Academic literature on the topic 'Pasture cropping'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pasture cropping"
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Luna, Ignacio M., César Fernández-Quintanilla, and José Dorado. "Is Pasture Cropping a Valid Weed Management Tool?" Plants 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020135.
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The aim of the present work was to study the feasibility of pasture cropping under the Mediterranean conditions prevailing in central Spain and its potential as a weed management tool. Three cropping systems were assessed: conventionally grown winter barley and winter barley in pasture cropping with two perennial summer species, Cynodon dactylon and Eragrostis curvula. The results showed that the growth of these two species in a pasture cropping system was limited by the severe drought conditions and high temperatures present during the summer in some of the study years. Although there were no differences in the establishment of winter barley in any of the treatments assessed, pasture cropping reduced winter barley yields up to 50%–60% in years with low rainfall in spring. Regarding weed control, pasture cropping showed a significant suppression of the total weed density and number of weed species. As a conclusion, pasture cropping can be considered as a valid weed management tool. However, the economic feasibility of this system under the climatic conditions of central Spain (characterized by a high risk of severe summer droughts) is still not clear. The availability of supplemental irrigation may reduce competition between pastures and winter crops and ensure a profitable production of summer pastures.
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Ward, P. R., R. A. Lawes, and D. Ferris. "Soil-water dynamics in a pasture-cropping system." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14046.
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Pasture cropping is a farming system in which annual crops are sown into established perennial pastures. It may provide environmental benefits such as increased groundcover and reduced deep drainage, while allowing traditional crop production in the Mediterranean-style climate of south-western Australia. In this research, we investigated deep drainage and the temporal patterns of water use by a subtropical perennial grass, annual crops, and a pasture-cropping system over a 4-year period. Both the pasture and pasture-cropped treatments reduced deep drainage significantly, by ~50 mm compared with the crop treatment. Competition between the pasture and crop components altered patterns of average daily water use, the pasture-cropped treatment having the highest water use for July, August and September. Consequently, water-use efficiency for grain production was lower in the pasture-cropped plots. This was offset by pasture production, so that over a full 12-month period, water-use efficiency for biomass production was generally greater for the pasture-cropped plots than for either the pasture or crop monocultures. Pasture cropping may be a viable way of generating sustainable economic returns from both crop and pasture production on sandy soils of south-western Australia.
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Macedo, I., G. Cantou, and J. A. Terra. "Soil Use Intensity Effects on Soil Organic Carbon in No-till Crop-pasture Rotations Systems." Agrociencia 19, no. 3 (December 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.19.254.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key soil quality indicator for cropping systems sustainability. We evaluated 20 yrs. soil use intensity effects on SOC (0-5 cm and 5-15 cm depth) in a 72 ha no-till crop-pasture rotation experiment (33°:15’36"S, 54°:29’26"W, 60-m elevation) in Treinta y Tres, Uruguay (Abruptic Argiaquolls and Oxiaquic Vertic Argiudolls). Treatments between 1995-2005 were: Continuous cropping (CC) of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. or oat Avena sp. in winter and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) or foxtail millet (Setaria italica) in summer; 2) Short Rotation (SR): two years idem CC and two years pasture of red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and Holcus lanatus L.; 3) Long Rotation (LR) two years idem CC and four years pasture of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.); 4) Permanent Pasture (PP): natural pasture overseeded with legumes used in RL. Since 2005 until now, grain crops substituted forage crops in the «cropping phase» of all rotations (CC, SR, LR), maintaining without modifications the pasture phase of them. Grain cropping sequence was: Oat (Avena sativa L.), Sorghum bicolor (L.), black oat (Avena sp., as a winter cover crop), soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). After 20 years, significant SOC differences (0-5 cm) were found between rotations. Continuous cropping decreased SOC by 16%, 18%, 31% compared to SR (25.55 g kg-1), LR (26.17 g kg-1) and PP (31.32 g kg-1), respectively. Although no SOC differences were found between rotations that include perennial pastures (SR and LR), both had 18% lower SOC than PP. A trend of SOC decrease (12%) was observed also in PP compared to the original situation that existed at the beginning of the experiment (natural pasture 35.25 g kg-1). No SOC differences were found in the 5-15 cm depth between treatments that included pastures. However, there was an average SOC increase of 14% in these treatments (13.34 g kg-1) compared to CC. The aggregate of data suggest that, even under no-till, continuous cropping reduced SOC compared with cropping systems that include some proportion of pastures in the rotation. For undisturbed fragile soils incorporated to grain production, like those prevalent in 1 million ha in Eastern Uruguay, the inclusion of perennial pastures in the rotations is critical for soil conservation and mitigation of SOC losses in cropping systems.
