Journal articles on the topic 'Pastoral agriculture'
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1
Rushton, S. P. "Earthworms in Pastoral Agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 17, no. 2 (June 1988): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708801700201.
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It is well known that earthworms of various species, with widely differing feeding and burrowing habits, can have a considerable effect on the structure and composition of the upper levels of the soil. It is, however, often difficult to relate these effects to soil fertility in particular situations and to manipulate worm populations to produce beneficial results.
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Khurshid, Muhammad, Mohammad Nafees, Abdullah Khan, He Yin, Wahid Ullah, Wajid Rashid, Heesup Han, and Akhtar Hussain Lashari. "Off-Season Agriculture Encroachment in the Uplands of Northern Pakistan: Need for Sustainable Land Management." Land 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2022): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040520.
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Agriculture encroachment over alpine pastoral land is posing serious threats to the sustainable use of natural resources and agro-pastoral systems in the upland environment. This study aimed to understand the scenario of agriculture encroachment within a sustainable land management context in Northern Pakistan’s uplands (Buhrawai). Both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches were used for the primary data collection on the pattern of cropland expansion, cropland productivity, agrochemical inputs, and perceived socio-ecological system. The results showed that off-season agriculture has emerged as a cash-earning livelihood activity, largely adopted by decade-old and influential tenant communities in the study areas. During the last few decades, this off-season agriculture regularly expanded from lower- to higher-elevation (2980–3800 m) areas, and extensively encroached on accessible pastoral areas in the bottomlands. Cultivation of the two major vegetable crops, i.e., peas and potatoes, occurred on a total of 417.4 ha of pastoral land, where pea cultivation predominantly occurred on 367.2 ha and potato cultivation on 50.2 ha of pastoral land. We found that repeated cultivation of the same crops, without crop rotation and land management practices, significantly reduced land productivity with time; the crop productivity was recorded to be the highest in the virgin cultivated land (pea: 1.8 tons/ha and potato: 14.8 tons/ha) and the lowest in the old-cultivated land (pea: 0.6 tons/ha and potato: 8.2 tons/ha). As a result of this trend, farmers are abandoning unproductive agricultural land and subsequently starting cultivation in other marginal areas, even cultivating crops on steeper slopes beyond the permissible level (16°). These findings revealed that farmers have extensively used key pastoral areas for cultivation, and they have deprived landless pastoralists of their traditional grazing land in the uplands. Furthermore, this agriculture encroachment imposed serious pressure on the pastoralists’ livelihoods and the upland ecosystem on which they rely. Therefore, policies and regulations that promote sustainable land management are much needed to ensure socio-economic equity and ecological integrity in the uplands of Northern Pakistan.
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Abdoulaye, I. M., M. Ayena, A. J. Yabi, H. Dedehouanou, G. Biaou, and M. Houinato. "Incidences socio-économiques et environnementales des infrastructures pastorales et agropastorales installées dans le Borgou au Nord-Est du Benin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): 3214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.20.
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Le développement du sous-secteur de l‟élevage qui est d‟une importance capitale dans la lutte contre la pauvreté a suscité la réalisation des ouvrages pastoraux et agropastoraux dans le Borgou, au Nord-Est du Benin en vue d‟améliorer les conditions de vie des populations de cette zone. L‟objectif du présent article est d‟évaluer les effets socio-économiques et environnementaux de ces ouvrages sur les communautés les abritant. A cet effet, les données relatives aux volumes des facteurs de production des activités agricoles menées autour de ces ouvrages, aux volumes des outputs et à leurs prix de vente ; aux caractéristiques socio-démographiques des utilisateurs de ces ouvrages ; aux conflits entre éleveurs et agriculteurs et au degré de pression sur les essences forestières ont été collectées à l‟aide de questionnaires, de guides d‟entretien et d‟observations directes. Les statistiques descriptives, le test de Student, le test khi 2, la régression linéaire multiple et celle logistique binaire ont été utilisés pour analyser ces données. Les résultats montrent que les ouvrages pastoraux et agropastoraux impactent positivement les communautés. Les barrages et retenues d‟eau aménagés, de par leur existence ont engendré le développement du maraîchage et de l‟agriculture de contre saison. Les producteurs installés aux abords de ces infrastructures hydrauliques gagnent 32 080 F CFA/ha de plus que leurs homologues installés ailleurs. Les éleveurs accédant à ces infrastructures gagnent 1 003 496 F CFA/an de plus que ceux n‟y ayant pas accès. Les fréquences d‟apparition de conflits entre éleveurs et agriculteurs ainsi que la pression sur les essences végétales à usage animal diminuent avec le traçage des couloirs de passage et la délimitation des aires de pâturage. Cependant, la durabilité des infrastructures hydrauliques et marchandes n‟est pas garantie du fait de défaut de gestion. Les infrastructures de conduite pastorale ne sont non plus respectées tant par les agriculteurs que par les éleveurs. La mise en place d‟un cadre réglementant l‟usage de ces infrastructures serait d‟une grande importance sociocommunautaire pour les localités les abritant.Mots clés : Infrastructures pastorales et agropastorales, conflits, revenu, Borgou. English Title: Socioeconomic and environmental incidences of pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures implemented in Borgou, in North-East of BeninThe development of the livestock sector, which plays an important role in the fighting against rural poverty, has led to the implementation of pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures in Borgou, in order to improve living conditions of the populations. Thus, this article aims to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental effects of these infrastructures on the communities where they were implemented. For this purpose, the data relating to the quantity of the factors of production of the agricultural activities carried out around hydraulic infrastructures, to the volumes of the outputs and their sales prices; to the socio-demographic characteristics of the users of these infrastructures; to the conflicts between pastoralists and farmers and the degree of pressure on forest species, were collected using questionnaires, interview guides and direct observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, student's t-test, chi-square test, multiple linear and binary logistic regressions. The results show that pastoral and agro-pastoral infrastructures have a positive impact on communities. The dams and reservoirs by their existence have led to the development of market gardening and off-season farming. Producers located near these hydraulic infrastructures earn 32,080 F CFA/ha more than their homologues installed elsewhere. Breeders accessing to these infrastructures earn 1 003 496 F CFA/year more than those without access. The frequency of conflict between farmers and breeders and the pressure on plant species for animal use decrease with the tracing of corridors and the delimitation of grazing areas. However, the sustainability of hydraulic and market infrastructure is not guaranteed due to management failure. The corridors and grazing areas‟s infrastructure are not respected either by the farmers as by the breeders. The establishment of a framework regulating the use of these infrastructures would be very important to socio-economic development of the localities where they were implemented.Keywords: Infrastructures pastoral and agropastoral, conflict, revenue, Borgou.
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Carran, R. A., and T. Clough. "Environmental impacts of nitrogen in pastoral agriculture." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3346.
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The principal environmental impacts of nitrogen in pastoral agriculture are identified as: ammonia volatilisation, nitrous oxide emission, reduction of methane oxidation, and contamination of waters with organic nitrogen or inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium). Each of these impacts is analysed in terms of its sensitivity to the form in which N enters the farming system, symbiotically or as fertiliser. Indirect effects that flow through from any changes in productivity are also examined. With the exception of organic N pollution of waters, all the impacts are shown to be directly affected by fertiliser N. Keywords: ammonia, leaching, methane, nitrate, nitrous oxide
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Cheng, Hao, Suo Cheng Dong, Yu Li, and Ze Hong Li. "Typical Agriculture and Pastoral Area Rural Development Influencing Factors and Mode Selection: A Case Study of Wushen Banner, Erdos City of Inner Mongolia." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1768.
