Dissertations / Theses: 'Pastoral agriculture'

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Wilson, Thomas McDonald. "Vulnerability of Pastoral Farming Systems to Volcanic Ashfall Hazards." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5978.

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Volcanic eruptions are powerful, spectacular, uncontrollable geophysical events which require management to mitigate loss of life and property. An essential part of volcanic risk management is to quantify the vulnerability of exposed elements of society to volcanic hazard. Agriculture takes advantage of the fertile soils of volcanic regions, but is vulnerable to damage and disruption from volcanic hazards, in particular ashfall. This thesis investigates the vulnerability of pastoral agriculture to volcanic ashfall by examining impacts on the resource base of pastoral farming (water supply, pasture and soil, and livestock) and explores mitigation and recovery strategies for ashfall hazards at varying levels. It provides a quantitative understanding of pastoral farming vulnerability to ashfall hazards, as part of probabilistic risk assessment. Surface farm water supplies are found to be more vulnerable to ashfall, through contamination and sedimentation, than groundwater supplies. After heavy ashfall, the physical impacts of ashfall overwhelm the more subtle chemical impacts on water supply systems, but even relatively thin ashfalls may cause potential toxic changes to water quality. Farm-scale assessment of water supplies was used to identify key areas of vulnerability to ash hazards. Modelling a large-scale evacuation of livestock following widespread, heavy ashfall found the logistical, time and cost requirements high and may make this action unrealistic. Perhaps most critically, it is doubtful that farms in surrounding regions have the capacity to accommodate the numbers of animals likely to be affected. Tunnel-house and field trials have shown pastures are relatively resilient to ashfalls of 10 mm, but this resilience rapidly reduces with increasing ashfall thickness and at .100 mm there is effectively no pasture recovery. Ashfall grain size, frequency, soluble salt volume, and different meteorological conditions also have a significant impact on pastures and soils. Pasture reestablishment will benefit from tillage of ash covered soils to mix ash and topsoil and break up the surface crust which may form on ash deposits. Targeted fertiliser treatments may also be required to buffer acidic soluble salts and remedy deficiencies of essential nutrients. Reworking of ash deposits was found to be highly disruptive to pasture re-establishment and in extreme cases may prolong and intensify the impacts following an ashfall. The majority of farmers impacted by ashfall will continue farming, albeit with varying levels of disruption. However real or perceived impacts to human health may result in farm evacuation in the short-term. Where ashfall thicknesses are too thick for a return to profitable farming, migration from impacted farms and agriculture-related industries will result in significant demographic changes to rural communities and potential social impacts. Stressed farming systems are most vulnerable to failure and psychosocial impacts.

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Boag, Franca Elise. "Integrated Mediterranean farming and pastoral systems : local knowledge and ecological infrastructure of Italian dryland farming /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22954.pdf.

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Bencherif, Slimane. "L'élevage pastoral et la céréaliculture dans la steppe algérienne Évolution et possibilités de développement." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00586977.

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Durant des siècles, la steppe algérienne a été exploitée par des tribus nomades qui vivaient de l'élevage pastoral transhumant des petits ruminants. Fractionnée et déstabilisée par des politiques et des projets inappropriés pendant et après la colonisation française, cette exploitation collective et régulée des parcours a cédé la place à un mode d'exploitation familial concurrentiel. Pour répondre à une demande croissante de viande ovine, consécutive à un fort accroissement démographique, les éleveurs ont accru leurs troupeaux, étendu la céréaliculture fourragère motorisée et multiplié les achats de céréales fourragères. Surchargés, les parcours qui fournissaient l'essentiel de l'alimentation des animaux, ont été dégradés, la transhumance réduite et les petits éleveurs appauvris. Aujourd'hui, l'interdiction de la céréaliculture sur les terres fragiles et la mise en défens des pâturages dégradés sont plus que nécessaires. Elles ne seront cependant ni assez respectées pour protéger ou restaurer la fertilité de la steppe, ni suffisantes pour améliorer les conditions d'existence des agropasteurs, et elles le resteront tant que les ressources inexploitées en terres cultivables et en pâturages de la région n'auront pas été durablement mobilisées pour accroitre et réguler les disponibilités fourragères. Ainsi rendu possible, le développement durable de l'élevage agropastoral dans la steppe serait grandement facilité par l'élaboration et la réalisation participatives d'un ensemble coordonné de programmes et de projets, intégré aux stratégies de développement durable de la région et du pays.

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Arthur, Jarred Bradley. "The influence of upstream forest on macroinvertebrate communities in pastoral landscapes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4925.

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The conversion of native forest to agricultural land has been an on-going issue threatening the health of New Zealand’s freshwater systems. However, despite the fact that this has been occurring since early European settlement, our understanding of the mechanistic relationships between riparian vegetation and stream condition are poorly developed. This research investigated: (i) how forests affect downstream benthic macroinvertebrate communities in pasture and the environmental factors driving community change; (ii) how upstream forest size impacted the rate of change in downstream environmental drivers and associated macroinvertebrate community structure; and (iii) whether the addition of coarse particulate organic matter (a single potential driver of forest community structure) can reset community structure to that of a forested state. Physico-chemical conditions, basal energy resources, and macroinvertebrates were surveyed in several New Zealand headwater streams. At Mount Egmont National Park, 10-12 sites were surveyed across a longitudinal forest-pasture gradient in each of five streams flowing from continuous forest to dairy farmland. My results showed that forests can have marked effects downstream. From the forest edge, water temperatures increased consistently, with a rise of approximately 0.2ºC per 100 m of downstream distance. By contrast, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) decreased rapidly downstream of the forest, however, low levels of “forest-derived” CPOM were still present 300m downstream from the forest edge. These environmental changes drove significant shifts in macroinvertebrate community structure. Moreover, pasture communities were markedly different from those in forest, despite being only 100 m from the forest edge. In particular, total macroinvertebrate and EPT richness and densities decreased, and communities shifted from evenly distributed allochthonous-based communities to autochthonous-based communities, highly dominated by molluscs (e.g., Potamopyrgus spp.) Subsequent surveys of 6-8 sites across a longitudinal forest-pasture gradient in each of eleven streams flowing from forest fragments of different sizes into grazed pastures throughout the Canterbury region, indicated that stream temperature increased more rapidly downstream of small- and medium-sized fragments, than larger fragments. A Berger-Parker dominance index also indicated that macroinvertebrates responded principally to water temperature, with communities being more highly dominated by temperature-tolerant molluscs in streams flowing from small-sized forest fragments. Several headwater streams in Canterbury were also highly retentive, with marked CPOM rarely exported beyond 50 m downstream of the forest. Experimental additions of leaf litter to the pasture reaches of the same streams dramatically increased amounts of stored benthic CPOM. Although non-significant, trends indicated that EPT and shredder densities increased at litter addition sites, providing promise that CPOM can function as a mechanism directly enhancing healthy stream communities. My findings support the contention that when the replanting of entire stream reaches is infeasible, the use of riparian management strategies which focus on the planting of intermittent patches along stream banks can potentially improve stream habitat and community health downstream.

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Leseeto, Saidimu. "The role of risk management in pastoral policy development and poverty measurement : system dynamics simulation approach." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/344349/.

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Livestock-based agriculture plays an important role in the development of sub-saharan Africa, especially those countries whose livestock industry contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Kenya, agriculture alone accounts for 21% of the GDP and provides employment directly or indirectly to over 75% of the total labour force. The livestock industry, mainly arid rangelands, contributes 50% of the agricultural productivity. However, these Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) are exposed to a myriad of risks affecting the environment which is the pastoral core asset. These risks arise from climatic change and variability, growth in human population and expanding settlements, changes in the land use systems, poor infrastructure, diseases, wildlife predation, and inter-ethnic conflicts. The consequences of these pastoral risks include: (1) declining per capita asset value, (2) increased health problems, (3) increased poverty, and (4) declining GDP generated from pastoralism. While a lot of resources have been invested in responding to the pastoral crisis associated with droughts, there is still inadequate understanding of the policy measures to put in place as mitigation strategies. The aims of this research are (1) identify the main pastoral risks and community response strategies, (2) assess the impact the identified risks on the wellbeing of pastoralists based on financial, human, physical, natural and social capital measurements (5 C‘s), and (3) develop a System Dynamics (SD) model to assess the holistic impact of community and government response strategies on pastoral wellbeing. Samburu district, in northern Kenya, was chosen as a study area because it is classified as 100% ASAL and experiences frequent droughts and changing land use systems. The research process involved literature synthesis, analysis of both cross-sectional and a 5-year panel data, and the development of a System Dynamics model. Cross-section data was primarily collected for the purposes of identifying the extent to which risks affect households, while the 5-year panel data was sourced from the Arid Lands Resource Management Project (ALRMP). Descriptive and empirical analysis showed that droughts, land use system and human population were considered as the main cause of shrinking rangeland productivity and as a result declining per capita livestock. This was further confirmed from the panel data analysis indicating climate variability as the main driver of pastoral wellbeing. Droughts affect rangeland pasture productivity, market prices, livestock assets, and households‘ nutritional status and poverty levels. These results imply a multifaceted nature of pastoral system with compound affects. The SD simulation result, which was run over the period January 2006 to December 2030, provided insights on policy evaluation and the state of pastoral wellbeing. Baseline scenario indicated reducing livestock ownership, causing high malnutrition and poverty rates. Strategies which incorporated rangeland rehabilitation, planned settlements, livestock disease control, insurance against droughts, reducing inter-ethnic conflicts, and timely destocking offered better policy options. These strategies resulted in reduced malnutrition, increased pasture productivity, reduced livestock losses and ultimately reducing poverty rates among the pastoral communities.

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Mekpo, Goh Damien. "Agriculture éco-spirituelle pour un développement durable en Afrique à l'ère de la crise écologique : le projet agro-pastoral "Songhaï" du Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAK012/document.

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Une agriculture éco-spirituelle peut-elle développer l’Afrique en cette ère de crise écologique ? Telle est la question à laquelle cette thèse répond à travers l’étude d’un projet de développement dont l’objectif est d’être pour le Bénin, un «vivier» de développement socio-économique, à partir de l’homme dont le profil est celui d’un «entrepreneur de type nouveau», «moralement équipé» et doté d’un important capital humain. Ce type d’homme est à «monter» de toutes les pièces du «savoir-être», du «savoir-faire» et du «savoir tout court» par une formation pratico-pratique, suivant le double principe pédagogique : «Apprends en faisant» et «Utilise ce que tu as pour avoir ce que tu veux». Apprendre à faire quoi ? Faire de l’agriculture un levier du décollage économique. Une agriculture écologique et entrepreneuriale, dont la méthode de production et de gestion, met en synergie la culture, l'élevage et la pisciculture d'une part, la production, la transformation et la commercialisation d’autre part et enfin, le social, l’économique et l’écologique, le tout dans une perspective plutôt théocentrique que cosmocentrique ou anthropocentrique
Can eco-spiritual agriculture develop Africa in this era of ecological crisis ? This present thesis tries to answer the above question through the study of Songhaï development Project whose objective is to be for Benin Republic a breeding ground for socio-economic development from the man which profile is “a new type of entrepreneur”, “morally equipped” endowed with an important human resources. This type of man is to be fully assembled with the “behavioural skills”, the “know-how”, and simply the “knowledge” by an in-depth practical training based on the double pedagogical principle : “Learn by doing” and “Use what you have to get what you need”. Learning to do what ? Transforming agriculture into the gear lever of economic progress. An ecological and entrepreneurial agriculture of which the productive and management methods take into account culture, breeding and fish farming in one hand, and production, transformation and marketing on the other, and finally its spiritual, social and economical dimensions

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Petersson, Maria Billeson Göran Wrang Laura. "Djurhållning och betesdrift : djur, människor och landskap i västra Östergötland under yngre bronsålder och äldre järnålder /." Stockholm : Uppsala : Riksantikvarieämbetet ; Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6803.

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Van, der Merwe Sarel Johannes. "The impact of pastoral farming and wildlife management practices on lion-livestock interactions in the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/118.

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Thesis (D. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009
All over the African continent south of the Sahara Desert, African lion numbers are plummeting to levels where, over large areas of their remaining distribution range, extinction has become a real threat. The main reason for the decreasing numbers is the increasing conflict between livestock farmers and lions. Lions are forced to kill livestock where their natural prey has been squeezed out by livestock and associated farming practices, and the farmers find it necessary to protect their livelihoods, often through the indiscriminate killing of lions. In the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana, lion/livestock interactions present a challenge to livestock owners and wildlife managers alike. The relatively low ecological carrying capacity and occupied lion habitats in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) force some expelled young adult and sub-adult lions southwards into the adjoining Wildlife Management Area (WMA) KD/15, which separates the KTP and the communal grazing area. This WMA most likely also contains resident prides. Some of these predators sporadically enter the livestock grazing area. Similarly, large stock often enters the WMA. It is mostly these boundary transgressions that result in livestock killing, and the reaction of livestock owners often leads to the killing of lions. To gather information concerning the nature and extent of the situation, two questionnaires were prepared with the assistance of the Department of Biostatistics of the University of the Free State, South Africa. One questionnaire targeted livestock owners while the other was aimed at wildlife officials of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Botswana and SANParks in South Africa. Both covered the five-year period 2002-2006. A trial run was carried out to adjust to problem-specific circumstances before fieldwork commenced. Fieldwork was done during four consecutive seasons – in January, February, April and December 2007. Thirty livestock respondents and 13 wildlife officials were interviewed during the first two excursions into the study area. The third visit was to plot the cut-line between the WMA and the grazing area (by means of a Global Positioning System or GPS) and to make first-hand observations regarding movement over the cut-line. During all four visits the environmental (including grazing) conditions and density and distribution of wildlife and stock were observed in both the WMA and the grazing areas. The information gathered points towards a seemingly unsolvable situation. The exceptionally high daytime temperatures and food scarcity, brought about by erratic rainfall, overgrazing near boreholes, generally low carrying capacity and low phosphorus (P) levels, force large stock, i.e. cattle, horses, donkeys and mules, to graze far away from the safety of the cattle-posts during the cool hours of the night, thus making kraaling impractical. Such circumstances enhance exposure to lion predation especially in or near the WMA and the KTP fence. Some lions also penetrate deep into the grazing areas, especially in the arid western part of the study area. This study revealed certain weaknesses in current wildlife and livestock management practices in the study area, the sum of which put both farmers and the lion population under extreme pressure. Most of these shortcomings can be rectified without drastic invasive methods. Such adjustments can result in improved livestock and wildlife utilisation and protection of the lions. For example: the placement of mixed phosphorus and salt licks near cattle-posts to fulfil the need for vital micro and macro elements; addressing unnecessary livestock losses, which contribute to a lower income and less tolerance towards predation (e.g. botulism, which may stem from stock chewing on bones in their desire for more phosphorus, and losses to black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas, in poorly maintained kraals); more drinking troughs at boreholes to prevent unnecessary shoving and minimise energy waste; and the introduction of more bulls to herds to increase the calving percentage. The study further concluded that there is little reason why stockowners should consider protecting lions. It suggests that significant value can be added to the wildlife (and the protection of lions) in the specific area by making farmers and other local residents share in the relatively untapped ecotourism potential of the area.

