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Júnior, João Claudio De Lima, and Marina Rosa Ana Augusto. "Passivep and The Distinction Between Eventive, Resultative, and Statitive Passives 1¨." Revista Diadorim 19 (October 30, 2017): 37–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35520/diadorim.2017.v19n0a13513.
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Tis paper focuses the distinction between verbal and adjectival passive sentences. For that differentiation to be accounted for, a previous proposal considering a specifc functional node for eventive passives - passiveP (LIMA JÚNIOR; AUGUSTO, 2015) is retrieved. It is arguably assumed that the approach based on passiveP, besides maintaining a uniform analysis to active and passive sentences (as VoiceP in Collins (2005)), deals well with intervention issues, and is prosperous in addressing parametric variation and language acquisition facts. As far as the tripartite distinction among the different types of passives is concerned (EMBICK, 2004; DUARTE; OLIVEIRA, 2010), it is proposed that a main bipartite distinction between eventive and adjectival passives may be retained, which is here attributed to the presence of passiveP. Concerning stative and resultative passives, an agreement operation between the auxiliary verbs and the participle (LUNGUINHO, 2011) is assumed to allow for different readings to be obtained. A fourth group of passive-like sentences, involving participles, which have lost their connection with their original verbs, is also syntactically distinguished and treated as actual copular constructions.
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Jasim, Ruqaya Mahmood. "The passive As a grammatical phenomenon in four selected textbooks." Journal of the College of languages, no. 46 (June 1, 2022): 182–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2022.0.46.0182.
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The research work is "The passive voice as a grammatical phenomenon in four selected textbooks". The research deals with the grammatical phenomenon passive in German. The research consists of two parts, the theoretical and the empirical part. The present research work is divided into 3 sections: The first section includes the definition of passive, passive types, process passive, state passive, passive with modal verbs, and other types of passive. The second section provides illustrations of the four selected textbooks. The third chapter presents the passive voice in textbooks, namely German language teaching for foreigners by Dora Schulz and Heinz Griesbach, Delfin von Aufderstrasse H. and others, Em von Balme, M. and others and Studio D by Funk, H. and others. Then I go to the conclusion. Die Forschungsarbeit lautet ,, Das Passiv als grammatisches Phӓnomen in vier ausgewӓhlten Lehrwerken,,. Die Forschung beschäftigt sich mit dem grammatischen Phӓnomen Passiv im Deutschen. Die Forschung wird aus zwei Teile bestanden, theorethischer und empirischer Teil. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit wird in 3 Abschnitte eingeteilt: Der erste Abschnitt schließt die Definiton des Passivs, Passivarten, Vorgangspassiv, Zustandspassiv, Passiv mit Modalverben, und andere Arten von Passiv ein. Der zweite Abschnitt stellt Abbildungen der vier ausgewählten Lehrwerken. Das dritte Kapitel stellt das Passiv in Lehrwerken, nämlich Deutsche Sprachlehre für Ausländer von Dora Schulz und Heinz Griesbach, Delfin von Aufderstraße H. Und Andere, Em von Balme, M. und Andere und Studio D von Funk, H. und Andere. Anschließend gehe ich auf Schlussfolgerung ein.
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Alencar, Leonel Figueiredo de. "A Passiva em português como construção predicativa adjetival: evidência morfológica e implementação computacional em LFG/XLE (Passive as adjective predicative construction in portuguese: morphological evidence and implementation in LFG/XLE)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v13i2.1300.
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Gramáticas tradicionais do português tratam a passiva como voz, incluindo-a no quadro da conjugação verbal. Neste artigo, discutimos os argumentos de Perini (2010) de que não há voz passiva em português e relacionamos essa proposta com a abordagem da POLFIE, uma gramática do polonês desenvolvida no quadro da LFG e implementada no sistema XLE. Conforme essa gramática, a passiva é uma construção predicativa adjetival. Apresentamos uma evidência adicional, de natureza morfológica, do estatuto adjetival do particípio passivo em português e implementamos essa análise na BrGram, uma gramática do português do Brasil nos moldes da POLFIE. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Voz Passiva. Gramática Léxico- Funcional. Linguística Computacional. Parsing Sintático. Sufixos Avaliativos.
ABSTRACTTraditional grammars of Portuguese handle the passive construction as a voice phenomenon which is part of the verbal conjugation. In this paper, we discuss the claim by Perini (2010) that there is no passive voice in Portuguese. We compare this approach to the one of POLFIE. This is a computational grammar of Polish which was developed within the framework of LFG and implemented in XLE. In this grammar, the passive construction is an adjective predicative construction. We present additional morphological evidence on the adjectival status of the passive participle in Portuguese and implement this analysis in BrGram, a computational grammar of Brazilian Portuguese that is analogous to POLFIE. KEYWORDS: Passive Voice. Lexical-Functional Grammar. Computational Linguistics. Syntactic Parsing. Evaluative Suffixes.
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Nurhayani, Ika. "JAVANESE AND PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE." Linguistik Indonesia 33, no. 2 (August 21, 2015): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v33i2.34.
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Adversative passive is one of the means that languages use to code that an event may have detrimental effect on someone. The adversative passive differs from the standard passive in that the speaker perceives an event as unpleasant or unfortunate. The adversity semantic effect is normally encoded with an adversative passive affix attached to the verb. Javanese has such coding with (1) prefix ke- and (2) the circumfix ke--an. However, Javanese adversative passive is not always associated with adversity. In fact, an event described by Javanese adversative passive may have neutral or pleasant consequences. This proves to be problematic for the current frameworks on adversative passives such as Kubo’s (1992) and Pylkkänen’s (2002) because their frameworks assume that an adversative passive carries an adversative semantic property encoded in the malefactive head or with a passive morphology. Moreover, the subject of the ‘adversative passive’ in Javanese does not have to possess an object because the passive can have a reading in which the passive subject held an object belonging to someone else while experiencing a situation related to the object. This also poses a problem for Pylkkänen’s (2002) because she bases her adversative passive analysis on the possessor raising theory which requires a possesive relation between the theme and the affected argument. I argue that Javanese ‘adversative passive’ is best described as a combination of the prefix ke- and suffix –an (the circumfix ke--an) with the prefix ke- carrying the accidental semantics property and the suffix –an as an applicative suffix adding an affected argument to the construction.
