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Journal articles on the topic 'Passivity (Chemistry)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Bertocci, U., J. L. Fink, D. E. Hall, P. V. Madsen, and R. E. Ricker. "Passivity and passivity breakdown in nickel aluminide." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90148-x.

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2

Abd El Rehim, S. S., S. M. Abd El Wahab, E. E. Fouad, and Hamdy H. Hassan. "Passivity and passivity breakdown of zinc anode in alkaline medium." Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46, no. 11 (November 1995): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19950461105.

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3

Di Quarto, F., and M. Santamaria. "Semiconductor electrochemistry approach to passivity and passivity breakdown of metals and metallic alloys." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 39, no. 1 (March 2004): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/147842204225016903.

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4

Lee, E. J., and S. I. Pyun. "The effect of oxide chemistry on the passivity of aluminium surfaces." Corrosion Science 37, no. 1 (January 1995): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)00127-r.

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5

Mahitthimahawong, Siwaporn, Yada Chotvisut, and Thongchai Srinophakun. "Performance comparison of different control strategies for heat exchanger networks." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2018-0003.

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Abstract In this article, the dynamic responses of heat exchanger networks to disturbance and setpoint change were studied. Various control strategies, including: proportional integral, model predictive control, passivity approach, and passivity-based model predictive control were used to monitor all outlet temperatures. The performance of controllers was analyzed through two procedures: 1) inducing a ±5% step disturbance in the supply temperature, or 2) tracking a ±5°C target temperature. The performance criteria used to evaluate these various control modes was settling time and percentage overshoot. According to the results, the passivity-based model predictive controllers produced the best performance to reject the disturbance and the model predictive control proved to be the best controller to track the setpoint. Whereas, the ensuing performance results of both the PI and passivity controllers were discovered to be only acceptable.

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6

Haruyama, Shiro. "Electrochemical methods in passivity study." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90088-m.

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7

Janik-Czachor, M. "Passivity of metal-metalloid glasses." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90127-q.

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8

Shibata, Toshio. "Stochastic studies of passivity breakdown." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90140-z.

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9

Macdonald, D. D., and M. Urquidi-Macdonald. "Deterministic models for passivity breakdown." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90141-q.

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10

Kim, Yeong Ho, and G. S. Frankel. "Effect of Noble Element Alloying on Passivity and Passivity Breakdown of Ni." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 154, no. 1 (2007): C36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2387060.

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11

Choudhary, S., N. Birbilis, and S. Thomas. "Evolution of Passivity for the Multi-Principal Element Alloy CoCrFeNi with Potential, pH, and Exposure in Chloride Solution." Corrosion 78, no. 1 (October 14, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3902.

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The evolution of passivity of the multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) CoCrFeNi was studied as a function of potential, pH, and exposure duration in 0.1 M NaCl. It was shown that CoCrFeNi exhibits excellent passivity irrespective of pH, revealing a multi-oxide passive film enriched with Cr(III) oxide. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests that the passive film thickness and polarization resistance increase with increasing pH and exposure duration, whereby the growth behavior of the passive film was consistent with the assumptions of the point defect model. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis suggested that the fraction of Co(II) and Ni(II) oxides in the passive film, and their contributions to the passivity of the alloy, increased with increase in pH of the electrolyte. The present work explores the complex synergy between composition, thermodynamics, and kinetics on the resultant passivity of a MPEA.

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12

Fossas, Enric, Rosa M. Ros, and Herbet Sira-Ramírez. "Passivity-Based Control of a Bioreactor System." Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 36, no. 4 (August 2004): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jomc.0000044522.36742.4b.

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13

Gerretsen, J. H., J. H. W. de Wit, and J. C. Riviére. "Passivity and breakdown of passivity of iron-chromium alloys studied with cyclic voltammetry, ellipsometry and XPS." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90160-7.

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14

Neupane, Shova, Sandrine Zanna, Antoine Seyeux, Lorena H. Klein, Vincent Maurice, and Philippe Marcus. "Can We Enhance Passivity with a Surface Finish? Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Analysis on 316L Stainless Steel." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 011505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4bf7.