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Guzmán, Matas Gonzalo. "Le développement agro-pastoral et son impact sur le couvert forestier et le milieu dans le bassin hydrologique de Patzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexique : utilisation des données satellitaires et statistiques pour appréhender la dynamique du paysage." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040023.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer la pertinence de l'analyse de la dynamique du paysage agro-forestier et lacustre du bassin hydrologique de Patzcuaro (dans l'état mexicain de Michoacán) conçue comme un outil théorique et méthodologique pour approcher l'état du développement agro-pastoral et son impact sur le couvert forestier et le milieu. Cette analyse a été faite selon une approche systémique et structurelle, synchronique et diachronique afin d'appréhender les changements dans l'espace et dans le temps du paysage dudit bassin hydrologique. A ces fins, on a utilisé les données statistiques des recensements agro-forestiers, les données spatiales livrées par la cartographie thématique régionale et les données numériques enregistrées par les capteurs embarqués sur les satellites d'observation de la terre. Dans cette thèse, des données analogiques et numériques ont été systématiquement exploitées à l'aide des traitements statistiques multivariés, de logiciels de traitement d'images et d'algorithmes adaptes à la qualité des données et aux objectifs de cette recherche. Grâce à cette démarche méthodologique il a été possible d'observer l'ensemble des variations de l'utilisation de l'espace et d'établir une typologie spatio-temporelle du paysage.

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Freitas, Elisa Pinheiro de. "Agricultura camponesa no território do agronegócio: um estudo sobre os sem terra de Serra Azul e Ribeirão Preto (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-11062010-101535/.

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Este trabalho trata da formação do assentamento Sepé Tiaraju entre os municípios de Serrana e Serra Azul e dos desdobramentos da luta pela terra na região de Ribeirão Preto. Nesse sentido, o objetivo foi demonstrar a recriação da agricultura camponesa numa área na qual a expansão da agricultura capitalista tornou-se dominante. Entretanto, com a atuação das agências de mediação da luta pela terra, como a FERAESP, MST e MLST, os assentamentos de reforma agrária constituem uma nova forma de uso do território. Esta pesquisa também privilegiou como se deu a construção de uma identidade positiva dos trabalhadores rurais Sem Terra que ao tornarem-se camponeses assentados conquistaram não apenas a terra de trabalho, mas uma identidade marcada pela dignidade e pela consciência dos direitos. Desse modo, as agências de mediação, ao mobilizarem, organizarem e formarem os trabalhadores rurais Sem Terra, favoreceram a superação dos estigmas sociais pelos quais esses trabalhadores eram marcados. Por fim, discutimos os dilemas que a agricultura camponesa enfrenta quando adentra o circuito mercantil e financeiro, ou seja, a sujeição ao capital comercial e financeiro. Desse modo, os camponeses assentados, mesmo com a posse da terra, continuam a enfrentar as imposições do mercado. Mas, a pesquisa mostra que a despeito da sujeição da renda da terra ao capital, os camponeses assentados tem assegurado a reprodução de uma agricultura de caráter camponês na área de agricultura capitalista ou no território do agronegócio.
This research deals with arrangement of Sepé Tiaraju settlement among Serrana and Serra Azul countys and the development of the fight for the land in Ribeirão Preto s region. In this sense, the objective was to demonstrate the pastoral agricultural recreation in a area that the expansion of the capitalist agricultural became dominate. Meanwhile, with the measurement agency performance of the fight for the land as FERAESP, MST and MLST the settlements of the agrarian reform constitute a new form of the territory usage. This research also favoured how was the process of the building of a positive identity of the rural workers sem terra when became rural setted accomplished not only the land for the work, but a identity marked by the dignity and conscience rights. This way, when the measurement agency organized and formed the rural workers sem terra it favoured the social stigma difficulty, that they were market. In short, we discuss the dilemmas that the pastoral agricultural faces when entersides the mercantile and financial circuit, that is, the subjection to the commercial and financial capital. This way, the settled rural, even with the ownership of the land, they continue to face the trade imposition. Yet, the research shows, in spite of, the income subjection from the land to the capital the settled rural have been asserted the reproduction of an agricultural with rural character related to the area of capitalism agricultural or in the agrobusiness territoriy.

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McLaren, Dorothy Kathleen. "By the book? : farming manuals, animal breeding and the English 'agricultural revolution'." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31005.

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English pastoral husbandry has been largely neglected by previous historians. It is generally agreed that the mid-eighteenth century saw a revolution in breeding practices, moving livestock husbandry from hopeless confusion to a controlled, 'scientific' selection for marketable traits. The academicians, mostly economic historians, who have developed this model of pastoral history rely heavily upon farming manuals dating from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries for evidence of the changes they claim to perceive. Agricultural manuals are complex literary documents. However, in the current historiography, the manuals are quoted as simple records of contemporaneous agricultural practice, the intricacies of authorship, audience and motive for publication being almost entirely ignored. A critical survey of the manuals which deal with pastoral husbandry beginning with the thirteenth, rather than the fifteenth, century reveals flaws in the use which has been made of the manuals and, therefore, in the conclusions which have been drawn from them. In order to accomplish a reconsideration of English pastoral husbandry, it is necessary to reincorporate the extant medieval farming manuals and to examine all didactic agricultural texts as representative of a single genre. Discussion of livestock husbandry was carried out in terms of generation and nutrition of animals. Therefore, any intimations of procedural changes or scientific influence upon breeding and feeding in the discussions of manuals which deal most extensively with pastoral husbandry should be noted as of particular interest. Finally, the manuals must be considered within a social context. It is here that the interaction of science and agriculture becomes particularly important, though as a tool for understanding the manuals as documents rather than solely as the motor for late eighteenth-century changes in livestock husbandry. Such an analysis reveals an amazing continuity of actual information in the agricultural manual genre. There are no changes in the depictions of practices of breeding and feeding. However, especially in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century texts, a preoccupation with attracting the attention of institutional science, particularly the Royal Society, emerges as a new trend. Yet there is no indication in the textual record that livestock husbandry was ever affected by 'Natural Philosophy'. Far from simply recording contemporary practice, agricultural manuals, especially those which expressed a desire to ally with institutional science, reveal themselves more as vehicles for their authors' social aspirations than as exemplars of agricultural practice. Once this is recognized, the prevailing models of pastoral husbandry lose credibility. Eighteenth-century animal breeding was no more nor less 'scientific' or intellectually sophisticated than preceeding breeding programs. In short, the use of farming manuals to corroborate economic models of agrarian development has been, at best, somewhat spurious. Studying livestock husbandry and its relationship to institutional science in medieval and early modern England can be peculiarly helpful in assisting to rectify this error.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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Gwaze, Francisca Rumosa. "Communal production systems of goats raised by resource-poor farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/172.

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Goats significantly contribute towards the subsistence, economic and social livelihoods of many resource-poor farmers in developing countries, the majority of which own goats. There, however, is dearth of information on communal goat production potential and roles to the rural populace. The broad objective of the study was to evaluate production practices, constraints, production efficiency and to determine nutritional and health status of goats raised by resource-poor communal farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Roles and management systems of goats, goat flock dynamics and, prevalence and loads of gastrointestinal infections and the nutritional status of goats in the study areas were determined. The relationships among body weight, body condition score, faecal egg counts and, haematological and biochemical profiles were also determined. Mean goat flock sizes per household were similar between the two districts studied; Amatole (14.0 ± 0.31) and Alfred Nzo (14.1 ± 1.42). Seventy-nine percent of households in Amatole and 78% in Alfred Nzo kept goats for ceremonies, such as the initiation ceremonies. Goat houses in the two districts were poorly constructed. Thirty two percent of farmers in Alfred Nzo district and 27% in Amatole district reported low buck to doe ratios, suggesting that inbreeding might have been reducing productivity of their flocks. Kid mortality had two major peaks; in May (21%) and in September (21%). Goat production potential (GPP), the proportion of mature and growing goats to the total flock size, was affected by gender of owner of goats. Goats owned by female had a significantly lower GPP value of 0.63 ± 0.015 than goats owned by male farmers (0.70 ± 0.010). Month also significantly affected GPP with the highest (P < 0.05) GPP recorded in May, June and July and the lowest in March and April. Village affected GPP with values for Nkosana and Qawukeni being significantly higher than for Mankone. Goat production potential was also higher (P < 0.05) in small flocks (0.04 ± 0.008) than in large flocks (0.02 ± 0.008). Goat production efficiency (GPE) ranged from 0.11 ± 0.193 in April to 1.55 ± 0.193 in December. The most prevalent gastrointestinal eggs were the strongyle egg type (68.4 ± 8.49 in Qawukeni and 96.1 ± 12.01 in Nkosana) followed by coccidia (53.3 ± 8.76 in Qawukeni and 68.8 ± 8.00 in Mankone). The other identified nematodes were Strongyloides and Trichostrongylus egg types. The trematodes observed were Fasciola and Paramphistomum species. High loads of strongyle eggs were observed in the hot-wet season and the post-rainy season, whilst the other egg types showed a peak in the hot-wet season only. For most of the gastrointestinal parasite eggs, prevalence was higher (P < 0.05) in the sour rangeland compared to the sweet rangeland. Higher (P < 0.05) levels of total protein (TP), globulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine kinase (CK) levels were recorded in the wet than in the dry season. Body condition scores were positively correlated (P < 0.05) to albumin, body weight and packed cell volume. However, body condition scores were negatively correlated to TP, glucose, alanine transaminase (ALT) and AST. Strongyle egg loads were positively correlated to FAMACHA scores, packed cell volume, body weight and body condition score. The observed high globulin levels suggested a chronic health challenge. Thus, it is fundamental to devise affordable interventions for the control of gastrointestinal parasites in communal goats leading to improved goat productivity and hence rural livelihood

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Samantar, Mohamed Said. "The conditions for successful pastoral common property regimes in Somalia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359200.

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Lane, Charles Robert. "Alienation of Barabaig pasture land : policy implications for pastoral development in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335175.

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Kalyntschuk, Mathieu. "Entre agricolisation et pastoralisation : Histoire sociale du développement agricole et de ses acteurs dans le département du Doubs, XIXe siècle – première moitié du XXe siècle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20113/document.

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« Nulle part n'existe un aussi grand nombre d'agronomes qui consacrent leurs talens et leurs veilles à découvrir et à répandre les vérités utiles, ni un aussi grand nombre d'excellens ouvrages sur l'agriculture, et nulle part il n'y a un aussi grand nombre de fermiers ignorans et incapables de comprendre ce qu'il leur importeroit le plus d'apprécier ». Tel est le panorama de l’agriculture française dressé en 1821 par Désiré Ordinaire, membre de la Société d’agriculture du Doubs. Cette image d’une France agricole peu capable d’innovation – à l’exception des grands propriétaires agronomes – est longtemps restée ancrée dans la pensée des chercheurs, qui trop souvent ont considéré que l’agriculture a commencé à se développer avec le productivisme des années 1960. Selon nous, le « développement agricole » est pourtant un processus plus ancien, qui trouve ses fondements dans des initiatives individuelles ou collectives parfois précoces. Après avoir précisé le concept de « développement agricole », nous nous sommes donc appliqués à démontrer qu’au XIXème siècle déjà, l’agriculture française est dynamique. L’exemple du département du Doubs permet alors d’étudier les modalités du passage à la spécialisation pastorale. L’analyse des acteurs du développement agricole au cours des XIXème et XXème siècles, adossée aux méthodes prosopographique et micro-historique, autorise à proposer des éclaircissements sur les changements du monde agricole et sur leur chronologie.Au final, le suivi de plus de 800 individus – membres de la Société d’agriculture, des comices et des chambres consultatives, des syndicats et des mutuelles, ou encore des lauréats de certains concours – permet de préciser et de périodiser l’émergence des élites agricoles, acteurs du développement. Ces élites n’ont pas forcément fait le choix de la spécialisation pastorale, révélant ainsi un processus complexe entre agricolisation et pastoralisation
« There is nowhere such a large number of agronomists who devote their talents and their days to discover and spread useful truths, nor such a large number of excellent works on agriculture, and there is nowhere such a large number of ignorant farmers, incapable of understanding what it would be important for them to appreciate ». Such is the panorama of French agriculture drawn up in 1821 by Désiré Ordinaire, member of the Agricultural Society of the Doubs. This picture of agricultural France with little ability to innovate – except for the great landowner agronomists – has long been fixed in the minds of researchers, who have often considered that agriculture started to develop with the high productivity of the 1960s. We believe that « agricultural development »is, however, an older process, rooted in individual or collective initiatives which were sometimes very early. After clarifying the concept of « agricultural development », we therefore seek to prove that French agriculture had already been dynamic during the nineteenth century. The example of the Doubs department enables us to study how it moved on to pastoral specialization. The analysis of the actors of the agricultural development during the 19th and 20th centuries, backed by prosopographical and micro-historical methods, allows us to throw light on the changes in agriculture, on their chronology.Finally, the monitoring of over 800 people – members of the Agricultural Society, of the country fair and consultative chambers, of the trade unions and mutual insurance companies, or else prizewinners – enables us to specify and date the periods when the agrarian elite, the actors in this development, emerged. This elite did not necessarily choose pastoral specialization, thus showing a complex relationship between agriculturalisation and pastoralization

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Patterson, R. G. "A study of the soils and agronomy of a high country catchment." Lincoln University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1315.

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This study was undertaken to research the principles and practices behind increased pasture productivity on Longslip Station, Omarama. A range of landscape - soil - climate - plant systems were identified, then analysed and the legume responses measured. By isolating cause and effect and appreciating the driving variables of each system, lessons learnt could be reliably and objectively transferred to the rest of the farm. Extrapolation to the balance of the property (15,150 ha) permitted immediate large-scale development and engendered confidence to lending institutions, Lands Department, catchment authorities and ourselves. Soil (land) cannot be well managed and conserved unless it is mapped reliably and its characteristics measured and interpreted by skilled observers (Cutler, 1977). Soil resource surveys, and their interpretation, are an essential ingredient of rational resource evaluation and planning. This thesis is a figurative and comparative survey and study of the soil catenary bodies, resident vegetation, legume establishment and pasture production characteristics of a 400 hectare catchment, in relation to, and as influenced by soil landscape unit, slope component, altitude, aspect and time. The inherent diversity in landform, soil properties and vegetation communities in a single catchment in the high country has not previously been fully studied or appreciated. This has lead to blanket recommendations for fertilizer, seed and management regimes both within and between properties and even regions. This study reports on the diversity of, yet predictable change in soil properties with slope position (upper, middle and lower) aspect and altitude in terms of both soil physical properties e.g. soil depth and water holding capacity and soil chemical properties such as pH, BS%, %P, %S, %N and %C. The composition of the resident vegetation and its differential response to oversowing and topdressing and subsequent change through time is reported and discussed. Finally an epilogue gives an insight into the problems and frustrations of farming practices in the high country from a motivation and personal perspective and political point of view that it is essential to come to terms with.

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Castel, Vincent Gabriel Pierre Raymond. "Determinants of activity choice at the interface between pastoral and agricultural communities : evidence from Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553657.

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Although the sedentarization of pastoralist societies is occurring at a fast pace in numerous places, most of the research conducted on pastoralism focuses on nomadic pastoralism and transhumant pastoralism. In these societies, the central questions relate to vulnerability to droughts, livestock marketing, access to natural- resources and the role of livestock in managing them. In comparison income diversification and the interface between pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and cropping has been insufficiently analysed. It may be that many of the forthcoming policy challenges will be on this subject. The on-going sedentarisation process of these communities is not happening without the risk of conflicts, exclusion, and marginalization. This research contributes to the understanding of the interface between pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and cropping by analyzing the determinants of activity choice in sedentarizing communities. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to identify which processes have to be supported by an adequate and transparent policy framework to reduce the risk of future conflicts in areas where production strategies are evolving at a fast pace. The theoretical framework is tested in the Tanzanian context using primary data collected during a field survey in 2006. The study area located in Northern Tanzania, is spread over two districts (Simanjiro and Monduli) and comprises three villages: Loiborsoit-A, Naitolya and Lolkisale. In this area economic and social pressures favour a shift from traditional livestock-keeping activities to cropping activities and have therefore, in turn, a strong impact on livelihood strategies and land-use patterns. Three research questions explore the dynamics at the interface using Bayesian econometrics and Gibbs sampling techniques. The determinants of land-allocation and the influence of social characteristics (such as ethnicity, origins, gender) on access to land are first analyzed. Highlighting the role of social characteristics in that process reveals distortions in the land-distribution process. These distortions may be at the origin of the exclusion of the groups from the community in the long-term and be at the source of future tensions. The economic rational of activity choice and income diversification is then studied. The increasing involvement in arable farming and lab or-allocation decisions are economically justified as families maximize the benefits derived from their labor surplus. The analysis of determinants of production strategy and efficiency further contributes to explain the sedentarization process and highlights the risk of marginalization of some groups. Finally, the research looks at short-term and long-term intentions to diversify livelihoods. This analysis highlights the determinants of future income diversification strategies and underscores the risk of potential future conflicts over access to land.