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Gardyne, Graeme. "Value and potential of white clover for sheep production." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3380.
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The Gardyne Family farm a 710 hectare property at Chatton near Gore in Southland. The property is intensively farmed with 9,375 stock units, sheep and beef being carried at rates of 17.5 su/ha on the cropping property and 12.5 su/ha on the Pyramid Hill grazing property. White clover is the key to animal, crop and herbage production supplying nitrogen for highly productive pastures, building organic matter levels for the cropping rotation, and providing very high quality feed for finishing young stock. Management techniques to maximise clover production are essential and include: (i) use of adequate P, K and S fertiliser to ensure Olsen P levels above 20, (ii) set stocking the grazing block from lambing to weaning to generate maximum clover yields, (iii) returning older grass dominant pastures to cropping to harvest the fertility build up and restore a clover-dominant pasture, and (iv) maintaining adequate pasture cover to allow the pasture plants to express their potential. The Gardyne family use and experience the benefits of the regionally bred Grasslands Demand white clover on their property. Establishment of new cultivars is discussed, and suggestions made for further research. Keywords: beef, cropping, fertiliser, Grasslands Demand, pasture establishment, pasture management, sheep, Southland, stocking rates, white clover
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Millar, G. D., and W. B. Badgery. "Pasture cropping: a new approach to integrate crop and livestock farming systems." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09017.
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Pasture cropping is a farmer-initiated concept of sowing a winter active cereal into a summer-active native perennial pasture. Proponents claim that by using pasture cropping they are able to maintain or improve the perennial pasture. Research was carried out on a Bothriochloa macra dominant pasture at Wellington, in the central western slopes of New South Wales, to compare pasture cropping to conventional no-till cropping and pasture only systems under different fertiliser rates and rotations. Key variables for the comparison included forage and crop production, pasture perenniality and ground cover, soil fertility and water use, and profitability. Our results show that pasture cropping can successfully retain perennial grasses and ground cover while still producing profitable cropping and grazing compared with continuous pasture. Crop yields from pasture cropping were less than 65% of those for conventional no-till cropping, which led to conventional no-till cropping having the greatest, but also most volatile, gross margin throughout the experiment. However, the lower input costs associated with pasture cropping reduced the effects of crop failure on farm profit. While soil moisture differences did not occur between treatments during the experiment, soil fertility, especially N, played a major role in determining crop yield. The role of pasture cropping in farming systems is discussed.
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Robinson, J. B., D. M. Silburn, D. Rattray, D. M. Freebairn, A. Biggs, D. McClymont, and N. Christodoulou. "Modelling shows that the high rates of deep drainage in parts of the Goondoola Basin in semi-arid Queensland can be reduced with changes to the farming systems." Soil Research 48, no. 1 (2010): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09067.
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Clearing native vegetation and introducing crops and pastures may increase deep drainage and result in dryland salinity. In south-west Queensland, native vegetation of the Goondoola Basin has been substantially cleared for cropping and pastoral activities, resulting in shallow groundwater and localised salinity. Simulation modelling was used to estimate the water balance of a range of vegetation and soil types. Six soils were studied, with plant-available water capacity (PAWC) of 71 mm (a Kandosol) to 198 mm (a Vertosol) for 1200 mm depth. Vegetation types were annual wheat, opportunity cropping, and perennial pastures in poor and good condition, and high quality perennial pasture with deep roots growing on deep (2400 mm) variants of the 6 soil types. Opportunity cropping did not reduce deep drainage. Substantial differences were found in long-term average deep drainage (mm/year) between wheat crops and pastures for all soil types. The differences in deep drainage between wheat cropping and pasture in good condition were greatest for the 2 Kandosols, which had the lowest PAWC (34 and 21 mm/year less deep drainage, reductions of 53% and 62%, respectively), and a Vertosol with intermediate PAWC (23 mm/year less deep drainage). A Chromosol and a Dermosol with intermediate PAWC had smaller reductions in deep drainage (14 and 11 mm/year, respectively). In the case of a Vertosol with high PAWC (198 mm), deep drainage was negligible with all pastures. Due to increased infiltration and reduced soil evaporation, more deep drainage was simulated with pasture in good condition than pastures in poor condition, especially for 2 Kandosols. Pasture with deep roots (2400 mm) growing on deep variants (2400 mm) of the 6 soils had lower rates of deep drainage than the other pastures. Simulated deep drainage and other components of the water balance were in good agreement with field measurements and expectations. These results indicate that large reductions in deep drainage can be achieved in the Goondoola Basin by replacing cropping with pastoral activities. Kandosol soils used for wheat cropping should be the primary target for land use change.
