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Journal articles on the topic 'Passive limb movement'
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Rahman, Tariq, Whitney Sample, Shanmuga Jayakumar, Marilyn Marnie King, Jin Yong Wee, Rahamim Seliktar, Michael Alexander, Mena Scavina, and Alisa Clark. "Passive exoskeletons for assisting limb movement." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 43, no. 5 (2006): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2005.04.0070.
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Bosco, G., and R. E. Poppele. "Broad directional tuning in spinal projections to the cerebellum." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.2.863.
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1. Spinocerebellar neurons that project in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) receive mono- and polysynaptic inputs from specific sensory receptors in the hindlimb, and they project mossy fiber terminals to the cerebellar vermis. We examined the functional organization of these neurons and found that it relates to whole-limb parameters like limb posture and direction of limb movement. 2. We recorded the activity of 444 DSCT units during passive perturbations of the hind foot in anesthetized cats. The movements were either confined a single joint (the ankle; 234 cells) or involved the entire hindlimb (210 cells). The cells exhibited opposite responses for opposite directions of whole-limb movement, but a variety of response patterns for opposite directions of movement at one joint. We interpret the result to imply that the population encodes information about the whole limb rather than single joints. 3. Most of the 78 neurons recorded during passive limb placements (63%) responded to changes in limb length and also changes in limb orientation. In fact, the activity of most of the cells was broadly tuned with respect to the direction of passive limb movements generated by moving the hind foot in the sagittal plane. Changes in unit activity could be described by a cosine tuning function with respect to foot positions (72% of responses) and directions of foot movement (50%). 4. The similarity of this behavior to that of neurons in the motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei recorded during voluntary movements is consistent with a common neural code to represent the sensorimotor parameters of limb movement.
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Narain, S., J. Lin, and T. Puckree. "The effect of lower limb passive movement on lung function." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 57, no. 2 (May 31, 2001): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v57i2.498.
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This study examined the effects of ankle passive movement on lung function in healthy adults. A pre-test post-test experimental design was used. Passive plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed at 60 repetitions per minute on 60 healthy subjects in the supine position. Lung function at rest was compared to that during passive movements. The results indicated that all measured parameters including the breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output, increased significantly during passive movements as compared to those at rest. The authors conclude that passive movements elicit a significant ventilatory increase in healthy human subjects. The effect of passive movements in the treatment of unconscious or diseased individuals should be investigated.
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Asahara, Ryota, and Kanji Matsukawa. "Decreased prefrontal oxygenation elicited by stimulation of limb mechanosensitive afferents during cycling exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): R230—R240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00454.2017.
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Our laboratory reported using near-infrared spectroscopy that feedback from limb mechanoafferents may decrease prefrontal oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) during the late period of voluntary and passive cycling. To test the hypothesis that the decreased Oxy-Hb of the prefrontal cortex would be augmented depending on the extent of limb mechanoafferent input, the prefrontal Oxy-Hb response was measured during motor-driven one- and two-legged passive cycling for 1 min at various revolutions of pedal movement in 19 subjects. Furthermore, we examined whether calculated tissue oxygenation index (TOI) decreased during passive cycling as the Oxy-Hb did, simultaneously assessing blood flows of extracranial cutaneous tissue and the common and internal carotid arteries (CCA and ICA) with laser and ultrasound Doppler flowmetry. Minute ventilation and cardiac output increased and peripheral resistance decreased during passive cycling, depending on both revolutions of pedal movement and number of limbs, whereas mean arterial blood pressure did not change. Passive cycling did not change end-tidal CO2, suggesting absence of a hypocapnic change. Prefrontal Oxy-Hb decreased during passive cycling, being in proportion to revolution of pedal movement but not number of cycling limbs. In addition, prefrontal TOI decreased during passive cycling as Oxy-Hb did, whereas blood flows of forehead cutaneous tissue, CCA, and ICA did not change significantly. Thus, a decrease in Oxy-Hb reflected a decrease in tissue blood flow of the intracerebral vasculature but not the extracerebral compartment. It is likely that feedback from mechanoafferents decreased regional cerebral blood flow of the prefrontal cortex in relation to the revolutions of pedal movement.
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Zehr, E. Paul, David F. Collins, Alain Frigon, and Nienke Hoogenboom. "Neural Control of Rhythmic Human Arm Movement: Phase Dependence and Task Modulation of Hoffmann Reflexes in Forearm Muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00416.2002.
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Although we move our arms rhythmically during walking, running, and swimming, we know little about the neural control of such movements. Our working hypothesis is that neural mechanisms controlling rhythmic movements are similar in the human lumbar and cervical spinal cord. Thus reflex modulation during rhythmic arm movement should be similar to that seen during leg movement. Our main experimental hypotheses were that the amplitude of H-reflexes in the forearm muscles would be modulated during arm movement (i.e., phase-dependent) and would be inhibited during cycling compared with static contraction (i.e., task-dependent). Furthermore, to determine the locus of any modulation, we tested the effect that active and passive movement of the ipsilateral (relative to stimulated arm) and contralateral arm had on H-reflex amplitude. Subjects performed rhythmic arm cycling on a custom-made hydraulic ergometer in which the two arms could be constrained to move together (180° out of phase) or could rotate independently. Position of the stimulated limb in the movement cycle is described with respect to the clock face. H-reflexes were evoked at 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions during static contraction as well as during rhythmic arm movements. Reflex amplitudes were compared between tasks at equal M wave amplitudes and similar levels of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the target muscle. Surface EMG recordings were obtained bilaterally from flexor carpi radialis as well as from other muscles controlling the wrist, elbow, and shoulder. Compared with reflexes evoked during static contractions, movement of the stimulated limb attenuated H-reflexes by 50.8% ( P < 0.005), 65.3% ( P < 0.001), and 52.6% ( P < 0.001) for bilateral, active ipsilateral, and passive ipsilateral movements, respectively. In contrast, movement of the contralateral limb did not significantly alter H-reflex amplitude. H-reflexes were also modulated by limb position ( P < 0.005). Thus task- and phase-dependent modulation were observed in the arm as previously demonstrated in the leg. The data support the hypothesis that neural mechanisms regulating reflex pathways in the moving limb are similar in the human upper and lower limbs. However, the inhibition of H-reflex amplitude induced by contralateral leg movement is absent in the arms. This may reflect the greater extent to which the arms can be used independently.
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Garten, Ryan S., H. Jonathan Groot, Matthew J. Rossman, Jayson R. Gifford, and Russell S. Richardson. "Aerobic Capacity Augments Passive Limb Movement-induced Hyperemia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478760.98476.51.
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SAEKI, Satoru, Hajime OGATA, Ko ASAYAMA, and Yoshihiro DEGUCHI. "Effects of passive limb movement upon respiratory function." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 28, no. 2 (1991): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.28.133.
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Ives, Stephen J., John McDaniel, Melissa A. H. Witman, and Russell S. Richardson. "Passive limb movement: evidence of mechanoreflex sex specificity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): H154—H161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2012.