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For sustainable development strategy implemented by China, agriculture and countryside are the foundation and the prior fields, facing the greatest challenge and difficulty. New rural development of agricultural and pastoral areas is an important constituent in new rural construction of China as well as a relatively weak link. Wushen Banner in Erdos City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a typical agricultural and pastoral area. Towns and sumus in the whole Banner have respective unique characteristics in aspects of regional difference, functional dominance and development conditionality (three characteristics for short), influencing construction and development of new countryside. According to analysis on three characteristics, main modes of new rural development of it are industrial enterprise leading mode, urban construction leading mode, modern agriculture leading mode, ecological animal husbandry leading mode, leisure tourism leading mode and professional market leading mode.
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Leslie, M., M. Aspin, and H. Clark. "Greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand agriculture: issues, perspectives and industry response." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07306.
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The prosperity of New Zealand (NZ) rests to a large extent on agriculture. Although our total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are unusually small for a developed nation, agricultural emissions make up almost half of the total emissions from NZ. Emissions from NZ agriculture have been rising at close to 1% a year since 1990 and by 2010, the midpoint of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, they are projected to be 7.2 Mt per year higher than the 1990 baseline. This excess has a potential cost of over NZ$0.5 billion. Despite the continued rise in absolute emissions, emissions intensity, the amount of GHG produced per unit of food produced, has been dropping and the emissions intensity of NZ agriculture goods compares favourably with that of other developed nations. The NZ agricultural sector has actively engaged in the search for cost-effective mitigation solutions and, in partnership with the government, has funded research through the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGGRC). The PGGRC has been in existence since 2002 and has invested NZ$16 million in research into reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions from pastoral agriculture. The structure of this research funding body, its objectives, achievements and future challenges are briefly outlined.
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Xinguo, Yuan, and Wang Xingping. "On the Strategy of Shaping Rural Human Settlement Environment in Jiangsu Province from the Perspective of Beautiful Pastoral Country." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203022.
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Beautiful pastoral country construction is an important step for Jiangsu Province to fulfil the mission of “being a leader, a model and a front-runner” in rural revitalization, and it has become an important part of realizing the beautiful province of Jiangsu. By means of data comparison, literature analysis and logical analysis, it is possible to outline the current characteristics of unbalanced regional development, uneven distribution of characteristic resources and mismatch of the “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” policies with the new development requirements in the province, and by referring to the model of rural revitalization in the “six along” areas, systematic thinking and planning of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” policies and other strategies, with focus on the systematic construction of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, is helpful to improve the habitat environment in Jiangsu in all respects. The results show that the strategy of building beautiful pastoral country in northern, central and southern Jiangsu should be adapted to local conditions; Jiangsu should take the lead in the construction of beautiful pastoral country in the “six along” areas; the key to the construction of beautiful pastoral country lies in the industrial development in rural areas. The two should be closely coordinated and driven by each other to jointly achieve the modernization of agriculture and rural areas.
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Hopkins, D. W. "Decomposition in a peaty soil improved for pastoral agriculture." Soil Use and Management 13, no. 2 (June 1997): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00566.x.
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Abdukarimovna, Tleubergenova Navbahor. "Information About Traditional Settlements Of Karakalpak." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue02-44.
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The article presents the experience of typologizing the traditional settlements of the Karakalpaks of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Settlements are formed in the process of formation of types of farms, culture and adaptation to natural and climatic conditions. In connection with the complex type of economy, the Karakalpaks had agricultural, pastoral settlements, sometimes settlements combining agriculture with cattle breeding, or fishing with cattle breeding.
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Pahl, L. I., and R. Sharp. "Stakeholder expectations for environmental assurance in agriculture: lessons from the pastoral industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 3 (2007): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06019.
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This paper outlines the expectations of a wide range of stakeholders for environmental assurance in the pastoral industries and agriculture generally. Stakeholders consulted were domestic consumers, rangeland graziers, members of environmental groups, companies within meat and wool supply chains, and agricultural industry, environmental and consumer groups. Most stakeholders were in favour of the application of environmental assurance to agriculture, although supply chains and consumers had less enthusiasm for this than environmental and consumer groups. General public good benefits were more important to environmental and consumer groups, while private benefits were more important to consumers and supply chains. The ‘ideal’ form of environmental assurance appears to be a management system that provides for continuous improvement in environmental, quality and food safety outcomes, combined with elements of ISO 14024 eco-labelling such as life-cycle assessment, environmental performance criteria, third-party certification, labelling and multi-stakeholder involvement. However, market failure prevents this from being implemented and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. In the short term, members of supply chains (the people that must implement and fund environmental assurance) want this to be kept simple and low cost, to be built into their existing industry standards and to add value to their businesses. As a starting point, several agricultural industry organisations favour the use of a basic management system, combining continuous improvement, risk assessment and industry best management practice programs, which can be built on over time to meet regulator, market and community expectations.
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Keller, E. D., W. T. Baisden, L. Timar, B. Mullan, and A. Clark. "Grassland production under global change scenarios for New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 5 (October 16, 2014): 2359–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2359-2014.
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Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification of agricultural activity and climate change scenario projections of New Zealand's pasture production at time slices centred on 2020, 2050 and 2100, with comparison to a present-day baseline. Biome-BGC model parameters are optimised for pasture production in both dairy and sheep/beef farm systems, representing a new application of the Biome-BGC model. Results show up to a 10% increase in New Zealand's national pasture production in 2020 under intensification and a 1–2% increase by 2050 from economic factors driving land-use change. Climate change scenarios using statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report also show national increases of 1–2% in 2050, with significant regional variations. Projected out to 2100, however, these scenarios are more sensitive to the type of pasture system and the severity of warming: dairy systems show an increase in production of 4% under mild change but a decline of 1% under a more extreme case, whereas sheep/beef production declines in both cases by 3 and 13%, respectively. Our results suggest that high-fertility systems such as dairying could be more resilient under future change, with dairy production increasing or only slightly declining in all of our scenarios. These are the first national-scale estimates using a model to evaluate the joint effects of climate change, CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedbacks on New Zealand's unique pastoral production systems that dominate the nation's agriculture and economy. Model results emphasise that CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedback effects are responsible for meaningful differences in agricultural systems. More broadly, we demonstrate that our model output enables analysis of decoupled land-use change scenarios: the Biome-BGC data products at a national or regional level can be re-sampled quickly and cost-effectively for specific land-use change scenarios and future projections.
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Lin, Huilong, Yanfei Pu, Xueni Ma, Yue Wang, Charles Nyandwi, and Jean de Dieu Nzabonakuze. "The Environmental Impacts of the Grassland Agricultural System and the Cultivated Land Agricultural System: A Comparative Analysis in Eastern Gansu." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410602.
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“Introducing grass into fields”, the major approach to modern grassland agriculture, is the crucial direction of agricultural structure adjustment in the farming-pastoral zone of Northern China. However, there have been few studies on the environmental impacts of agricultural production in this pattern. We used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method for the first time from the perspective of the entire industry chain from agricultural material production to livestock marketing, which involves the combination of planting and breeding. A comparative analysis of the environmental impact processes of beef and pork, the main products of the two existing agricultural systems in Eastern Gansu, was conducted. The findings showed that based on the production capacity of the 1 ha land system, the comprehensive environmental impact benefit of the grassland agricultural system (GAS) in the farming-pastoral zone was 21.82%, higher than that of the cultivated land agricultural system (CLAS). On Primary energy demand (PED) and environmental acidification potential (AP), the GAS needs improvement because those values were 38.66% and 22.01% higher than those of the CLAS, respectively; on global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), and water use (WU), the GAS performed more environment-friendlily because those values were 25.00%, 68.37%, and 11.88% lower than those of the CLAS, respectively. This indicates that a change in land use will lead to a change in environmental impacts. Therefore, PED and AP should be focused on the progress of grassland agriculture modernization by “introducing grass into fields” and new agricultural technologies.
