accession No. DQ786394). BLAST analysis of the latter sequence revealed a >99.6% similarity with “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” (L76865) and related strains papaya dieback (Y10095), phormium yellow leaf (U43570), strawberry green petal (AJ243044), and strawberry lethal yellows (AJ243045). Direct PCR with primers FP 5′-GCATGTCGCGGTGAATAC-3′ and RY 5′-TGAGCTATAGGCCCTTAATC-3′ designed to specifically amplify DNA of “Ca. P. australiense” detected the phytoplasma in 8 of 40 samples collected in January. Whether this phytoplasma is the etiological agent solely responsible for ALuY is currently under investigation. “Ca. P. asteris” and stolbur group (16SrXII) phytoplasmas have been reported in lucerne in the United States (2) and Italy (1), respectively. Within the stolbur group 16SrXII, “Ca. P. australiense” and stolbur phytoplasma are regarded as separate species and both are distinct from “Ca. P. asteris”, a group 16SrI strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a “Ca. P. australiense” related strain in lucerne. References: (1) C. Marzachi et al. J. Plant Pathol. 82:201, 2000. (2) R. D. Peters et al. Plant Dis. 83:488, 1999. (3) L. J. Pilkington et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 28:253, 1999. (4) L. J. Pilkington et al. First report of a phytoplasma associated with ‘Australian lucerne yellows’ disease. New Disease Report. Online publication at http://www.bspp.org.uk/ndr/jan2002/2001-46.asp .
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ROBERTSON, GRAHAM. "Effect of rainfall on biomass, growth and dieback of pastures in an arid grazing system." Austral Ecology 13, no. 4 (December 1988): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1988.tb01000.x.
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Pratt, R. G. "Johnsongrass, Yellow Foxtail, and Broadleaf Signalgrass as New Hosts for Six Species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, and Exserohilum Pathogenic to Bermudagrass." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0528b.
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Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla (L.) Beauv.), and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca L.) are common volunteer grasses in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) pastures in the southeastern United States. Johnsongrass and broadleaf signalgrass are potential forages whereas yellow foxtail is a noxious weed. In 1999 and subsequent years, necrosis and dieback of leaves, stems, and roots, stunting, and plant death were observed on all three species in bermudagrass pastures in north Mississippi (3). Symptoms on johnsongrass and yellow foxtail were most severe where bermudagrass exhibited severe symptoms of infection caused by dematiaceous hyphomycetes (2,3); symptoms on broadleaf signalgrass often occurred independently. Symptomatic leaf tissues from 15 to 33 plants of each species and stem and root tissues from 4 to 14 plants of johnsongrass and yellow foxtail were surface disinfested, plated on water agar, and examined for sporulation after 5 to 10 days (2,3). Pathogens were identified by specific morphological features of spores and sporulation as on bermudagrass (3), and axenic cultures were established by spore transfers to cornmeal agar. Bipolaris cynodontis (Marig.) Shoemaker, Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn, C. geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn, and Exserohilum rostratum (Drechs.) Leonard & Suggs were isolated from symptomatic leaves of all three grasses and frequently also observed on stems and roots. B. stenospila (Drechs.) Shoemaker was observed only on broadleaf signalgrass (19 of 33 plants) and B. spicifera (Banier) Subr. on johnsongrass and yellow foxtail. Species most frequent on leaves (58 to 100%) were B. spicifera, C. lunata, and E. rostratum on johnsongrass and yellow foxtail and B. cynodontis, B. stenospila, and E. rostratum on broadleaf signalgrass. The three grasses were grown from seed in potting mix in the greenhouse (one plant per 375-cm3 container), and five replicates 31 to 60 days old were inoculated with a mixture of three isolates of each pathogen observed on them in two experiments. Conidia produced from infested wheat and oat grain were atomized onto foliage (1.2 to 4 × 104 conidia per ml, 20 ml per plant) as described (2). All pathogens incited similar necrotic lesions and streaks on the three grasses after 12 