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Estival, Dominique. "A Diachronic Study of the English Passive." Diachronica 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 23–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.6.1.03est.
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SUMMARY The paper presents the results of a quantitative study of the evolution of the passive construction in English. Some of the syntactic environments studied (e.g., the presence of modifiers before the participle, passivization of indirect or prepositional objects, the passive of 'accusative object' verbs or of verbs with predicative complements) have been used as tests for the syntactic category of the passive participle (Wasow 1977). The relative frequency of these environments (and others, such as coordination) in a selection of texts from different periods provide evidence that the change in the grammar of English cannot be described as the introduction of a new rule forming verbal passives instead of adjectival passives (Lightfoot 1979), but is best explained by a change in the structural description of the passive rule, due to a reformulation of the rule in terms of the notion of internal argument (Williams 1981), instead of the notion of direct, or accusative, object of the active verb. RÉSUMÉ L'article présente ici les resultats d'une étude quantitative de l'évolution de la construction passive en anglais. Certains des environnements syntaxiques considérés (par exemple la présence de modificateurs du participe passé, la passivisation d'objets indirects ou prépositionnels, le passif du sujet de complément infinitifs ou de compléments prédicatifs) ont servis de tests pour la catégorie syntaxique du participe passé passif (Wasow 1977). La fréquence relative de ces environnements (ainsi que d'autres, tels que la coordination) dans une sélection de textes de différentes périodes prouve que le changement syntaxique survenue dans la grammaire de l'anglais ne peut être décrit comme l'introduction d'une nouvelle règle qui formerait des passifs verbaux par l'opposition à des passifs adjectivaux (Lightfoot 1979), mais doit s'expliquer par un changement de la description structurelle de la règle du passif, dû à une réformulation de la règle en termes de la notion d"argument interne' (Williams 1981), plutdht que de la notion d'objet direct, ou accusatif, du verbe actif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Aufsatz stellt das Ergebnis einer quantitativen Studie der historischen Entwicklung der Passivkonstruktion im Englischen dar. Einige der hier unter-suchten syntaktischen Umgebungen (etwa das Vorhandensein von Modifikato-ren vor der Partikel, die Passivisierung indirekter oder pràpositioneller Ob-jekte, das Passiv von 'Akkusativobjekt'-Verben oder von Verben mit prädika-tivem Komplement) sind als Test für die syntaktische Kategorie des Passivpar-tizips verwendet worden (Wasow 1977). Die relative Häufîgkeit dieser Umgebungen (und anderer, z.B. die der Koordination) in einer Textauswahl ver-schiedener Zeitabschnitte liefern den Nachweis, daß die Veränderung in der Grammatik des Englischen nicht als die Einführung einer neuen Regel, die verbale anstelle von adjektivalen Passivkonstruktionen bildet, beschrieben werden kann (Lightfoot 1979), sondern vielmehr als ein Wandel in der strukturellen Beschreibung der Passivregel, und zwar als Folge einer Neuformulierung der Regel nach MaBgabe des Prinzips eines 'internen Arguments' (Williams 1981)ß und nicht des eines direkten (Akkusativ-) Objekts des aktiven Verbs.
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Prasithrathsint, Amara. "A Typological Approach to the Passive in Thai." MANUSYA 6, no. 4 (2003): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00604001.
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Based on the generalization and classification of passives in the worldʼs languages put forward by Givón (1979), Siewierska (1984), and Keenan (1990) this study recapitulates the universal types of passive. Twenty types of passive are proposed. They are grouped into ten pairs of contrastive types; namely, passive vs. ergative, true passive vs. pseudo-passive, direct vs. indirect passive, sentential vs. lexical passive, personal vs. impersonal passive, plain vs. reflexive passive, neural vs. adversative or favorable passive, basic vs. non-basic passive, synthetic vs. periphrastic passive, passive with patient subject vs. passive with non-patient subject. It is found that five of these pairs are applicable to the analysis of passive types in Thai. A typological system of passives in Thai is proposed. It comprises eight actual types of passive, which are distinguished from one another by these features: [true], [neutral], [direct], [basic], and [synthetic].
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Friedl, Yvonne, Katrin Hartmann, and Michèle Bergmann. "Passive Immunisierung bei Hund und Katze." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 44, no. 04 (2016): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-160189.
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ZusammenfassungAntikörper haben eine wichtige Funktion bei der Abwehr von Infek - tionskrankheiten. Bei der passiven Immunisierung werden exogene Antikörper übertragen, die einen sofortigen Schutz für den Empfänger bieten. Die passive Immunisierung wird in der Kleintiermedizin vor allem prophylaktisch bei Hunden und Katzen durchgeführt, wenn sie keine maternalen Antikörper über das Kolostrum aufnehmen konnten oder die akute Gefahr einer Infektion besteht. Zum therapeutischen Einsatz bei Hund und Katze gibt es nur wenige plazebokontrollierte Studien. Während passiv übertragene Antikörper bei Katzen mit akutem viralem Katzenschnupfen und bei Hunden mit Staupe eine positive Wirkung auf den Krankheitsverlauf haben können, ließ sich bei der Behandlung der kaninen Parvovirose kein statistisch signifikanter Einfluss nachweisen. Weitere prospektive doppelt geblindete und plazebokontrollierte Studien mit ausreichenden Patientenzahlen zum prophylaktischen wie auch therapeutischen Einsatz der passiven Immunisierung bei Hund und Katze sind notwendig, um die klinische Wirksamkeit adäquat zu belegen.
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Pascut, Beniamin. "The So-Called Passivum Divinum in Mark’s Gospel." Novum Testamentum 54, no. 4 (2012): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341400.
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Abstract Looking at a number of passive verbs that have been labeled divine passives in Markan scholarship, this essay will demonstrate that Mark does not always record passives to score theological points about divine activity. At times, while the passive voice assumes that God is the initiator, the action is in fact carried out by other agency, while other times passive forms can have intransitive meaning without any implication of another agent involved. Passive verbs are also employed to emphasize certain actions and to suppress the identity of the responsible agents when they are irrelevant in the unfolding narrative. In the miracle tradition there is little indication of divine passives in operation, and the passive voice is used to express Jesus’ actions.
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Demuth, Katherine. "Subject, topic and Sesotho passive." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 1 (February 1990): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013106.