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Kusse, Kutoya. "Major Root and Tuber Crops Production in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Current Agriculture Research Journal 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.9.2.02.
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Increasing production and productivity of agriculture in general and root and tuber crops in particular require a strong linkage between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The growing in agriculture sector does not occur without non-agricultural sectors. The major root and tuber crops production and productivity in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia is very low in relation to the land coverage under the crops, due to poor and under recommended rate of improved agricultural technology utilization and low skill of management and related practices by the producers. To solve these root and tuber related problems and increase the production and productivity of the crops, strong and result based farmers training centers and interlinked research extension system are important and strongly interconnected . This study was conducted in five districts of South Omo Zone namely Debub Ari from agricultural based, Malle and Bena-Tsemay from agro-pastoral, Hammer, and Dasenech from pastoral. The districts are selected purposively based on root and tuber crop production potential. The result shows that the area coverage, production and productivity of the major root and tuber crops decreases from time to time and their diseases and pests increases thoroughly. Farmers in the study area should use disease resistance varieties and the production inputs at a recommended rate and time. The major root and tuber crops that are grown in the study area are sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), potato (Solanum tuberosum), cassava (Manihot esculenta), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and enset (Ensete ventricosum).
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Xuan, Xin, Bing Liu, and Fan Zhang. "Climate Change and Adaptive Management: Case Study in Agriculture, Forestry and Pastoral Areas." Land 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080832.
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Adaptive management has very important practical significance for climate change adaptation and will play a great role in climate change risk mitigation in agricultural, forestry, and pastoral areas of China. Based on the theory of adaptive management, this paper selects Yuanping City from Shanxi Province, Qingyuan County from Liaoning Province, and Kulun Banner from Inner Mongolia as representative cases in agricultural, forestry, and pastoral areas, respectively, to carry out field research, and it uses 1970–2017 meteorological station data to apply vulnerability assessment and climate element change trend analysis, combined with the meteorological hazards data, and explore the adaptive management measures for agricultural, forestry, and pastoral areas in China. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the vulnerability of precipitation in Yuanping is high, the increase in temperature and drought and floods are the most important factors affecting crop yields in agricultural areas, and the key to climate change adaptive management lies in the awareness of farmers of climate change risks and the institutional guarantee of the government; (2) Qingyuan has high temperature vulnerability, and the forest areas have relatively strong adaptive capacity to climate change, but climate change will significantly affect the forest’s carbon sequestration function, and the focus of climate change adaptive management in the forestry sector is on engineering and technology field practices; (3) Kulun has the highest vulnerability to climate change, the frequent meteorological disasters seriously impact livestock development, and climate change adaptive management in pastoral areas relies on the participation of pastoralists’ local knowledge and also needs the support of the government and society.
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GADD, MICHELLE E. "Conservation outside of parks: attitudes of local people in Laikipia, Kenya." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001918.
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Conflict between wildlife and people can erode local support for conservation. Wildlife-based benefits are intended to offset costs and encourage tolerance or stewardship, but where the linkage between benefits and wildlife is not understood, benefits may be ineffective at bolstering conservation. In Laikipia, Kenya, wildlife and areas devoted to wildlife are on the increase, but most residents still suffer losses to wildlife and derive minimal benefits. The elephant situation is particularly problematic because elephants may compete with livestock for resources, raid people's crops, and chase and kill livestock and people. Although most unprotected elephant range in East Africa is in semi-arid rangelands occupied by pastoralists, previous research has emphasized agricultural, not pastoral or agri-pastoral conflicts. Between 1999 and 2002, interviews were conducted in Laikipia District to examine whether pastoralists also experience conflict, and to determine whether wildlife conservation provided appreciable benefits to residents, or fostered pro-conservation attitudes among residents. Three properties, Endana, Koija and Mpala, were selected to include the two primary land uses in Laikipia (livestock and agriculture) and two levels of wildlife-based benefits (indirect benefits and direct benefits from a locally-owned tourism operation). People were negative about many aspects of local wildlife conservation, especially animals that raided crops or were dangerous. Fundamental differences in attitudes were attributable to primary land use; within ethnic groups, people practising agriculture were less tolerant of elephants than people practising pastoralism. Despite evidence that elephants may compete with livestock for forage, ecological competition was not a primary concern among cattle-keeping people. In communities that received indirect benefits from tourism or wildlife, the connection between wildlife and employment or aid in kind was usually overlooked. Unlike elsewhere in Africa, education and wealth did not correlate with positive attitudes towards wildlife because the tourism programme was improving the situation and the outlook of people lacking education and material wealth. Pastoral people with indirect financial benefits expressed positive attitudes towards elephants for aesthetic reasons, while pastoral people with direct benefits cited financial rewards derived from tourism but attributed aesthetic values to living with elephants. The programme in the pastoral community receiving benefits was exemplary in that benefits were tangible, and the participants appreciated the linkage between benefits and active conservation. Land conversion from pastoralism to agriculture threatens elephant survival, not only in terms of habitat loss, but also in terms of lost tolerance among people who have shifted to farming.
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Gobindram, N. E., A. Boughalmi, C. H. Moulin, M. Meuret, D. Bastianelli, A. Araba, and M. Jouven. "Feeding flocks on rangelands: insights into the local ecological knowledge of shepherds in Boulemane province (Morocco)." Rangeland Journal 40, no. 3 (2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17006.
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In Mediterranean regions, traditional pastoral systems involve shepherds leading flocks along daily grazing circuits on arid rangelands. Over the past decades, these systems have become increasingly agro-pastoral and the importance given to feeding flocks on rangelands is variable. Our study aimed at investigating the local ecological knowledge (LEK) about forage plants and animal foraging behaviour of shepherds in a pastoral area of Morocco, and eventually analysing the possible interactions between such LEK, its utilisation for grazing management and the pastoral status of the farm. Eleven semi-directive interviews with shepherds, either salaried or owning their own farm, were carried out at three sites differing in terms of agricultural context and available forage resources. Shepherds’ LEK included recognising and naming forage plants and rangeland types, identifying preferred or less preferred plants or plant parts, describing circumstantial palatability of plants depending mainly on season, other locally available plants and watering times. LEK about animal feeding preferences and its integration into grazing management was more extensive at sites where pastoral systems were still most valued, and for shepherds who were either experienced or who were considering the activity in the future. Conversely, young salaried shepherds or farmer-shepherds who devoted more attention to the agricultural component of their system seemed to be less knowledgeable about the subject. In a context where pastoralism is challenged both by the higher profitability of agriculture and by the depletion of pastoral resources as a result of frequent droughts and decreased surface area devoted to grazing lands, the future of such LEK is uncertain. The perpetuation of LEK might depend on the ability of local extension services to value farmers’ LEK and to help them enrich it with scientific knowledge.
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Isabella, B. L., and D. W. Hopkins. "Nitrogen transformations in a peaty soil improved for pastoral agriculture." Soil Use and Management 10, no. 3 (September 1994): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00469.x.