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Swan, A. D., M. B. Peoples, R. C. Hayes, G. D. Li, G. R. Casburn, J. I. McCormick, and B. S. Dear. "Farmer experience with perennial pastures in the mixed farming areas of southern New South Wales: on-farm participatory research investigating pasture establishment with cover-cropping." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13448.
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In 2009, 95 farmers in the mixed farming zone of southern New South Wales (NSW), average annual rainfall 450–700 mm, were surveyed about their use of perennial pasture species. Survey responses indicated that, on average, 52% of land was under crop, 29% contained perennial pasture and 19% annual pastures. The proportion of land sown to perennial pastures and the species used differed with rainfall. Farmers identified concerns about the cost of establishment and poor survival of perennial pasture species as constraints to wider adoption. The survey also revealed that cover-cropping (sowing pasture species under the final grain crop in a cropping phase) was the dominant method of pasture establishment. Large-scale, on-farm participatory experiments were sown with the farm machinery, three at Ariah Park and one at Brocklesby in southern NSW in 2009 (annual rainfall 100 mm less than long-term average), and a further two experiments (one at each location) commenced in 2010 (annual rainfall >200 mm above average). These experiments compared the effect of cereal cover-crop sowing rate (standard rates used by the collaborating farmer and half of the standard rate) on the establishment of the perennials lucerne (Medicago sativa), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), and chicory (Cichorium intybus) sown in different mixes and rates with various annual legume species. The persistence and productivity of individual species were monitored for 2 years after sowing. Results indicated little or no effect of the presence of a cover-crop on the initial establishment of any of the perennials, but pasture species survival were severely affected by cover-crop sowing rates as low as half of the farmer practice (10 kg barley or 12 kg wheat ha–1) in 2009. Despite higher than average annual rainfall in 2010 and 2011, the residual effect of establishing pastures under a cover-crop in 2009 was poorer persistence and lower productivity by lucerne at the standard cover-cropping rate, and by phalaris, cocksfoot and chicory at all cover-crop rates, and an increased incidence of weeds. Similar responses to cover-cropping occurred between 2010 and 2012, even with the wetter establishment conditions in 2010, for phalaris, chicory and weeds, despite demonstration at Ariah Park that higher populations of individual perennial species could be achieved by doubling the sowing rate of pasture seed in 2010. Lucerne compensated for lower plant numbers by increasing herbage growth in response to rainfall, but phalaris could not and total pasture productivity over the first 2 years after establishment was greatly reduced by the use of cover-crops in both 2009 and 2010. Cover-cropping also reduced annual legume seedset, which could have implications for future pasture performance. Lucerne was the most consistently productive perennial pasture species evaluated regardless of establishment technique or climatic conditions.
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Lawes, R. A., P. R. Ward, and D. Ferris. "Pasture cropping with C4 grasses in a barley–lupin rotation can increase production." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13442.