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ABSTRACTCounter to findings in English, German and Hebrew, recent acquisition studies have shown that the passive is acquired early in several non-Indo-European languages. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, this paper addresses certain typological phenomena which influence the early acquisition of passives in Sesotho, a southern Bantu language. After outlining the structure of the Sesotho passive and its syntactic and discourse functions, I examine Sesotho-speaking children's spontaneous use of passives, showing that the acquisition of passives in Sesotho is closely linked to the fact that Sesotho subjects must be discourse topics. I conclude that a detailed examination of how passive constructions interact with other components of a given linguistic system is critical for developing a coherent and universally applicable theory of how passives are acquired.
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İsmət oğlu Cəfərov, İmran. "USE OF ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN PASSIVE HOUSE HEATING." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 08, no. 4 (April 27, 2022): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/08/199-202.
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Passiv evlərin, yəni enerjiyə qənaət edən evlərin əsas xüsusiyyətləri aşağı enerji istehlakının olmasıdır. Əksər inkişaf etmiş ölkələrin öz passiv ev standartı tələbləri mövcuddur. Passiv evin rahatlıq temperaturunu saxlamaq üçün heç bir xərc tələb etməyən müstəqil enerji sistemi olmalıdır. Passiv evin isidilməsi orada yaşayan insanların və məişət texnikasının yaratdığı istilik hesabına olmalıdır. Əlavə "aktiv" istilik tələb olunarsa, alternativ enerji mənbələrindən istifadə edilməlidir. Bu enerji mənbələrinə günəş enerjisini və istilik nasoslarını misal göstərmək olar. Açar sözlər: passiv ev, enerjiyə qənaət, istilik enerjisi, günəş enerjisi, istilik nasosu. Imran Ismat Jafarov USE OF ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN PASSIVE HOUSE HEATING Abstract The main feature of passive houses, ie energy-saving houses, is low energy consumption. Most developed countries have their own passive house standard requirements. A passive house should have an independent energy system at no cost to maintain a comfortable temperature. Passive house heating should be due to the heat generated by the people living there and household appliances. If additional "active" heating is required, alternative energy sources should be used. Examples of these energy sources are solar energy and heat pumps. Key words: passive house, energy saving, thermal energy, solar energy, heat pump.
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Bili, Yunita Reny Bani. "Can get passive replace be passive in English?" International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.6.5.
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While some traditional grammarians claim that get passive is the alternative colloquial of be passive, some scholars argue that get passive cannot be used to replace be passive since the use of get as a passive auxiliary is very limited. Due to the debatable claims, this research paper investigated whether be passive can replace get passive or not. In finding the answer, the writing was done by a thorough library study about semantic structure and division of each passive’s role. The result shows that get passive cannot replace be passive because of several reasons. From a semantic structure point of view, firstly the stative verbs, such as emotion and thought cannot be addressed with get passive. Secondly, get passive does not go well with the verbs “creation”. Following the structure, it is important to note that be passive and get passive have distinctive roles according to the event. Six types of get passives support this claim because get passive shows no indication that it can replace the function of be passive in some contexts. The types of get passive covers non-reflexive adversative, reflexive adversative, adversative get passive with an inanimate subject, beneficial get passive, the reflexive beneficial get passive and the beneficial get passive with an inanimate subject. After proposing all these different uses of get passive, it can be argued that get passive cannot be claimed to replace be passive because it denotes different meanings and get passive has restricted uses. If be passive is used in the context of get passive then it will shift the meanings.
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LaCharité, Darlene, and Jean Wellington. "Passive in Jamaican Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.14.2.02lac.
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Because Jamaican Creole lacks the familiar morphological indicators of the passive that characterize English, its lexifier language, it has sometimes been assumed that Jamaican either lacks a passive, or that its passive is fundamentally different from that of English. However, a Government and Binding analysis explicitly shows that Jamaican Creole has a passive and that it is formed, syntactically, in the same way as morphologically signaled passives, including that of English. The conclusion is that there is, indeed, a passive morpheme in Jamaican Creole which, though devoid of phonetic content, behaves the same as the overt passive morphemes of other languages.
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Abraham, Werner. "Überlegungen zum Passiv im Deutschen und anderen Sprachen: 'Argumenthypothese' und 'Aspekthypothese'." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 15 (January 1, 2000): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.15.2000.19.
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Die Ableitung des Passivs ist typologisch keine einheitlich konfigurierte Konstruktion. In den kontinental-westgermanischen Sprachen und dem Lateinischen setzt sie ein lexikalisch externes Argument (designiertes Subjektargument) voraus, im Englischen, Französischen und Russischen sowohl ein externes wie ein internes Argument (Subjekt und (direktes) Objekt). Gleichwohl sind Passive im Deutschen und Russischen - also quer zu dieser ersten Verbklassifikation – aspektuellen Beschränkungen unterworfen, Passive im Englischen dagegen nicht, jedenfalls auf den ersten Blick. Sehen wir in diesen Kreis von Sprachen noch historische Stufen hinzu, dann ist auch davon auszugehen, daß Sprachen wie das Deutsche von einer Stufe mit einem paradigmatisch einigermaßen systematisch gefestigten Aspektsystem ohne Passiv – dem Althochdeutschen – zu einer Sprache mit Passiv (und ohne Aspekt) wurde. Wir brauchen gar nicht die gemeinsame indoeuropäische Wurzel zu beschwören, um die folgenden Fragen plausibel erscheinen zu lassen: Was hat Aspekt mit Passiv zu tun? Und: Soferne solche Übergänge tatsächlich vorliegen – wie sehen die Schritte von Aspekt zum Genus verbi im einzelnen aus, und wo stehen die Sprachen heute im Vergleich zueinander, also auf einer Art Entwicklungsleiter, mit Vorläufer- gegenüber Nachläuferstufen in der relativen Diachronie von Aspekt zur Passivdiathese?
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I Nyoman Udayana. "Passive Imperatives in Indonesian." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 8, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/jr.8.2.5755.183-191.