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Valencia, Hernández Manuela. "Agricultura, comercio y ética : ideología económica y economía en Roma, IIa a.e.-I d.e. /." Zaragoza : Departamento de las ciencias de la antigüedad, Universidad de Zaragoza, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366833322.

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Sartori, Carlos Ernesto. "Rentabilidade das atividades agrícolas e pastoris e seu modelo de gestão na metade sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 1995-1996." Florianópolis, SC, 2001. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/81836.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico
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A realização deste estudo teve como principal objetivo identificar a rentabilidade das atividades agrícolas e pastoris, na Metade Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul dos dados secundários do censo agropecuário de 1995-1996 publicado pelo IBGE em 1998. A dissonância entre o desenvolvimento da parte Norte de Estado em relação à parte Sul são as motivações básicas para esta exploração de dados na busca de informações para o planejamento e para processo administrativo rural. Para fins de análise foi utilizada a Margem Brutta, por hectare, das seguintes atividades: Lavoura Temporária, Lavoura Permanente, Pecuária, Produção Mista, Silvicultura, Horticultura e Produtos de Viveiro, Pesca e Aqüicultura e Produção de Carvão Vegetal. Estudaram-se as associações entre esta rentabilidade com a área plantada e a área irrigada, em 75 municípios estudados. Conforme a rentabilidade e o período de recuperação do capital investido e a taxa de retorno foram criadas faixas de rentabilidade para cada atividade estudada. Em função das atividades foram criados mapas demonstrativos dos resultados. Estes permitiram concluir que o setor agropastoril tem uma rentabilidade muito baixa. O estudo classificando a rentabilidade por atividades agropastoril, foi significativo, apresentando rentabilidades bem diferentes entre estas atividades praticadas em cada município, o que permite um melhor planejamento do uso dos recursos do setor

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Marie, Jérôme. "Le territoire de mare d'Ossolo : diversité culturelle et systèmes agro-pastoraux dans l'ouest du Sahel nigérien /." Talence : Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35711021p.

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McHenry, Mark. "Australian agricultural, energy & climate change policies & trends in performance of stand-alone power supply systems in pastoral Western Australia." Thesis, McHenry, Mark (2006) Australian agricultural, energy & climate change policies & trends in performance of stand-alone power supply systems in pastoral Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/6037/.

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Total renewable energy capacity in Stand-alone Power Supply (SPS) systems has increased dramatically over the past few years in Western Australian remote off-grid agricultural regions. Capital cost subsidies provided by governments has allowed the replacement of aging diesel generators with photovoltaics and wind turbines, which are known to be as reliable as traditional systems in addition to providing 24-hour availability of electricity. Over the last 30 years renewable energy SPS system technologies have seen some notable developments. However, in many respects they have also failed to live up to the expectations of many people in regional areas. There are still many technical, social and economic barriers to the use of renewables in SPS systems in Australia. A significant collaborative research and development (R&D) approach in regards to small renewable system integration into conventional power systems in Australia is literally non-existent. The last 10 years of energy policies has seen institutions that promote and provide R&D into renewable energy, such as the Energy Research and Development Corporation (ERDC), Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Renewable Energy (ACRE), and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) endure renewable energy funding cuts or have been discontinued. This research illustrates that the performance and reliability of remote SPS systems in pastoral regions of WA has improved slowly in the past 30 years. This research also explores the strengths and weakness of government and industry policy approaches over time and their relationship to performance of SPS systems in pastoral Western Australia. The recommendations provide direction for policy makers to improve the utilisation of taxpayer funds to achieve climate change, energy, social equity and technological development policy objectives.

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Moreira, Vinicius Silva. "TERRITORIALIDADES RURAIS EM JÚLIO DE CASTILHOS RS: DA PECUÁRIA EXTENSIVA À AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9276.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Júlio de Castilhos City has undergone significant transformations in its rural space last decades. It has happened because of large lands retraction and extensive cattle ranching in favour of Soya new agriculture. The partial fragmentation of cattle breeding and its reorganization has occurred in three main forms: land rent, land sell and expropriation when non-productive land. It was carried out by Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) because they were not taking their social function. The rural settlements made possible the introduction and the development of family farm in Júlio de Castilhos City and consequently the diversification of agricultural production. This research aimed at understanding the processes held responsible for the dynamics of Júlio de Castilhos rural space and its resulting conflits from 1960 to 2007. Moreover, it was analyzed productive, landing and socioeconomic transformations responsible for the formation of rural lands. The methodology is analytical and descriptive, based on field researches, through observation and interviews with farmers, landowners and other qualified informants.
O município de Júlio de Castilhos sofreu transformações significativas em seu espaço rural nas últimas décadas. Isso ocorreu devido à retração do latifúndio, domínio da pecuária extensiva, em favor da agricultura moderna da soja. A fragmentação parcial dos criatórios de gado e sua reestruturação ocorreram através de três formas predominantes: o arrendamento, a venda das propriedades e a desapropriação das terras improdutivas, realizada pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária INCRA, pois não estavam exercendo sua função social. Os assentamentos rurais possibilitaram a introdução e o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar no Município e a conseqüente a diversificação da produção agrícola. Compreender os processos responsáveis pela dinâmica do espaço rural do Município e os conflitos decorrentes, no período entre 1960 a 2007, analisando as transformações produtivas, fundiárias e socioeconômicas responsáveis pela formação dos territórios rurais constituem os objetivos desta pesquisa. A metodologia é analítica-descritiva, fundamentada em trabalhos de campo, através de observações e entrevistas com os agricultores e proprietários rurais, além de outros informantes qualificados.

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Bouaré-Trianneau, Kadidia Nianti. "Dynamiques spatiales et mobilités paysannes : les relations agriculture/élevage dans deux terroirs agro-pastoraux du Delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT5041.

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L'analyse des relations agriculture - élevage dans deux terroirs agro-pastoraux s'est déroulée selon une approche systémique mettant en interaction les espaces d'activités agro-pastoraux. Comment se fait le partage d'un même espace par deux systèmes d'activités pratiqués par plusieurs acteurs ? De ce fait, l'objectif de ce travail de recherche consiste à comprendre les relations entre acteurs en étudiant les maîtrises spatiales, et les pratiques de chaque type d'acteurs. Sur la base d'analyses qualitatives et d'entretiens semi-structurés menés dans deux terroirs agro-pastoraux, nous montrons notamment que les interdépendances qui existent entre les deux systèmes de production (agriculture et élevage) dans l'espace et le calendrier des usages du milieu sont liées aux conditions climatiques et aux saisons, mais également aux rapports de force entre les différents acteurs. Avec le découpage spatial issu du processus de décentralisation, de nouveaux acteurs, élus locaux, interviennent dans les prises de décisions au niveau des terroirs villageois. Nos investigations mettent en évidence le jeu complexe des interactions locales et extérieures entre agriculture et élevage, et la manière dont celui-ci vient cristalliser ou atténuer en partie le problème de partage de l'espace et de la ressource. L'histoire de l'installation des habitants et des premiers partages confère à cette zone un soubassement social très profond qui régit les règles d'accès et les règles de gestion des différents espaces-ressources. Ces analyses montrent une certaine permanence des pratiques agricoles et pastorales mais également leurs adaptations dans un contexte de changement administratif et climatique
The analysis of the relationship agriculture - livestock production in two agro-pastoral lands was carried out according to a systemic approach putting into interaction the areas of agro-pastoral operations. How is the sharing of the same space by two systems of activities performed by various actors? Because of this, the objective of this research is to understanding the relationships between actors by examining the mastery of space, and the practices of each type of player. Based on of qualitative analysis and semi-structured interviews carried out in two agro-pastoral lands, we show in particular that the existing interdependencies between the two systems of production (agriculture and livestock) in the space and the schedule of practices the environment are linked to climatic conditions and to seasons, but also to the power differential between the various actors. With spatial division resulting from the process of decentralization, new actors and elected officials are involved in decision making at the level of villages. Our findings illustrate the complex inner and external interplay of interactions between agriculture and livestock, and how the latter is crystallizing or partially mitigating the issue of sharing space and resources. The history of the settling of the residents and the first division confers on this area a very profound social foundation that regulates the access to and the management of the various resource areas. These analyses indicate a certain permanence of agricultural and pastoral practices but also their adjustment to an administrative and climate change

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Thébaud, Brigitte. "Gestion de l'espace et crise pastorale au Sahel : étude comparative du Niger oriental et du Yagha burkinabé." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0079.

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Rassemblant les resultats de recherches menees de 1981 a 1992 en milieu peul, cette these traite la question des droits pastoraux et des conditions d'acces au ressources en eau et en paturages au sahel a travers l'etude comparative de deux regions, l'une, pastorale, situee au niger oriental (departement de diffa), l'autre, agropastorale, dans le nord du burkina faso (region du yagha). En introduction (premiere partie), la these dresse le portrait de deux pasteurs peul. Le premier (jahfaru de diffa) relate le deroulement de la secheresse de 1984 dans l'est nigerien, tandis que le second (bakuru de sebba) met en avant les difficultes grandissantes d'insertion physique de l'elevage au yagha. La deuxieme partie de la these analyse les fondements du pastoralisme a diffa et a sebba, associe ou non a l'agriculture : bases naturelles de l'elevage, caracteres originaux du capital animal et de l'organisation sociale des groupes humains, principales strategies. Les troisieme et quatrieme parties portent sur l'etude regionale du niger oriental (diffa) et du yagha burkinabe (sebba), en abordant les conditions historiques d'insertion des peul dans ces deux regions et l'evolution recente de leursituation - surtout depuis la secheresse de 1984 - a travers des enquetes menees aupres de plusieurs centaines de familles. La mise en parallele de ces deux regions conduit l'auteur dans la cinquieme partie, a reflechir sur les difficultes que pose la gestion de ressources pastorales partagees entre plusieurs communautes ("common property resources"). L'auteur montre la facon ambigue dont les etats saheliens ont aborde le statut de ces ressources en prenant l'exemple du code rural, au niger, et celui de la reorganisation agraire et fonciere, au burkina faso. Pour finir, l'auteur reflechit sur les conditions requises pour une meilleure securite fonciere en milieu pastoral et agropastoral et souleve la delicate question du role de l'etat.

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Oberlander, Erin Marissa. "Reaching Arcadia: Rural and Agricultural Themes in Vocal Art Music including Plans to Introduce this Music to a Rural Audience." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29768.

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Throughout the history of Western Music, composers have written works on rural and agricultural subjects. The first half of this dissertation examines a number of important works from the Baroque era through the present day and the composers who have chosen this specialized subject matter. Rural communities are underserved where the arts are concerned. Yet, rural audiences have perhaps the best chance at identifying with the subjects of this particular subset of vocal art music. The second half of this dissertation examines reasons why it is important to reach rural communities with vocal art music. Four sample recital programs appropriate for rural audiences are included.

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Sarandji, Simplice Mathieu. "Les Mbororo de la Nana-Mambéré et de l'Ouham-Pendé en République Centrafricaine : organisations pastorales et civilisations rurales." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30048.

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Servera, Vives Gabriel. "Evolución del paisaje holoceno y movilidad de las prácticas humanas en el Mont Lozère (Macizo Central, Francia): estudio paleoambiental multi-proxy a alta resolución espaciotemporal = Dynamique holocène du paysage et mobilités des pratiques territoriales au mont Lozère (Massif central, France) : approche paléoenvironnementale multi-indicateurs à haute résolution spatio-temporelle." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671884.

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Se han estudiado cinco secuencias sedimentarias en el Mont Lozère con el objetivo de reconstruir la dinámica paisajística y los usos del suelo en la longue durée. La utilización de un análisis multiproxy ha permitido determinar los principales ritmos de antropización y establecer su carácter regional y/o local. La alta resolución espacial, cronológica y analítica ha permitido la integración de resultados con aquellos obtenidos en el marco del PCR-Mont Lozère y proponer los usos de la montaña que han modelado el paisaje cultural desde el Neolítico hasta la actualidad. Se ha evidenciado una larga historia de las interacciones socioambientales en el Mont Lozère, con una primera fase de carácter agropastoral en el Neolítico Antiguo, en ca. 4550-4400 cal BC. El Neolítico Final es una fase de marcado impacto agropastoral en la que se generalizan las quemas para abrir claros en el bosque. En la Edad del Hierro se inicia una marcada deforestación en el piedemonte y los espacios de altitud, coincidiendo con un desarrollo agropastoral y metalúrgico. En el periodo altomedieval se amplifican las deforestaciones coincidiendo con un marcado incremento de las actividades agropastorales. En la Plena Edad Media se evidencia un sistema diversificado que implica metalurgia, agricultura, pastoreo, minería y carboneo. El desarrollo agropastoral de la Baja Edad Media supone una marcada deforestación en el macizo que se extiende hasta mitad del s. XIX, momento en que se inicia el declive del agropastoralismo y empiezan las reforestaciones en el Mont Lozère. La historia de las formaciones herbosas con Nardus stricta de los espacios somitales sigue estas principales fases de antropización y revela el papel clave del agropastoralismo en la génesis y evolución de este paisaje cultural.
Five sedimentary sequences have been studied in the Mont Lozère with the aim to reconstruct the landscape dynamics and the land-use through the longue durée. The use of a multi-proxy analysis has allowed us both to identify distinct rhythms of human-induced landscape shift and to establish the local/regional extent of these changes. The use of high spatial, chronological and analytical resolution has enabled a correct integration of the results of this research with those supplied by the PCR-Mont Lozère project. As a result, a series of land-uses in a mountain environment from the Neolithic to present time has been proposed. A long history of socio-environmental interactions in Mont-Lozère is evidenced. A first shepherding phase in Early Neolithic (4550-4400 cal BC) has been evidenced. During Late Neolithic pastoral practices and related slash-and-burn strategies attain its highest activity. In the Iron Age Period a noticeable deforestation of both foothills and higher environments takes place as a consequence of the overall increase farming and metallurgical activities. Forest clearances increase even more during High-Medieval times, at the same time that farming activities reinforce. During the Middle Ages a more complex and diversified land-use system, including farming, metallurgy, mining and charcoal production, is recorded. The development of farming activities in the Late Medieval resulted in a more evident forest clearance of the Massif. This area remained unchanged until the 19th century, when the decay of agriculture and shepherding occurs and forest replanting in Mont Lozère is recorded. The history of highland herb communities of Nardus stricta correctly matches the main phases of land-use and underlines the key-role of farming in the genesis and evolution of this cultural landscape.

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Romdhane, Abderrazak. "Evolution des systèmes agro-pastoraux et dynamiques locales dans la délégation d'El Hamma-Gabès Sud tunisien." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100045.