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In southern Australia, intercropping, pasture cropping and overcropping have evolved as techniques to address environmental problems such as dryland salinity and wind erosion and to utilise soil water outside the conventional winter-dominant growing season. We paired three winter-dormant pastures, including two subtropical C4 perennial species (Rhodes grass, Chloris gayana; Gatton panic, Megathyrsus maximus) and the summer-active perennial C3 legume siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), with a conventional barley (Hordeum vulgare)–lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) rotation to explore the extent to which different summer-active species reduced crop yields. We also examined whether the competition for resources could be altered by supplying increased nitrogen to the crop and changing the row spacing of the pasture. Under high-input conditions, pasture reduced cereal crop yields by up to 26% and lupin yields by up to 29%. Under low-input conditions, pasture cropping did not significantly reduce crop yield, and frequently increased crop yields. With low inputs, barley yield increases in 2011 ranged from 23% to 31%. In lupins under low-input conditions, yield increases ranged from 91% to 106% in 2010 and from –6% to +39% in 2012. The impact of the crop on the pasture was less pronounced, where the timing of pasture growth was delayed by the crop, but absolute levels of production were not influenced by the crop. Row spacing altered the temporal dynamic of pasture production; initially, the pasture produced less than the narrow spaced equivalent, but after 2 years, production exceeded that in the narrow row. Across all pasture species in 2009 and 2012, winter pasture production reduced crop yield by 0.32 and 0.4 t grain/ha pasture biomass produced, implying that moderate yield losses occurred because pasture production was also moderate. In the other two years, winter pasture production did not affect crop yield, suggesting that the pasture was able to utilise resources surplus to crop requirements. In this environment, with this combination of crops and summer-active pastures, higher levels of inputs did not enhance crop yield in a pasture-cropping system. We suggest that grain yield losses are lower in the low-input system and this implies that, at some level, competition between the species was reduced in a nitrogen-limited environment and the extent of the competition depended on season.
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Williams, Alwyn, Ryan Farquharson, David Lawrence, Jeff Baldock, and Mike Bell. "Estimating Soil Organic Carbon Under Different Land-Use Types in Australia’s Northern Grains Region Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036141.
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Land-use type is known to affect levels of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the degree to which SOC is affected by land-use type over the short—(<10-years) and long—(≥10-years) term remains relatively uncertain. Moreover, there is limited data on the distribution of SOC across particulate (POC), humus (HOC) and resistant (ROC) fractions, and the responses of these fractions to land-use. Using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) coupled with partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithms generated from the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program (SCaRP), soil organic carbon (TOC, POC, HOC and ROC) was estimated across 280 paired samples across Australia’s Northern Grains Regions. Our analysis covered five land-use types: remnant native vegetation, long-term pasture (≥10-years), short-term pasture (<10-years), short-term cropping (<10-years) and long-term cropping (≥10-years). All land-use types except long-term pasture generated significant declines across all SOC fractions compared with native vegetation. Long-term cropping resulted in the greatest declines, with an average decrease of 6.25 g TOC/kg soil relative to native vegetation. Long-term cropping also reduced POC (−0.71 g/kg) and HOC (−3.19 g/kg) below that of short-term cropping. In addition, the ROC fraction responded to land-use type, with native vegetation and long-term pasture maintaining greater ROC compared with other land-use types. The results demonstrate substantial reductions across all SOC fractions with long-term cropping. The ability of long-term pastures to maintain levels of SOC similar to that of native vegetation indicates the importance of limiting soil disturbance and maintaining more continuous living plant cover within cropping systems.
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Tarawali, S. A., and M. Peters. "The potential contribution of selected forage legume pastures to cereal production in crop-livestock farming systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 2 (September 1996): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077959.
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SUMMARYThe potential of 3-year-old grazed pastures ofStylosanthes hamata, Chamaecrista rotundifoliaandCentrosema pascuorumto contribute to subsequent maize production was investigated in subhumid Nigeria in 1993. All three legume pastures had the ability to give better maize grain yields than native pasture but this was significant only forStylosanthes hamataandChamaecrista rotundifolia. For the legume species, maximum yield of maize per kg of N applied was attained at 60 kgN/ha. The subsequent yields of maize could be related to the legume species used, pasture management and the length of the fallow period.Centrosema pascuorumbehaved as an annual, and as such there was little legume present after 3 years; crop yield was therefore relatively low. Nevertheless, this species could be useful in 1-year fallow/pasture situations. Maize cropping was economically viable for legume plots only with 60 or 120 kgN/ha and not for native pasture. There were no significant differences in the time required to till or to weed legume pastures as compared with native pasture. Forage legume pastures could also have a positive effect on maize residue yields which represent a fodder resource in addition to the herbage understorey remaining after cropping, the quality of which could be enhanced by the presence of the forage legumes. The use of forage legumes for the promotion of both crop and livestock production in sustainable agricultural systems is discussed. The results of the study are used to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate legume species, pasture management practices and duration of fallow period in relation to the prevailing farming system to maximize benefits from the legumes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pasture cropping"
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Orford, Rohan [Verfasser], and Folkard [Akademischer Betreuer] Asch. "A study of pasture cropping as an alternative cropping system for sub-saharan Africa / Rohan Orford ; Betreuer: Folkard Asch." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215756100/34.