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An imperative clause is understood as a construction in which the subject is commonly filled by a second person but it is licitly dropped and the verb that co-occurs with it is commonly realized by a basic form in Indonesian. An active clause, on the other hand, contains an obligatory subject, the verb inflected with meN verbal prefix, and an object that makes the sentence readily transformed into its passive clause counterpart. Given the characteristic contrasts between an imperative clause and an active clause in Indonesian, it seems to be impossible to derive a passive imperative. However, imperative passives are available in Indonesian. The present study aims to uncover the issues of imperative passives in Indonesian. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method. Most of the data for the study were obtained from Leipzig Corpora and the remaining data were elicited from other speakers of Indonesian. Adopting the theory of a speaker commitment hypothesis for the analysis, the findings show that Indonesian has a passive imperative. This support can be evidenced by the fact that an imperative passive can be associated with a complex sentence construction in which the subject of the passive imperative clause can be recovered from the main clause thereby corroborating the idea that passive imperatives operate on a par with negative imperatives which possess prototypical passive constructions.
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Prasithrathsint, Amara. "The Establishment of the Neutral Passive and the Persistence of the Adversative Passive in Thai." MANUSYA 4, no. 2 (2001): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00402006.
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This study traces the development of the adversative and neutral passives in Thai to draw inferences about their establishment and change. It shows how the word/thùuk/, which used to occur with only a verb with unfavorable meaning to form an adversative passive, is now used with virtually all transitive verbs in Thai. This suggests that the neutral passive has been established in Thai syntax. However, /thùuk/ is ambivalent because it marks both adversative and neutral passives . This means that the adversative passive still persists in Thai, but it is now likely to be marked by /doon/, which has a clear adversative meaning. This passive marker seems to have developed in the track of /thùuk/ and is replacing the equivocal /thùuk/ marker.
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Guimarães, Mara Passos. "Frequency effects of L2 English on the processing of the passive in L1 Brazilian Portuguese / Efeitos de frequência da L2 inglês no processamento da passiva em L2 português brasileiro." REVISTA DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM 29, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.29.1.215-258.
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Abstract: This study investigated the influence of experience with L2 English in the processing of passives in L1 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) by high-proficiency bilinguals and BP monolinguals. Based on the premise that high L2 proficiency is indicative of widespread representational sharing (BERNOLET; HARTSUIKER; PICKERING, 2013) and on the observation that the passive is significantly more productive in English than in BP (GUIMARÃES; SOUZA, 2016), bilinguals’ processing of the construction is expected to be facilitated by L2 exposure. Subjects performed an acceptability judgment task and two sentence elicitation tasks. Both groups considered the passive as acceptable as the active, with no significant differences between the two groups’ judgments of the passive. Differences were found in the oral production of passives between bilinguals and monolinguals, but not in written production: task type influenced the production of monolinguals in that passive productivity fell significantly from the written to the oral task. The difference in productivity levels of the passive between bilinguals and monolinguals is attributed to bilinguals’ exposure to the construction’s distributional properties in the L2, supporting models of bilingual shared representations (HARTSUIKER; PICKERING; VELTKAMP, 2004).Keywords: bilingualism; frequency effects; L2 proficiency; passive construction; acceptability judgment; written production; oral production.Resumo: Este estudo investigou a influência da experiência com L2 inglês no processamento de passivas em L1 português brasileiro (PB) por bilíngues de alta proficiência e monolíngues do PB. Baseando-se na premissa de que alta proficiência em L2 é indicativa de compartilhamento generalizado de representações (BERNOLET; HARTSUIKER; PICKERING, 2013) e na observação de que a passiva é significativamente mais produtiva em inglês do que no PB (GUIMARÃES; SOUZA, 2016)propomos uma visão construcional da construção, na qual ela é tomada como entidade teórica independente. Apesar de sintaticamente congruente no português brasileiro (PB, espera-se que o processamento da construção por bilíngues seja facilitado pela exposição à L2. A compreensão da construção foi observada através de uma tarefa de julgamento de aceitabilidade de sentenças, enquanto a produção foi observada a partir de duas tarefas de descrição de imagens (uma escrita e outra oral). Tanto bilíngues quando monolíngues julgaram a passiva tão aceitável quanto a ativa, sem diferença significativa nos julgamentos entre os dois perfis linguísticos. Apesar de as passivas terem sido menos frequentes do que as ativas nas tarefas de produção, o tipo de tarefa influenciou o número de ocorrências de passivas dentre os monolíngues: sua produção foi similar à dos bilíngues na tarefa escrita, mas significativamente menor na tarefa oral. A diferença nos níveis de produtividade de passivas entre bilíngues e monolíngues é atribuída à exposição dos bilíngues às propriedades distribucionais da construção na L2, corroborando modelos de compartilhamento representacional bilíngue (HARTSUIKER; PICKERING; VELTKAMP, 2004).Palavras-chave: bilinguismo; efeitos de frequência; proficiência em L2; construção passiva; julgamento de aceitabilidade; produção escrita; produção oral.
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Xiao, Richard, Tony McEnery, and Yufang Qian. "Passive constructions in English and Chinese." Languages in Contrast 6, no. 1 (June 23, 2006): 109–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.6.1.05xia.
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This article combines the corpus-based and contrastive approaches, seeking to provide a systematic account of passive constructions in two typologically distinct languages, namely British English and Mandarin Chinese. We will first explore, on the basis of written and spoken corpus data, a range of characteristics of passives in the two languages including various passive constructions, long vs. short passives, semantic, pragmatic and syntactic features as well as genre variations. On the basis of this exploration, passive constructions in the two languages are contrasted in a structured way. Methodologically, this study demonstrates that comparable monolingual corpora can be exploited fruitfully in contrastive linguistics.
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de Smit, Merlijn. "The problem of the Old Finnish passive." Journal of Historical Linguistics 6, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 32–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.6.1.02des.
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Abstract Old Finnish (1540–1809) shows variation between non-promotional and promotional passives. Historically, there is reason to suppose that the Finnic passive was originally promotional and that a shift to a non-promotional passive already took place during Proto-Finnic times. At first sight, the Old Finnish promotional passive could be based on contact with German, Swedish, and the classical languages — but it could also be a Proto-Finnic remnant conserved partially through these language contacts. To ascertain which is the case, I apply the notion advanced by Timberlake (1977) that a syntactic process of reanalysis and extension will first proceed in contexts which are least marked from the viewpoint of the new analysis, to a corpus of Old Finnish texts. The result is that some texts do indeed exhibit a stepwise generalization of non-promotional passives with, for example, indefinite and divisible arguments. This generalization is restricted to non-periphrastic passives: periphrastic passives are generally promotional. I argue that this state of affairs is best explained by assuming that a Proto-Finnic promotional passive remained in use in the language of the Finnish educated elite until early Old Finnish times, and that the non-promotional passive of Old Finnish is innovative.