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Previous studies have determined that premenopausal women exhibit an attenuated metaboreflex; however, little is known about sex specificity of the mechanoreflex. Thus, we sought to determine if sex differences exist in the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement. Second-by-second measurements of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, and femoral artery blood flow (FBF) were recorded during 3 min of supine passive knee extension in 24 young healthy subjects (12 women and 12 men). Normalization of CO and stroke volume to body surface area, expressed as cardiac index and stroke index, eliminated differences in baseline central hemodynamics, whereas, peripherally, basal FBF and femoral vascular conductance were similar between the sexes. In response to passive limb movement, women displayed significantly attenuated peak central hemodynamic responses compared with men (heart rate: 9.0 ± 1 vs. 14.8 ± 2% change, stroke index: 4.5 ± 0.6 vs. 7.8 ± 1.2% change, cardiac index: 9.6 ± 1 vs. 17.2 ± 2% change, all P < 0.05), whereas movement induced similar increases in peak FBF (167 ± 32 vs. 193 ± 17% change) and femoral vascular conductance (172 ± 31 vs. 203 ± 16% change) in both sexes (women vs. men, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between individual peak FBF and peak CO response to passive movement in men but not in women. Thus, although both sexes exhibited similar movement-induced hyperemia and peripheral vasodilatory function, the central hemodynamic response was blunted in women, implying an attenuated mechanoreflex. Therefore, this study reveals that, as already recognized with the metaboreflex, there is likely a sex-specific attenuation of the mechanoreflex in women.
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Pollock, Brandon S., Keith Burns, Sara Harper, Kylene Peroutky, and John McDaniel. "Skeletal Muscle Hyperemia and Repetitive Passive Limb Movement." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493203.59218.25.
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London, Brian M., and Lee E. Miller. "Responses of somatosensory area 2 neurons to actively and passively generated limb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00372.2012.
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Control of reaching movements requires an accurate estimate of the state of the limb, yet sensory signals are inherently noisy, because of both noise at the receptors themselves and the stochastic nature of the information representation by neural discharge. One way to derive an accurate representation from noisy sensor data is to combine it with the output of a forward model that considers both the previous state estimate and the noisy input. We recorded from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in macaques ( Macaca mulatta) during both active and passive movements to investigate how the proprioceptive representation of movement in S1 may be modified by the motor command (through efference copy). We found neurons in S1 that respond to one or both movement types covering a broad distribution from active movement only, to both, to passive movement only. Those neurons that responded to both active and passive movements responded with similar directional tuning. Confirming earlier results, some, but not all, neurons responded before the onset of volitional movements, possibly as a result of efference copy. Consequently, many of the features necessary to combine the forward model with proprioceptive feedback appear to be present in S1. These features would not be expected from combinations of afferent receptor responses alone.
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West, M. O., R. M. Carelli, M. Pomerantz, S. M. Cohen, J. P. Gardner, J. K. Chapin, and D. J. Woodward. "A region in the dorsolateral striatum of the rat exhibiting single-unit correlations with specific locomotor limb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1233.
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1. To examine the activity of single units in the lateral striatum of the awake rat with respect to sensorimotor function, 788 units were recorded during locomotion and passive testing. The focus of this report is on 138 units (18%) that fired in relation to sensorimotor activity of a single limb. The remaining units were related to other body parts (16%), to general body movement (38%), or were unresponsive (28%). 2. Firing rates of limb-related units were near zero during resting behavior but increased markedly during treadmill locomotion. Each of the 138 units exhibited a rhythmic pattern of discharge in phase with the locomotor step cycle. Passive testing revealed that 86/97 units tested (89%) responded to passive manipulation of a single limb, exhibiting increased firing rates. Of these, 77 (90%) were related to contralateral and 9 (10%) to ipsilateral limbs. Sixty-one units (71%) were related to a forelimb and 25 (29%) to a hindlimb. Of the 86 units responding to passive manipulation. 34/48 units tested (71%) also responded to cutaneous stimulation of the same limb but no other part of the body. 3. To study in greater detail the rhythmic unit discharges in phase with the locomotor step cycle, computer-synchronized videotape recordings were used to generate perimovement time histograms constructed around discrete locomotor movements of each limb (n = 17 units). Activity of each unit was shown to be restricted to a specific portion of a particular limb's step cycle. The majority of units discharged throughout (8 units) or during a portion of (3 units) the swing phase, whereas other units fired during a portion of stance (3 units), footfall (2 units), or foot off (1 unit). 1. The specificity of unit firing was further demonstrated by the finding that rhythmic discharges, related to discrete locomotor limb movements in the forward direction, were completely absent during spontaneous deviations such as backward or disrupted locomotion. 5. Units related to limb movement were located in the far lateral, especially the dorsolateral, subregion of the striatum. This subregion extend rostrocaudally from A-P +1.6 to -1.0 mm relative to bregma. No clear somatotopic organization was observed, but this issue requires further study. 6. These results show that functional representations of individual limbs can be demonstrated in the lateral striatum of the rat, within a subregion containing terminals of projections from somatic sensorimotor cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Weeks, Heidi M., Amanda S. Therrien, and Amy J. Bastian. "The cerebellum contributes to proprioception during motion." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2016.
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We assessed limb position sense during movement in patients with cerebellar damage and found deficits in proprioceptive acuity during both passive and active movement. The effect of cerebellar damage was most apparent when individuals relied on both timing and spatial information during active movement. Thus proprioceptive acuity during active movements may be reliant on the motor system’s ability to predict motor output.
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Williams, John G. "Visual Demonstration and Movement Production: Effects of Motoric Mediation during Observation of a Model." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 3 (December 1987): 825–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.825.
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The effect of three observational strategies, namely, passive observation, enactive mediation, and delayed mediation, on the accuracy of imitating a modelled throwing action was assessed with a sample of 12-yr.-old schoolboys in a mixed factorial design. 9 boys were assigned to use one of the strategies to produce the pattern of arm movements displayed on a large video-monitor when the speed of the model's movements was varied at three levels. Accuracy of limb displacemeent and timing of limb movement relative to the model were the performance measures. The results indicated that limb displacement was most accurate when delayed mediation was used with the slowest display. The production of timing was most accurate when enactive mediation was used with the fastest display. Over-all, the use of the passive observation strategy provided the least accurate performance.
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Gritsenko, V., N. I. Krouchev, and J. F. Kalaska. "Afferent Input, Efference Copy, Signal Noise, and Biases in Perception of Joint Angle During Active Versus Passive Elbow Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 3 (September 2007): 1140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00162.2007.
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Psychophysical studies have reported an overestimation of limb position in the direction of movement during the early part of active movements. The main hypothesis tested in this study is that the overestimation results from a process of forward prediction of limb state driven by an efference copy of the outgoing motor command. This hypothesis predicts that position overestimation should decrease or disappear during passive movements, for which there should be no efference copy. Seven subjects were asked to remember and to report the perceived angle of their elbow joint at different times during active and passive movements. They showed a highly velocity-dependent overestimation of the elbow joint angle near the beginning of the movement in both active and passive trials. Toward the end of the movement, subjects showed a relatively velocity-independent underestimation of their elbow angle in all trials. Contrary to the prediction of the efference copy hypothesis, the amplitude and the velocity-dependent slope of the elbow angle overestimation were both greater during the early part of passive movements than active movements. This indicates that psychophysical evidence of early overestimation of arm position on its own is not a sufficient proof of forward prediction based on an efference copy, at least under the conditions of this study. Decreased errors during active movements suggest that an efference copy can improve the accuracy of state estimation during active movements. Error patterns seem to parallel the likely level of sensorimotor noise, suggesting a probabilistic mechanism for position estimation.
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Pan, Li Zheng, Ai Guo Song, and Guo Zheng Xu. "Robot-Assisted Upper-Limb Fuzzy Adaptive Passive Movement Training and Clinical Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.227.