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FERNANDES, Rafaela Alves. "Impacto de Usos de um Latossolo vermelho de cerrado sobre a diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/358.
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-17The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) in different systems of management of the soil, in an Oxisoil in the Brazilian Cerrado Savannah, located at the experimental campus the Federal University the Goiás (UFG), Campus Jataí, (Goiás, Brazil). Ten samples were collected in tree management (coffee plantation, no tillage and pasture) and a native Cerrado Savannah. The collection were realized in two seasons, dry and wet, and AMF communities were propagated in trap culture, in the greenhouse, with Brachiaria brizantha, as host plant. 42 AMF species were recovered, being 18 Acaulospora, 10 Scutellospora, 07 Glomus, 06 Gigaspora and 01 Paraglomus, and of these 10 couldn t be identified, what can be an indicative of new species. The spore density was higher in dry than wet season, but. had not significant differences between samples collected in field and trap culture, considering species richness and spores density. Gigaspora decipiens and Gi. margarita, were found in all areas and in all seasons. The coffee plantation had the largest spores density, but smaller richness, with predominance that of Gigasporaceae family, and areas with no tillage and pasture presented larger diversity. Shannon-Weiner indices were larger in the pasture area, showing the more equal distribution in these samples. In conclusion, the increasing land use intensity was negativetly correlated with AMF diversity, with might influence the development of the selected plant species.
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a diversidade de fungos micorrizícos arbusculares (FMAs) em diferentes sistemas de manejo e uso do solo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de Cerrado, localizado, na fazenda experimental da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) Campus Jataí. Foram coletadas 10 amostras simples em cada um dos 4 sistemas de manejo e uso (cafezal, plantio direto, pastagem e Cerrado nativo). As coletas foram realizadas em set/2007 e em mar/2008. Parte do solo retirado de campo foi cultivado em casa de vegetação com Brachiaria brizantha, visando recuperação de espécies que não puderam ser encontradas in situ. Foram realizadas análises químicas de solo, extração, contagem e identificação das espécies de FMAs, através dos esporos e colonização radicular das amostras coletadas em campo. Foram recuperadas um total de 42 espécies, sendo 18 Acaulospora, 10 Scutellospora, 07 Glomus, 06 Gigaspora e 01 Paraglomus. De todas as espécies encontradas, 10 não puderam ser identificadas, o que pode ser um indicativo de potenciais novas espécies. Foram recuperados um maior número de espécies no período seco, em comparação ao período chuvoso. Não houve diferença entre as amostras coletadas em campo e as cultivadas em casa de vegetação, considerando número de espécies e densidade de esporos. As espécies Gi. decipiens e Gi. margarita foram encontradas em todas os sistemas, independentemente do período de coleta. A área de café apresentou menor diversidade de espécies, enquanto que os sistemas de plantio direto e pastagem foram as que apresentaram maior diversidade, demonstrada pelo índice de Shannon-Weiner. Podemos dizer, então que, quanto maior a intensidade de uso do solo, menor será a diversidade de FMAs, podendo influenciar no comportamento das espécies vegetais, presentes no sistema.
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Roberts, Craig Penny. "Development of a novel crop-pasture system for mixed farms in the higher rainfall zone of southern Australia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/72860.