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Little, Peter D. "Social differentiation and pastoralist sedentarization in northern Kenya." Africa 55, no. 3 (July 1985): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160579.
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Opening ParagraphSedentarization is often characterized by increased cultivation, which can result in either a partial or a total transformation from a livestock to a farm-based economy (Barth, 1961; Baxter, 1975; Nelson, 1973; Salzman, 1980). There are many possible permutations along this continuum from livestock to agriculture, and categories based on a sharp dichotomy between them are inadequate; even sub-units within a single ethnic group may show divergent patterns. Recent evidence reveals considerable intra-group variation in pastoral responses to agricultural opportunities (Alverson, 1979; Behnke, 1981; Haaland, 1977; Kjaerby, 1979; O'Leary, 1980). These differences are often in line with the generalization that large cattle herds are more closely associated with pastoralism than with agriculture.
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Shen, Yuan, Linlin Shi, Yueyue Tao, Haihou Wang, Changying Lu, Siyuan Li, and Mingxing Shen. "Sustainability Evaluation and Optimization on the Modern Agro-Pastoral Circular System Integrating Emergy Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 4890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14094890.
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Developing modern circular agriculture is one of the important ways to promote agricultural sustainable development, facilitating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations. However, when agricultural production operators constructed particular systems, they often lacked accurate data support and parameter matching. Consequently, problems such as unknown input and output, low circulation efficiency, and lack of comprehensive evaluation occurred, increasing challenges for efficient circulation of the systems. Therefore, based on sufficient data collection and field investigation, this research integrated emergy analysis and life cycle assessment to conduct sustainability evaluation on the modern Straw–Sheep–Cropland agro-pastoral circular system. Then the system was optimized by means of coupling parameter adjustment and key technology regulation. The results showed that the whole system required lower total emergy input after optimization. And the total weighted value of potential environmental impacts of the optimized system was 47.12% of that of the original system. Meanwhile, annual environmental service emergy in air, water, and soil was reduced significantly compared with the original one. In general, the optimized system had good performance in reduction, reuse, and controllability, so its sustainability was also high. This research formed a systematic method suitable for evaluating and optimizing the modern agro-pastoral circular system, which provided accurate guidance for the scientific construction and sustainable development of circular agriculture systems.
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Keller, E. D., W. T. Baisden, L. Timar, B. Mullan, and A. Clark. "Grassland production under global change scenarios for New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 12, 2014): 3307–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-3307-2014.
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Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand (LURNZ) models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification and climate change scenario projections of New Zealand's pasture production at time slices centred on 2020, 2050 and 2100, with comparison to a present-day baseline. Biome-BGC model parameters are optimised for pasture production in both dairy and sheep/beef farm systems, representing a new application of the Biome-BGC model. Results show up to a 10% increase in New Zealand's national pasture production in 2020 under intensification and a 1–2% increase by 2050 from economic factors driving land-use change. Climate change scenarios using statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) also show national increases of 1–2% in 2050, with significant regional variations. Projected out to 2100, however, these scenarios are more sensitive to the type of pasture system and the severity of warming: dairy systems show an increase in production of 4% under mild change but a decline of 1% under a more extreme case, whereas sheep/beef production declines in both cases by 3% and 13%, respectively. Our results suggest that high-fertility systems such as dairying could be more resilient under future change, with dairy production increasing or only slightly declining in all of our scenarios. These are the first national-scale estimates using a model to evaluate the joint effects of climate change, CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedbacks on New Zealand's unique pastoral production systems that dominate the nation's agriculture and economy. Model results emphasize that CO2 fertilisation and N cycle feedback effects are responsible for meaningful differences in agricultural systems. More broadly, we demonstrate that our model output enables analysis of Decoupled Land-Use Change Scenarios (DLUCS): the Biome-BGC data products at a national or regional level can be re-sampled quickly and cost-effectively for specific land-use change scenarios and future projections.
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Abebe Abera, Eticha, and Ahmed Endris Mossa. "The food insecurity status of pastoral and agro-pastoral households in Ethiopia." Holistic approach to environment 10, no. 4 (September 14, 2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.10.4.1.
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Understanding the major causes of food insecurity is important for interventions aiming at minimizing food insecurity. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the status of food insecurity of pastoral and agro-pastoral households of Seba Boru Woreda Guji Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. In order to achieve these objectives, 112 respondents’ agro pastoralists were selected from 2 kebeles (the smallest administrative unit). To this end, both probabilities (stratified, systematic and random) and non-probability (purposive) sampling techniques were employed. Primary and secondary data were collected from various sources. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics like mean standard deviation, percentage and frequency distributions. Univariate analysis such as t-test and chi-square (χ2) were also used to describe the characteristics of food secured and food insecure groups. The survey result shows that about 60 (53.7 %) of sample respondents were food insecure while only 52 (46.3 %) were food secure. As per a binary logistic model regression, four variables such as family size, land, income, and extension service were significant at 10 % probability levels. Finally, limiting population size through integrated health and education service, intensification of agriculture through extension service by strengthening PTC (pastoral training center), are some to recommend to curb food insecurity in the area
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Rustamani, Kashif. "AN ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLANATION OF THE CHANGING LIVELIHOOD OF AGRO-PASTORAL COMMUNITIES IN SINDH, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i01.187.
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The question of the agro-pastoral economy is un-scrutinized within the academic discourse of Pakistan. These communities rely on herding and subsistence agriculture, the former playing a significant role in the socio-economic aspects of life. The late twentieth century marked an era of revolutionized technologies that touched the ground of developing countries, the best-known example is the green revolution. Before the green revolution, most parts of southern Sindh relied on rainwater to cultivate food crops with rudimentary technologies. The modes of production were comprised of livestock and pastoralism. The market-based economic intervention was only gaining roots. Presently, in the region specifically, rains per year have become scarcer, underground water resources such as tube wells are also disappearing. The paper questions that how the climate changes in the locale of study have resulted in a change in economic activities and the social lives of agro-pastoral communities. The present study is an attempt to document, and inform about the social change, to reach a wider level of audience and scientific community. This research is based on empirical evidence. The techniques are more similar to those used in anthropology or ethnology. Data collection and fieldwork are conducted in Southern Sindh known as Wahi Pandhi, which is located in the Dadu district of Sindh. The main economic activity of the area is agriculture and pastoralism. The geography and mode of livelihood in the region are found to be unique in terms of economic, socio-political, and cultural aspects. It not only gives us a vantage point to understand the livelihood of the agro-pastorals, but also puts us in a position to form a better policy for these communities. The present study will provide basic policy recommendations to help these communities which are marginalized by their way of subsistence and location in the country. Keywords: Agro-pastoral communities, ethnography, livelihoods, Sindh, Pakistan
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Caradus, J. R., D. R. Woodfield, and A. V. Stewart. "Overview and vision for white clover." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3368.
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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is the key to the international competitive advantage of New Zealand's pastoral industries, which are reliant on a cheap, high quality feed source. White clover benefits pastoral agriculture through its ability to fix nitrogen, its high nutritive value, its seasonal complementarity with grasses, and its ability to improve animal feed intake and utilisation rates. The annual financial contribution of white clover through fixed nitrogen, forage yield, seed production and honey production is estimated as $3.095 billion. The impact of white clover has resulted from understanding how it grows, and then developing appropriate management systems, fertiliser strategies, and improved cultivars. While the future of white clover as the legume base of our pasture is secure there are challenges and opportunities ahead. These include the increasing use of mineral nitrogen, competitiveness with high endophyte ryegrasses, filling gaps in our knowledge base, responding to industry signals, the advent of transgenic technologies, the removal of anti-quality characters particularly those associated with the incidence of bloat, and assuring that nitrogen fixation rates, in grazed pastures, increase as the yield potential of white clover is itself increased. Keywords: economic value, nitrogen fixation, nutritive quality, pastoral agriculture, white clover
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Kumbe, Adem. "Study on Bovine Mastitis under Different Management in Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas of Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000192.