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Cornilescu, Alexandra. "An unexplained difference between reflexive and copular clausal passives in Romanian." Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 23, no. 2 (2021): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/bwpl.23.2.1.
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Romanian possesses a reflexive passive structure, the se-passive, where se is a reflexive clitic, and a copular passive, formed with the auxiliary fi ‘be’. For both passives, the passivized object is either nominal or clausal. While for nominal objects there is a balanced distribution of the two passives, with clauses, there is a sharp difference of acceptability between clausal se-passives and clausal fi-passives. Clausal se-passives occur with any transitive verb and sound perfect. Clausal fi-passives are infrequent and sometimes even unattested. The aim of this paper is to present an account of this difference, while also predicting which syntactic means improve the acceptability of fi-passives. We argue that the contrast between clausal fi- and se- passives springs from the different manner in which the features of Tense, in particular the uD feature, are checked, and show that it is only in se-passives that all the features of T are valued.
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Flor-Górecka, Agnieszka. "Waarom is het Nederlands passief een struikelblok voor Poolse studenten?" Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, no. 5 Zeszyt specjalny (2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21695sp-1.
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This contribution explains why the Dutch passive voice is a problem for Polish students and how passive constructions and their equivalents in their native language interfere in their use. The contribution first briefly introduces the passive voice constructions in Dutch and Polish. Then is shown, on the basis of translated sentences, where and in which elements the problem lies. The first reason is that both the worden-passief (action-passive) and the zijn-passief (state-passive) can be translated in Polish with the verb to be. Polish second language speakers of Dutch speak of a state while meaning an event (or vice versa). Moreover, the impersonal passive (except for very rare cases), which is often used in Dutch, is absent in Polish. In case of active use of Dutch by Polish students, they will tend to avoid passive constructions rather and replace them by constructions similar to equivalents of the impersonal passive as expressed in their Polish mother tongue.
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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. "The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben )." Journal of the College of languages, no. 44 (June 1, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.
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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.
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Schwarz, Sarah. "“This Must Be Looked Into”: A Corpus Study of the Prepositional Passive." Journal of English Linguistics 47, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219851837.
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This paper addresses the need for a comprehensive, corpus-based study of the prepositional passive in the recent past. Sets of prepositional passives from 1870 to 1999 were collected from the Corpus of Historical American English and compared with a control group of “regular” passive sentences. After presenting the diachronic frequency of prepositional passives over the time period, the study explores a number of special characteristics that have been suggested as being typical of the prepositional passive: lexicalization of verb + preposition, participle + noun + preposition combinations with light verbs such as made use of, coordination with another passive verb, “affectedness,” and the perceived significance of the subject referent. The results of the corpus-based investigation add new dimensions to our understanding of the construction’s use.
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MESSENGER, KATHERINE, HOLLY P. BRANIGAN, and JANET F. McLEAN. "Is children's acquisition of the passive a staged process? Evidence from six- and nine-year-olds' production of passives." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 5 (December 19, 2011): 991–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000377.
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ABSTRACTWe report a syntactic priming experiment that examined whether children's acquisition of the passive is a staged process, with acquisition of constituent structure preceding acquisition of thematic role mappings. Six-year-olds and nine-year-olds described transitive actions after hearing active and passive prime descriptions involving the same or different thematic roles. Both groups showed a strong tendency to reuse in their own description the syntactic structure they had just heard, including well-formed passives after passive primes, irrespective of whether thematic roles were repeated between prime and target. However, following passive primes, six-year-olds but not nine-year-olds also produced reversed passives, with well-formed constituent structure but incorrect thematic role mappings. These results suggest that by six, children have mastered the constituent structure of the passive; however, they have not yet mastered the non-canonical thematic role mapping. By nine, children have mastered both the syntactic and thematic dimensions of this structure.
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Appel, Ian R., Todd A. Gormley, and Donald B. Keim. "Passive investors, not passive owners." Journal of Financial Economics 121, no. 1 (July 2016): 111–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2016.03.003.
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Ping Alvin, Leong. "The passive voice in scientific writing. The current norm in science journals." Journal of Science Communication 13, no. 01 (March 13, 2014): A03. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.13010203.
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In contrast to past consensus, many authors now feel that the passive voice compromises the quality of scientific writing. However, studies involving scientific articles are rare. Using a corpus of 60 scientific research articles from six journals, this study examined the proportion of passives used, and the contexts and forms in which they occurred. The results revealed that about 30% of all clauses were passive clauses. The canonical form was most pervasive, followed by the bare passive; together, they constituted more than a quarter of all clauses analyzed. Passives were typically used in main clauses, followed by relative and adverbial clauses. Roughly 29% of all passives were located in the methodology section. Based on the results, the proportion of passives in scientific writing may stabilize at about 30%. It is unlikely to dramatically drop any further since the trend suggests that passives are still widely used in the methodology section.
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Engdahl, Elisabet, and Anu Laanemets. "Prepositional passives in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: A corpus study." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 3 (November 12, 2015): 285–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586515000232.
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There are conflicting reports in the literature concerning whether the Scandinavian languages use prepositional passives as in English. Maling & Zaenen (1985) showed that Icelandic does not have the construction; instead the Icelandic data should be analyzed as topicalization of the complement of a preposition in impersonal passives. They suggested that the same account would be appropriate for Danish and Swedish, whereas Norwegian is reported to have a rather productive prepositional passive (Lødrup 1991). In order to find out to what extent and in what ways prepositional passives are actually used, we carried out a series of investigations in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish contemporary text corpora, analyzing over 3600 potential prepositional passives, with a balance of periphrastic and morphological passive forms. We have found that prepositional passives are indeed used in all three languages, but rather infrequently, ranging from 3.4 per million words (3.4/mw) in Swedish, 5/mw in Danish to 16/mw in Norwegian. The majority of the prepositional passives are periphrastic bli(ve)-passives. The passive subject is typically animate, a person or an animal, who is psychologically affected by the action, or the lack of action, expressed by the participle. The notion of affectedness that is relevant for these languages thus differs from what has been described for English. Prepositional s-passives are found in coordinated structures and in infinitival complements of modal verbs, a context known to favour s-passive.
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Bondaruk, Anna, and Bożena Rozwadowska. "Stative and eventive passives of subject experiencer verbs in Polish." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 54, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 437–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2018-0019.