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La délégation d'El Hamma située au Sud-Est de la Tunisie a subi des transformations socio—économiques orientées par les traditions agro—pastorales de ses habitants les "Beni-Zid". Ces transformations se sont traduites par la privatisation partielle des terres collectives, la création des périmètres irrigués aux dépens des terres de parcours, l'aménagement de certains secteurs de steppes en plantation avec création des micro—terroirs, plantation d'oliviers et autres arbres fruitiers derrière des "tabia", l'installation des grands projets produisant des légumes primeurs destinés à l'exportation et la création d'habitats d'un type nouveau. . . Les nouvelles stratégies de production agro—pastorales dans le sud tunisien sont dominées par l’orientation des jeunes vers d'autres activités extra—agricoles, l'achat d'aliments concentré, la vente de l'eau pour l'abreuvement des animaux, la transhumance vers le Nord du pays etc. Cette étude n'est qu’une tentative d'analyser et d'évaluer l'ensemble de ces transformations. Les enquêtes réalisées sur le terrain ont permis d'identifier les systèmes de production reflétant la diversité des stratégies ; il se dégage en particulier l'importance primordiale du revenu de l'élevage des ovins et caprins. Les exploitations agricoles se distinguent par des revenus inférieurs à IOOO Dinars tunisiens, elles sont souvent en difficulté et leur viabilité ne parait guère assurée. . . Les conceptions socio—juridiques n'ont pas été prises en compte dans les différentes actions d'aménagement. Néanmoins, la bonne gestion de l'eau, la mise en défens des parcours, les travaux de conservation des eaux et sols, la mise en valeur des plaines de Oglet El Marteba, El Bhaier et les petits objets intégrant les métiers non agricoles seraient susceptibles d’améliorer les revenus, éviter l'exode rural et lutter contre la désertification
The district of el Hamma in the north east of Tunisia has known socio-economic changes reflecting the agro-pastoral customs of the beni-zid people. The changes found expression in the privatization of land collectives, the creation of new irrigated perimeters and the expense of the covered lands, the planning of some steppes where we can see olivers and fruit trees behind the tabias near the jebels and the construction of many habitations. New strategies of agro-pastoral production in the south of Tunisia are dominated but next ways of managing natural resources like buying animal feeds, sale of water for animals and transhumance towards the north of the country. This investigation is an attempt to analyses and value all these changes "pastoral breeding continues of play an important economic role». Agriculture in the frequent difficulties for farmers whose viability never seems assured. The climatic conditions and the tribal traditions were not considerate in the different actions of management. Nevertheless, the improve use of water, better defense of animals and showing the advantages of Oglet Marteba and el Bhaier could be able to augment the revenues and prevent further exodus from rural areas and defend against desertification

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Zine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d’une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.

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Les diffusiomètres à bord des satellites ERS sont des capteurs radar à faible résolution spatiale (50 km) et à haute résolution temporelle (une acquisition tous les 3-4 jours environ), bien adaptés au suivi des surfaces continentales à l’échelle globale et régionale. Du fait de leur sensibilité aux fortes variations saisonnières des paramètres de surface tels que la masse végétale et l’humidité du sol, ils offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour le suivi des régions semi-arides comme le Sahel d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Des études antérieures menées sur les régions pastorales sahéliennes, relativement homogènes, ont permis l’élaboration de cartes de production de masse herbacée à partir des données des diffusiomètres. Afin de pouvoir étendre ces travaux à l’ensemble de la ceinture sahélienne, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel de ces instruments pour le suivi de zones agro-pastorales, caractérisées par une plus grande hétérogénéité spatiale à l’échelle de la cellule de résolution considérée. La zone retenue est localisée dans la région du Fakara (Niger), pour laquelle de nombreuses mesures in situ ont été effectuées sur la période 1992 2000. Dans un premier temps, l’influence de l’hétérogénéité de la zone d’étude sur le signal est étudiée par comparaison avec les données acquises par le Radar à Synthèse d’Ouverture du satellite ERS, qui sont caractérisées par une résolution spatiale de l’ordre de 20 m. Puis une analyse quantitative est réalisée, basée sur le couplage d’un modèle de fonctionnement de la végétation sahélienne décrivant l’évolution de la scène observée, avec un modèle de rétrodiffusion simulant le signal tel qu’il serait mesuré par un capteur radar. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le rôle de la végétation est négligeable dans le signal en raison du faible taux de couverture végétale rencontré sur les zones agro-pastorales. Ces résultats permettent de montrer que l’humidité du sol peut être estimée à partir des seules données du diffusiomètre sur de telles zones
Wind scatterometers (WSC) are radar sensors that operate at coarse spatial resolution (50 km) and high temporal resolution (one acquisition every 3-4 days approximately). They are well suited to land surface monitoring at global and regional scales. Due to their high sensitivity to strong biomass and soil moisture seasonal variations, they show good potential for the monitoring of semi-arid regions such as the Sahel in West Africa. Previous studies conducted over the relatively homogeneous Sahelian pastoral areas have led to the output of herbaceous mass maps derived from WSC data. In order to extend those studies to the entire Sahelian belt, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of scatterometers for the monitoring of agro-pastoral zones, which are characterized by greater spatial heterogeneity at the scale of a resolution cell. The study area, where numerous in situ measurements have been carried out during the 1992 2000 period, is located in the Fakara region, Niger. First, the influence of the study area’s spatial heterogeneity is investigated by comparison with ERS synthetic aperture radar data, whose spatial resolution is higher (around 20 m). Then, a quantitative analysis is carried out by coupling a Sahelian ecosystem process model, which describes the evolution of the observed scene, with a backscattering model that simulates the signal as a radar sensor would measure it. Results show that the influence of vegetation on the signal is negligible due to low vegetation cover in agro-pastoral areas. This allows the retrieval of surface soil moisture from WSC data alone over such areas

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Picard, Jérôme. "Espaces et pratiques paysannes : les relations élevage-agriculture dans deux terroirs cotonniers du Nord Cameroun." Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100063.

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Les relations elevage-agriculture representent un theme d'etude important pour le developpement dans le nord cameroun. Les eleveurs et les cultivateurs dans une meme region ou un meme terroir entretiennent souvent des rapports conflictuels parce que les uns comme les autres veulent exploiter une ressource identique : les brousses. Nous avons traite cet aspect dans une premiere partie contextuelleavant d'exposer notre methodologie. Les relations elevage-agriculture peuvent aussi etre etudiees au niveau de l'exploitation agricole. Nous avons favorise ce niveau d'analyse dans l'etude de deux terroirs agro-pastoraux cotonniers contrastes. L'alimentation du betail en saison des pluies et en saison seche, la traction animale et l'utilisation de la matiere organique sont les trois aspects de ces relations que nous avons analyses finement dans nos deuxieme et troisieme parties. Quand ces trois aspects agissent en synergie, ils sont le gage d'un maintien de la fertilite des sols et du developpement du cheptel dans un terroir. Les relations elevage-agriculture renvoient a des pratiques qui different selon les types de proprietaires de betail et se realisent dans des espaces agro-pastoraux particuliers. Ces espaces et ces pratiques ont ete mis en evidence apres analyse de plusieurs flux qui traversent le terroir : flux d'animaux (a partir de l'examen de nombreux suivis de troupeaux), flux de residus de recolte, flux d'attelage et flux de matiere organique. A l'issue de l'analyse, on aboutit dans une quatrieme partie synthetique, a une modelisation graphique des espaces agro-pastoraux annuels pour chaque type de proprietaire de betail. Des "regles" individuelles et communautaires de gestion des espaces agro-pastoraux sont rappelees. Des scenarios d'evolution sont proposes dans chaque terroir ainsi que des propositions d'amelioration du fonctionnement (niveau terroir et exploitation).

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FREITAS, Janierk Pereira de. "Análise das vulnerabilidades dos assentamentos rurais e o papel da comissão pastoral da terra/sertão no processo de reforma agrária no município de Cajazeiras/PB." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1680.

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Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-11T18:37:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JANIERK PEREIRA DE FREITAS – TESE (PPGRN) 2017.pdf: 13790484 bytes, checksum: 1cc69b80cf2ca6f8533e631390fe4c89 (MD5)
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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as vulnerabilidades social, econômica, à seca, ambiental, tecnológica, cultural e política dos sete assentamentos rurais do município de Cajazeiras – PB, Santo Antônio, Frei Damião, Frei Beda, Edvaldo Sebastião, Valdecir Santiago, Mãe Rainha e Santa Cecília, como também a história de vida dos assentados que se dispuseram a relatar suas histórias no sentido de rememorá-las. O diálogo entre o passado e o presente dos personagens reconstitui suas experiências cotidianas vividas, levando para uma compreensão detalhada das crenças, atitudes, lembranças e valores dos mesmos. Analisou-se também o papel da Comissão da Pastoral da Terra no processo de Reforma Agrária no Alto Sertão e sua participação no processo de desapropriação dos assentamentos pesquisados e sua contribuição nas práticas materiais de vida, de trabalho que esses agricultores vêm utilizando para a permanência nestes assentamentos rurais, a importância do ambiente e suas formas de proteção. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se da metodologia de História Oral apresentada como fio condutor dos caminhos delineados, permitindo o diálogo entre o passado e o presente dos personagens, assim os mesmos podem reconstituir suas experiências cotidianas vividas. Para analisar os fatores de vulnerabilidades utilizou-se da metodologia aplicada para o Diagnóstico de Vulnerabilidades, uma vez que esta metodologia responde pelo o resultado levantado dos Fatores de Vulnerabilidades (social, econômica, à seca, ambiental, tecnológica, cultural e política) nos assentamentos pesquisados. Quanto à técnica para coleta de dados, utilizou-se o estudo de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas (temáticas e de história de vida), questionários semiestruturados e observação participante. Para a sistematização dos resultados levantados procedeu-se com uma abordagem quali-quantitativa de forma comparativa, tratando-se de uma aproximação entre a análise qualitativa e quantitativa, e tendo uma abordagem quantitativa na sistematização de parte dos dados, estes sendo compilados em gráficos, tabelas e também discutidos à luz da narrativa descritiva. Os resultados obtidos no estudo atestam a importância da existência de iniciativas e reais mudanças na vida dos moradores dos assentamentos pesquisados. Para às famílias entrevistadas, a Comissão Pastoral da Terra/Sertão foi a entidade principal pelos resultados das conquistas alcançadas por eles, tanto no momento inicial pela desapropriação, como nos anos iniciais de assentamento pelas mudanças significativas no modo de vivência dos assentados. Por outro lado, o estudo das vulnerabilidades aponta que a maioria dos assentamentos apresenta vulnerabilidade alta e muito alta. O alto índice de vulnerabilidade, algo preocupante para política de Reforma Agrária do INCRA, pois atestam que as condições socioeconômicas, ambiental políticas e cultural das comunidades assentadas são precárias. O alto índice de vulnerabilidade é atribuído à escassez de chuvas nos últimos anos, à suspensão da assessoria técnica rural por parte do INCRA e à demora da liberação de empréstimo das linhas de crédito do Pronaf para alguns assentamentos. As linhas de crédito do Pronaf são de suma importância para a manutenção dos assentados nas comunidades rurais, pois criam condições para o alcance, por parte dos agricultores assentados, de uma qualidade de vida digna no campo. A assessoria técnica rural deve interagir e capacitar as famílias assentadas de forma a orientar e facilitar a execução de suas ações, tornando-as mais fortalecidas e enraizadas no lugar.
The present research aims to analyze the social, economic, drought, environmental, technological, cultural and political vulnerabilities of the seven rural settlements of the municipality of Cajazeiras – PB, Santo Antônio, Frei Damião, Frei Beda, Edvaldo Sebastião, Valdecir Santiago, Mãe Rainha and Santa Cecilia, as well as the life history of the settlers who set out to report their stories in order to recall them. The dialogue between the past and the present of the characters reconstitutes their lived daily experiences, leading to a detailed understanding of their beliefs, attitudes, memories and values. The role of the Pastoral Land Commission in the process of Agrarian Reform in Alto Sertão and its participation in the process of expropriation of the settlements surveyed and its contribution to the material life-work practices that these farmers have been using for the permanence in these settlements, the importance of the environment and its forms of protection. In order to carry out the research, Oral History methodology was used as the guiding thread of the outlined paths, allowing the dialogue between the past and the present of the characters, so that they can reconstruct their lived experiences. In order to analyze the vulnerability factors, the methodology used for the Vulnerability Diagnosis was used, since this methodology responds by the result of the Vulnerability Factors (social, economic, drought, environmental, technological, cultural and political) in the settlements researched. As for the technique for data collection, field study, semi-structured interviews (thematic and life history), semi-structured questionnaires and participant observation were used. In order to systematize the results obtained, a qualitative-quantitative approach was carried out in a comparative way, being an approximation between the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and taking a quantitative approach in the systematization of part of the data, being compiled in graphs, tables and also discussed in the light of descriptive narrative. The results obtained in the study attest to the importance of the existence of initiatives and real changes in the life of the inhabitants of the researched settlements. For the interviewed families, the Land/Sertão Pastoral Commission was the main entity because of the results achieved by them, both at the time of expropriation, and in the initial years of settlement due to the significant changes in the way the settlers lived. On the other hand, the study of vulnerabilities indicates that the majority of the settlements present high and very high vulnerability. The high index of vulnerability, something of concern for INCRA's Agrarian Reform policy, because they attest that the socioeconomic, political, and cultural conditions of settled communities are precarious. The high level of vulnerability is attributable to the scarcity of rainfall in recent years, the suspension of rural technical assistance by INCRA and the delay in the loan release of the PRONAF credit lines for some settlements. The PRONAF credit lines are of great importance for the maintenance of the settlers in the rural communities, as they create the conditions for settled farmers to have a decent quality of life in the countryside. The rural technical advisory must interact and train the settled families in order to guide and facilitate the execution of their actions, making them more strengthened and rooted in the place.

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Mestre, Irene. "La contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience des communautés rurales post-soviétiques, le cas du Kirghizistan." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3006.