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The effects of surface finish by mechanical polishing, vibratory polishing, and high-temperature annealing were studied on 316L stainless steel by combining microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of the surface morphology and composition and electrochemical analysis of the corrosion resistance. Compared to mechanical polishing, vibratory finishing promotes passivity at the active-passive transition in acid solution and enhances resistance to chloride-induced passivity breakdown. Cr and Mo enrichments in the native oxide film increase owing to preferential iron etching. The bilayer structure develops a thicker Cr(III) oxide inner barrier layer and an outer exchange layer further enriched in Cr(III) hydroxide and Mo(IV/VI) oxides. The Fe-rich weak sites of passivity are reinforced. High-temperature annealing in reducing hydrogen environment enables us to fully reconstruct the cold-worked layers left by mechanical or vibratory finishing, thus allowing us to expose the bulk microstructure at the topmost surface. The benefits brought by vibratory finishing are lost upon reducing the initial native oxide. The re-formed native oxide develops a bilayer structure with similar Cr and Mo enrichments as that obtained from mechanical polishing and no beneficial effects on passivity. The results provide comprehensive insight into how the passivity of stainless steel can be enhanced by surface enrichment engineering.

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15

El-Rehim, S. S. Abd, O. Abou El-Wafa, S. M. Abd El-Wahab, and S. M. Rashwan. "Breakdown of cadmium passivity in alkaline solution." Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43, no. 2 (February 1992): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19920430205.

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16

Zhang, Yajing, Jinyao Si, Xiu-Teng Wang, Jianguo Li, and Hongyan Zhao. "Stability Analysis of Buck Converter Based on Passivity-Based Stability Criterion." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (February 21, 2024): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14051755.

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Recently, the stability of DC microgrids has attracted increasing attention. The traditional stability analysis method cannot not meet the requirements for the complexity and bidirectional energy flow of the system. In this paper, a passivity-based stability criterion (PBSC) is proposed to analyze the stability of the cascade system. In order to realize the passivity of the system, an improved feedback control method based on the traditional double-loop control strategy is proposed, which will improve the stability region and guarantee the passivity of the system. Moreover, a Buck-CPL simulation model is established based on MATLAB/Simulink R2008, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis is verified by experiments.

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17

Macdonald, D. D. "Passivity: enabler of our metals based civilisation." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 49, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743278214y.0000000158.

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18

Bockris, J. O'M. "Spectroscopic observations on the nature of passivity." Corrosion Science 29, no. 2-3 (January 1989): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(89)90037-1.

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19

Kelly, R. G., and P. J. Moran. "The passivity of metals in organic solutions." Corrosion Science 30, no. 4-5 (January 1990): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90053-8.

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20

Song, Sh, W. Song, and Zh Fang. "The improvement of passivity by ion implantation." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90137-t.

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21

Davies, J. A., and P. A. Brook. "The breakdown of passivity on mild steel." Corrosion Science 33, no. 2 (February 1992): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(92)90155-v.

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22

Bartosik, Łukasz, Dung di Caprio, and Janusz Stafiej. "Cellular automata approach to corrosion and passivity phenomena." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 1 (July 13, 2012): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-02-01.

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Our research on employing the cellular automata methodology to corrosion and passivation phenomena is reviewed. Examples of a peculiar pit development are found and presented. The diffusion rate in the corroding medium is argued and shown in the simulation results to affect mainly the characteristic length scale for the corrosion process. New data for the pitting corrosion development on a planar interface are presented and discussed.

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23

Macdonald, D. D. "Passivity–the key to our metals-based civilization." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 6 (June 30, 1999): 951–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971060951.

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24

Janik-Czachor, M. "Passivity of Fe-Ni base amorphous alloys." ISIJ International 31, no. 2 (1991): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.31.149.

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25

Lee, Jun-Seob, Jun-Hyeong Lee, Jun-Seok Oh, Sung Kang, Seung-Hoon Baek, Jee Hyuk Ahn, Seung Zeon Han, and Je-Hyun Lee. "Effect of carbon addition on the passivity of hypoeutectic high chromium cast irons." RSC Advances 13, no. 1 (2023): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06902d.

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26

Sueptitz, R., M. Uhlemann, A. Gebert, and L. Schultz. "Corrosion, passivation and breakdown of passivity of neodymium." Corrosion Science 52, no. 3 (March 2010): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.11.008.