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Abstract The paper addresses the question whether Subject Experiencer (henceforth, SE) verbs can form the stative and eventive passive in Polish. The analysis shows that SE verbs in Polish only sporadically give rise to the stative passive, and whenever this is possible, the stative passive derived from an SE verb can be classed as the target state passive in Kratzer’s typology (2000). Polish SE verbs are susceptible to two types of eventive passive – (i) with the auxiliary zostać ‘to become’, co-occurring with the perfective passive participle; and (ii) with the auxiliary być ‘to be’, followed by the imperfective passive participle. The fact that SE verbs can give rise to zostać-passives is unproblematic, as this type of passive contains the passive participle derived from the perfective form of the verb, which is always eventive. Stative SE verbs can serve as good inputs to the być + imperfective passive on account of the fact that they can be coerced from states into non-dynamic events, as proposed for Spanish in Fábregas and Marín (2017).
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Kupferman, Lucien. "La construction passive ense faire." Journal of French Language Studies 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500002507.
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AbstractLa construction passive ense faireest (devenue) sémantiquement indépendante de la construction causative réfléchie qui lui est homonyme. Comme dans les passifs enêtre, l'argument externe du prédicat auquel elle s'attache n'est pas représenté, et comme dans les passifs non verbaux porte le rôle Agent. Comme pourse-moyen le prédicat-hôte doit comprendre un argument interne, et est préférentiellement perfectif. Contrairement à ce qui est parfois affirmé, le réfèrent du sujet structural n'est ni nécessairement responsable du procès, ni obligatoirement humain, et l'action décrite par le prédicat-hôte n'est pas toujours violente. Bref, la construction passive ense fairea gagné sa place parmi les passifs.
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Árnadóttir, Hlíf, Thórhallur Eythórsson, and Einar Freyr Sigurðsson. "The passive of reflexive verbs in Icelandic." Nordlyd 37 (October 27, 2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.2024.
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The Reflexive Passive in Icelandic is reminiscent of the so-called New Passive (or New Impersonal) in that the oblique case of a passivized object NP is preserved. As is shown by recent surveys, however, speakers who accept the Reflexive Passive do not necessarily accept the New Passive, whereas conversely, speakers who accept the New Passive do also accept the Reflexive Passive. Based on these results we suggest that there is a hierarchy in the acceptance of passive sentences in Icelandic, termed the Passive Acceptability Hierarchy. The validity of this hierarchy is confirmed by our diachronic corpus study of open access digital library texts from Icelandic journals and newspapers dating from the 19th and 20th centuries (tímarit.is). Finally, we sketch an analysis of the Reflexive Passive, proposing that the different acceptability rates of the Reflexive and New Passives lie in the argument status of the object. Simplex reflexive pronouns are semantically dependent on the verbs which select them, and should therefore be analyzed as syntactic arguments only, and not as semantic arguments of these verbs.
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Djumagulova, Nuraim. "ACTIVATING PASSIVE LISTENERS’ MOTIVATION." Alatoo Academic Studies 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.211.19.
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In the twenty first century language teaching, the class should provide learners with skills that empower them in real-life situation, and as it is known a basic real-life communicative function is exchanging information with the other people. In order to support and keep conversation we must listen well and grasp the meaning. In teaching foreign languages listening is the most challenging skill to teach which should be acquired by any person learning a foreign language. But encouraging students and having them be attentive listeners in the classroom is not an easy task. The present article will describe why listening is important in learning a foreign language to differentiate hearing and listening and discuss the rational and comprehensive activities which can help teachers motivate their passive students and help them be active ones.
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Johansson, Annika, and Gudrun Rawoens. "A corpus-based contrastive study of impersonal passives in Swedish and Dutch." Languages in Contrast 19, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.16003.joh.
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Abstract This paper deals with impersonal passives in two Germanic languages, Swedish and Dutch. Impersonal passives constitute one type of impersonal construction (denoting constructions with non-canonical subjects) as described in Siewierska (2008a: 116). Formally, they consist of an overt expletive subject, such as det ‘it’ in Swedish and er ‘there’ in Dutch, combined with a passive predicate. Semantically, such passive constructions encode actions with a general reference, i.e. where no agent is specified (cf. Siewierska 1984, Engdahl 2006, Viberg 2010). The study is corpus-based and uses a bidirectional translation corpus of Swedish and Dutch to map out the specific morphosyntactic and semantic profile of the impersonal passive in both Swedish and in Dutch. The similarities and differences make these languages suitable to study from a contrastive perspective in that interesting aspects on impersonal passives are highlighted in the translation data.
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Goodall, Grant. "Accusative case in passives." ling 37, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.1999.37.1.1.
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Abstract The standard explanation for Ν Ρ movement in the passive construction has been that the N P must move into the nominative position because no accusative case is available. This paper examines the implications for this view of some double-object constructions in Mandarin Chinese and English that are ungrammatical as active clauses but improve significantly as passives. These facts are unexpected under the standard view of passives, but I suggest that they can be explained if we assume that the second object is not licensed for case in the active versions but is able to check accusative case in the passive version, thus arguing that accusative case is available in passive clauses.
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Cortese, L. "Are passive red spirals truly passive?" Astronomy & Astrophysics 543 (July 2012): A132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219443.
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Fiebert, Ira, and Christine D. Keller. "Are “Passive” Extension Exercises Really Passive?" Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 19, no. 2 (February 1994): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1994.19.2.111.
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Werner, Rachel M. "What's So Passive About Passive Smoking?" JAMA 279, no. 2 (January 14, 1998): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.2.157.
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Al-Ali, Mohammed Nahar, and Fahad M. Alliheibi. "Struggling to retain the functions of passive when translating English thesis abstracts." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.2.01ala.
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The thesis abstract, as a genre has a set of communicative functions mutually-understood by established members of the academic community. A vast majority of translation studies of source language (SL) and target language (TL) equivalence seems to have overlooked the inherent relationship between form and function when translating. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the Arab students would translate the English passive structures into their corresponding Arabic passive in order to maintain the pragma-generic functions associated with these constructions or would employ other translation replacements when translating English passives into Arabic. A further purpose was to find out what grammatical factors constrain the choice of these translation options. To fulfill these purposes, we investigated the voice choice in 90 MA thesis abstracts and their 90 Arabic translated versions written in English by the same MA students, drawn from the field of Linguistics. The data analysis revealed that when the Arab student-translators come across the English passive sentence, they resort to either of the following options: Transposing English passives into verbal nouns (masdar), or into pseudo-active verbs or active sentence structures, or into vowel melody passives, or omitting these passive structures.