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A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated potential risk factors and major etiological agents of clinical and sub clinical mastitis under different management condition of pastoral, agro-pastoral, ranch and farm by using California mastitis test and bacteriology. A total of 384 lactating Borana cows in Did-tuyura ranch, Yabello Pastoral and dryland agriculture research center (YPDARC) dairy farm and three districts namely Gomole, Moyale and Yabello of Borana zone were included in the study. The study revealed that overall prevalence of mastitis were 47.4 % (182/384); out of which 12 % (46/384) clinical and 35.4 % (136/384) sub-clinical mastitis whereas prevalence at quarter level was 21.48% (330/1536) of which 3% (46/1536) and 18.48% (284/1536) were clinical and sub-clinical form respectively. From the total examined quarter, 3.5% (53) of quarters had blind quarter. Prevalence in pastoral and agro-pastoral herding system (extensive management system) at cow level and quarter level were 18.9% and 10.9% respectively while prevalence in Did-tuyura ranch and YPDARC dairy farm herding system (semi-intensive) were 20% and 7% at cow level and quarter level respectively. The prevalence of mastitis significantly (P<0.05) differed with parity, stage of lactation and body condition of lactating animals. From 330 California Mastitis Test (CMT) and clinically positive milk samples there was growth of bacteria on culture media observed only in 155 (46.97%). Out of this Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 59 (38.06%) isolates followed by Streptococcus species 33 (21.29%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus 30 (19.35%). Due to lack of proper managements of different risk factors major pathogenic microorganisms are isolated. Proper preventive and control strategy, awareness creation on key factors of mastitis, Regular screening and culling of chronically infected cows should be practiced.
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Walker, T. W. "The value of N-fixation to pastoral agriculture in New Zealand." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3349.
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White clover in New Zealand fixes nitrogen equivalent to 4.5 million tonnes of urea annually. Experiments on the tactical use of about 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1 to stimulate grass growth when clovers are less active indicate that it is generally profitable, but much heavier dressings have rarely been shown to pay at current cost/price structures. The significance of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) cannot be measured solely by dry matter yields as the quality of herbage is influenced by the contribution of clover and affects yields of animal products and health. Our dependence on BNF gives us a relatively low energycost system of pastoral farming because of the high energy cost of producing fertiliser-N and is therefore more sustainable. The heavy use of fertiliser-N suppresses clover growth and N-fixation, increases losses of ammonia and nitrous oxide to the air and nitrate in drainage water. The extra stock carried leads to greater emission of methane. Reliance on clovers may give lower production but lessens damage to the environment. Keywords: biological nitrogen fixation, energy costs, environment, fertiliser nitrogen, pastoral agriculture, sustainability
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Bouton, J. H. "An overview of the role of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in pastoral agriculture." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12127.
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Pastoral agriculture is unique among the world’s agricultural production systems. Lucerne (also known as alfalfa), Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa, has a long history of playing a very important role in pastoral agriculture. That role is expanding outside traditional hay and grazing production systems into sprouts for salads, nutritional supplements, and bioenergy feedstock. It is also the forage legume of choice for delivery of new traits via biotechnologies. The use of biotechnologies in lucerne improvement will cause re-examination of research methods and will require unique collaborations that are both interdisciplinary and even cross-institutional. The Consortium for Alfalfa Improvement (CAI) is discussed as a model for this type of collaboration. Breeding programs will continue development of cultivars with the proper fall (autumn) dormancy, a broad genetic base for pest resistance, increased local adaptation, persistence, and yield, while also adding new complex traits to these base traits. Increasing nutritional quality via down-regulation of lignin genes and increasing persistence via grazing tolerance, drought tolerance, and tolerance to acid, aluminium-toxic soils are discussed as examples of the potential impacts and challenges surrounding incorporation of complex traits. However, it is the potential for lucerne to become a major part of tropical or subtropical production systems or even an important adjunct to overcome deficiencies in the widely used perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) temperate systems that begs further attention.
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Goldson, S. L., J. S. Rowarth, and J. R. Caradus. "The impact of invasive invertebrate pests in pastoral agriculture: A review." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2005.9513673.
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Martell, Jessica. "The Dorset Dairy, the Pastoral, and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles." Nineteenth-Century Literature 68, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2013.68.1.64.
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Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891) illustrates late-Victorian agricultural history in vivid detail, from the Durbeyfields’ forced migration to Tess’s itinerant work tending fowl, gleaning root crops, and dairying. Hardy summons a pastoral mode during Tess’s employment as a dairymaid in the lush Froom Valley, but its imagery is curiously grotesque. This essay argues that the aesthetic strangeness of Hardy’s pastoral exaggerates idyllic fecundity in order to critique the effects of industrial agriculture on the rural experience of modernity. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, decades of rural depression led to the dramatic restructuring of British agriculture. When they embraced an industrial logic of surplus production to supply growing urban demand, traditionally small-scale or mixed-use farms were more likely to survive the otherwise widespread deterioration of domestic food production. Especially in Hardy’s Dorset, dairying was one of the rare food industries that thrived in spite of economic hardship by shipping fresh milk along the railways to London. But the strangeness of nature at Talbothays Dairy, through Hardy’s figuration of this industry, suggests his preoccupation with consequences of prioritizing economic surplus over ecological renewal. His use of pastoralism contends that, as farms integrate the logic of the factory, a retreat into idyllic fantasy is increasingly untenable. Neither the natural world nor the figuration that draws from it can remain untroubled by the pressure to exceed its carrying capacity.
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Wang, Yongsheng, Yan Chen, and Zhengjia Liu. "Agricultural Structure Adjustment and Rural Poverty Alleviation in the Agro-Pastoral Transition Zone of Northern China: A Case Study of Yulin City." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 4187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104187.
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Poverty restricts rural sustainable development and urban–rural integration. Agricultural development is an engine of rural economic development and poverty elimination. Agricultural structure adjustment and rural poverty alleviation in Yulin City from the agro-pastoral transition zone of Northern China were studied using statistical data. Our results showed that the rural poverty ratio in Yulin was 7.70% in 2017, with clearly higher trends in southeast regions and lower trends in northeast regions. Northern Yulin had a lower proportion of primary industry to gross domestic production and ratio of agriculture to animal husbandry than southern Yulin. The agricultural structure variability index and agricultural specialization index have changed little, while the actual growth rate of the rural per capita net income has dramatically declined in the last decade. The rural poverty ratio was positively correlated with proportion of primary industry and ratio of agriculture to animal husbandry. These results suggest that a reduced proportion of primary industry and animal husbandry development will promote rural poverty alleviation and future rural revitalization.
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Wang, Zhiqiang, Jingyi Jiang, and Qing Ma. "The drought risk of maize in the farming–pastoral ecotone in Northern China based on physical vulnerability assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 2697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2697-2016.