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27

Frankenthal, Robert P. "Passivity and corrosion of electronic materials and devices." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90091-i.

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28

Alekseev, Yu V. "Development or Stagnation of the Theory of Metal Passivity." Protection of Metals 41, no. 5 (September 2005): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11124-005-0072-6.

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29

Chen, Ping-Nan, Yung-Te Chen, Hsin Hsiu, and Ruei-Jia Chen. "The Application of an Impedance-Passivity Controller in Haptic Stability Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041618.

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This paper proposes a passivity theorem on the basis of energy concepts to study the stability of force feedback in a virtual haptic system. An impedance-passivity controller (IPC) was designed from the two-port network perspective to improve the chief drawback of haptic systems, namely the considerable time required to reach stability if the equipment consumes energy slowly. The proposed IPC can be used to achieve stability through model parameter selection and to obtain control gain. In particular, haptic performance can be improved for extreme cases of high stiffness and negative damping. Furthermore, a virtual training system for one-degree-of-freedom sticking was developed to validate the experimental platform of our IPC. To ensure consistency in the experiment, we designed a specialized mechanical robot to replace human operation. Finally, compared with basic passivity control systems, our IPC could achieve stable control rapidly.

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30

Cong, Hongbo, Harold Michels, and John R. Scully. "Passivity and Pit Stability Behavior of Copper as a Function of Selected Water Chemistry Variables." ECS Transactions 16, no. 52 (December 18, 2019): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3229963.

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31

Cong, Hongbo, Harold T. Michels, and John R. Scully. "Passivity and Pit Stability Behavior of Copper as a Function of Selected Water Chemistry Variables." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 156, no. 1 (2009): C16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2999351.

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32

Qiu, Jie, Yakun Zhu, Yi Xu, Yanhui Li, Feixiong Mao, Angjian Wu, and Digby D. Macdonald. "Effect of Chloride on the Pitting Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Alkaline Solutions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 031501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac580c.

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The effect of chloride concentration on the passivity breakdown of carbon steel in deaerated pH = 13.5 alkaline solution was investigated. The results show that chloride plays an important role for the pitting corrosion of carbon steel. When NaCl ≤ 1 M , the carbon steel is passive but for 1 M < NaCl < 2 M , the carbon steel transfers from passive to passivity breakdown. When NaCl ≥ 2 M , passive film breakdown occurs and the passivity breakdown potential (E b ) of carbon steel is linearly-dependent on the logarithm of the chloride activity in the alkaline solution. As predicted by the PDM, the near-normal distribution of E b is well indicated by the near straight line in the cumulative distribution probability. The analysis in this study gives us a method to calculate the E b of carbon steel in alkaline solution and its distribution for any given chloride concentration.

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33

Natishan, P. M. "2017 W.R. Whitney Award: Perspectives on Chloride Interactions with Passive Oxides and Oxide Film Breakdown." Corrosion 74, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2511.

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The nature of passivity and its breakdown have garnered great interest before and since Schonbein used the term “passivity” in 1836 to describe the “altered state” of iron. There has been a large body of experimental work, and a number of theories describing passivity and its breakdown leading to pitting corrosion have been proposed. However, there continues to be debate on this topic, which includes the discussion as to whether pit initiation is controlled by oxide film breakdown or by the pit growth kinetics. This communication will focus on oxide film breakdown without drawing any conclusions on the rate controlling step. As all currently proposed mechanisms require Cl− interactions for oxide film breakdown in Cl-containing environments, the question becomes what is the nature of the interaction of Cl− with the passive film, adsorption and/or incorporation, or neither? The interaction of Cl− with the passive film on pure aluminum and Type 316 stainless steel will be reviewed and summarized using available experimental data concerning Cl− interactions both from prior work at the Naval Research Laboratory and work reported in the literature. A point will be made that choosing the appropriate experimental procedure and data analysis is of great importance for getting high-fidelity data.

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34

Fernández-Domene, R. M., E. Blasco-Tamarit, D. M. García-García, and J. García Antón. "Passivity Breakdown of Titanium in LiBr Solutions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 161, no. 1 (November 11, 2013): C25—C35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.035401jes.