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STREET, JAMES A., and EWA DĄBROWSKA. "Lexically specific knowledge and individual differences in adult native speakers’ processing of the English passive." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 1 (November 22, 2012): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000367.
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ABSTRACTThis article provides experimental evidence for the role of lexically specific representations in the processing of passive sentences and considerable education-related differences in comprehension of the passive construction. The experiment measured response time and decision accuracy of participants with high and low academic attainment using an online task that compared processing and comprehension of active and passive sentences containing verbs strongly associated with the passive and active constructions, as determined by collostructional analysis. As predicted by usage-based accounts, participants’ performance was influenced by frequency (both groups processed actives faster than passives; the low academic attainment participants also made significantly more errors on passive sentences) and lexical specificity (i.e., processing of passives was slower with verbs strongly associated with the active). Contra to proposals made by Dąbrowska and Street (2006), the results suggest that all participants have verb-specific as well as verb-general representations, but that the latter are not as entrenched in the participants with low academic attainment, resulting in less reliable performance. The results also show no evidence of a speed–accuracy trade-off, making alternative accounts of the results (e.g., those of two-stage processing models, such as Townsend & Bever, 2001) problematic.
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Hu, Xiaoshi. "Syntax of causative-passive correlation from a cross-linguistic perspective." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 90–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.00007.hu.
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Abstract Causatives and passives are two different types of syntactic constructions, but their interaction can be observed cross-linguistically. By investigating the causative-passive correlation in Chinese, English and French, we try to offer an appropriate account for the causative-passive correlation by specifying its necessary conditions. We argue that the constructions which involve the causative-passive correlation must be mono-phasal, and the embedded object can be co-referred to the matrix subject by syntactic movement.
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El-Yasin, Mohammed K. "The Passive Voice." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.42.1.03ely.
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ABSTRACT This paper starts by discussing the importance of word order in translation. As an example, the passive-active relation is given to illustrate the importance of word order. It is shown that the word order in this case is an integral part of the meaning in the wider sense of meaning. This relation, moreover, is discussed in Arabic and English which do not exhibit parallel behavior. The mismatches between the two languages necessitate structural adjustments in translation if natural equivalence is to be achieved. It is noticed that Arabic tends to use less passive than English and, furthermore, does not have a natural method of expressing the agent in a passive sentence. However, an active construction (namely, the topic-comment construction) allows for a word order in which the effect of the English passive word order is achieved without having to use the passive in Arabic. Therefore, an English x is done by is rendered as x, does it in Arabic where it is a resumptive pronoun referring to x . Here, the x-y order is maintained and the passive is avoided in Arabic where it is rather unnatural. The agent is expressed as the subject of the comment which is an active sentence that naturally allows the agent to be explicitly stated. In this position, it follows the patient which is the desired order that reflect the original English order. A standard procedure for translating English passives into Arabic is proposed as a conclusion to the present study. RÉSUMÉ Le présent article étudie en premier lieu l'importance de la séquence des mots dans une traduction. En guise d'exemple, l'auteur cite la relation voix passive - voix active pour illustrer l'importance de la séquence des mots. Il démontre que dans ce cas-ci, la séquence des mots fait intégralement partie de la signification. De plus, cette relation est abordée pour l'arabe et pour l'anglais, deux langues dont le comportement n'est pas parallèle. Si le traducteur veut obtenir une équivalence naturelle, ces comportements divergents devront être ajustés au niveau de la structure. On remarquera que l'arabe utilise moins souvent la voix passive que l'anglais et que de plus cette langue ne dispose pas d'une méthode naturelle permettant d'exprimer l'agent dans une phrase passive. Cependant, une construction active (à savoir le commentaire d'un sujet) permet d'obtenir une séquence de mots reproduisant l'effet de la séquence passive anglaise sans obligation d'avoir recours à la voix passive en arabe. Dès lors, la construction anglaise x is done by y sera rendue par la construction arabe x, y does it dans laquelle it est le pronom remplaçant x. Dans ce cas-ci, la séquence x-y est maintenue et le passifest évité en arabe où il est ressenti comme une construction un peu artificielle. L'agent est exprimé comme sujet du commentaire, ce qui donne une phrase active permettant de mentionner explicitement l'agent. Positionné ainsi, l'agent suit le patient et on obtient l'ordre souhaité qui reflète la séquence d'origine en anglais. Pour conclure son article, l'auteur nous propose une procédure standard permettant de traduire les phrases passives anglaises en arabe.
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Barlow, Russell. "Agent demotion through inverted word order." Studies in Language 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 1015–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19010.bar.
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Abstract Passivization has been characterized as a strictly morphological phenomenon. Some definitions of passivization even require the passive construction to exhibit special verbal morphology. Increasingly, however, there have been descriptions of languages that have “morphology-free” passive constructions. This paper presents data from Ulwa, a Papuan language of the Sepik region of Papua New Guinea, which forms its passive constructions through a syntactic operation. Specifically, passives are formed through the inversion of subject and predicate. Whereas the canonical transitive active sentence in Ulwa has the basic constituent order SOV, the corresponding passive sentence has the order VS, where the S of the passive corresponds to the O of the active. Agent arguments are optional; when they do appear in passive constructions, they are marked as obliques. The Ulwa data support claims that it is possible for passivization to be a syntactic phenomenon that operates on the level of the clause.
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Gotowski, Megan. "Raising or control? Children's early get-passives." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4027.
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This research study examines children’s comprehension of the get-passive, to determine (i) what age the get-passive is acquired, (ii) how children perform with ‘get’ relative to ‘be’, and (iii) what structure(s) children assign to the get-passive. We argue that the results of two experiments (with children around 3-4 years to 6 years) indicate that young children may initially assume a causative/control analysis of the get-passive, allowing them to comprehend those that have animate subjects alone. By around age 4, children comprehend both actional get- and be-passives, and interpret the by-phrase as containing the agent of the action.
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Anderson, Cori. "[review of:] Anna Kibort & Nijolė Maskaliūnienė (ed.). 2016. Passive Constructions in Lithuanian: Selected Works of Emma Geniušienė." Baltic Linguistics 8 (December 31, 2017): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.381.