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The use of annual-based pasture and/or annual crops is now common practice in the higher rainfall regions of southern Australia where livestock grazing is the traditional practice. The lower water use of these annual-based systems, compared with systems based on perennial pastures, exacerbates issues of waterlogging, rising watertables and salinity in these regions. For environmental reasons farming systems used in the higher rainfall regions should target the use of more perennials in the landscape, but this should not be done at the expense of farm productivity or profitability. Intercropping, where the pasture component of the system is a perennial species, may provide the opportunity to maintain or improve farm productivity whilst delivering favourable environmental outcomes. A study of crop/perennial pasture intercrops is the core investigation undertaken in this thesis. Perennial pasture species lucerne (Medicago sativa) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) were established and maintained for three seasons with annually sown (2006-08 seasons) crop species (wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and canola (Brassica napus)), in a double skip row arrangement. These intercrops were compared for production, resource use and farm productivity with the individual crops and pastures grown as monocultures. Yields of grain crops were reduced when grown in intercrop with lucerne and chicory. Grain yield reductions ranged from 0-46% for wheat, 45-74% for lupins and 8-83% for canola. Pasture dry matter was also reduced when intercropped, ranging from 0-78% for lucerne and 19-78% for chicory. Despite the reduction in crop and pasture production, the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) (used as a measure of the productivity of the intercropping system) ranged from 0.71-1.66, with all intercrop combinations over-yielding (LER 1.01 -1.66) in favourable growing seasons. With soil moisture becoming limited during September/October (measured using Time Domain Reflectometry), the grain yield components of wheat heads/m² , number of lupin branches/plant, pod number/plant and pasture dry matter were reduced by competition. Lucerne intercrops gave higher yield penalties to the companion species, attributed to greater competition for soil moisture between the component species. Higher soil moisture (9-25mm) for monoculture chicory, compared to monoculture lucerne, indicates chicory growing in intercrop was not likely to compete as strongly for water as lucerne. Plant height and Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurements were taken to assess light capture and showed minimal incidence of light competition in the intercrops. As a result, it was concluded that competition for water was the main resource competition responsible for yield reductions in intercrops. The Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model was used to try to assess longer-term intercrop productivity. The model was satisfactory in simulating monoculture crop production; however there was poor agreement for monoculture lucerne production and this subsequently affected the modelled agreement with intercrop production. Notwithstanding these discrepancies, some of the modelled data and extrapolated data were used to produce a medium-term productivity dataset for economic analysis. Economically, the intercrops were found to have higher gross margin returns than monoculture pastures, and lower gross margins of $39-55/ha when compared to monoculture crops. Despite yield reductions in the intercrop components, intercropping increased productivity compared to growing the components as monoculture stands. It also provided an environmental benefit of retaining perennial pastures in the system, and produced comparable economic returns to the growing of monocultures stands/swards.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2011
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Fraser, Trevor James. "Carbon dynamics of perennial grassland conversion for annual cropping." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/8441.
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Sequestering atmospheric carbon in soil is an attractive option for mitigation of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations through agriculture. Perennial crops are more likely to gain carbon while annual crops are more likely to lose carbon. A pair of eddy covariance towers were set up near Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada to measure carbon flux over adjacent fertilized long-term perennial grass hay fields with high soil organic carbon. In 2009 the forage stand of one field (Treatment) was sprayed with herbicide, cut and bailed; following which cattle manure was applied and the land was tilled. The forage stand in the other field (Control) continued to be cut and bailed. Differences between net ecosystem productivity of the fields were mainly due to gross primary productivity; ecosystem respiration was similar for both fields. When biomass removals and manure applications are included in the carbon balance, the Treatment conversion lost 149 g C m^(-2) and whereas the Control sequestered 96 g C m^(-2), for a net loss of 245 g C m^(-2) over the June to December period (210 days). This suggests that perennial grass converted for annual cropping can lose more carbon than perennial grasses can sequester in a season.
Books on the topic "Pasture cropping"
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Huamán, Felix Hurtado. Los laymes: Efectos medio ambientales de la agricultura y el pastoreo : el caso de la comunidad campesina de Qachin. Cusco, Peru: Félix Hurtado Huamán, 1999.
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Huamán, Felix Hurtado. Los laymes: Efectos medio ambientales de la agricultura y el pastoreo : el casso de la comunidad campesina de Qachin. Cusco, Peru: F. Hurtado Huamán, 1999.
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Tropical forages: Their role in sustainable agriculture. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1994.
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Kemp, D., and D. Michalk, eds. Pasture Management. CSIRO Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105508.
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This book looks at current knowledge on management of pastures and rangelands for sheep production, of problems, of practical solutions where possible, and of priority areas for research. The areas considered extend from the high rainfall perennial pastures of south-east Australia and New Zealand, through the annual pasture, cropping zones to the semi-arid rangelands.
Pasture Management is the major reference on managing Australia's greatest natural resource: the resource which provides directly and indirectly a major part of Australia's export income.
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Humphreys, L. R. Tropical Forages: Their Role in Sustainable Agriculture (Tropical Agriculture). Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1995.
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Horne, Paul, and Jessica Page. Integrated Pest Management for Crops and Pastures. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095625.