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Abstract. Climate change is affecting every aspect of human activities, especially the agriculture. In China, extreme drought events caused by climate change have posed a great threat to food safety. In this work we aimed to study the drought risk of maize in the farming–pastoral ecotone in Northern China based on physical vulnerability assessment. The physical vulnerability curve was constructed from the relationship between drought hazard intensity index and yield loss rate. The risk assessment of agricultural drought was conducted from the drought hazard intensity index and physical vulnerability curve. The probability distribution of drought hazard intensity index decreased from south-west to north-east and increased from south-east to north-west along the rainfall isoline. The physical vulnerability curve had a reduction effect in three parts of the farming–pastoral ecotone in Northern China, which helped to reduce drought hazard vulnerability on spring maize. The risk of yield loss ratio calculated based on physical vulnerability curve was lower compared with the drought hazard intensity index, which suggested that the capacity of spring maize to resist and adapt to drought is increasing. In conclusion, the farming–pastoral ecotone in Northern China is greatly sensitive to climate change and has a high probability of severe drought hazard. Risk assessment of physical vulnerability can help better understand the physical vulnerability to agricultural drought and can also promote measurements to adapt to climate change.
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Forbes, Hamish. "The Identification of pastoralist sites Within the context of estate-based agriculture in ancient Greece: beyond the ‘Transhumance versus agro-pastoralism’ debate." Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (November 1995): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016233.
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The present ‘transhumance versus agro-pastoralism’ debate is here set within the context of a broadly based anthropological approach to pastoralism. Certain constant features of the relationship of pastoralists to their landscape are identifiable, although many aspects of pastoral strategies are variable over time and space and across socio-economic groups. The control of much of the pastoral exploitation of the landscape in antiquity by wealthy estate owners is one important difference from the present day. The resulting observations are applied to the archaeological record of isolated rural sites now widely known from surface survey projects. It is argued that the tendency to assume that pastoralists are archaeologically invisible has meant that these very visible sites have been ignored as possible pastoral bases. The location of a number of these sites suggests that pastoralism was a major element in the activities focused on them in antiquity.
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Rangé, Charline, and Hubert Cochet. "Multi-usage familial et agriculture de firme sur les rives du lac Tchad : une comparaison des performances économiques." Natures Sciences Sociétés 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2018021.
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L’agriculture de firme et les modèles de type « révolution verte » sont promus par les pouvoirs publics pour la hausse de la production, de la croissance et de l’emploi qu’ils sont censés offrir dans les pays du Sud. Partant du cas des rives camerounaises du lac Tchad, cet article propose une comparaison, rarement faite, de deux modes de mise en valeur d’un même milieu relevant de logiques économiques et sociales radicalement différentes : le multi-usage agro-halio-pastoral de l’espace (mode d’exploitation actuel) et la monoculture de maïs (projet d’agropôle). En s’appuyant sur les fondamentaux que sont l’étude des pratiques agro-halio-pastorales et l’analyse du processus de création de la valeur ajoutée, l’article montre que le système familial actuel dégage une richesse équivalente à celle attendue de la firme tout en créant trois fois plus d’emplois et en offrant de meilleurs revenus.
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Blaney, Aileen. "Food, Photography and the Indian Pastoral." International Journal of E-Politics 7, no. 2 (April 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijep.2016040101.
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This article focuses on the relationship between Kheti Badi – a series of images produced by photo-based artist Chinar Shah based on the online Facebook game FarmVille – and the contemporary context of image making, agriculture and food production. In today's digital culture, global perceptions and expectations of food stuffs are grounded less in first-hand knowledge than in images and digital video that circulate on the screens that are now everywhere around us. While photography continues to act in the role of an instrument used to record and classify, it has the power to feed back into the very processes through which science and technology shape food production, going far beyond producing images of a reality that is already out there. In the intersections between a multinational food industry, the global circulation of images of food and the predicaments of people farming the land in India, the author discusses the significance of Kheti Badi's conceptual investigation of photography's role in shaping perceptions of, engagements with and modifications to food.
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Doole, Graeme J., and Alvaro J. Romera. "Cost-effective regulation of nonpoint emissions from pastoral agriculture: a stochastic analysis." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 58, no. 3 (December 10, 2013): 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12034.
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Mohamed, Abduselam Abdulahi. "Pastoralism and Development Policy in Ethiopia: A Review Study." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.562.
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Pastoralism is a culture, livelihoods system, extensive use of rangelands. It is the key production system practiced in the arid and semi-arid dryland areas. Recent estimates indicate that about 120 million pastoralists and agro-pastoralists life worldwide, of which 41.7% reside only in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Pastoralists live in areas often described as marginal, remote, conflict prone, food insecure and associated with high levels of vulnerability. Pastoral communities of Ethiopia occupy 61% of the total land mass and 97% of Ethiopian pastoralists found in low land areas of Afar, Somali, Oromiya, and SNNPR. In spite pastoral areas have significance role in national economy, yet very little consideration was given to pastoral development and policy makers often neglect them, focusing on the interests of agriculture and urban people. The constitution of Ethiopia gives pastoral communities the right to free land grazing, fair use of natural resources, have market access and receive fair price, and not displaced from their own lands. However, pastoralists have faced new problems in recent years, including competition for water and pasture; unrepresented in socio-economic and political activities, ethnic based conflicts, poverty, and uneven drought and climate changes. The government of Ethiopia began large scale efforts to develop the pastoral areas and initiated different projects, but pastoral development policies and strategies seem to be state centrally-driven. In Ethiopia the current nature of pastoralism and pastoral communities’ life style is changing. Therefore, government needs to develop policies and strategies which are based on local customs and practical knowledge.
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Kariuki, Rebecca W., David Western, Simon Willcock, and Robert Marchant. "Assessing Interactions between Agriculture, Livestock Grazing and Wildlife Conservation Land Uses: A Historical Example from East Africa." Land 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010046.
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Despite mobile livestock grazing being widely recognized as one of the most viable and sustainable land uses for semi-arid savanna, which can deliver clear wildlife conservation benefits, the levels of pastoral sedentarization and transitions to agricultural livelihoods continue to rise in many pastoral communities across the world. Using questionnaire interviews with community elders, our study assessed changing trends in livestock grazing, wildlife conservation, and sedentarization levels from the 1960s to the present day across three savannas in southern Kenya. Our study identified the drivers of land uses and land subdivision and the implications of land use change on savanna ecology. Over the last half century, there has been a 30% decline in livestock grazing land in southern Kenya due to the expansion of land for agriculture and wildlife conservation. Despite the decline, livestock grazing remains the preferred land use in subdivided and privatized lands. Pastoralist land used for wildlife conservation was perceived to be higher (30%) in southwestern Kenya compared to southeastern Kenya (16%), despite their geographical proximity. These historical insights provide useful lessons for maintaining space for wildlife, diversifying livelihoods, and increasing the resilience of pastoralists in the process of transitioning from traditional subsistence to market economies and the threats of social and ecological dislocation.
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Micu, Cristian. "Dimensiunea temporală a sistemului montan-pendulator de creștere a oilor pe Valea Argeșului." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 32 (December 20, 2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2018.32.04.