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In the effort to make robot-assisted upper limb passive movement training effective for neurologic injuries suffered from stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI), a new fuzzy adaptive closed-loop supervisory control method for passive joint movement training is proposed. Firstly, high-level supervisory controller for the desired passive range of motion (PROM) is designed based on the impaired limb’s joint motion recovery, and then low-level closed-loop position tracking controller is presented to drive the robot stably and smoothly to stretch the impaired limb to move along the predefined trajectory. The suggested strategy was applied to the four degrees of freedom (DOF) Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM) rehabilitation robot to evaluate its performance. Experimental results carried out on the 4-DOF WAM rehabilitation robot show the effectiveness and potentialities of the fuzzy adaptive passive movement control in clinical application.
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Hapuarachchi, Harin, Takayoshi Hagiwara, Gowrishankar Ganesh, and Michiteru Kitazaki. "Effect of connection induced upper body movements on embodiment towards a limb controlled by another during virtual co-embodiment." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): e0278022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278022.
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Even if we cannot control them, or when we receive no tactile or proprioceptive feedback from them, limbs attached to our bodies can still provide indirect proprioceptive and haptic stimulations to the body parts they are attached to simply due to the physical connections. In this study we investigated whether such indirect movement and haptic feedbacks from a limb contribute to a feeling of embodiment towards it. To investigate this issue, we developed a ’Joint Avatar’ setup in which two individuals were given full control over the limbs in different sides (left and right) of an avatar during a reaching task. The backs of the two individuals were connected with a pair of solid braces through which they could exchange forces and match the upper body postures with one another. Coupled with the first-person view, this simulated an experience of the upper body being synchronously dragged by the partner-controlled virtual arm when it moved. We observed that this passive synchronized upper-body movement significantly reduced the feeling of the partner-controlled limb being owned or controlled by another. In summary, our results suggest that even in total absence of control, connection induced upper body movements synchronized with the visible limb movements can positively affect the sense of embodiment towards partner-controlled or autonomous limbs.
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Gao, Moyao, Zhanli Wang, Zaixiang Pang, Jianwei Sun, Jing Li, Shuang Li, and Hansi Zhang. "Electrically Driven Lower Limb Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot Based on Anthropomorphic Design." Machines 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10040266.
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To help people with impairment of lower extremity movement regain the ability to stand and walk, and to enhance limb function, this study proposes an anthropomorphic design of an electrically driven, lower-limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot. The angular range of the robot’s motion was determined according to the characteristics of the targeted lower-limb joints; the robot was given an active–passive anthropomorphic design with 12 degrees of freedom. The multi-degree-of-freedom hip exoskeleton, bionic artificial knee exoskeleton and passive rigid-flexible coupling ankle exoskeleton can assist patients in rehabilitation exercises with better wear comfort and exercise flexibility. A kinetic model of the seven-rod lower-limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot was built, and data analysis of the dynamically captured motion trajectory was conducted. These provided a theoretical basis for gait planning and the control system of the lower-limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot. The results show that the lower-limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot system possesses sound wearing comfort and movement flexibility, and the degree of freedom of movement of the exoskeleton robot matches well with that of human movement. The robot can thus provide effective assistance to patients’ standing and walking rehabilitation training.
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Bell, Harold J., and James Duffin. "Respiratory response to passive limb movement is suppressed by a cognitive task." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 6 (December 2004): 2112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00302.2004.
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Feedback from muscles stimulates ventilation at the onset of passive movement. We hypothesized that central neural activity via a cognitive task source would interact with afferent feedback, and we tested this hypothesis by examining the fast changes in ventilation at the transition from rest to passive leg movement, under two conditions: 1) no task and 2) solving a computer-based puzzle. Resting breathing was greater in condition 2 than in condition 1, evidenced by an increase in mean ± SE breathing frequency (18.2 ± 1.1 vs. 15.0 ± 1.2 breaths/min, P = 0.004) and ventilation (10.93 ± 1.16 vs. 9.11 ± 1.17 l/min, P < 0.001). In condition 1, the onset of passive movement produced a fast increase in mean ± SE breathing frequency (change of 2.9 ± 0.4 breaths/min, P < 0.001), tidal volume (change of 233 ± 95 ml, P < 0.001), and ventilation (change of 6.00 ± 1.76 l/min, P < 0.001). However, in condition 2, the onset of passive movement only produced a fast increase in mean ± SE breathing frequency (change of 1.3 ± 0.4 breaths/min, P = 0.045), significantly smaller than in condition 1 ( P = 0.007). These findings provide evidence for an interaction between central neural cognitive activity and the afferent feedback mechanism, and we conclude that the performance of a cognitive task suppresses the respiratory response to passive movement.
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Keller, Allison, Lucas Zornoza, and Stephen J. Ives. "The Mechanoreflex Response to Static and Dynamic Passive Limb Movement." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486092.37923.7f.
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Merilampi, S., T. Björninen, L. Sydänheimo, and L. Ukkonen. "PASSIVE UHF RFID STRAIN SENSOR TAG FOR DETECTING LIMB MOVEMENT." International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems 5, no. 2 (2012): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2017-483.
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McCall, Andrew A., Derek M. Miller, William M. DeMayo, George H. Bourdages, and Bill J. Yates. "Vestibular nucleus neurons respond to hindlimb movement in the conscious cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 1785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00414.2016.
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The limbs constitute the sole interface with the ground during most waking activities in mammalian species; it is therefore expected that somatosensory inputs from the limbs provide important information to the central nervous system for balance control. In the decerebrate cat model, the activity of a subset of neurons in the vestibular nuclei (VN) has been previously shown to be modulated by hindlimb movement. However, decerebration can profoundly alter the effects of sensory inputs on the activity of brain stem neurons, resulting in epiphenomenal responses. Thus, before this study, it was unclear whether and how somatosensory inputs from the limb affected the activity of VN neurons in conscious animals. We recorded brain stem neuronal activity in the conscious cat and characterized the responses of VN neurons to flexion and extension hindlimb movements and to whole body vertical tilts (vestibular stimulation). Among 96 VN neurons whose activity was modulated by vestibular stimulation, the firing rate of 65 neurons (67.7%) was also affected by passive hindlimb movement. VN neurons in conscious cats most commonly encoded hindlimb movement irrespective of the direction of movement ( n = 33, 50.8%), in that they responded to all flexion and extension movements of the limb. Other VN neurons overtly encoded information about the direction of hindlimb movement ( n = 27, 41.5%), and the remainder had more complex responses. These data confirm that hindlimb somatosensory and vestibular inputs converge onto VN neurons of the conscious cat, suggesting that VN neurons integrate somatosensory inputs from the limbs in computations that affect motor outflow to maintain balance.
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Venturelli, Massimo, M. Amann, J. McDaniel, J. D. Trinity, A. S. Fjeldstad, and R. S. Richardson. "Central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement: the role of arousal." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 1 (January 2012): H333—H339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00851.2011.
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The exact role of arousal in central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement in humans is unclear but has been proposed as a potential contributor. Thus, we used a human model with no lower limb afferent feedback to determine the role of arousal on the hemodynamic response to passive leg movement. In nine people with a spinal cord injury, we compared central and peripheral hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to one-leg passive knee extension with and without visual feedback (M+VF and M-VF, respectively) as well as in a third trial with no movement or visual feedback but the perception of movement (F). Ventilation (V̇e), heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and leg blood flow (LBF) were evaluated during the three protocols. V̇e increased rapidly from baseline in M+VF (55 ± 11%), M-VF (63 ± 13%), and F (48 ± 12%) trials. Central hemodynamics (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and mean arterial pressure) were unchanged in all trials. LBF increased from baseline by 126 ± 18 ml/min in the M+VF protocol and 109 ± 23 ml/min in the M-VF protocol but was unchanged in the F protocol. Therefore, with the use of model that is devoid of afferent feedback from the legs, the results of this study reveal that, although arousal is invoked by passive movement or the thought of passive movement, as evidenced by the increase in V̇e, there is no central or peripheral hemodynamic impact of this increased neural activity. Additionally, this study revealed that a central hemodynamic response is not an obligatory component of movement-induced LBF.