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Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous nous sommes penchées sur les dynamiques à l’œuvre dans les systèmes agropastoraux après la mise en place, depuis 2009, de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales sur tout le territoire du Kirghizstan. Nous nous sommes interrogées sur la contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience des communautés rurales. La méthodologie de la recherche utilisée est l’étude de cas multiple imbriquée, de manière à prendre en compte de manière ouverte les interactions entre l’utilisation des terres, les dynamiques des ressources et la gouvernance. Les cas d’étude sélectionnés sont trois communes rurales et leurs pâturages qui forment ainsi trois systèmes socio-écologiques. Le niveau national est également pris en compte. Les données ont été collectées par des enquêtes de terrain et l’observation participante dans les communes rurales et dans les ONG en charge de projets sur la gestion des ressources pastorales au niveau national. Une revue de la littérature a également été menée. Le traitement qualitatif des données s’est fait par thématisation et les données quantitatives ont fait l’objet d’analyses statistiques simples. Le cadre conceptuel articule les principes pour la gestion d’un bien commun d’Elinor Ostrom (1990) et l’approche pour l’étude de la résilience des systèmes spatiaux de Christina Aschan-Leygonie (2000). Une grille de la contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience spatiale des systèmes socio-écologiques a servi de guide pour l’analyse. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en évidence l’échec de la gestion communautaire à créer des boucles de rétroaction entre l’environnement, les pratiques et les mesures de gestion. Les organes exécutifs de la gestion communautaire ne collectent pas formellement de données sur l’état des pâturages ni sur les effets des usages. Leurs actions suivent principalement les intérêts des usagers des pâturages. Des recherches complémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer si les usagers des pâturages mènent un suivi des pâturages grâce aux savoirs locaux et si celui-ci est pris en compte dans les pratiques. Cependant, de manière générale, la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales a un effet positif sur la résilience des communautés rurales. Premièrement, par son ouverture, elle permet aux familles les plus éloignées, et marginalisées dans la prise de décision sur la gestion des ressources pastorales, de faire entendre leur voix. Deuxièmement, l’accès à des pâturages peu utilisés est rendu possible par les réparations d’infrastructures financées par les investissements liés à la réforme. Ainsi, la pression du bétail sur les pâturages est, au moins partiellement, diminuée. Troisièmement, la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales crée des interactions d’un type nouveau entre les usagers des pâturages agropastoraux et non-agropastoraux, ainsi qu’entre les acteurs locaux et nationaux. Elle offre notamment un cadre pour des stratégies ascendantes de défense des intérêts locaux auprès des structures gouvernementales et non-gouvernementales de l’échelle nationale. Ainsi, la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales est un facteur de l’expansion des systèmes socio-écologiques locaux, de diversification et d’intensification de leurs interactions à l’intérieur du système et avec les systèmes de niveaux supérieurs
My research looked at pastoral resources and agropastoral systems after the implementation in 2009 of community-based pasture management over all the territory of Kyrgyzstan. I investigated how the community-based pasture management contributes to the resilience of rural communities. I used multiple embedded case-studies in order to comprehensively embrace the linkages between land-use, resource dynamics and governance. The case-studies were three rural municipalities and their pastures, which form socio-ecological systems. National level was also examined. Data-collection was conducted through extensive field-work in the rural communities, participant observation in NGOs implementing projects in the domain of pasture management at national level, and literature review. I used qualitative data analysis through thematization and basic statistic analysis for quantitative data. The theoretical framework combines the approach of Common-pool resource management by Ostrom (1990) and the resilience of spatial socio-ecological systems by Aschan-Leygonie (2000). Based on them I elaborated a qualitative framework to analyze the contribution of Community-Based Pasture Management (CBPM) on spatial resilience of socio-ecological systems. As pasture, I understand the pastures them-selves as well as all the other resources necessary for their use, e.g. water and access infrastructure. My results show that community-based management fails to create feed-back loops between the environment, the practices and the management measures. Pasture Committees do not carry out formal data collection on resource dynamics, neither on the impacts of use. Their actions merely follow pasture user interests which are potentially led by indigenous knowledge on pasture condition, although there is a need for more research on this point. However, in general, community-based pasture management positively affects the resilience of rural communities. First, by its open-nature, remote and marginalized households can take part in the decision-making. Second, the investment generated allows for repair and maintenance of infrastructure (roads, bridges) giving access to remote pasture, thereby limiting livestock concentration on most accessible pastures. Third, it creates interactions of a new type between agropastoral and non-agropastoral pasture users, as well as between local stakeholders and national-level stakeholders. Thus, community-based pasture management is a factor of the expansion of local socio-ecological systems and of the diversification and intensification of their interactions, within the systems, as well as across scales

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Raimond, Christine. "Terres inondées et sorgho repiqué : évolution des espaces agricoles et pastoraux dans le bassin du lac Tchad." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010536.

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Dans le bassin tchadien, le développement spectaculaire d'un sorgho repique à la fin de la saison des pluies a provoqué des changements importants dans la vocation des terres inondables et dans la structuration des paysages. De même, les mutations réalisées dans les systèmes agraires et la gestion des terroirs s'ouvrent sur différentes perspectives de développement, tant pour les populations sédentaires que transhumantes. Actuellement, l'utilisation multiple de l'espace par différents acteurs s'exprime par la formation "d'espaces emboites", qui matérialisent la rencontre et la superposition des espaces agricoles et pastoraux. Dans le contexte arabe tchadien, l'absence de conflits s'explique par la valorisation des résidus de culture par les troupeaux transhumants. Mais cette situation peut évoluer avec l'émergence d'un marché foncier
In the chad basin, the spectacular expansion of transplanted sorghum at the end of the rainy season has deeply modified land use patterns and landscape structures. Simultaneously, mutations occurred in agrarian systems and land management have led to various development perspectives, for sedentary people as much as for transhumant populations. Actually, the multiple uses of space by different social groups produces the fitting of various spaces together, which means in fact the meeting and the overlay of both agricultural and pastoral spaces. In the chad Arabian context, the absence of conflict is explained by the use of crops residuals by droves. But this situation can evolve from the emergence of landownership market

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Le, Garignon Christophe. "Activités pastorales et paysages agraires méditerranéens : méthodologie d'étude des liens entre facteurs humains et organisation de l'espace dans une petite vallée de la Corse : le Curtinese." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100171.

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L'objectif de ce travail est d'éclairer la question des relations entre les activités agricoles et les paysages agraires méditerranéens de type pastoraux. Cette question apparaît prégnante dans un contexte de redéfinition des fonctions de l'agriculture. Aussi, nous avons construit une méthodologie transdisciplinaire, en privilégiant une approche agro-géographique. Les facteurs explicatifs potentiels sont l'activité pastorale et l'organisation spatiale foncière. A partir des analyses en niveaux hiérarchiques emboîtés des objets spatiaux du paysage agraire, du foncier et des objets organisationnels de l'activité agricole, nous proposons des concepts transversaux, liant l'objet observé, le paysage, et les facteurs humains. Nous identifions 4 niveaux hiérarchiques et trois concepts transversaux par niveau, dont la pertinence pour notre propos ont été testée. Nous avons choisi de travailler dans le cadre d'une petite région de la Corse intérieure, le Curtinese (Corti). Les informations ont été recueillies par analyse des documents photographiques aériens, enquête et suivi auprès des exploitants et enquête cadastrale. Les liens apparaissent à trois niveaux. Au niveau élémentaire, on note une recomposition foncière pour constituer un pavage de champs, dont l'aspect dépend de leurs itinéraires techniques, et à une fossilisation des limites parcellaires sous forme de haies. Au niveau 2, on constate une réorganisation des domaines fonciers en territoires pastoraux selon des logiques techniques, avec une organisation de type gravitaire expliquant les différents modules paysagers. Les modules fonciers expliquent l'aspect morphologique Au niveau 3, les noyaux de sédentarisation et leurs extensions successives expliquent l'organisation des clairières, où se manifestent visuellement les trames foncières. Nos résultats montrent de grandes similitudes avec les travaux portant sur les paysages méditerranéens pastoraux et sur les systèmes ovins lait de cette région. Par contre, notre approche apporte des éléments originaux en ce qui concerne l'apport du foncier dans la morphologie paysagère, la distinction entre niveaux d'organisation, l'intégration des facteurs techniques. Les limites de ce travail ouvrent des pistes en matière d'histoire agraire et de sociologie rurale
This work aims for making light on the matter of relationships between agriculture and agrarian landscapes particularly Mediterranean and pastoral ones. This issue is more and more current in a background of redefinition of agriculture functions. So we built a transdisciplinary methodology, choosing on agro-geographical approach. We have supposed that pastoral activity and spatial organisation of land proper~, and cadastre are explanation factors. From an encased level hierarchical analysis of the spatial objects of agrarian' landscape, ground organisation and of the organisational objects of agriculture, we have proposed transversal concepts, connecting the watched object, landscape, and human factors. We have identified four hierarchical levels and three transversal concepts by level, whose relevance has been tested. We have chosen to work in a county of inner Corsica, Curtinese (Corti). Information has been collected by mean of aerial photograph analysis, investigation and follow up of shepherds ground inquiry. Connections appear at three levels. At the elementary level, we notice a ground recombining in order to build field paving, whose appearance depends on their technical itinerary, and fossilisation of parcel borders in the form of hedge. At second level, establish a reorganisation of land estates into pastoral territories according to technical logic, with a Von Thünen organisation of them which explains landscape modules. Cadastre modules explain morphological appearance of landscape modules. At third level, settlement nucleus and their successive extensions explain glade structure and distribution, where appear ground weft. Our results show great resemblance with other works dealing with pastoral Mediterranean landscapes and with milking goat systems of these countries. Therefore, our approach brings some inventive elements about ground and cadastre part in agrarian landscape morphology, I distinction between organisation levels, and technical factors integration. Limits of this work. I draw lines for future researches in matter of agrarian history and rural sociology

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Polignano, Giacomo. "Il territorio et i poteri : conflitti per l'uso dello spazio nella Puglia agro-pastorale di età moderna : il caso di Barletta." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0154.

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La recherche fait ressortir, à travers l'analyse du rapport pouvoirs-territoire, les procédés d'organisation et de représentation de l'espace dans une aire périphérique de l'Etat napolitain d'Ancien Régime. Le cas à l'examen est celui de Barletta, populeuse ville côtière de la province de Terra di Bari. La campagne de cette ville, destinée presque en entier aux activités céréalières et d'élevage, s'est constituée par agrégations successives en époque bas médiévale, et vers la fin du XVeme siècle elle résulte déjà fragmentée en corps territoriaux soumis à des régimes juridiques diversifiés. Ici, dans un contexte socio-politique encombré d'institutions, de normes et de limites, la construction du territoire est le résultat d'une confrontation entre pouvoirs qui soutiennent des formes alternatives d'usage de l'espace. Une confrontation marquée par la phénoménologie du conflit, et qui révèle, à travers cette phénoménologie, les éléments dynamiques présents à l'intérieur du corps social
This research focuses on the process of organization and representation of space in a peripheral area of the «ancient régime» Mezzogiorno through the analysis of the relationship between institutions and the territory. The case study is Barletta, a populous town in the old province of Terra di Bari, near the Capitanata province boundary and near the mouth of river Ofanto. The town builds up in the Middle Ages its territory, almost entirely destined to pasture and corn growing. By the end of the XV and up to the XVIII centuries this territory is subject to different agrarian and juridical regimes. The main historiographie argument is that, in a social political context overweighed with authorities, norms and boundaries, territorial construction is the result of a confrontation among institutions who uphold different solutions when it comes to land exploitation. This confrontation is characterized to a great depth by conflicts, thus revealing dynamic elements within the social body

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Baldacchino, Frédéric. "Écologie des Tabanidae en zones pastorales méditerranéennes et perspectives de lutte." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942818.

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Les zones pastorales méditerranéennes sont favorables à la diversité et à l'abondance des Tabanidae. Or, la réémergence de certaines maladies animales en Europe (e.g. besnoitiose bovine) a mis en avant leur rôle de vecteur mécanique. Cependant, la richesse biologique et la vulnérabilité des milieux pastoraux impliquent de réduire l'usage des insecticides contre les ectoparasites. Nous avons donc cherché à mieux connaître l'activité des taons dans les estives et àréfléchir à des méthodes de contrôle pratiques, efficaces et sélectives. Les pièges attractifs ou les répulsifs utilisables dans une stratégie " push-pull " impliquant de bien connaître l'olfaction des espèces cibles, nous nous sommes intéressés à la physiologie olfactive des taons et aux composés chimiques qui modulent les interactions avec leurs hôtes.Les travaux sur l'écologie des taons dans les Pyrénées ont montré que l'exposition, l'altitude et la structure paysagère influençaient leur distribution spatio-temporelle, et que les conditions climatiques influençaient l'activité de piqûre des femelles. De plus, le caractère trophique opportuniste des femelles a été confirmé et le cerf est apparu comme un hôte de choix. Les réponses physiologiques et comportementales de Tabanus bromius et d'Atylotus quadrifarius aux odeurs d'urines et de leurs constituants ont révélé des différences de sensibilité olfactive entre ces deux espèces, la forte attractivité de l'urine de cheval s'expliquant probablement par la présence de composés volatiles qui agiraient en synergie. Pour conclure, nous proposons pour les troupeaux en estives des mesures de protection contre les taons et des perspectives de recherche pour ce groupe.

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Grillot, Myriam. "Modélisation multi-agents et pluri-niveaux de la réorganisation du cycle de l’azote dans des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux en transition : le cas du bassin arachidier au Sénégal." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0006/document.

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Les systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux (SASP) d’Afrique de l’Ouest sont des agro-écosystèmes limités en biomasses et en nutriments. Le recyclage des nutriments et les transferts de fertilité sont traditionnellement rythmés par la mobilité des troupeaux de ruminants conduits en extensif. Les agro-éleveurs pratiquent le parcage nocturne de leurs troupeaux pour concentrer la matière organique, dans les champs à proximité des habitations afin de sécuriser une production vivrière suffisante à leurs besoins. Dans un contexte de croissance démographique et de réduction des parcours naturels au profit des zones cultivées, le système d’élevage « traditionnel », basé sur une forte mobilité intra-terroir villageois, est remis en cause. Les stratégies adoptées par les agro-éleveurs sont, soit (i) l’éloignement des troupeaux du terroir villageois pendant des périodes plus ou moins longues par des pratiques de transhumance saisonnière vers des régions moins peuplées et disposant de davantage de ressources fourragères ; soit (ii) plus récemment, des pratiques d’intensification avec des animaux gardés à l’étable au sein du terroir villageois et nourris avec des aliments concentrés, achetés sur le marché local. Ces changements de systèmes d’élevage ont possiblement des conséquences importantes sur les flux de biomasses et les cycles des nutriments au niveau du ménage et du territoire. Il convenait de les évaluer en termes d’impacts sur le fonctionnement et la durabilité des SASP. A cet effet, le modèle multi-agents TERROIR a été développé et implémenté sur la plateforme de modélisation GAMA. Il simule l’effet de changements dans l’organisation du paysage et des systèmes d’élevage sur les flux de biomasse et d’azote aux différents niveaux d’organisation du territoire : la parcelle, le troupeau, le ménage et le terroir villageois. Le modèle simule les échanges de biomasses entre une centaine de ménages comportant des stratégies et des pratiques différentes. Cela inclut les transferts spatiaux de biomasses orchestrés par plusieurs centaines de troupeaux se déplaçant de façon indépendante sur un millier de parcelles. Le modèle synthétise ces flux par un ensemble d’indicateurs issus de deux méthodes d’analyse (« Ecological Network Analysis » et « System Gate Balance ») pour décrire la structure, le fonctionnement et la durabilité de l’agroécosystème, en termes de productivité, d’efficience, d’autonomie, de recyclage, de transferts spatiaux et de bilan de nutriments. Le modèle a été conçu et paramétré à partir des données disponibles sur les agroécosystèmes de savane en Afrique de l’Ouest et il a été évalué à partir des données observées dans deux terroirs villageois du bassin Arachidier au Sénégal où les pratiques des agro-éleveurs sont particulièrement contrastées.Le modèle TERROIR a été utilisé pour explorer les impacts des dynamiques territoriales observées sur la période 1920-2015 dans le bassin Arachidier au Sénégal, une zone agricole à transition agraire rapide et avancée. Les résultats soulignent une réorganisation du cycle de l’azote et une tendance générale à l’intensification des flux et à l’augmentation de la dépendance des agroécosystèmes vis-à-vis de sources extérieures de nutriments. Cependant, le recyclage et les transferts spatiaux de nutriments internes aux agrosystèmes restent à des niveaux élevés. L’intégration sol-plantes-animaux-hommes et l’hétérogénéité spatiale de la répartition des ressources fertilisantes apparaissent comme deux propriétés persistantes des agro-écosystèmes étudiés. Consolider cette intégration et cette organisation spatiale seraient ainsi un gage pour la durabilité des futurs systèmes agricoles qui émergeront dans un contexte de poursuite de la forte croissance démographique et de changement climatique
Agro-sylvo-pastoral systems (systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux - SASP) of West Africa are agroecosystems limited in biomass and nutrients. Nutrient recycling and fertility transfer are traditionally driven by the mobility of ruminant herds led in extensive practices. Agro-pastoralists practice night corralling of their herds to concentrate the organic matter in the fields near the houses, in order to secure a sufficient food production for their needs. In a context of demographic growth and the reduction of natural rangelands in favor of cultivated areas, the "traditional" mobile livestock system, based on high mobility within the village is being called into question. The strategies adopted by the agro-pastoralists are: (i) keeping the herds away from the village for periods of varying lengths, by seasonal transhumance in less populated regions where forage resources are more important, or (ii) more recently, intensified practices with animals kept in the barn within the village and fed with concentrate feeds, bought on the local markets. These changes in livestock systems may have important consequences for biomass flows and nutrient cycling at the household and village landscape level. There was a need to assess their impact on the functioning and sustainability of SASP.To this end, the TERROIR multi-agent model has been developed and implemented on the GAMA modeling platform. It simulates the effect of changes in the organization of the landscape and livestock systems on biomass and nitrogen flows at different levels of organization in the village: plot, herd, household, village landscape. The model simulates the exchanges of biomasses between dozens of households with different strategies and practices. It includes the spatial transfers of biomasses between several hundred plots orchestrated by dozens of herds moving independently. The model synthesizes these flows with a set of indicators from two methods of analysis (Ecological Network Analysis and System Gate Balance) to describe the structure, functioning and sustainability of the agroecosystem, in terms of productivity, efficiency, autonomy, recycling, spatial transfers and nutrient balance. The model was designed and configured with available data on savannah agroecosystems in West Africa. It was evaluated from data observed in two villages of the Groundnut Basin in Senegal where the practices of agro-pastoralists are particularly contrasted. The TERROIR model was developed and implemented to explore the impacts of the village dynamics observed over the period 1920-2015 in the Groundnut Basin in Senegal, an agricultural zone in fast and advanced agrarian transition. The results highlight a reorganization of the nitrogen cycle and a general trend towards increased flows and increased dependence of agroecosystems on external sources of nutrients. However, the recycling and spatial transfers of nutrients internal to agroecosystems remain at high levels. The soil-plant-animal-human integration and the spatial heterogeneity of the distribution of fertilizing resources appear as two persistent properties of the studied agro-ecosystems. Consolidating this integration and spatial organization could guarantee for the sustainability of future farming systems that will emerge in a context of continued high-population growth and climate change