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Integrated Pest Management for Crops and Pastures describes in straightforward language what is required for farmers to successfully implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cropping and grazing operations. It explains the differences between conventional pesticide-based controls and IPM, and demonstrates the advantages of IPM.
Effective control of pests depends on a number of approaches, not just chemical or genetic engineering. The opening chapters cover the different approaches to pest management, and the importance of identification and monitoring of pests and beneficials. Most farmers and advisors can identify major pests but would struggle to recognise a range of beneficial species. Without this information it is impossible to make appropriate decisions on which control methods to use, especially where pests are resistant to insecticides.
The book goes on to deal with the control methods: biological, cultural and chemical. The biological control agents discussed include both native and introduced species that attack pests. Cultural changes that have led to an increase in the incidence or severity of pest attack are also examined. The chapter on chemical control describes the different ways chemicals can affect beneficial species, also detailing acute, sub-lethal and transient toxicities of pesticides, drawing on examples from horticulture where necessary.
Finally, the authors bring all the components of integrated pest management together and show farmers how to put their IPM plan into action.
Book chapters on the topic "Pasture cropping"
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Strauss, Johann A. "Economic and yield comparisons of different crop and crop-pasture production systems." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 206–14. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0011.
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Abstract Over the past 15 years the adoption rate of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in southern South Africa has increased at a fast rate, although the adoption of the three pillars of CA was to varying degrees. The adoption of CA happened in the absence of any policy support framework directed to CA. The market drove the adaptation rate with a handful of local producers being the first to adopt no-till (NT) strategies. Long-term field experiments demonstrate that the effects of crop rotation include increased yields from the main wheat crop so that two-thirds of the present total wheat production may be achieved with only half the cropped area under the main crop, and gross margins are better - and dramatically better - with integration of cropping and livestock. This chapter presents an overview of the benefits to yield and economic sustainability of including alternative cash and pasture crops into CA farming systems in the winter rainfall region of southern South Africa.
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Franco, Jose G., and Rachel E. Mallinger. "Altering crop management practices to promote pollinators." In Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science, 283–304. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0111.20.
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Agricultural intensification, or the increase in crop production per unit of input or land area to meet the needs of a growing population, has resulted in a landscape dominated by large scale monoculture cropping. Pollinators, specifically, are impacted by the lack of diverse floral and habitat resources associated with this type of farming. Agriculture must develop practices that diversify the crop landscape and increase the availability of habitat and flowering resources to support these populations. In this chapter, we summarize the available literature on how the production space, i.e., within a crop production field, orchard, or pasture, can be more effectively managed to sustain pollinator populations. We report on various spatial and temporal approaches within the context of various cropping systems (row crops, specialty crops, perennial orchards, and perennial forage and pasture systems). Collectively, these approaches represent opportunities to re-introduce diversity into the agricultural landscape to benefit pollinators.
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Dyer, Christopher. "Peasants and their crops." In Peasants Making History, 145—C6.P96. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847212.003.0006.
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Abstract Peasants managed the land according to traditional ‘field systems’ which were subject to rules and in theory were difficult to change. In practice they overcame these obstacles to innovation, and fields were constantly being remodelled, with additions of new land, more intensive cropping, piecemeal enclosure, enclosure by agreement, and partial conversion to grazing. Crops varied across the region according to growing conditions and demand, leading to marked regional differences and changes over time. Horticulture and gathering made a significant contribution. Techniques were similarly variable and subject to improvement. The common interest, and that of individuals, were in constant tension, and every change met with some controversy and resistance, but often for good reason. The most important sustained change involved the shifting balance between arable and pasture.
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Lal, Rattan. "Promoting carbon sequestration in soils: the importance of soil, region and context-specific interventions." In Understanding and fostering soil carbon sequestration, 423–52. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0106.14.
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Despite the importance of soil C reservoirs, global estimates of soil C stocks to different depths (0.5, 1, 2 or 3 m) are highly variable, obtained by diverse and non-standard procedures and are not available at all for several key ecosystems. Soil C stocks, which vary over time and space and with land use and management, are temperature sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. Global hotspot ecosystems must be protected, restored, managed and, in some cases in which land is marginal for agriculture, returned to nature in order to mitigate climate change, improve water quality and strengthen biodiversity. Technologies for restoring soil organic carbon stocks include landscape management, conservation agriculture based on residue mulch with cover cropping and complex rotations, agroforestry, integrated nutrient management, improved grazing and pasture management, reclamation of saline soils and the restoration of degraded soils. Urban soils are a large sink for C and these ecosystems must be designed and managed judiciously.