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Dong, Fangyan, Haoyu Li, and Yongfei Feng. "Mechanism Design and Performance Analysis of a Sitting/Lying Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot." Machines 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10080674.
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To meet the various need of stroke patients’ rehabilitation training and carry out complex task training in real scenes, the structure of a lower limb rehabilitation robot with movements in the sagittal plane and coronal plane is usually complicated. A new sitting/lying lower limb rehabilitation robot (LOBO) with a simple mechanism form is proposed, which is designed based on a 2-PRR parallel mechanism. First, the kinematics, singularity, and condition number of the 2-PRR parallel mechanism are analyzed, which provides the basis for mechanism parameter design. Then, through the proportional–derivative control principle, real-time tracking of LOBO’s designed trajectory is realized. Finally, the length parameters of volunteers’ lower limbs are collected, and experimental verification is conducted in LOBO’s passive training mode. The experimental results show the feasibility of LOBO’s movement in the human sagittal and coronal planes. LOBO will help human lower limbs realize the synchronous continuous rehabilitation training of hip, knee, and ankle joints spatially, which could drive the rehabilitation movement of patients’ lower limbs in the sagittal plane and coronal plane in future clinical research. LOBO can also be applied to muscle strength training for the elderly to combat the effects of aging.
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Burns, Keith J., Brandon S. Pollock, Jon Stavres, and John McDaniel. "Upper Body Exercise And Passive Limb Movement To Increase Limb Blood Flow In Paraplegics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S (July 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000675988.49711.02.
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Uchytil, Jaroslav, Daniel Jandacka, David Zahradnik, Roman Farana, and Miroslav Janura. "Temporal–spatial parameters of gait in transfemoral amputees: Comparison of bionic and mechanically passive knee joints." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 38, no. 3 (July 3, 2013): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364613492789.
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Background:A symmetrical gait affords the most efficient walking pattern. Bionic prostheses should provide better gait symmetry than mechanically passive prostheses with respect to a nonpathological gait.Objectives:To compare the basic temporal–spatial parameters of gait in transfemoral amputees fitted with bionic or mechanically passive prosthetic knees with those of subjects with a nonpathological gait.Study design:Three-dimensional gait analysis using an optoelectronic device.Methods:Eight transfemoral amputees participated in the study. Subjects walked across two dynamometric platforms a total of 15 times. Movement kinematics were measured using optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry.Results:The swing time of the affected limb in patients fitted with a mechanically passive knee joint was longer than that of the nonaffected limb by 0.055 s (effect size = 1.57). Compared with the control group, the swing time of the prosthetic limb in patients fitted with a mechanically passive knee was longer by 0.042 s (effect size = 2.1). Similarly, the stance time of the nonaffected limb was longer by 0.047 s (effect size = 1.07).Conclusions:Compared with a mechanically passive knee joint, a bionic knee joint evinced gait symmetry. Both the stance time and the swing time for amputees with a bionic knee were similar to those of nonamputees.Clinical relevanceProsthetists aim to design prostheses that achieve a good symmetry between the healthy and affected limbs. The use of bionic technology achieves a level of symmetry approaching that observed in nonamputees.
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Chang, Edward F., Robert S. Turner, Jill L. Ostrem, Valerie R. Davis, and Philip A. Starr. "Neuronal Responses to Passive Movement in the Globus Pallidus Internus in Primary Dystonia." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (December 2007): 3696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00594.2007.
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Abnormal sensory processing has been implicated in the pathophysiology of primary dystonia. In the globus pallidus internus (GPi), the primary output structure of the basal ganglia, many neurons respond to sensory (proprioceptive) stimulation. Here we have characterized GPi neuronal responses to passive movement of the contralateral limbs in 22 patients with primary dystonia undergoing microelectrode recording for placement of deep brain stimulator leads. We plotted coordinates of cells responding to limb movement in a common space. We observed distinct representations of leg and arm movement localized to the dorsal and ventral part of the posterior GPi, respectively. Comparing patients with generalized dystonia versus patients with segmental craniocervical dystonia, there was no difference in the volumes or separations of leg and arm related territories. In contrast to parkinsonism, only a small minority of units were responsive to movement across multiple joints. Abnormally increased directional selectivity was found in units responding to dystonic limbs compared with nondystonic limbs. Some affected GPi neurons therefore appear to have altered proprioceptive tuning for movement direction. There is an apparent preservation of GPi somatotopic organization in dystonia in comparison with prior studies of GPi somatotopic organization in non-human primates and humans with Parkinson's disease.
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Hsieh, Ming-Shium, Chin-Sheng Chen, and Kuan-Sheng Chien. "INTELLIGENT PASSIVE CONTROL FOR LOWER LIMB REHABILITATION SYSTEM." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0088.
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This paper proposes the design and control of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine based on constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). First, the dynamic model of the CPM machine is derived for further controller design by the principal of virtual work. Then, an intelligent sliding-mode control (ISMC) system which involved recurrent Hermite neural network (RHNN) estimator to estimate the unknown external disturbance and uncertainty is proposed to track the angular position and velocity of the CPM machine.
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McDaniel, John, Anette S. Fjeldstad, Steve Ives, Melissa Hayman, Phil Kithas, and Russell S. Richardson. "Central and peripheral contributors to skeletal muscle hyperemia: response to passive limb movement." Journal of Applied Physiology 108, no. 1 (January 2010): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00895.2009.
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The central and peripheral contributions to exercise-induced hyperemia are not well understood. Thus, utilizing a reductionist approach, we determined the sequential peripheral and central responses to passive exercise in nine healthy men (33 ± 9 yr). Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, and femoral blood flow of the passively moved leg and stationary (control) leg were evaluated second by second during 3 min of passive knee extension with and without a thigh cuff that occluded leg blood flow. Without the thigh cuff, significant transient increases in cardiac output (1.0 ± 0.6 l/min, Δ15%), heart rate (7 ± 4 beats/min, Δ12%), stroke volume (7 ± 5 ml, Δ7%), passive leg blood flow (411 ± 146 ml/min, Δ151%), and control leg blood flow (125 ± 68 ml/min, Δ43%) and a transient decrease in mean arterial pressure (3 ± 3 mmHg, 4%) occurred shortly after the onset of limb movement. Although the rise and fall rates of these variables differed, they all returned to baseline values within 45 s; therefore, continued limb movement beyond 45 s does not maintain an increase in cardiac output or net blood flow. Similar changes in the central variables occurred when blood flow to the passively moving leg was occluded. These data confirm the role of peripheral factors and reveal an essential supportive role of cardiac output in the hyperemia at the onset of passive limb movement. This cardiac output response provides an important potential link between the physiology of active and passive exercise.
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Flament, D., and J. Hore. "Relations of motor cortex neural discharge to kinematics of passive and active elbow movements in the monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1268–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.4.1268.