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Bordessoule, Éric. "Les "montagnes" du Massif central : espaces pastoraux et transformations du milieu rural dans les monts d'Auvergne." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20073.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'analyse des formes que revêt aujourd'hui l'activité pastorale de la montagne volcanique et des perspectives qui s'en dégagent. Des Dômes à l'Aubrac, le champ géographique de l'étude s'allonge dans les massifs volcaniques de la bordure occidentale du massif sur plus de 5000 km2 répartis sur près de 170 communes de 4 départements (Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, Aveyron, Lozère). Au sein des hautes terres du massif, les monts d'Auvergne se caractérisent de manière originale. La dépaissance estivale du bétail sur les hauts pâturages (appelés "montagnes" ou estives) n'apparaît en rien comme une activité répliquée que perpétueraient quelques éleveveurs d'un autre temps. Elle conserve une étonnante vigueur, s'adresse à un grand nombre d'élevages, plus de 2500 pour le seul département du Cantal ; et constitue même le pilier de certains depuis une trentaine d'années. La rupture de l'ancienne économie pastorale a entraîné l'abandon des formules classiques et la solidité actuelle des montagnes auvergnates traduit moins l'archaïsme de pratiques attardées que la volonté d'adapter l'exploitation montagnarde aux conditions du présent. L'estive ne remplit pas la même fonction qu'autrefois, sa perception, même s'en trouve très modifiée. A l'heure où la politique agricole commune prône les vertus de l'extensification et où le devenir du paysage montagnard fait l'objet d'une attention accrue, l'analyse de l'activité pastorale dans les monts d'Auvergne revêt un intérêt supplémentaire. Dans une telle perspective, la question de la mise en valeur des estives s'éclaire d'un jour nouveau. En position périphérique sur bien des plans, les pâturages d'altitude acquièrent une autre dimension et suscitent de nouvelles interrogations. Les estives vont-elles faire l'objet d'un intérêt croissant de la part d'éleveurs consommant plus d'espace ? Vont-elles, à l'inverse, subir la concurrence de nouveaux territoires de basse altitude consacrés au parcours, en conséquence du double mouvement de libération d'exploitations et de blocage des productions ?
The subject of this studie is the pastoral life in volcanic mountain's of massif central. After the great crisis, in the sixties, the system of "mountain" producing milk and cheese was replaced by cattle rearin g. This new economy of pasture mountains is based on the development of a cattle rearing systel on which the staple prod uce is the one year old calf (called "broutard"), together with the intensification in the milk areas and a new "transhu mance" wave strating from the aveyron in particular. The pastoral field has not a lot decreased in surface and there has being little change in the structures of farmings apart from the creation of "cooperation" or the buying of pastures by the aveyron reares. However, the links between mountains and staple farming are becoming more complex and today, the system seems to be frag ile and the risks of a partial pastoral neglect are numerous. In 1988, for the first time, the hirstock sent on to pastures decreased. Beside the fact that many economical or climatical problems seem to be linked with the present conjoncture, a lastinger crisis should be considered as, the crea tion of milk quotas, the decline of meat currency, the burden of financial obligations and the fact that a lot of financ ial obligations and the fact a lot of lands is being abandonned around the farms will probably result in a reduction of the practice of pasture

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Carvalheira, de Maupeou Samuel. "La commission pastorale de la terre dans le nord de la zone de la canne à sucre du Pernambouc : "une nouvelle manière d'être Eglise" ? (de 1988 au début des années 2000)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20082/document.

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Cette recherche est consacrée à l’analyse de la pratique sociale de la Commission Pastorale de la Terre Nordeste 2 (CPT NE 2), une organisation laïque de l’Église catholique, dans la région Nordeste. Au service des travailleurs agricoles et des paysans sans terre, dans la lutte pour la réforme agraire, l’organisation opère dans la partie septentrionale de la zone de la canne à sucre de l’État du Pernambouc (Brésil). L’étude porte sur la période qui court entre 1988, année de sa naissance, et le début des années 2000, moment où diminue sa participation aux conflits fonciers et dans les mouvements d’occupation de terres. La principale problématique interroge les actions de la CPT en milieu rural afin de comprendre si elle incarne une forme inédite d’engagement social ou, selon les termes de ses acteurs, “une nouvelle manière d’être Église”. Pour ce faire, nous l’analysons, dans un premier temps, en regard des organisations catholiques antérieures, nées au début des années 1960, dans le cadre de l’Action Catholique Rurale. Entre ces JAC, MEB, SORPE, ACR, MER et autres PR NE 2 et la CPT, quelle est la part des continuités et des ruptures ? Ensuite, l’organisation est abordée à l’aune de son engagement dans la lutte pour la réforme agraire, des mobilisations sociales auxquelles elle participe et de ses rapports aux autres acteurs sociaux : MST, STRs, FETAPE, monde politique et autorités publiques, afin d’identifier ses formes d’action et définir leur originalité. En dernier lieu, sa pratique est analysée à partir du milieu social, des matrices socio-religieuses d’où sont issus ses acteurs et les médiateurs qui transmettent la mémoire sociale d’Église dans la région.Enfin, la recherche vise aussi à définir en quoi et jusqu’où les modes d’action et les acteurs de la CPT NE 2 relèvent des formes de mobilisation des Nouveaux Mouvements Sociaux (NMS) qui agissent en Amérique Latine et, notamment, au Brésil, à partir des années 1980
This research analizes the social practice of the Northeast’s Pastoral Land Commission (CPT NE 2), a lay organization of the Catholic Church, in the Northeast region. Serving rural workers and landless people, in the struggle for agrarian reform, the organization operates in the septentrional part of the sugar-cane zone of the state of Pernambuco (Brazil). The analysis covers the period from 1988, the year of its foundation, and early 2000s, when its participation in land conflicts and occupancy movements decreases. The central issue is intended to question the actions of CPT in rural areas to understand whether it is an unprecedented form of social engagement or, as their own actors state, "a new way of being Church." In order to do so, we analyze, at first, from the standpoint of former Catholic organizations, created in the early 1960s, in the context of Rural Catholic Action. Comparing between JAC, MEB, SORPE, ACR, MER, on one side, and PR NE 2 and CPT, on another, which is the portion of continuities and disruptions? Then, the organization is discussed in terms of its engagement in the struggle for the agrarian reform, the social movements it participates and its relationship with other social actors: MST, STRs, FETAPE, the political sphere and public authorities, to identify its performance and define its originality. Finally, its practice is examined from the social environment, the socio-religious matrixes from which its actors and mediators who transmit the social memory of the Church in the region. At last, the research also aims to define how and to what extent the performance and the actors of CPT NE 2 result from the mobilization strategies of the New Social Movements (NMS) that operate in Latin America and, especially in Brazil, as of the 1980s
Esta pesquisa procura analisar a prática social da Comissão Pastoral da Terra Nordeste 2 (CPT NE 2), uma organização leiga da Igreja católica, na região Nordeste. A serviço dos trabalhadores rurais e sem terra, na luta pela reforma agrária, a organização atua na parte setentrional da zona canavieira do Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). A análise abrange o período compreendido entre 1988, ano de sua fundação, e o início dos anos 2000, momento em que a sua participação nos conflitos de terra e nos movimentos de ocupação diminui. A problemática principal visa a interrogar as ações da CPT nomeio rural a fim de compreender se ela constitui uma forma inédita de engajamento social ou, segundo afirmam os seus próprios atores, “uma nova maneira de ser Igreja”. Para tanto, nós a analisamos, num primeiro momento, do ponto de vista das organizações católicas anteriores, nascidas no início dos anos 1960, no contexto da Ação Católica Rural. Entre, de um lado, JAC, MEB, SORPE, ACR, MER e, de outro, PR NE 2 e CPT, qual a parcela de continuidades e de rupturas ? Emseguida, a organização é abordada do ponto de vista do seu engajamento na luta pela reforma agrária, das mobilizações sociais das quais ela participa e da sua relação com os outros atores sociais: MST, STRs, FETAPE, esfera política e autoridades públicas, a fim de identificar as suas formas de atuação e de definir a sua originalidade. Em último lugar, a sua prática é analisada a partir do meio social, das matrizes socio-religiosas de onde provêm os seus atores e dos mediadores que transmitem a memória social da Igreja na região. Por fim, a pesquisa visa também a definir de que forma e até que ponto as formas de atuação e os atores da CPT NE 2 resultam das estratégias de mobilização dos Novos Movimentos Sociais (NMS) que atuam na América Latina e, especialmente no Brasil, a partir dos anos 1980

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Babidge, Sally. "Family affairs an historical anthropology of state practice and Aboriginal agency in a rural town, North Queensland /." Click here for electronic access to document: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/942, 2004. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/942.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - James Cook University, 2004.
Thesis submitted by Sally Marie Babidge, BA (Hons) UWA June 2004, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, James Cook University. Bibliography: leaves 283-303.

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Bois, Hélène. "Les aumôniers et la déconfessionnalisation des institutions économico-sociales québécoises (1940-1972)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28460.

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Clark, Anthony. "Simplified models for analysing the risk of climate change on Australia's sheep pastoral zone." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150159.

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Lin, Chun-liang, and 林春良. "Pastoral Landscape assessment and Modeling strategies of Leisure Agriculture Development- A Case Study of Tai-An Area in Houli Township." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64887544822224649222.

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碩士
國立中興大學
農村規劃研究所
92
Under motives of maintenance for agricultural production environment and value conversion, this study mainly researched on pastoral landscape. From the viewpoints of visual assessment of the users and their behavior habits, etc. the research studied further about current landscape difficulties faced by the villages. Moreover, aiming at land utilization management for development of the leisure agriculture, the rural architecture and agricultural production was combined together. Through landscape modeling concepts, the assessment criteria and measure policies were stipulated to facilitate the harmonious development for rural production and construction of village. Therefore, a quality pastoral landscape was created to promote the attraction for rural area, and the goal of leisure value was implemented successfully. In the study, a case of Tai-An area in Houli Township was adopted under investigation and research. Using the analytic methods of historical documents, fieldwork, landscape visual assessment and DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial Evaluation Laboratory), we discovered various issues for landscape modeling and construction of the leisure agriculture development. Under this research with analysis its preferential advantages, potential, and possible problems encountering, we drawn up further a rural planning for future development.

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Man, Yu-Hin, and 文宇軒. "The Conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral Mixed District from 7th to 8th Century." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54738103625779512737.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
歷史學研究所
104
This thesis dual with the conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District from 7th to 8th century and its influence. Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District was a long and narrow transitional area from Liaoning to the west of Inner Mongolia and the north of Shaanxi. This thesis would focus on the nowadays middle part of Inner Mongolia and North of Shanxi, which was the location of Chanyu Protectorate during the Gaozong reign. The conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District means, 1. fall of the First Turkic Khanate in early 7th century and the establishment of Jimifuzhou and 2. The war between Tang Dynasty and the Second Turkic Khanate in late 7th and the early 8th century. In history, nomadic states and agricultural China had conflicts in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District, if the latter won the war, it settled down the surrendered tribes in the same area to defense the outer nomadic tribes. Tang Dynasty created Jimifuzhou for the same reason. Tang Dynasty promoted the members of the Ashide clan(or tribe) and overheaded the members of the Ashina clan(or tribe), it caused the rise of Ashides that the Turks rebuilt their khanate under the leadership of Ashides. In the context of inner Asia history, the Turkic Alphabet was invented in the era of the second Turkic Khanate,, which mean the “civilizing” in the north of Gobi. The following Uyghurs built cities and introduced systemic religion, finished the progress of “civilizing”. Affected by Uyghurs, the Khitans displaced the original tribal communities, as a symbol of medieval period in inner Asia history. In the other hand, although the Tang Dynasty defensed itself from the invasion of Turks by organizing the Shuofang Army and building the three Shouxiangchengs, it came to weaken in 8th to 9th century, the local powers fall into the hands of warlords, Li Keyong controlled the north of Shanxi and the middle part of Inner Mongolia, his followers built the Sha-t’o dynasties. In conclusion, the path of Chinese and Inner Asian history in after 8th century was affected by the conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District from 7th to 8th century in some reason.

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Castro, Helena Isabel Ferreira de. "Effects of land use change on plant composition and ecosystem functioning in an extensive agro-pastoral system : plant functional traits and ecosystems processes." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/9680.