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Anna Kibort & Nijolė Maskaliūnienė (ed.). 2016. Passive Constructions in Lithuanian: Selected Works of Emma Geniušienė. (Studies in Language Companion Series, 179). Amsterdam-Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
This volume, a collection of newly translated works by Emma Geniušienė, including her 1973 dissertation, contains some of the first and most extensive examinations of passive constructions in Lithuanian. Variuos functions of Lithuanian passive constructions have been widely examined, and these translations make these studies of passives available to a much wider audience.
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Park, Myung-Kwan. "The grammatical status of –eykey and its implications on the syntax of Korean morphological passives." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0006.
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Abstract This study investigates the grammatical status of the so-called Dative particle –eykey and its implications on the syntax of Korean morphological/lexical passives. We first argue that this type of passive derives from causative/experiential constructions in this language. The former and the latter involve the same form of verb, but in the process of passivization the null passive morphology on the embedded transitive verb phrase selected by the matrix causative/experiential morpheme demotes the Dative –eykey-marked Causee in embedded [Spec, VoiceP] position from an argument to an adjunct, besides the embedded transitive lexical verb losing the ability to assign Accusative Case. The so-called animacy restriction on the Nom-marked subject a noun phrase (NP) in –eykey passives is ascribed to the requirement that it takes the Causer/Experiencer role in –eykey passives. In contrast, –ey uyhay passives are derived from the null passive morphology attached to the matrix causative verb complex, thus the matrix Causer/Experiencer subject being demoted and realized with the particle –ey uyhay.
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Luraghi, Silvia, Guglielmo Inglese, and Daniel Kölligan. "The passive voice in ancient Indo-European languages: inflection, derivation, periphrastic verb forms." Folia Linguistica 55, s42-s2 (October 14, 2021): 339–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2033.
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Abstract The IE languages developed different strategies for the encoding of the passive function. In some language branches, the middle voice extended to the passive function to varying extents. In addition, dedicated derivational formations arose in a number of languages, such as the Greek -ē-/-thē- aorist and the Indo-Aryan -ya-presents. Periphrastic formations involving a verbal adjective or a participle are also widely attested, and played an important role in the building of the passive paradigm in e.g. Romance and Germanic languages. As the periphrastic passive is also attested in Hittite alongside passive use of the middle, both strategies seem to be equally ancient. Some minor strategies include lexical passives and the extensive lability of verbs. A survey of possible strategies provides evidence for the rise of a disparate number of morphemes and constructions, and for their ongoing incorporation into the inflectional paradigms (paradigmaticization) of given languages, thus adding to our knowledge about cross-linguistic sources of passive morphology and grammaticalization processes involved.
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DUBINSKY, STANLEY. "Predicate union and the syntax of Japanese passives." Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226796006287.
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This paper presents a relational account of the Japanese constructions that are commonly referred to as ‘passives’. They are shown to all be multipredicate, monoclausal constructions, with the differences between them primarily attributable to optionality in the lexical argument structure of the ‘passive’ predicate. The proposed analysis explains the differences between passives and causatives, despite their sometimes identical case-marking. Further, evidence from the interaction of unaccusative verbs and passive is shown to lead to a formal revision of the 1-Advancement Exclusiveness law. Finally, the differences between Japanese and Korean with respect to passives is reduced to a simple lexical difference between the two languages.
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David Burleigh, T. "Photocurrents on passive and active-passive metals." Corrosion Science 31 (January 1990): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90191-7.
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Zhao, Bei. "The Use and Translation of Chinese Passive Voice into English: A Case Study based on ‘To live’ by Yu Hua (1993) and its English translation." British Journal of Applied Linguistics 2, no. 2 (October 26, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjal.2022.2.2.2.
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This research aims to comparatively analyze how Mandarin Chinese passive constructions are translated into English based on a pair of books, which are Yu Hua’s To live and its corresponding English translation by Michael Berry. A mixed qualitative and quantitative method is used in the current research. Results show that the Mandarin passive voice can be translated both into the English passive voice and the English active voice according to the varied meanings of contexts (positive, negative, and neutral), while the former is the overwhelming majority. The most frequently used Mandarin BÈI-construction can be generally regarded as an equivalence of the English BE-construction. It has also been found that the frequency of using passives to express negative issues is very high in Mandarin, and the use of the type of Mandarin passives relates to the meaning of contexts.
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VOLPATO, FRANCESCA, LAURA VERIN, and ANNA CARDINALETTI. "The comprehension and production of verbal passives by Italian preschool-age children." Applied Psycholinguistics 37, no. 4 (September 1, 2015): 901–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716415000302.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the comprehension and the production of passive sentences in Italian-speaking children (aged 3 years, 4 months to 6 years, 2 months) analyzing both the variables observed in previous studies on other languages (verb type and presence of the by-phrase) versus an Italian-specific variable: the use of auxiliary venire “to come.” Because Italian venire is only possible in verbal passives, this property is crucial to determine whether children have full competence of the (verbal) passive structure. The high percentage of accuracy in the comprehension of sentences containing venire suggests that the eventive passive interpretation is fully available in child language, even in 3- to 4-year-old children. Moreover, young children produce passive sentences with either auxiliary venire or essere “to be,” also adding the by-phrase, thus proving unambiguously that children control verbal passive sentences from very early on.
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LEONARD, LAURENCE B., ANITA M. Y. WONG, PATRICIA DEEVY, STEPHANIE F. STOKES, and PAUL FLETCHER. "The production of passives by children with specific language impairment: Acquiring English or Cantonese." Applied Psycholinguistics 27, no. 2 (March 6, 2006): 267–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716406060280.
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The production of passive sentences by children with specific language impairment (SLI) was studied in two languages, English and Cantonese. In both languages, the word order required for passive sentences differs from the word order used for active sentences. However, English and Cantonese passive sentences are quite different in other respects. We found that English-speaking children with SLI were less proficient than both same-age and younger typically developing peers in the use of passives, although difficulty could not be attributed to word order or a reliance on active sentences. Cantonese-speaking children with SLI proved less capable than same-age peers in their use of passive sentences but at least as proficient as younger peers. The implications of these cross-linguistic differences are discussed.
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Hada, Gayatri. "Solar Passive Architecture an Overview." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-6 (October 31, 2017): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd3572.
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