to 15 days, and B. stenospila also caused extensive golden yellow chlorosis on broadleaf signalgrass. All pathogens caused significant (P = 0.05) necrosis (means = 5 to 35% of foliage necrotic based on visual estimates, controls = 1 to 3%), and all were reisolated and grown in pure culture by spore transfers to cornmeal agar from surface-disinfested, symptomatic leaf tissue of each grass. When bermudagrass grown from seed was inoculated at similar spore concentrations, isolates of E. rostratum, B. cynodontis, and B. spicifera from two or all three grasses caused symptoms as severe as did isolates from bermudagrass. Results document new North American or worldwide records of occurrence and pathogenicity for B. cynodontis, C. geniculata, and C. lunata on all three grasses, B. stenospila and E. rostratum on broadleaf signalgrass, and B. spicifera on johnsongrass and yellow foxtail (1). These volunteer grasses, bermudagrass, and the six fungi all appear to represent large, interacting complexes of multiple hosts and potentially cross-infecting pathogens. Reference: (1) D. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. USDA, ARS, 2005. (2) R. Pratt, Agron. J. 92:512, 2000. (3) R. Pratt. Phytopathology 95:1183, 2005.
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Wilson, Shannon, Mark S. Thorne, Mark G. Wright, Daniel C. Peck, Jennifer Mack, Glen K. Fukumoto, and Robert T. Curtiss. "The twolined spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) invades Hawaiʻi: establishment, biology, and management of a destructive forage grass pest." Journal of Integrated Pest Management 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmad023.
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Abstract The twolined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), is a major economic pest of turfgrass, forage grass, and sugarcane. Native to the southeast United States, it impacts rangelands and the landscape trade by damaging pastures, golf courses, urban landscapes, and lawns. This insect pest was reported and confirmed in Hawaiʻi for the first time in 2016, the first species in the family Cercopidae to invade Hawaiʻi. On Hawaiʻi Island, P. bicincta is severely devastating Hawaiʻi’s beef cattle industry. Since its initial detection, P. bicincta has rapidly expanded its range across an estimated 72,183 ha area on Hawaiʻi Island, and it continues to disperse to new locations. In areas of high infestation, this pest has caused 100% dieback of key pasture grasses for livestock forage, including kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex Chiov) and pangola (Digitaria eriantha Steud) grasses, leading to the establishment of low-quality forage grasses and weeds. Additionally, this pest may affect the Hawaiʻi landscape trade and impact golf courses, urban landscapes, and homeowners. The taxonomy, detection history, range, biology, ecology, economic damage, and management strategies for P. bicincta are discussed.
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Silva, Gabrielle A., Silvino I. Moreira, and Maria A. Ferreira. "New Melastomataceae hosts of Chrysoporthe species in Brazil." Journal of Phytopathology, October 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jph.13232.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe angiosperm Melastomataceae family is one of the most abundant plant families worldwide and in the Brazilian cerrado, with significant environmental importance in regenerating degraded areas, especially those previously occupied by pastures. Recently, Chrysoporthe Gryzenhout & M. J. Wingf. species were reported in Brazil, causing canker, branch dieback, and mortality in native Melastomataceae. This leads to the demand for further investigation and understanding of these pathosystems. During field surveys, typical signs and symptoms associated with Chrysoporthe infection were found in Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Aubl.) D C. and Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. in southern Minas Gerais. Through phylogenetic analysis of the BT1 and BT2 fragments of the β‐tubulin gene and morphological characterization of the isolates obtained, it was possible to identify C. doradensis Gryzenh. & M. J. Wingf. occurring in R. grandiflora and C. puriensis M. E. S. Oliv., T. P. F. Soar. & M. A. Ferr. occurring in R. grandiflora and M. theaezans. Furthermore, pathogenicity assays confirmed the pathogenicity of both species to their hosts.