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Gordon, Robert B. "Community, Culture, and Industrial Ecology." In A Landscape Transformed. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128185.003.0013.
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The people who settied northwestern Connecticut created an agricultural surplus that allowed them to undertake industrial ventures within a few years of their arrival. Their knowledge of the mechanical arts, coupled with the region’s natural resources, gave them opportunities to make material goods needed by their neighbors. Successive generations continued industrial use of the region’s natural resources over the next two centuries, each making its own choices about how to structure its enterprise within the framework of values and beliefs held separately by individuals and in common within the community. Each had to respond to changes in markets and the advent of new products and techniques. These opportunities, and the participants’ choices about how to use them, combined to create the region’s industrial ecology. Like the rest of the New England hill country, northwestern Connecticut had two abundant, renewable natural resources: streams with steep gradients and reliable flow for waterpower, and forest that covered the large areas that were too steep or too thinly mantled with soil for decent pasture. Millwrights could easily build waterpower systems on the streams, and farmers could manage the forest for continuous production of fuel wood, since it regrew trees to useful size within about twenty years. Unlike other highlands, however, northwestern Connecticut had a unique mineral resource: iron ore beds unmatched elsewhere in New England. Everyone in the newly settled lands and on the frontiers expanding into Vermont and New York in the early eighteenth century needed iron products. As described in chapter 3, individuals throughout the Salisbury district, aided by family members or fluid partnerships, built bloomery forges that they operated as components of their cropping, husbandry, or mercantile enterprises. Nearly every family in Kent and the other new towns had a partner in one of the forges. Individuals lacking metallurgical skills or access to any capital dug ore or cut wood. Others developed their skills as colliers or millwrights. Negotiated exchanges of labor and services among these artisans promoted interdependence within the community. As the colonists in southern New England increasingly mechanized their grain, timber, and cloth production in the mid—eighteenth century, they brought a new opportunity to the ironmakers of the Salisbury disno trict. By making standard parts for grain mills, sawmills, fulling mills, and oil mills that they could distribute widely, Salisbury ironmakers added value to the bar iron they made and enlarged the scope of their market.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Properties and Management of Kaolinitic Soils." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0014.
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Kaolinitic soils are the most widely occurring soils in the tropics, especially in tropical Africa. They comprise about 70% of the soils in the low-altitude tropics. Typically, these soils have a sandy, loamy sand, or sandy loam surface soil and sandy clay to clayey subsoil containing approximately 20-60% clay in the lower B horizons. Silt content is usually low throughout the profile (< 20%) with the exception of soils derived from loess materials. Soil erosion, compaction, and low nutrient- and water-holding capacities are the major constraints under intensive cropping. Ideally, kaolinitic soils in the humid and subhumid regions should be used for natural forest reserves and tree farms. In drier regions, sustainable land use includes natural grasslands and managed pastures with low stocking rates. When kaolinitic soils are used for annual crop production, crop rotation and managed fallow must be included in the farming system after a short cropping cycle to restore soil physical, chemical, and biological fertility and to sustain crop yield in the long term. Kaolinitic soils may be further distinguished into two subgroups based on inherent chemical fertility, namely, high-base-status and low-base-status kaolinitic soils. High-base-status kaolinitic soils usually have pH values of 5.3 or higher (measured in soil-water suspension), and a base saturation (BS) of 70% or higher throughout the soil profile calculated on the basis of effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). Low-base-status kaolinitic soils generally have a pH value of 5.2 or lower, and a base saturation below 70%. The properties of high-base-status and low-base-status kaolinitic soils are given in tables 10-1 and 10-2, respectively. The common properties of these two soils are the dominance of kaolinite in the clay fraction, a low CEC, and a high bulk density in the subsoil horizon. The differences are the degree of base saturation, soil pH, degree of exchangeable Al saturation, and the quality of soil organic matter. In other words, the cation exchange sites of soil organic matter in the low-base-status soil are dominated by Al3+, whereas Ca++ and Mg++ are the dominating ions in the high base-status soil.