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The villages on Argeș river upper valley, some of them having a population of Transylvanian origin, have developed a type of shepherding determined by specific spatial coordinates: the boundary of the settlements is relatively reduces, the arable lands occupies small areas and there are no crops alternating with the parcels left to rest, factors that make it impossible to feed flocks in the border, during the summer time. As a compensation, the villages are in the proximity of Făgăraș Mountains, which generously offer alpine pastures for drowning. These conditions together with the zonal climate gave rise to a specific time coordinate describing the mountain-pendulatory system for sheep breeding specific also to the pre-mountain villages of Albeștii de Argeș commune, to a pastoral calendar and to a schedule that mark the pastoral day in this area. This time coordinate presents the following features: 1. Low-scale agriculture does not significantly condition the time sequences specific to the pastoral process, temporal limitations imposed on grazing being generated by the need to preserve the meadows. 2. The period of exploitation of the sheep's lactating potential is relatively short, probably due to a weaker autumn feeding determined by the lack of large miriște (agricultural plot where inferior parts of the cereal stalks or from other cultivated plants) and porumbiști (plot that was previously cultivated with corn) at the border of the village. 3. The degree of agricultural involvement of the sheep is low, not very strictly regulated and it is reduced only to the autumn interval. 4. Neither the pastoral calendar nor the pastoral day hours are subordinated to the rigors imposed by măsuriș (spring custom to measure the sheep milk in order to decide the quantity of milk products that belongs to each sheeps’ owner) and by the daily distribution of the milk to the associates („the turn to milk”), the system of dividing the products towards the owner being simplu, „on sheep’s head”. 5. Programming of the litters depends mostly on the optimal date, from the economic point of view, for sacrificing of the lambs and on the needs to leave enough time for lamps from the lamb birth till climbing lambs on the mountain.
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BRADFORD, ERIC. "ANIMAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-097.
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Livestock play a very important role in the agriculture of most developing countries, accounting on average for an estimated half of agricultural output through their direct and indirect contributions. Major functions include: production of human-edible food from human-inedible forages, crop residues and by-products; concentrating nutrients, thus increasing the quality of food and producing high-value products for sale; serving as a source of savings and income for producers who lack access to banks or credit; recycling plant nutrients and improving soil fertility; serving as a food reserve; and providing draft power. Crop-livestock systems are in general more stable and more productive than cropping systems alone. A perceived problem due to livestock is overgrazing and environmental degradation, but these are usually the result of human mismanagement of the animals. Traditional pastoral systems can be not only persistent, but ecologically sound. The currently observed problems associated with pastoral systems in arid and semi-arid lands are more likely to result from breakdown of traditional management practices due to human population increase and external intervention or social changes, or from abiotic factors such as climatic variation, than from flaws in the traditional system. Research and development programs can increase the contributions of animals to the well-being of their owners and to the economies of developing countries. Some areas with high potential include: evaluation of local genetic resources; assessment of feed resources and design of economical, efficient supplementation strategies; and reduction of costs of disease control by development of multivalent vaccines. There are opportunities for large increases in efficiency of resource utilization and animal productivity. However, a more thorough understanding of social and economic as well as biological aspects of production systems than has usually existed in development projects is essential for interventions, where they are indicated, to be effective. Key words: Food quality, efficiency, production systems, sustainability, genetic resources, animal traction
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Hare, John. "Hampshire Agriculture in the Middle Ages: The Bishop of Winchester's Manor of North Waltham." Hampshire Studies 75, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2020005.
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The bishops of Winchester were the richest bishops in medieval England and they dominated landownership in Hampshire. Moreover, they left the fullest surviving documentation for any large estate in medieval England. This article uses a sample of the documentation to examine the agriculture of the great estate and some of the influences on it. By examining the lord's activity on a single well-documented manor it seeks to help our understanding of developments in Hampshire agriculture: its growth and contraction, its arable and pastoral farming, and the employment of its labour.
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Dasgupta, Partha, and Karl-Göran Mäler. "Environmental economics in poor countries: the current state and a programme for improvement." Environment and Development Economics 1, no. 1 (February 1996): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000334.
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People in poor countries are for the most part agrarian and pastoral. In 1988 rural people accounted for about 65 per cent of the population of what the World Bank classifies as low-income countries. The proportion of the total labour force in agriculture was a bit in excess of this. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product in these countries was 30 per cent. These figures should be contrasted with those from industrial market economies, which are 6 per cent and 2 per cent for the latter two ratios, respectively.
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Chapman, R. B., and T. A. Jackson. "Implications of registered insecticide reassessment for pasture pest management." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6578.
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As part of an assessment of the risks costs and benefits of substances approved under the HSNO Act ERMA has established a list of potentially harmful materials for reassessment The initial Chief Executive Initiated Reassessment List contains 20 potentially hazardous substances of which 12 are insecticidal chemicals including some widely used in pastoral agriculture Pastoral intensification resulting from dairying and forage cropping appears to have stimulated an increase in insecticide use This is the reverse of the trend that coincided with the implementation of biological control and integrated pest management in the 1990s when there was a decline in the quantity of insecticides used in the pastoral sector The ERMA process follows international trends that have led to the deregistration of many pesticides based on old highly toxic chemistries effectively withdrawing them from international markets It is important for researchers and pest managers to be aware of the potential withdrawal of commonly used insecticides and develop alternative strategies for pest management
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Sweet, Timothy. "Pastoral Landscape with Indians: George Copway and the Political Unconscious of the American Pastoral." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004841.
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After squanto taught the colonists at Plymouth in 1620 “both the manner how to set [their corn], and after how to dress and tend it,” Indians seem to have disappeared from the American pastoral scene, except as unwelcome intruders. Seventeen years later, writes William Bradford, “the Pequots fell openly on the English at Connecticut, in the lower parts of the river, and slew sundry of them as they were at work in the fields.” Mary Rowlandson opens the story of her captivity during King Philip's War similarly, describing how the Narragansetts came out of the wilderness to attack the farmsteads at Lancaster, setting fire to buildings “with flax and hemp, which they brought out of the barn,” and later celebrated by feasting on the animals they had captured: “miserable was the waste that was there made, of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, calves, lambs, roasting pigs, and fowl (which they had plundered in the town) some roasting, some lying and burning, and some boiling to feed our merciless enemies.” These accounts — in which Indians violate the pastoral scene, killing peaceful tillers of the soil and wantonly consuming the stock that had been so carefully husbanded — suggest that in the 17th Century, despite the original beneficence of Squanto, Indian “savagery” was perceived as a threat not only to the lives of individual colonists but to agriculture itself, the foundation of the colonial economy in North America. But it was the agrarian culture of the English that turned the Indians into “savages,” for the Pequot War and King Philip's War began, as Francis Jennings has demonstrated, with the colonists' hunger for land.
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Craig, Heather M., Thomas M. Wilson, Christina Magill, Carol Stewart, and Alec J. Wild. "Agriculture and forestry impact assessment for tephra fall hazard: fragility function development and New Zealand scenario application." Volcanica 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.02.345367.
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Developing approaches to assess the impact of tephra fall to agricultural and forestry systems is essential for informing effective disaster risk management strategies. Fragility functions are commonly used as the vulnerability model within a loss assessment framework and represent the relationship between a given hazard intensity measure (e.g., tephra thickness) and the probability of impacts occurring. Impacts are represented here using an impact state (IS), which categorises qualitative and quantitative statements into a numeric scale. This study presents IS schemes for pastoral, horticultural, and forestry systems, and a suite of fragility functions estimating the probability of each IS occurring for 13 sub-sectors. Temporal vulnerability is accounted for by a ‘seasonality coefficient,’ and a ‘chemical toxicity coefficient’ is included to incorporate the increased vulnerability of pastoral farming systems when tephra is high in fluoride. The fragility functions are then used to demonstrate a deterministic impact assessment with current New Zealand exposure.