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Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Ecologia) apresentada à Fac. de Ciências e Tecnoloiga da Univ. de Coimbra
As a consequence of the industrial and socio-demographic changes of the last decades, the characteristic land use practices of extensive agro-pastoral systems in the region of Alentejo, Southern Portugal are being gradually abandoned and the consequences are still little understood. Land use changes are important drivers of environmental degradation, modification and fragmentation of habitats with the subsequent alterations of global carbon and hydrological cycles, global and regional climate, and decline in biodiversity. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of abandonment in ecosystems with a long history of human management, as is the case of the agro-pastoral systems of Southern Portugal. Three land use categories were selected to represent a decrease in land use intensity (‘grazing’, ‘intermediate succession’ and advanced succession’). Following abandonment, secondary succession is expected to occur with consequent changes in soil characteristics and vegetation composition and structure. Because plant species differ in their functional traits and in their effects on ecosystem processes, an effect of land use change at this level may also be expected. Plant traits relate to universal plant functions of growth (e.g. light and nutrient acquisition, water use efficiency) and persistence (e.g. recruitment, dispersal, defence against herbivores and other disturbances). They provide a widely applicable framework for interpreting community shifts along environmental gradients, including secondary succession. The main objectives were to (1) identify changes in vegetation composition and structure in response to decreasing land use intensity; (2) Identify functional groups and changes in species traits in response to decreasing land use intensity; (3) Identify the effect of decreasing land use intensity in key ecosystem processes such as decomposition and above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP). Overall, the results from the present study showed that abandonment resulted in changes in species composition and richness, in plant functional traits and functional groups and in ecosystem processes (biomass, ANPP and decomposition). Secondary succession resulting from abandonment of grazing showed stronger changes in vegetation composition and structure than in soil characteristics. Among the soil chemical properties tested, only phosphorus, carbon and organic matter were affected by land use change. Phosphorus decreased with abandonment while organic matter and carbon showed an increase. Species richness decreased sharply after land abandonment, and this was associated with a strong turnover in species composition from grazed to abandoned sites as the vegetation changed from annual herbaceous to shrub-dominated communities. One single species (Cistus ladanifer) accounted for more than 50% of relative cover in the areas abandoned for a longer time, suggesting that this species might have an important role in possible changes in ecosystems processes. The species that colonized the different land use categories differed in plant functional traits. Therophyte life form, short canopy height, high specific leaf area (SLA), low leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and small seeds with dispersal structures were dominant at grazed plots. Within abandoned plots, chamaephytes dominanted at ‘intermediate succession’ plots and decrease in favour of nanophanerophytes in ‘advanced succession’ plots. Canopy height, LDMC and seed mass increase with abandonment time while SLA decreased. Functional response groups were found by combining life form and SLA and these were found to be sufficient to describe vegetation change. Therophytes with medium SLA were the dominant functional group in grazed areas, while nanophanerophytes with medium or low SLA were associated with later phases of abandonment. At intermediate stages of succession the dominant group was chamaephytes with medium SLA but functional diversity was highest as all the groups, except hemicriptophytes with medium SLA, were represented. Our study showed an increase in total above-ground biomass with abandonment indicating a positive effect of the shift to woody vegetation on total above-ground biomass. ANPP significantly increased in plots abandoned for longer time. This increase was strongly related with the increase in the cover of Cistus ladanifer. This is a pioneer species that colonises degraded areas and forms one of the first stages of succession of woody communities. Under favourable conditions, C. ladanifer can grow fast and attain large amounts of biomass in a short time and quickly spreads over recently disturbed areas. Regarding decomposition, shrub litter was found to be higher than herbaceous litter in nutrient content, especially nitrogen, which seemed to favour higher initial decomposition rates but lower decomposition rate in the longer term. Overall, decomposition was slower in abandoned than in grazed plots and this was positively correlated with the content of cellulose and hemicellulose of initial litter. Lower rates of decomposition were also found to be related to the increase in LDMC, a trait strongly linked to physical attributes of the leaves.
Em consequência da rápida evolução da indústria e alterações sócio-demográficas das ultimas décadas, assistiu-se a um abandono gradual das praticas de agricultura e pastorícia extensivas típicas dos sistemas agro-silvo-pastoris do Alentejo. Os efeitos desse abandono nas características da vegetação e no funcionamento do ecossistema são ainda pouco conhecidos. As alterações no uso do solo conduzem a perda, modificação e fragmentação de habitats e a consequentes alterações dos ciclos globais da agua e do carbono, do clima regional e global, bem como a uma diminuição da biodiversidade. Este trabalho pretende contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos efeitos do abandono de praticas de gestão extensivas em áreas em que estas são praticadas há séculos, como e o caso dos sistemas agro-pastoris do sul de Portugal. Para tal, foram seleccionadas três áreas representativas de diferentes intensidades de uso do solo (‘pastoreio’, ’sucessão intermédia’ e ‘sucessão avançada’). O abandono das praticas agro-pastoris da inicio a um processo de sucessão secundaria, o qual, e geralmente, acompanhado por alterações físico-químicas do solo bem como por alterações da composição e estrutura da vegetação. As espécies vegetais diferem quer nos atributos funcionais que as caracterizam quer no modo como influenciam o funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Os atributos funcionais estao relacionados com aspectos como o crescimento (aquisição de luz e nutrientes, eficiência no uso da agua) e a sobrevivência (dispersão, regeneração, protecção contra herbívoros e outras perturbações). Estes permitem interpretar variações nas comunidades vegetais ao longo de gradientes ambientais, nos quais se pode incluir a sucessão secundaria. Em resposta ao abandono, foram objectivos deste trabalho identificar: (1) alterações na composição e estrutura da vegetação; (2) grupos funcionais e variações nos atributos funcionais; (3) efeitos na biomassa e produtividade primaria da parte aérea, bem como na taxa de decomposição da folhada. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o abandono tem como consequências a alteração da composição e número de espécies, dos atributos funcionais e grupos funcionais, bem como das propriedades do ecossistema estudadas (biomassa e produtividade primaria da parte aérea, e decomposição da folhada). Os efeitos do abandono de praticas agro-pastoris extensivas nas áreas de estudo foram mais visíveis na composição e estrutura da vegetação do que nas características do solo. De entre os parâmetros do solo determinados, apenas se registaram alterações no conteúdo em fósforo, carbono e matéria orgânica. Observou-se uma diminuição de fósforo e um aumento de carbono e matéria orgânica em função do tempo de abandono. A riqueza específica diminuiu significativamente após o abandono e foi acompanhada por uma considerável alteração da composição florística, sendo que comunidades maioritariamente compostas por herbáceas anuais foram substituídas por comunidades arbustivas. Nas áreas de ‘sucessão avançada’ há dominância de uma espécie, Cistus ladanifer, responsável por mais de 50% da cobertura relativa, o que sugere que esta espécie pode ter um efeito importante no funcionamento destes ecossistemas. As espécies presentes nas diferentes categorias de uso do solo apresentaram diferenças nos atributos funcionais. Atributos associados as áreas com pastoreio incluem, forma de vida terofita, plantas de pequeno porte, área especifica da folha (SLA) elevada, teor de matéria seca da folha (LDMC) baixo, sementes pequenas com mecanismos de dispersão. Relativamente as areas abandonadas, os camefitos dominam nas areas de ‘sucessão intermédia’, diminuindo em favor dos nanofanerofitos nas áreas de ‘sucessão avançada’. Os atributos altura da copa, LDMC e massa da semente aumentaram com o tempo de abandono enquanto a SLA diminuiu. Através da combinação de dois atributos, forma de vida e SLA, foi possível identificar grupos funcionais de resposta. Terofitos com SLA media foram o grupo funcional dominante nas áreas de pastoreio, enquanto os nanofanerofitos com SLA media ou elevada foram o grupo dominante nas áreas de ‘sucessão avançada’. Em fases intermédias da sucessão o grupo dominante foram os camefitos com SLA média, mas a diversidade de grupos funcionais foi mais elevada do que nas restantes categorias pois todos os grupos, com excepção de hemicriptofitos com SLA média, estavam representados. O estudo apresentado mostrou um aumento da biomassa da parte aérea total com o aumento do tempo de abandono indicando um efeito positivo da substituição de espécies herbáceas por espécies arbustivas na biomassa aérea total. A produtividade primária líquida da parte aérea foi significativamente mais alta nas áreas abandonadas há mais tempo. Este aumento deveu-se em grande parte ao aumento da cobertura de Cistus ladanifer. Esta espécie e pioneira na colonização de solos degradados e forma um dos primeiros estados da sucessão de comunidades arbustivas. Em condições favoráveis esta espécie pode acumular grandes quantidades de biomassa em pouco tempo e rapidamente colonizar áreas recentemente perturbadas. A análise da qualidade inicial da folhada mostrou valores mais elevados de azoto na folhada das áreas abandonadas, o que parece ter contribuído para a decomposição rápida destes tipos de folhada em fases iniciais e mais lenta em fases mais tardias. Em termos gerais, a decomposição da folhada foi mais lenta nas áreas abandonadas do que nas áreas com pastoreio. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva entre a taxa de decomposição e o conteúdo inicial de celulose e hemicelulose da folhada. Adicionalmente, registou-se uma correlação negativa entre a taxa de decomposição e a LDMC, um atributo relacionado com a composição estrutural das folhas.

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Iermanó, María José. "Sistemas mixtos familiares de agricultura y ganadería pastoril de la Región Pampeana: eficiencia en el uso de la energía y rol funcional de la agrobiodiversidad." Tesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/46343.

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En la actualidad existe un consenso sobre la necesidad de alcanzar una agricultura sustentable. La crisis ambiental y socio-económica de la agricultura industrializada ha llevado al surgimiento de la Agroecología como enfoque teórico y metodológico que pretende alcanzar la sustentabilidad agraria desde las perspectivas ecológica, social y económica. La Agroecología ofrece las bases científicas y metodológicas para las estrategias de transición hacia la construcción de un nuevo paradigma de desarrollo y una agricultura sustentable. La agricultura moderna generó la simplificación de los sistemas productivos y del paisaje agrario pampeano. Las nuevas tecnologías, principalmente basadas en el elevado uso de insumos, y una rentabilidad positiva en el corto plazo, determinaron un reemplazo de las producciones tradicionales como girasol, maíz, lino, lechería, producción ganadera, por el nuevo cultivo. Esto originó un cambio en el modelo productivo ganadero, dado que las tierras de aptitud agrícola fueron utilizadas para la siembra de cultivos anuales en sistemas altamente simplificados, de base puramente agrícola, mientras que los sistemas de producción ganadera fueron confinados a pequeñas superficies (engorde a corral o “feed lot”) o desplazados a regiones extrapampeanas. La producción ganadera pastoril, a campo, asociada a la producción agrícola, posibilita indirectamente la provisión de servicios ecológicos que desaparecerían si la producción de carne se hiciese a corral y los sistemas productivos se convirtieran en puramente agrícolas. Dado que los modelos de producción agrícola y ganadera muestran una clara tendencia a dividirse en el espacio, aún sin resentir la capacidad productiva, la pérdida de los servicios ecológicos que ello implica queda enmascarada. En la región pampeana, el 60% de los productores son familiares. A lo largo del proceso de agriculturización muchos productores familiares se mantuvieron en la actividad desplegando diferentes estrategias de persistencia, adoptando el paquete tecnológico incompleto con una menor utilización de insumos. Estos productores que “resisten” son, en su mayoría, mixtos familiares (agricultura y ganadería pastoril). En los sistemas mixtos la presencia del componente ganadero favorece una mayor diversidad vegetal cultivada y asociada, lo cuál permite una menor concentración de un único recurso alimenticio para las plagas y la presencia de ambientes que funcionan como reservorio de enemigos naturales. Esto podría constituir un potencial para robustecer los mecanismos que favorecen la regulación biótica (“potencial de regulación biótica”), lo cual es importante para reducir el uso de energía a través de los insumos en el remplazo de dicho proceso. Los objetivos generales fueron 1) comparar la agrobiodiversidad y el potencial de regulación biótica de sistemas mixtos de tipo familiar con sistemas agrícolas puros de tipo empresarial de la región pampeana, 2) comparar la eficiencia energética total y el consumo de energía por rubros de sistemas mixtos de tipo familiar con sistemas agrícolas puros y ganaderos (engorde a corral puro) de tipo empresarial de la región pampeana, y 3) analizar estos resultados relacionándolos con la dimensión cultural de la agrobiodiversidad. El área de estudio fue el sudeste bonaerense. Se trabajó con 3 tipos de sistemas productivos, estudiando 3 casos agrícolas empresariales, 4 casos mixtos familiares (agricultura y ganadería pastoril) y 1 caso de engorde a corral empresarial. A través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a los productores o encargados del manejo, se indagó acerca del funcionamiento del sistema y las estrategias de manejo. Se calculó la eficiencia energética y se evaluó la agrobiodiversidad funcional estimando el potencial de regulación biótica. Para la obtención de la eficiencia energética se calcularon los ingresos y egresos de energía para todos los cultivos desarrollados en cada uno de las parcelas del sistema durante el período considerado. Luego se sumaron todas las entradas y salidas al sistema, y se calculó la eficiencia energética (relación entre las salidas y las entradas) por hectárea y por año. Para estimar el potencial de regulación biótica del sistema, se trabajó en la construcción de un índice de potencial de regulación biótica (Índice PRB), compuesto por un conjunto de indicadores, tomando como base la metodología de indicadores de sustentabilidad. Con este índice se estimó indirectamente el potencial de un sistema productivo para la regulación de adversidades bióticas, a través de la evaluación de distintos parámetros de la agrobiodiversidad presente en el mismo. Finalmente se analizaron cualitativamente los resultados, relacionando la energía invertida en el proceso de regulación biótica con el índice PRB. Los resultados de esta tesis mostraron, tal como se esperaba, que los sistemas mixtos familiares tienen mejores valores de agrobiodiversidad funcional, que los sistemas agrícolas empresariales. El índice PRB, mostró que los sistemas mixtos familiares superan ampliamente a los sistemas agrícolas empresariales (0,7 vs. 0,4), sugiriendo que los sistemas mixtos familiares tienen un “potencial de regulación biótica” superior. Los valores de los indicadores de agrobiodiversidad que componen el índice PRB fueron mejores en los sistemas mixtos familiares, destacándose como puntos muy favorables la diversidad cultivada, rotación de cultivos, cobertura intra parcela, relación perímetro área, uso de policultivos, estrategia de manejo de malezas, presencia de parches forestales y presencia de pastizal natural. Las características propias de estos sistemas hacen que destaquen estos puntos, ya que son favorecidos por la necesidad de generar una oferta forrajera. En relación al uso de la energía, los resultados mostraron que los sistemas mixtos familiares tuvieron valores de eficiencia energética similares a los sistemas agrícolas empresariales (9,3 vs. 9,6), mientras que el engorde a corral empresarial tuvo un valor mucho menor (0,3). En los sistemas de producción de carne, debido que se trata de un nivel trófico superior, la obtención de proteína animal demanda mucha más cantidad de energía que la de origen vegetal, por lo que con igual cantidad de energía se obtiene menos producto. En ese sentido, aunque los sistemas mixtos familiares y agrícolas empresariales tengan valores similares de eficiencia energética, los sistemas mixtos familiares están generando producción primaria y secundaria con iguales valores de eficiencia energética que los sistemas agrícolas empresariales que solamente producen granos (primer eslabón en la cadena trófica), por lo que puede considerarse que los valores de eficiencia energética obtenidos para los sistemas mixtos familiares son superiores. Esto permite confirmar la hipótesis de que los sistemas mixtos familiares son más eficientes en el uso de la energía que los sistemas agrícolas empresariales. También se confirma para el caso de los sistemas de engorde a corral empresarial, ya que la eficiencia energética demostró ser marcadamente inferior a la del resto de los sistemas estudiados. Las entradas de energía en los sistemas mixtos familiares fueron menos de la mitad del valor de las entradas en los sistemas agrícolas empresariales (4.540,5 vs. 10.437,2 MJ/ha/año), lo que demuestra que los sistemas mixtos familiares consumen menos energía que los sistemas agrícolas empresariales. Estos resultados son favorables si el objetivo es disminuir el consumo energético de la producción de alimentos. Los sistemas mixtos familiares gastaron en el proceso de regulación biótica 2,5 veces menos energía que los sistemas agrícolas empresariales, lo cual podría estar asociado a los valores de agrobiodiversidad presentes en el agroecosistema. En los sistemas mixtos familiares un mayor índice PRB se relacionó con un menor consumo de energía en el proceso de regulación biótica, sugiriendo que existe un potencial de regulación biótica que esta siendo aprovechado por los productores, aunque de manera indirecta. En estos sistemas las lógicas productivas o las decisiones de los productores determinan, por un lado, la existencia del potencial de regulación biótica y, por el otro, el aprovechamiento de ese potencial. A diferencia de la agricultura moderna, en donde las técnicas se uniformaron y se produce casi estandarizadamente, los sistemas mixtos familiares requieren una planificación de mediano o largo plazo, integrando el sistema, poniendo en juego saberes previos y utilizando técnicas mas variadas y flexibles, que se modifican de acuerdo a las coyunturas internas y externas del agroecosistema. los productores deben pensar de manera diferente que en un sistema agrícola, ya que se trata de sistemas complejos en los que la producción ganadera incorpora más variabilidad. Además, el diseño del sistema y las decisiones tecnológico-productivas están dados no solo por la lógica derivada de la producción ganadera, sino también por la condición de productor familiar. El establecimiento, además de ser la principal fuente de ingresos, es un símbolo familiar. El mantenimiento y resguardo de ese patrimonio familiar (material y simbólico) es el objetivo central de la dinámica del sistema productivo. Estas características contribuirían a la presencia de un potencial de regulación biótica en estos sistemas. Los resultados encontrados reafirman la importancia de conservar los sistemas productivos mixtos familiares. En estos sistemas la agrobiodiversidad y el potencial de regulación biótica fueron mayores que en los sistemas agrícolas empresariales, mientras que el consumo de energía en el proceso de regulación biótica fue menor. Las lógicas y decisiones productivas de los sistemas mixtos familiares favorecieron la presencia y aprovechamiento del potencial de regulación biótica para la disminución del uso de insumos. Por lo tanto, los sistemas mixtos familiares pueden contribuir al rediseño de los sistemas extensivos mediante la demostración de formas empíricas de hacer frente a la complejidad y la diversidad agroecológica.