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1. Bedingham and Tatton recently reported that in cats trained not to resist imposed limb perturbations, some motor cortex (area 4) neurons responded predominantly to acceleration or jerk (the third derivative of position). The questions arose whether motor cortex neurons responding to higher derivatives of limb displacement exist in the primate in a resist-perturbation task and, if so, whether discharge of such neurons responds to the same kinematics in active (voluntary) movements. 2. To answer these questions we studied the discharge patterns of 203 motor cortex neurons that responded to torque pulse perturbations about the elbow and fired during active elbow flexions and extensions in four monkeys. Detailed analysis was performed on 66 neurons that responded reciprocally in both situations. 3. Reciprocal neurons discharged at short latency (20-40 ms) for one direction of arm perturbation. For the opposite direction they were initially silent or inhibited and then discharged at a variety of latencies but in apparent relation to limb kinematics. Based on the timing and overall pattern of their discharge the majority of neurons (68%) were classified as being acceleration-like. 4. Twenty-four (36%) of these reciprocal neurons had only sensory (kinematic)-like properties in active movements, i.e., they discharged after (and not before) movement onset. Discharge of these neurons followed the timing, but not the magnitude, of acceleration (20 neurons) or velocity (4 neurons). The discharge of these neurons also had a static component as the arm was held stationary. 5. Twenty-nine (44%) of reciprocal neurons commenced firing before movement onset for one direction of active movement, while for the opposite direction their discharge occurred after movement onset. Thus their discharge appeared to be muscle-related: both when the muscle was contracting as an agonist and stretched as an antagonist. 6. Although in these tasks discharge of MCNs could be generated either by sensory feedback or by motor responses, the strong response sensitivity of many neurons to acceleration supports the hypothesis that feedback based on higher derivatives of limb displacement could represent a "predictive" control system for accurate regulation of limb motion.
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Olczak, Anna, Aleksandra Truszczyńska-Baszak, Adam Stępień, and Katarzyna Bryll. "Effect of the Trunk and Upper Limb Passive Stabilization on Hand Movements and Grip Strength Following Various Types of Strokes—An Observational Cohort Study." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091234.
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Almost half of the patients surveyed report impaired function of the upper limbx and handx after stroke. The effect of the passive trunk and shoulder stabilization on the recovery of coordinated hand movement is unclear. This study examined whether passive stabilization of the trunk and shoulder could improve the functional state of the hands after various types of strokes. It is an observational prospective cohort study conducted at the Rehabilitation Clinic in two parallel groups of patients with four different types of strokes (hemorrhagic and ischemic of the brain, similar to the cerebellum). A total of 120 patients were analyzed. Patients were examined in various positions: sitting without a backrest with the upper limb adjacent to the body, supine with the upper limb perpendicular to the body, and supine with the arm stabilized in relation to the patient’s body. Hand Tutor devices and a hand dynamometer were used for the measurements. The frequency and maximum range of motion as well as the grip strength were measured in three different positions of the trunk and upper limb. Passive stabilization of the trunk and shoulder showed more statistically significant differences in Group II. In group II, both in patients after hemorrhagic stroke (wrist Hz p = 0.019; wrist ROM p = 0.005; Hz F5 p = 0.021; Hz F4 p = 0.016; Hz F3 p = 0.019; Hz F2 p = 0.021) and ischemic stroke (p = 0.001 for wrist Hz, wrist ROM, Hz F from 5 to F2; and ROM F1; ROM F3 p = 0.009; ROM F2 p = 0.010), and hemorrhagic cerebellum, improvement of parameters was observed. Stabilization of the upper limb and passive stabilization of the trunk improved the frequency and range of movements in the radiocarpal joint and in the fingers of patients after stroke, regardless of the type of stroke.
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Brooke, J. D., J. Cheng, J. E. Misiaszek, and K. Lafferty. "Amplitude modulation of the soleus H reflex in the human during active and passive stepping movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.102.
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1. It was hypothesized that passive movement of either the whole leg or its separate segments, in a manner mimicking human gait, leads to attenuation of the soleus H reflex. It was further hypothesized that this attenuation arises from presynaptic effects. Reflex amplitudes were observed in humans during natural bipedal and unipedal stepping on the spot, during passive stepping, during passive movement of the lower limb segments about the hip, knee, and ankle individually in a stepping fashion, and during passive movement with tonic contraction of the soleus muscle. 2. In natural stepping at a cadence of 54 steps/min, the reflex means were substantially depressed in the swing phase (P < 0.01). (Means, standing control 90.1%, unipedal 8.3%, bipedal 6.9%, of maximum M wave.) During the stance phase, reflex magnitudes were mildly and significantly elevated in four of six subjects, compared with standing controls (P < 0.05). 3. For passive stepping, subjects were dorsally tilted 20 and 90 degrees (lying supine) from the vertical position, to obtain quiet electromyograms (EMGs) in the postural muscles. Recorded during natural stepping, the right leg was manipulated to match the electrogoniometer traces of the three major joints. 4. At 20 degrees of tilt of the body, mean H reflexes were significantly lower, by 26.4%, compared with the supine position (P < 0.05). During passive stepping movement of the leg at 54 steps/min, the reflex was profoundly attenuated over the entire cycle (P < 0.01). The significantly attenuated reflexes during active stepping and during passive stepping movement of the whole leg were not significantly different at the point where the limb approached full flexion in the swing phase (P > 0.48). This was the case for measurements made at either body position, 20 degrees dorsal tilt or supine. 5. Passive flexion-extension, around either the hip or the knee, significantly inhibited the mean reflex magnitude close to full flexion, at either body position (P < 0.01). Such movement around the ankle resulted in significant inhibition of the reflex in two of the four subjects (P < 0.05). The numeric sum of the reflex depression arising from the flexion-extension of the individual joints was greater than that arising from movement of the whole limb. 6. With the ankle braced, the significant reflex attenuation remained when a tonic isometric contraction of the soleus muscle was introduced. This suggests premotoneuronal mechanisms for the inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Patik, Jordan C., Janee D. Terwoord, and R. Matthew Brothers. "Passive Limb Movement Hyperemia in Healthy, Young African-Americans and Caucasians." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000488042.29001.83.
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Solopova, Irina A., Victor A. Selionov, Egor O. Blinov, Irina Y. Dolinskaya, Dmitry S. Zhvansky, Francesco Lacquaniti, and Yury Ivanenko. "Higher Responsiveness of Pattern Generation Circuitry to Sensory Stimulation in Healthy Humans Is Associated with a Larger HoffmannReflex." Biology 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050707.
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The state and excitability of pattern generators are attracting the increasing interest of neurophysiologists and clinicians for understanding the mechanisms of the rhythmogenesis and neuromodulation of the human spinal cord. It has been previously shown that tonic sensory stimulation can elicit non-voluntary stepping-like movements in non-injured subjects when their limbs were placed in a gravity-neutral unloading apparatus. However, large individual differences in responsiveness to such stimuli were observed, so that the effects of sensory neuromodulation manifest only in some of the subjects. Given that spinal reflexes are an integral part of the neuronal circuitry, here we investigated the extent to which spinal pattern generation excitability in response to the vibrostimulation of muscle proprioceptors can be related to the H-reflex magnitude, in both the lower and upper limbs. For the H-reflex measurements, three conditions were used: stationary limbs, voluntary limb movement and passive limb movement. The results showed that the H-reflex was considerably higher in the group of participants who demonstrated non-voluntary rhythmic responses than it was in the participants who did not demonstrate them. Our findings are consistent with the idea that spinal reflex measurements play important roles in assessing the rhythmogenesis of the spinal cord.