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35

Dong, Chaofang, Feixiong Mao, Shujun Gao, Samin Sharifi-Asl, Pin Lu, and Digby D. Macdonald. "Passivity Breakdown on Copper: Influence of Temperature." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 13 (2016): C707—C717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0401613jes.

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36

Hibbert, D. Brynn, and S. V. Murphy. "Kinetic Model of Iron Corrosion and Passivity." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): L30—L32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2086003.

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37

Kelly, R. G., P. J. Moran, J. Kruger, C. Zollman, and E. Gileadi. "Passivity of Fe in Anhydrous Propylene Carbonate." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 136, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 3262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2096435.

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38

Ellerbrock, David J., and Digby D. Macdonald. "Passivity Breakdown on Solid Versus Liquid Gallium." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 141, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2059151.

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39

Al‐Sahli, Abdulmohsin, Elmira Ghanbari, and Digby D. Macdonald. "Effect of tungsten alloying on passivity breakdown of nickel." Materials and Corrosion 70, no. 2 (October 11, 2018): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810121.

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40

Mazurkiewicz, Boguslaw. "Anodic passivity of glassy Ni83B17 alloy in sulphuric acid." Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43, no. 12 (December 1992): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19920431205.

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41

Paul, S., P. K. Mitra, and S. C. Sirkar. "Passivity Breakdown and PZC of Aluminum Chloride Water System." CORROSION 49, no. 3 (March 1993): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3316039.

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42

Haslam, Gareth E., Xiao-Yao Chin, and G. Tim Burstein. "Passivity and electrocatalysis of nanostructured nickel encapsulated in carbon." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13, no. 28 (2011): 12968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20701f.

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43

Shibata, Toshio. "Passivity breakdown and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel." Corrosion Science 49, no. 1 (January 2007): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.05.031.

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44

Chen, Jia, Jianwei Xiao, Jonathan Poplawsky, F. Marc Michel, Chuang Deng, and Wenjun Cai. "The origin of passivity in aluminum-manganese solid solutions." Corrosion Science 173 (August 2020): 108749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108749.

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45

Zaid, T., D. Starosvetsky, A. Irace, M. De Laurentis, and Y. Ein-Eli. "Achieving Extreme Etching Rates by Overcoming Silicon Passivity." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13, no. 6 (2010): H185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3358141.

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46

Chang, Ku-Ming. "Fermentation, Phlogiston and Matter Theory: Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Georg Ernst Stahl's Zymotechnia Fundamentalis." Early Science and Medicine 7, no. 1 (2002): 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338202x00027.

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AbstractThis paper examines Georg Ernst Stahl's first book, the Zymotechnia Fundamentalis, in the context of contemporary natural philosophy and the author's career. I argue that the Zymotechnia was a mechanical theory of fermentation written consciously against the influential "fermentational program" of Joan Baptista van Helmont and especially Thomas Willis. Stahl's theory of fermentation introduced his first conception of phlogiston, which was in part a corpuscular transformation of the Paracelsian sulphur principle. Meanwhile some assumptions underlying this theory, such as the composition of matter, the absolute passivity of matter and the "passions" of sulphur, reveal the combined scholastic and mechanistic character of Stahl's natural philosophy. In the conclusion I show that Stahl's theory of fermentation undermined the old fermentational program and paved the way for his dualist vitalism.

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47

Larsson, Alfred, Andrea Grespi, Giuseppe Abbondanza, Josefin Eidhagen, Dorotea Gajdek, Konstantin Simonov, Xiaoqi Yue, et al. "Multimodal in Situ synchrotron Analysis Reveals the Effect of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Corrosion of a Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 14 (December 22, 2023): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02141149mtgabs.