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Quiroga, Mendiola Mariana. "Sociedades y agroecosistemas pastoriles de alta montaña en La Puna. Departamento Yavi, Provincia de Jujuy, República Argentina." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/1856.

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Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias Agropecuarias)--UNC- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2012.
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sustentabilidad ecológica y socio-cultural económica de los agroecosistemas pastoriles en ambientes áridos de alta montaña, y discutir la afirmación de que la Puna se encuentra en riesgo de desertización a causa del sobrepastoreo producido por el uso de los pastizales naturales. Se ha caracterizado las prácticas pastoriles de los pueblos de la Puna de Jujuy, como resultado de procesos históricos y sociales; y se ha explorado el efecto de la perturbación ocasionada por el pastoreo sobre la estructura y funcionalidad de la vegetación nativa. Los resultados muestran que los agroecosistemas pastoriles de la Puna se han constituido a lo largo de una historia económica signada por la exacción de mano de obra de la comunidad, y cambios sociopolíticos que generan el paulatino abandono de técnicas antiguas de aprovechamiento de la heterogeneidad espacio-temporal del paisaje. La trama social comunitaria e intercomunitaria mantiene su rol como amortiguadora del impacto de los vaivenes económicos, pero se observa el abandono paulatino de puestos de pastoreo, reducción de los rebaños e incremento relativo de los ingresos familiares por actividades extraprediales o transferencias del Estado. La vegetación no muestra cambios estructurales o funcionales como respuesta a las diferentes modalidades de presión de pastoreo. Se discutió un modelo de Estados y Transiciones para encontrar significancia a posibles riesgos de amenazas a la resiliencia y resistencia del ecosistema. Se fundamentó que las prácticas pastoriles en Suripujio gestionan de manera sustentable la variabilidad espacio-temporal de la vegetación nativa.
This study aimed to evaluate the ecological and socio-economic sustainability of the agro-pastoralists in arid high mountain, and discuss the claim that Puna is at risk of desertification through overgrazing caused by the use of natural grassland. We have characterized the pastoral practice of peasants in the Puna of Jujuy, as a result of historical and social processes, and we have explored the effect of the disturbance caused by grazing on the structure and function of native vegetation. The results show that pastoral agroecosystems of the Puna have been formed along an economic history marked by the exaction of labor from the community and socio-political changes that generate the gradual abandonment of old techniques of utilization of the space-temporary heterogeneity of landscape. The inter-community and social web maintains its role as a buffer on the impact of economic downturns, but there is a gradual abandonment of pastoral “puestos”, a reduction of herds and an increase of family income relative to extrapredial activities and transfers from the state. The vegetation shows no structural or functional changes in response to different forms of grazing pressure. We discussed a model of States and Transitions to find significance of possible risk of threats to ecosystem resilience and resistance. It is based here that pastoral practices Suripujio manage spatiotemporal variability of native vegetation in a sustainably way.

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Almeida, Ana Sofia Vilarinho de. "A iniciativa "Sistemas Importantes do Património Agrícola Mundial (SIPAM/GIAHS)" como estratégia de preservação dinâmica de património: estudo de caso do sistema agro-silvo-pastoril do Barroso." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19655.

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Os sistemas de produção agrícola tradicionais têm funções primordiais na preservação do ambiente, da cultura, de regimes alimentares sustentáveis e de conhecimentos importantes para vários desafios que a humanidade enfrenta. Numa tentativa de resposta a este desafio, a FAO - Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura, lançou em 2002 a iniciativa SIPAM - Sistemas Importantes do Património Agrícola Mundial com o objetivo de fomentar a manutenção dinâmica destes territórios em todo o mundo (sobretudo no continente asiático e africano). No entanto, é notória a ausência de investigação científica sobre esta classificação, nomeadamente análise crítica sobre a contribuição para a preservação dos sistemas agrícolas e sobre os limites de aplicabilidade. Na presente dissertação procura-se colmatar esta ausência, analisando um conjunto de avaliações promovidas pela FAO e realizando uma avaliação preliminar ao SIPAM português, na região do Barroso em Trás-os Montes. Barroso foi o primeiro território português a ser reconhecido internacionalmente pelo valor das práticas agrícolas locais, tendo recebido a classificação SIPAM em 2008. O objetivo da dissertação passa então por analisar os benefícios sociais, económicos, e culturais desta classificação, assim como as suas limitações. Este estudo vem responder à necessidade de conhecimento sobre os potenciais efeitos desta classificação nos territórios e nas comunidades podendo fornecer elementos para a sua melhoria. Poderá ser um documento útil a decisores políticos, organizações da sociedade civil que pretendam preservar os respetivos patrimónios agrícolas.
Traditional agricultural production systems have a key role to play in preserving the environment, culture, sustainable diets and knowledge relevant to various challenges that humanity faces. In an attempt to respond to these challenges, FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, launched in 2002 the initiative GIAHS – Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems with the aim of promoting the dynamic maintenance of these territories around the world (especially on the Asian and African continent). However, there is a lack of scientific research on this classification, including critical analysis of the contribution to the preservation of agricultural systems and its limits of applicability. This dissertation seeks to counter this absence by analyzing a set of assessments promoted by FAO and carrying out a preliminary assessment of the Portuguese SIPAM, in the Barroso region of Trás-os Montes. Barroso was the first Portuguese territory to be internationally recognized for the value of local agricultural practices, having received the SIPAM classification in 2008. The aim of the dissertation is to analyze the social, economic and cultural benefits of this classification, as well as its limitations. This study responds to the need for knowledge about the potential effects of this classification on territories and communities and may provide elements for its improvement. It may be a useful document for policy makers and civil society organizations that wish to preserve their agricultural heritage.

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Bryant, Jeremy. "Quantifying genetic variation in environmental sensitivity of New Zealand dairy cattle to apply in the development of a dairy cattle simulation model for pastoral systems : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1588.

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The objectives of this research were firstly, to investigate if dairy cattle genotypes in NZ exhibit genetic variation in environmental sensitivity and to determine if this genetic variation is statistically significant from a genetic evaluation perspective, and secondly, to use genetic information including environmental sensitivity data to simulate dairy cattle responses to changes in nutritional regime and variation in climate. A comprehensive review identified that simulation models either overlook, or do not represent environmental sensitivity information where genotypes and breeds respond differently when exposed to variations in environment. A large dataset of daily and total lactation records (yields of milk, fat and protein) from herds participating in the progeny testing of sires from 1989 to 2002 was obtained to test for differences in the environmental sensitivity of dairy cattle in New Zealand. Production data was matched with environmental data relating to climate, herd size, altitude and herd average production levels (a proxy for feeding level). The statistical analyses applying univariate and bivariate multibreed models to environmental character states identified minimal sire re-ranking between environmental character states as measured by genetic and rank correlations. However, differences in yields of milk, fat and protein between New Zealand Jersey and overseas Holstein Friesian systematically diverged with production level, in herds expected to use different levels of supplements. These results suggest New Zealand Jersey cattle are best suited to a grassland-type environment, and overseas Holstein Friesian cattle are more suited to an intensive-type environment. A phenotypic analysis identified thermal environment (cold and hot conditions) significantly affected the expression of production traits in Holstein Friesian, New Zealand Jersey and Holstein Friesian x New Zealand Jersey cattle. Holstein Friesian dairy cattle were more susceptible to the effects of heat conditions than New Zealand Jersey cattle with yields of milk, and concentrations of fat and protein of the former compromised at a lower value for temperature humidity index. Dairy cattle performance is likely to be compromised by heat more frequently than cold conditions in New Zealand. A simulation model that considers how dairy cow genotypes respond to different environments, incorporating the results presented above, was then developed. An initial estimate of feed intake is used to define cow genetic potential based on estimated breeding values for total yields milk, fat and protein, and environmental sensitivity information. A mammary gland module then predicts daily yields of milk, fat and protein based on the cow's genetic potential after considering her age, stage of lactation, body condition score, nutritional status and thermal environment. Live weight change is also predicted via a body energy stores module, which considers the effect of age, stage of lactation, current body condition score, nutritional status, and an estimated breeding value for body condition score. Feed intake is predicted from the requirements for maintenance, growth and pregnancy, and the genetic drive for yields of milk, fat and protein and body fat change. The predictive ability of the model was tested using information from a prior study with two Holstein Friesian genotypes managed in a pasture-based system. The model simulated to a high degree of accuracy, mean values for yields of milk, fat and protein, and concentrations of fat and protein of each genotype. Various tests identified the major source of error between simulated and observed values were due to a lack of simulated variation. In conclusion, the extent of genetic variation in environmental sensitivity for total lactation yields of milk, fat and protein within the range of New Zealand environments are not sufficient to warrant the formation of separate breeding schemes for distinct environments. However, New Zealand Jersey cattle are best suited to a grassland-type environment, and overseas Holstein Friesian cattle are more suited to an intensive-type environment. Genetic variation in the suitability of different breeds for specific environments existed within breeds. A simulation model was developed that was able to simulate the effect of genotype, environment and genotypic differences in environmental sensitivity on daily cow performance.

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Schreurs, Nicola Maria. "Effect of condensed tannin and fresh forage diets on the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen and on the pastoral odour and flavour of sheep meat : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1512.

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Flavour is a factor that has a large influence on meat quality. Pastoral flavour that results from the grazing of pasture is an undesirable characteristic of meat flavour for consumers more accustomed to meat produced by grain and concentrate feeding systems. In New Zealand there is a reliance on grazing systems for sheep meat production, however the resulting meat flavour is one factor that impedes the increase of sheep meat exports to discerning markets. Correlation of chemical analyses to sensory evaluations of sheep meat has identified that a high concentration of indole and skatole in the fat is associated with pastoral flavours. Indole and skatole are formed in the rumen from the microbial fermentation of tryptophan. New Zealand pasture is high in protein, which is both highly soluble and rapidly degraded in the rumen. As such, pasture diets provide a rich and ready source of tryptophan for the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen. Condensed tannins are known to slow the degradation of protein in the rumen. Therefore, one of the objectives of this study was to establish if dietary condensed tannin can reduce the ruminal biogenesis of indole and skatole and consequently, ameliorate pastoral flavour in sheep meat. White clover usually comprises up to 30% of the botanical composition of pastures in New Zealand, is highly degradable in the rumen and likely to result in a high availability of tryptophan in the rumen for conversion to indole and skatole. Therefore, another objective of this study was to determine if feeding white clover gave a significant increase in the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen compared to perennial ryegrass and if this has an effect on pastoral flavour in meat. These hypotheses were tested using a series of in vitro rumen fermentations that incorporated the use of fresh forages (Chapter 3 and 6). In vivo experiments were utilised to assess rumen formation of indole and skatole with different forages (Chapter 4) and to assess effects of dietary condensed tannin (CT; Chapter 5 and 7). Meat and fat samples from lambs used in Chapters 5 and 7 underwent sensory evaluation to determine if forage or CT treatments were having an effect on the fat odour or meat flavour. From the in vitro and in vivo experiments of (Chapter 3, 4, 6 and 7) it was calculated that the formation of indole and skatole with perennial ryegrass is generally only 6-41% of that formed with white clover. A higher concentration of indole and skatole was also observed in the blood plasma of lambs that were fed white clover compared to those that were fed perennial ryegrass (Chapter 7) and white clover gave an overall more intense flavour in the meat. Comparison of forages fermented in vitro (Chapter 3) showed that with forage legumes of a higher CT concentration, such as Lotus pedunculatus (98 gCT kg-1 DM) and Dorycnium rectum (122 gCT kg-1 DM), the indole and skatole formed was only 7-21% of that formed with white clover. With forages of an intermediate CT concentration such as sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and Lotus corniculatus the indole and skatole concentration formed was 53-68% of that of white clover. From in vitro rumen fermentation of mixtures of white clover and Lotus pedunculatus it was concluded that the CT in Lotus pedunculatus was not reacting with the protein in white clover. Fermentation of fresh white clover in the presence of an increasing concentration of added CT extract showed that at a higher CT, indole and skatole formation were reduced to low levels. It was inferred that this was due to optimal protein binding and the availability of free condensed tannin to bind other sources of protein, including rumen microbes. However, in vivo dosing with a CT extract resulted in only a small reduction in rumen indole and skatole concentration. This indicated that when CT was dosed into the in vivo rumen of lambs fed fresh forages the CT probably passed from the rumen before adequate protein release from the forage had taken place. Thus, in the grazing situation it will be optimal to provide CT in planta to maximise protein binding and this, in combination with the high CT concentration needed (approximately 80 gCT kg-1 DM), makes Lotus pedunculatus or Dorycnium rectum the prime candidates for further grazing trials into pastoral flavour amelioration using CT forages. Grazing Lotus corniculatus (40 gCT kg-1 DM) in a field experiment resulted in a lower rumen and blood plasma and fat concentration of indole and skatole in comparison to the grazing of perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. However, a change in the pastoral odour of the fat was not perceived by the sensory panel when comparing fat samples from lambs that had grazed Lotus corniculatus and perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. The concentration of skatole in the body fat was less variable in the lambs that had grazed Lotus corniculatus and resulted in no lambs with a high outlying concentration (>100 ng g-1) of indole and skatole. This finding holds some potential for reducing pastoral flavour for consumers sensitive to high indole and skatole concentration in the fat. When condensed tannin was dosed to lambs that were fed white clover or perennial ryegrass in the form of a grape seed extract the intermittent supply of CT slightly reduced indole and skatole formation in the rumen and reduced the plasma concentration of indole and skatole. Flavour assessment of meat from the lambs fed white clover or perennial ryegrass with or without CT suggested that CT reduced the intensity of pastoral flavours. However, there were minimal effects on indole and skatole concentration in the body fat. It was possible that other pastoral flavour related compounds derived from the degradation of amino acids, in addition to indole and skatole that were measured, were having an effect on the meat flavour. It was concluded that dietary condensed tannin is able to reduce the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen and can alter the sensory attributes of sheep meat including reducing pastoral flavours. A higher CT concentration present within the forage plant (approximately 80 g kg-1 DM) will be best to minimise indole and skatole formation in the rumen and reduce pastoral flavours in the meat. Further research is required to confirm this in the grazing situation. Feeding white clover results in a greater rumen biogenesis of indole and skatole compared to perennial ryegrass and therefore, may be the primary contributor to pastoral flavours when ruminants graze conventional pastures. Further research is required to evaluate the flavour attributes that result from feeding white clover to meat producing ruminants in the New Zealand grazing situation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pastoral agriculture'

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