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Miller, Jennifer J., James H. Dickson, and T. Nicholas Dixon. "Unusual food plants from Oakbank Crannog, Loch Tay, Scottish Highlands: cloudberry, opium poppy and spelt wheat." Antiquity 72, no. 278 (December 1998): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087391.
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Oakbank is one of 18 crannogs in Loch Tay, and the first in Britain to have been excavated underwater. The abundant and well-preserved plant remains indicate a prosperous society with a well-founded arable and pastoral agriculture. Opium poppy and spelt wheat remains imply trade and suggest high status. Cloudberry pips highlight long-range gathering, possibly during transhumance.
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Dietre, Benjamin, Christoph Walser, Werner Kofler, Katja Kothieringer, Irka Hajdas, Karsten Lambers, Thomas Reitmaier, and Jean Nicolas Haas. "Neolithic to Bronze Age (4850–3450 cal. BP) fire management of the Alpine Lower Engadine landscape (Switzerland) to establish pastures and cereal fields." Holocene 27, no. 2 (August 19, 2016): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616658523.
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Agro-pastoral activities in the past act as environmental legacy and have shaped the current cultural landscape in the European Alps. This study reports about prehistoric fire incidents and their impact on the flora and vegetation near the village of Ardez in the Lower Engadine Valley (Switzerland) since the Late Neolithic Period. Pollen, charcoal particles and non-pollen palynomorphs preserved in the Saglias and Cutüra peat bog stratigraphies were quantified and the results compared with the regional archaeological evidence. Anthropogenic deforestation using fire started around 4850 cal. BP at Saglias and aimed at establishing first cultivated crop fields (e.g. cereals) and small pastoral areas as implied by the positive correlation coefficients between charcoal particles and cultural and pastoral pollen indicators, as well as spores of coprophilous fungi. Pressure on the natural environment by humans and livestock continued until 3650 cal. BP and was followed by reforestation processes until 3400 cal. BP because of climatic deterioration. Thereafter, a new, continuous cultivation/pastoral phase was recorded for the Middle to Late Bronze Age (3400–2800 cal. BP). After rather minor human impact during the Iron Age and Roman Period, intensive agriculture was recorded for the Medieval Period. The area around Ardez was used for crop cultivation from about 1000 cal. BP until the start of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (600 cal. BP). Despite a land-use reorganisation, the following gradual decrease in agricultural activities led to the extant mixture of a cultivated, grazed and forested landscape in the Lower Engadine. In addition, this study demonstrates the excellent value of the fungus Gelasinospora as a highly local marker of past and today’s fire incidents, as well as of the use of micro-charcoals from pollen slides and macro-charcoals (>150 µm) from pollen sample residues for the reconstruction of short- and long-term fire histories.
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Caradus, John R., Stuart D. Card, Katrin G. Hewitt, David E. Hume, and Linda J. Johnson. "Asexual Epichloë Fungi—Obligate Mutualists." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 1084–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040083.
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Asexual Epichloë are obligate fungal mutualists that form symbiosis with many temperate grass species, providing several advantages to the host. These advantages include protection against vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores (i.e., grazing livestock and invertebrate pests, respectively), improved resistance to phytopathogens, increased adaptation to drought stress, nutrient deficiency, and heavy metal-containing soils. Selected Epichloë strains are utilised in agriculture mainly for their pest resistance traits, which are moderated via the production of Epichloë-derived secondary metabolites. For pastoral agriculture, the use of these endophyte infected grasses requires the balancing of protection against insect pests with reduced impacts on animal health and welfare.
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Xiangliang, Pan, Deng Wei, Zhang Daoyong, Li Fei, and Wang Yongjie. "Sustainable Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Agro-Pastoral Interweaving Belt of Northern China." Outlook on Agriculture 32, no. 3 (September 2003): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003101294433.
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The semi-arid agro-pastoral interweaving belt (SAPIB) is an important ecological zone in northern China and an important food base. However, sustainable agricultural development has been restricted by both natural and socioeconomic factors. It is inherently vulnerable because of its unfavourable climate and geological and hydrogeomorphological conditions. Agricultural production has been impaired by frequent natural disasters, salinization and desertification. Moreover, irrational agricultural policies and practices, poverty and other socioeconomic factors have brought about degradation in the SAPIB. The authors argue that the basis for a sustainable strategy is to transform it by increasing exergy input, changing the cultural outlook and harmonizing interactions between the component subsystems. Finally, a series of proposals based on notions for a sustainable strategy is put forward.
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Liya, Xi, and Pen Yan. "Design and Application of A Development Framework Based-on Shared Farm Digital Control Platform." E3S Web of Conferences 189 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018901003.
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Agriculture through science and technology is an effective way to promote the development of agricultural economy. In response to the problem of the shortage of urban arable land and the barrenness of rural land, it is combined with the sharing economy and agriculture through the Internet platform to propose the concept of using idle rural land to realize urban people’s online pastoral life. Based on this, the application research on the integration of agriculture and the Internet has been carried out. Taking the needs of shared farm management as an example, through the analysis and research of Nginx, Flask and FFmpeg technologies, the development framework of NFF (Nginx+Flask+FFmpeg) web server with live broadcast function is designed. Based on the NFF framework, the management about land use patterns and planting methods in shared farms have been realized. Real-time live broadcast of farms has also been realized, which establishes a connection between consumers, growers and managers, and draws closer The distance between consumers and farms. The article focuses on the design ideas and application methods of the NFF framework in the agricultural management system, and the application of Blueprint technology in the live broadcast module. From the perspective of the application of the shared farm management system, the NFF framework can ensure the stability and scalability of the system functions, while also reducing the difficulty of development and improving the efficiency of development. It provides design ideas and application methods for Internet technology in agriculture. It is helpful to promote the sustainable development of the concept of “Internet + Sharing”, provides a stage for the sharing economy to drive agricultural development, and provides a reference for the structure of a new agricultural management system.
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Garthwaite, Ian, Jan Sprosen, Lyn Briggs, Roger Collin, and Neale Towers. "Food quality on the farm: Immunological detection of mycotoxins in New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Food and Agricultural Immunology 6, no. 2 (January 1994): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540109409354821.
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Phelan, D. C., D. Parsons, S. N. Lisson, G. K. Holz, and N. D. MacLeod. "Beneficial impacts of climate change on pastoral and broadacre agriculture in cool-temperate Tasmania." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 2 (2014): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12425.
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Although geographically small, Tasmania has a diverse range of regional climates that are affected by different synoptic influences. Consequently, changes in climate variables and climate-change impacts will likely vary in different regions of the state. This study aims to quantify the regional effects of projected climate change on the productivity of rainfed pastoral and wheat crop systems at five sites across Tasmania. Projected climate data for each site were obtained from the Climate Futures for Tasmania project (CFT). Six General Circulation Models were dynamically downscaled to ~10-km grid cells using the CSIRO Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model under the A2 emissions scenario for the period 1961–2100. Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures at each site are projected to increase from a baseline period (1981–2010) to 2085 (2071–2100) by 2.3–2.7°C. Mean annual rainfall is projected to increase slightly at all sites. Impacts on pasture and wheat production were simulated for each site using the projected CFT climate data. Mean annual pasture yields are projected to increase from the baseline to 2085 largely due to an increase in spring pasture growth. However, summer growth of temperate pasture species may become limited by 2085 due to greater soil moisture deficits. Wheat yields are also projected to increase, particularly at sites presently temperature-limited. This study suggests that increased temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are likely to increase regional rainfed pasture and wheat production in the absence of any significant changes in rainfall patterns.