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Trinity, Joel D., Markus Amann, John McDaniel, Anette S. Fjeldstad, Zachary Barrett-O'Keefe, Sean Runnels, David E. Morgan, D. Walter Wray, and Russell S. Richardson. "Limb movement-induced hyperemia has a central hemodynamic component: evidence from a neural blockade study." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 299, no. 5 (November 2010): H1693—H1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00482.2010.
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The purpose of this investigation was to partially remove feedback from type III/IV skeletal muscle afferents and determine how this feedback influences the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive leg movement. Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, leg vascular conductance (LVC), and leg blood flow (LBF) were measured during 2 min of passive knee extension in eight young men before and after intrathecal fentanyl injection. Passive movement increased HR by 14 beats/min from baseline to maximal response during control (CON) (65 ± 4 to 79 ± 5 beats/min, P < 0.05), whereas HR did not significantly increase with the fentanyl block (BLK). LBF and LVC increased in both conditions; however, these increases were attenuated and delayed during BLK [%change from baseline to maximum, LBF: CON 295 ± 109 vs. BLK 210 ± 86%, ( P < 0.05); LVC: CON 322 ± 40% vs. BLK 231 ± 32%, ( P < 0.04)]. In CON, HR, SV, CO, and LVC increased contributing to the hyperemic response. However, under BLK conditions, statistically insignificant increases in HR and SV combined to yield a small, but significant, increase in CO and an attenuated hyperemic response. Therefore, partially blocking skeletal muscle afferent feedback blunts the central hemodynamic response due to passive limb movement, which then results in an attenuated and delayed movement-induced hyperemia. In combination, these findings provide evidence that limb movement-induced hyperemia has a significant central hemodynamic component induced by peripheral nerve activation.
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Hayman, Melissa A., Jose N. Nativi, Josef Stehlik, John McDaniel, Anette S. Fjeldstad, Stephen J. Ives, D. Walter Wray, Feras Bader, Edward M. Gilbert, and Russell S. Richardson. "Understanding exercise-induced hyperemia: central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement in heart transplant recipients." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 299, no. 5 (November 2010): H1653—H1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00580.2010.
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To better characterize the contribution of both central and peripheral mechanisms to passive limb movement-induced hyperemia, we studied nine recent (<2 yr) heart transplant (HTx) recipients (56 ± 4 yr) and nine healthy controls (58 ± 5 yr). Measurements of heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and femoral artery blood flow were recorded during passive knee extension. Peripheral vascular function was assessed using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). During passive limb movement, the HTx recipients lacked an HR response (0 ± 0 beats/min, Δ0%) but displayed a significant increase in CO (0.4 ± 0.1 l/min, Δ5%) although attenuated compared with controls (1.0 ± 0.2 l/min, Δ18%). Therefore, the rise in CO in the HTx recipients was solely dependent on increased SV (5 ± 1 ml, Δ5%) in contrast with the controls who displayed significant increases in both HR (6 ± 2 beats/min, Δ11%) and SV (5 ± 2 ml, Δ7%). The transient increase in femoral blood volume entering the leg during the first 40 s of passive movement was attenuated in the HTx recipients (24 ± 8 ml) compared with controls (93 ± 7 ml), whereas peripheral vascular function (FMD) appeared similar between HTx recipients (8 ± 2%) and controls (6 ± 1%). These data reveal that the absence of an HR increase in HTx recipients significantly impacts the peripheral vascular response to passive movement in this population and supports the concept that an increase in CO is a major contributor to exercise-induced hyperemia.
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Boraud, T., E. Bezard, B. Bioulac, and C. E. Gross. "Ratio of Inhibited-to-Activated Pallidal Neurons Decreases Dramatically During Passive Limb Movement in the MPTP-Treated Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1760.
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Mink advanced the hypothesis in 1996 that the role of the basal ganglia (BG) is primarily one of focused selection; the encouragement of motor mechanisms inducing a desired movement and the inhibition of competing mechanisms. This would imply, in normal subjects, a ratio of inhibited-to-activated (I/A) movement-related globus pallidus pars internalis (GPi) neurons <1 and a drastic decrease of this ratio in the parkinsonian state. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication should therefore decrease the specificity of the response of this neuronal population. To test this working hypothesis we studied the activity of GPi neurons in response to passive limb movement in the normal and the parkinsonian monkey. Extracellular unit recordings monitored any correlation between passive limb movements and eventual modifications of the neuronal activity of the GPi in two calm, awake, and drug naive monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) before and after MPTP intoxication. In the normal animal, arm- and leg-related neurons were located in clusters in the medial part of the GPi. The I/A ratio was 0.22. Most GPi cells were linked to a single joint. In the MPTP-treated monkey, the number of movement-related neurons increased, the I/A ratio dropped significantly to 0.03, and most responding cells were linked to several joints. These data, which cannot be explained by the classic “box” model, endorse Mink's hypothesis.
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Kiss, Gabriella, Béla Faludi, Brigitta Szilágyi, Alexandra Makai, Anita Velényi, Pongrác Ács, Péter Tardi, et al. "Effect of Active and Passive Mechanical Thromboprophylaxis and Consensual Effect on the Venous Blood Flow Velocity Among Hemiparetic Patients." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 25 (January 1, 2019): 107602961983211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619832111.
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Our aim was to measure the venous blood flow velocity (VBFV) in case of hemiparetic patients, after passive and active thromboembolic methods, as well as the consensual effect in the hemiparetic limb following the active venous exercises in the healthy limb. We examined 215 patients, with the median age of 58.0 (55.0-63.0) years. The VBFV was measured with a HADECO BIDOP ES-100 V II type Doppler ultrasound device, using an 8 MHz head, on the femoral vein at the level of the hip joint. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 22 was used. After passive movement, on the hemiparetic side, compared to the value in resting state, the VBFV significantly (12.6; 11.6-13.5 cm/s; P < .001) increased. Following active venous exercises performed on the healthy side, the VBFV significantly (18.0; 15.6-19.6 cm/s; P < .001) increased compared to the value in resting state. Following the active venous exercises performed on the healthy side, the VBFV measured on the hemiparetic side (consensual effect) was significantly (15.1 [14.1-16.5] cm/s; P < .001) higher than the value on the hemiparetic side in resting state. Active and passive mechanical thromboprophylaxis methods can be effective. Movements of the healthy limb significantly increase the VBFV in the inactive limb, and patients can perform it themselves several times a day.
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McDaniel, John, Melissa A. Hayman, Steve Ives, Anette S. Fjeldstad, Joel D. Trinity, D. Walter Wray, and Russell S. Richardson. "Attenuated exercise induced hyperaemia with age: mechanistic insight from passive limb movement." Journal of Physiology 588, no. 22 (November 15, 2010): 4507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198770.
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Poppele, R. E., and G. Bosco. "Distribution of activity in the cerebellar cortex resulting from passive limb movement." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1997): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9742143x.
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The notion that cerebellar cortex geometry may play a unique role in its function is explored by Braitenberg et al. in the form of a new theory about the distribution of cortical activity. The theory makes specific predictions which are not verified by an experimental study of hindlimb movement in the cat.
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Francisco, Michael A., Joshua F. Lee, Zachary Barrett-O’Keefe, H. Jonathan Groot, Stephen M. Ratchford, Kanokwan Bunsawat, Jeremy K. Alpenglow, et al. "Locomotor Muscle Microvascular Dysfunction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction." Hypertension 78, no. 6 (December 2021): 1750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17875.