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Nanometer-thin and spontaneously formed oxide films, or passive films, govern the corrosion resistance of many advanced alloys [1]. Our current understanding of the structure and chemistry of the passive film is primarily based on ex situ surface analysis using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) [2] and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) [3]. XPS has historically been limited to Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) conditions, so the results do not represent the true passive film/electrolyte interface. To observe corrosion initiation and progression and obtain a fundamental understanding of corrosion mechanisms, there is a need for techniques that can combine in situ capabilities with detailed chemical and structural information from the surface region. We have previously used Ambient Pressure (AP) XPS to study passive film growth [4] [5] and a combination of X-ray Reflectivity (XRR), Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GI-XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to study the passivity breakdown of duplex stainless steel [6]. Ni-based alloys are known for their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance and are used in many demanding industrial environments. Ni is commonly alloyed with Cr and Mo, where Cr is known to improve the corrosion resistance due to the formation of a Cr2O3 oxide film on the surface, while the role of Mo is debated. Commonly used electrochemical techniques for studying passivity breakdown of other alloys may not be applicable to Ni-Cr-Mo alloys because the measured electrochemical current is not only due to corrosion reactions [7]. Ni and Mo are good catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) [8, 9], which adds another dimension of complexity to the material system since OER is known to be coupled with dissolution and degradation in other metallic systems [10]. A fundamental holistic understanding is missing regarding how the chemistry and structure of the passive film on Ni-Cr-Mo alloys evolve in realistic aqueous conditions and how that correlates with the onset of dissolution, which determines the breakdown of passivity. Here we present a comprehensive study combining several synchrotron-based techniques to study the surface region of a Ni-Cr-Mo alloy in NaCl solutions in situ during electrochemical polarization, as shown in Figure 1 a). XRR and AP-XPS were used to investigate the thickness and chemistry of the passive film. GI-XRD was used to determine the change in the metal lattice underneath the passive film. XRF was used to quantify the dissolution of alloying elements. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) was used to study the chemical state of the dissolved species in the electrolyte and the chemical state of corrosion products formed on the surface. The combination of these techniques allowed us to study the corrosion process and detect the passivity breakdown in situ and correlate it to the onset of OER. Growth of the passive film and enrichment of Mo6+ oxide was observed in the passive range below 800 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, followed by a drastic increase in the electrochemical current coupled with the formation of a thick film of MoO3, and Cr(OH)3, as seen from the AP-XPS data in Figure 1 b). The current increase at potentials above 800 mV vs. Ag/AgCl coincided with the dissolution of Ni2+, Cr3+, and Mo6+, as seen in Figure 1 c). Quantitative analysis revealed that a substantial part of the measured current was due to oxygen evolution, as shown in Figure 1 d). The experimental techniques and the unique information they provide will be discussed, as well as the role of OER on the passivity breakdown of the Ni-Cr-Mo alloy. D. D. Macdonald, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 71 (6), 951-978 (1999). H. Strehblow and P. Marcus, CORROSION TECHNOLOGY-NEW YORK AND BASEL-, 22 1 (2006). V. Maurice and P. Marcus, Progress in Materials Science, 95 132-171 (2018). A. Larsson, K. Simonov, J. Eidhagen, A. Grespi, X. Yue, H. Tang, A. Delblanc, M. Scardamaglia, A. Shavorskiy, J. Pan, and E. Lundgren, Appl Surf Sci, 611 155714 (2023). M. Långberg, C. Örnek, J. Evertsson, G. S. Harlow, W. Linpé, L. Rullik, F. Carlà, R. Felici, E. Bettini, U. Kivisäkk, E. Lundgren, and J. Pan, npj Materials Degradation, 3 (1), 22 (2019). E. Bettini, C. Leygraf, and J. Pan, Int J Electrochem Sc, 8 11791-11804 (2013). H. Liao, X. Zhang, S. Niu, P. Tan, K. Chen, Y. Liu, G. Wang, M. Liu, and J. Pan, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 307 121150 (2022). A. Lončar, D. Escalera-López, S. Cherevko, and N. Hodnik, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61 (14), e202114437 (2022). Figure 1

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48

Arab, Sanaa T., Khadijah M. Emran, and Hamad A. Al-Turaif. "Passivity characteristics on Ni(Cr)(Fe)SiB glassy alloys in phosphate solution." Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 18, no. 3 (July 2014): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.05.020.

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49

Janik‐Czachor, M., and H. Viefhaus. "Passivity of Fe‐Ni Base Metal‐Metalloid Glasses." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 136, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 2481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2097438.

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50

McCafferty, E. "Graph Theory and the Passivity of Binary Alloys." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 2 (2004): B82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1637899.

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