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While there is emerging evidence of peripheral microvascular dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that may be related to systemic inflammation and redox imbalance, disease-related changes in locomotor muscle microvascular responsiveness have not been determined. This study combined passive leg movement and biomarker assessments of inflammation and oxidative damage to determine the magnitude and mechanisms of lower limb microvascular function in patients with HFpEF (71±1 years; n=44) compared with healthy, similarly aged controls (68±2 years; n=39). Leg blood flow, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and stroke volume were assessed, and plasma biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative damage were also determined. A significantly attenuated passive leg movement–induced peak change in leg blood flow (263±25 versus 371±31 mL/min, HFpEF versus control) and leg vascular conductance (2.99±0.32 versus 3.88±0.34 mL/min per mm Hg, HFpEF versus control) was observed in patients compared with controls. Similarly, the total hyperemic response to passive leg movement, expressed as leg blood flow AUC and leg vascular conductance AUC , was ≈40% less in patients with HFpEF versus control. Significantly greater C-reactive protein, IL-6 (interleukin-6), and malondialdehyde were observed in patients with HFpEF but were not correlated with passive leg movement responses. These data provide new evidence of a decline in lower limb microvascular function within a milieu of vascular inflammation that may contribute to locomotor muscle dysfunction in patients with HFpEF.
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Taketomi, Masakazu, Yukiyo Shimizu, Hideki Kadone, Shigeki Kubota, Yuta Kagai, Yoshitaka Okamoto, Yasushi Hada, and Masashi Yamazaki. "Shoulder Joint Hybrid Assistive Limb Treatment for Chronic Stroke Patients with Upper Limb Dysfunction." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031215.
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Upper extremity dysfunction after stroke affects quality of life. Focusing on the shoulder joint, we investigated the safety and effectiveness of rehabilitation using a shoulder joint hybrid assistive limb (HAL). Eight patients with chronic stroke and upper extremity functional disability were enrolled and used a shoulder joint HAL, which assisted shoulder movement based on the user’s intention, through myoelectric activation of the shoulder flexor. Ten training sessions of 30–40 min each were performed to assist voluntary movement of upper limb elevation on the affected side through triggering the deltoid muscle. All patients completed the interventions without shoulder pain. Surface electromyography evaluation indicated post-intervention improvement in coordinated movement of the affected upper extremity. Significant improvements in voluntary and passive shoulder joint range of motion were obtained after the intervention, suggesting improvement in shoulder muscle strength. A significant decrease in the modified Ashworth scale and improvements in functional scores in the upper limb were also observed. Along with safe use for our study patients, the shoulder HAL provided appropriate motor learning benefits. Improvements in shoulder joint function and whole upper limb function were observed, suggesting that HAL could be an optimal treatment method.
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Kozuka, Hiroaki, Daisaku Uchijima, and Hiroshi Tachiya. "Motion-Assist Arm with a Passive Joint for an Upper Limb." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0183.
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This study proposes a motion-assist arm that can accurately support the positioning of a human upper limb. The motion-assist arm is a three-degree-of-freedom (DOF) planer under-actuated robotic arm with a 1-DOF passive joint that can be driven by an human. A control method for the robot arm is as follows. First, when the human moves an output point of the arm manually, the passive joint is rotated with the movement of the output point. Then, for accurate positioning of the output point on a target path, the actuated joints are controlled according to the displacement of the passive joint. Based on the above method, the human can adjust the velocity of the output point deliberately while its position is accurately corrected by the actuated joints. To confirm its effectiveness, the authors conducted tests to assist the human’s upper limb movement along straight target paths, a square path, and free curves paths such as italic letters with the proposed robot arm prototype. From the results of the tests, the authors confirmed that the proposed robot arm can accurately position the upper limb of the human on the target paths while the human intentionally moves the upper limb. It is expected that the proposed arm will be used for rehabilitation because it can aid patients to move their arms correctly. In addition, the proposed arm will enable any human to achieve complex work easily.
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Yu, Gang, Jin Wu Qian, Lin Yong Shen, and Ya Nan Zhang. "Control System Design of Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.477.
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In traditional iatrical method, the patients with hemiplegia were assisted mainly by medical personnel to complete rehabilitation training. To make the medical personnel work easily and improve the effect of rehabilitation training, the rehabilitation robot was adopted. And the control system of a four DOF upper limb rehabilitation robot was designed based on impedance control to assist the patients with hemiplegia to complete rehabilitation training after the kinematic and kinetic analysis was finished. Then finished the analysis, simulation, and experiment of monarticular movement and multiarticulate movement after the analyzing the algorithm to tested the control system. The control system based on impedance control of the upper limb rehabilitation robot can realize the passive training which followed the planning trajectory, and active training which followed patients’ awareness of movement.
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Tae, Ki Sik, Sung Jae Song, So Young Lee, Gi Young Park, Chul Ho Sohn, and Young Ho Kim. "Functional Reorganization in Chronic Hemiparetic Patients after Training: fMRI Studies." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1016.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of short-term repetitive-bilateral exercise on the activation of motor network using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eight control subjects and four chronic hemiparetic patients were investigated for the present study. The training program with a symmetrical upper-limb motion trainer was performed at 1 hr/day, 5 days/week during 6 weeks. Fugl-Meyer assessments (FMA) were performed every two weeks during the training. We compared cerebral and cerebellar cortical activations in two different tasks before and after the training program: (1) the only unaffected hand movement (Task 1), and (2) passive movements of the affected hand by the active movement of the unaffected hand (Task 2). fMRI was performed at 3T with wrist flexion-extension movement at 1 Hz during the motor tasks. All patients showed significant improvements of FMA scores in their paretic limbs after training. fMRI studies in Task 1 showed that cortical activations decreased in ipsilateral SMC but increased in contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and ipsilateral cerebellum (CRB). Task 2 showed cortical reorganizations in bilateral SMC, pre-motor area (PMA), supplementary area (SMA) and CRB. This study demonstrated that plastic changes of motor network occurred as a neural basis of the improvement subsequent to repetitive-bilateral exercises using the symmetrical upper-limb motion trainer.
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Kadivar, Zahra, Christopher E. Beck, Roger N. Rovekamp, and Marcia K. O’Malley. "Single limb cable driven wearable robotic device for upper extremity movement support after traumatic brain injury." Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 8 (January 2021): 205566832110024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20556683211002448.
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Introduction Recently, soft exosuits have been proposed for upper limb movement assistance, most supporting single joint movements. We describe the design of a portable wearable robotic device (WRD), “Armstrong,” able to support three degrees-of-freedom of arm movements, and report on its feasibility for movement support of individuals with hemiparesis after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods We introduce Armstrong and report on a pilot evaluation with two male individuals post-TBI (T1 and T2) and two healthy individuals. Testing involved elbow flexion/extension with and without robotic-assisted shoulder stabilization; shoulder abduction with and without robotic-assisted elbow stabilization; and assisted shoulder abduction and flexion. Outcome measures included range of motion and root mean square trajectory and velocity errors. Results TBI subjects performed active, passive, hybrid and active assistive movements with Armstrong. Subjects showed improvements in movement trajectory and velocity. T1 benefited from hybrid, active, and assistive modes due to upper extremity weakness and muscle tone. T2 benefited from hybrid and assistive modes due to impaired coordination. Healthy subjects performed isolated movements of shoulder and elbow with minimal trajectory and velocity errors. Conclusions This study demonstrates the safety and feasibility of Armstrong for upper extremity movement assistance for individuals with TBI, with therapist supervision.
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Scholtes, Sara A., Barbara J. Norton, Sara P. Gombatto, and Linda R. Van Dillen. "Variables Associated with Performance of an Active Limb Movement following Within-Session Instruction in People with and People without Low Back Pain." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/867983.
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Modification of a movement pattern can be beneficial in decreasing low back pain (LBP) symptoms. There is variability, however, in how well people are able to modify performance of a movement. What has not been identified is the factors that may affect a person’s ability to modify performance of a movement. We examined factors related to performance of active hip lateral rotation (HLR) following standardized instructions in people with and people without LBP. Data were collected during performance of HLR under 3 conditions: passive, active, and active instructed. In people with LBP, motion demonstrated during the passive condition (r=0.873,P<0.001), motion demonstrated during the active condition (r=0.654,P=0.008), and gender (r=0.570,P=0.027) were related to motion demonstrated during the active-instructed condition. Motion demonstrated during the passive condition explained 76%(P<0.001)of the variance in motion demonstrated during the active-instructed condition. A similar relationship did not exist in people without LBP. The findings of the study suggest that it may be important to assess motion demonstrated during passive HLR to determine how difficult it will be for someone with LBP to modify the performance of HLR. Prognosis should be worst for those who display similar movement patterns during passive HLR and active-instructed HLR.
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Sugawara, Kazuyuki, Mitsuhiro Aoki, and Masahiro Yamane. "Quantitative Evaluation of the Movement Distance of Deep Fascia and Change of Muscle Shape Related to Chain Response in Fascia Tissue of Lower Limb." Life 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070688.
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By using ultrasonography, we measured the longitudinal movement distance of the deep fascia (LMDDF), change of the pennation angle (PA) and muscle thickness (MT) in both the tensor fasciae latae muscle (TFL) and the gluteus medius muscle (G-Med) during passive movement of the toes/ankle joints. 21 right lower limbs of 21 healthy males were evaluated in this study. We measured the LMDDF of the TFL and G-Med by measuring distance between the designated landmark on skin and the intersection of the major deep-fascia (D-fascia) and the fascial bundle. We also measured change of the PA and MT of both muscles. Additionally, we also measured the reliability of the measurement and the measurement error. The measurement was performed during three manual positions on the toes/ankle; manual holding of the toes and ankle joint in neutral, toes flexion and ankle plantar flexion/inversion position, toes extension and ankle extension/valgus position. The existence of muscle contraction of both the muscles during passive motion was monitored by active surface electrodes. This study confirmed mobility of the D-fascia in which the TFL’s D-fascia moves and change of muscle shape in the distal direction during no muscle contraction due to passive movement. This fact suggests the possibility that passive tension on fascia tissue of the ankle extends to the proximal part of the limb, i.e., to the D-fascia of the TFL.
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Hellsten, Ylva, Nora Rufener, Jens J. Nielsen, Birgitte Høier, Peter Krustrup, and Jens Bangsbo. "Passive leg movement enhances interstitial VEGF protein, endothelial cell proliferation, and eNOS mRNA content in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 3 (March 2008): R975—R982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00677.2007.
Full textAbstract:
The present study used passive limb movement as an experimental model to study the effect of increased blood flow and passive stretch, without enhanced metabolic demand, in young healthy male subjects. The model used was 90 min of passive movement of the leg leading to a 2.8-fold increase ( P < 0.05) in blood flow without a significant enhancement in oxygen uptake. Muscle interstitial fluid was sampled with microdialysis technique and analyzed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein and for the effect on endothelial cell proliferation. Biopsies obtained from the musculus vastus lateralis were analyzed for mRNA content of VEGF, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The passive leg movement caused an increase ( P < 0.05) in interstitial VEGF protein concentration above rest (73 ± 21 vs. 344 ± 83 pg/ml). Addition of muscle dialysate to cultured endothelial cells revealed that dialysate obtained during leg movement induced a 3.2-fold higher proliferation rate ( P < 0.05) than dialysate obtained at rest. Passive movement also enhanced ( P < 0.05) the eNOS mRNA level fourfold above resting levels. VEGF mRNA and MMP-2 mRNA levels were unaffected. The results show that a session of passive leg movement, elevating blood flow and causing passive stretch, augments the interstitial concentrations of VEGF, the proliferative effect of interstitial fluid, and eNOS mRNA content in muscle tissue. We propose that enhanced blood flow and passive stretch are positive physiological stimulators of factors associated with capillary growth in human muscle.
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Pan, Lizheng, Aiguo Song, Suolin Duan, and Xianchuan Shi. "Study on motion performance of robot-aided passive rehabilitation exercises using novel dynamic motion planning strategy." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 172988141987323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419873236.
Full textAbstract:
The motion rehabilitation training robot is developed to help patients with motion dysfunction recover their motor function by providing a large amount of repetitive robot-aided exercise. To achieve stable and smooth robot-aided exercises for stroke patients, a motion control method with a novel dynamic motion planning strategy is proposed. The physical state of the training limb is assessed real time during the rehabilitation exercises. The dynamic motion planning strategy is developed by employing a suitable interpolation method dynamically corresponding to the physical state of the training limb to plan a trajectory tracking system that completely utilizes different interpolation characteristics to manage the movement in accordance with the time-varying physical state of the training limb. Concurrently, a position-based impedance control is adopted to achieve compliant movement. Functional (quantitative and qualitative) and clinical experiments are conducted on a four-degree-of-freedom whole-arm manipulator upper limb rehabilitation robot to verify the effectiveness of the control method designed with the dynamic motion planning strategy. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy can exhibit better performances in terms of the stability and smoothness.
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Cramer, Steven C., Keith C. Stegbauer, Angela Mark, Robert Price, Kristin Barquist, Kathleen R. Bell, Peter C. Esselman, Ib R. Odderson, and Kenneth R. Maravilla. "Motor cortex activation in hemiparetic stroke patients." Stroke 32, suppl_1 (January 2001): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.334-c.
Full textAbstract:
100 Little is known about the function of surviving motor cortex after hemiparetic stroke. Though the corticospinal tract may be damaged, function may persist via intact intracortical connections. We probed motor cortex function using paradigms unrelated to genesis of paretic limb movement. Seven patients with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis, including total hand plegia, were studied with functional MRI (fMRI). Brain activation was achieved by alternating between rest and one of several stimuli. For the plegic hand, stimuli were passive index finger movement, or viewing active movements; for the non-plegic hand, active or passive index finger movement. Brain activation maps (p<.001) were generated, after which anatomical landmarks were used to identify regions of interest within non-infarcted tissue. Tasks were rehearsed before fMRI, during which surface EMG leads were placed on 5 muscles in each arm. Patients were median 5 months post-stroke, median age 66 years. Median NIH stroke scale score was 9; Rankin, 3; and arm motor Fugl-Meyer score, 18 (normal=66); Motor Activity Log confirmed no plegic hand use. Studies with excess head movement were excluded, including all plegic hand tasks for 1 patient. Plegic hand tasks (10 studies across 6 patients) activated the stroke hemisphere in all patients, including primary motor cortex (5 patients), primary sensory cortex (5 patients), premotor cortex (4 patients), and supplementary motor area (3 patients). Non-stroke hemisphere was also activated, particularly primary motor cortex (5 patients). In a few instances, EMG disclosed paretic arm muscle activity, but this had no relationship to fMRI activation. Non-plegic hand tasks (9 studies across 7 patients) activated the stroke hemisphere ipsilaterally, including supplementary motor area in all 7 patients, and primary motor cortex in 6 patients. In patients with post-stroke hemiparesis, passive stimulation activates surviving motor cortex regions within the stroke-affected hemisphere. After corticospinal tract damage, motor cortex can still be activated during tasks unrelated to paretic limb movement. The results may suggest therapeutic avenues for improving motor function after stroke.