Academic literature on the topic 'Passive limb movement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Passive limb movement"
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Rahman, Tariq, Whitney Sample, Shanmuga Jayakumar, Marilyn Marnie King, Jin Yong Wee, Rahamim Seliktar, Michael Alexander, Mena Scavina, and Alisa Clark. "Passive exoskeletons for assisting limb movement." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 43, no. 5 (2006): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2005.04.0070.
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Bosco, G., and R. E. Poppele. "Broad directional tuning in spinal projections to the cerebellum." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.2.863.
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1. Spinocerebellar neurons that project in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) receive mono- and polysynaptic inputs from specific sensory receptors in the hindlimb, and they project mossy fiber terminals to the cerebellar vermis. We examined the functional organization of these neurons and found that it relates to whole-limb parameters like limb posture and direction of limb movement. 2. We recorded the activity of 444 DSCT units during passive perturbations of the hind foot in anesthetized cats. The movements were either confined a single joint (the ankle; 234 cells) or involved the entire hindlimb (210 cells). The cells exhibited opposite responses for opposite directions of whole-limb movement, but a variety of response patterns for opposite directions of movement at one joint. We interpret the result to imply that the population encodes information about the whole limb rather than single joints. 3. Most of the 78 neurons recorded during passive limb placements (63%) responded to changes in limb length and also changes in limb orientation. In fact, the activity of most of the cells was broadly tuned with respect to the direction of passive limb movements generated by moving the hind foot in the sagittal plane. Changes in unit activity could be described by a cosine tuning function with respect to foot positions (72% of responses) and directions of foot movement (50%). 4. The similarity of this behavior to that of neurons in the motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei recorded during voluntary movements is consistent with a common neural code to represent the sensorimotor parameters of limb movement.
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Narain, S., J. Lin, and T. Puckree. "The effect of lower limb passive movement on lung function." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 57, no. 2 (May 31, 2001): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v57i2.498.
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This study examined the effects of ankle passive movement on lung function in healthy adults. A pre-test post-test experimental design was used. Passive plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed at 60 repetitions per minute on 60 healthy subjects in the supine position. Lung function at rest was compared to that during passive movements. The results indicated that all measured parameters including the breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output, increased significantly during passive movements as compared to those at rest. The authors conclude that passive movements elicit a significant ventilatory increase in healthy human subjects. The effect of passive movements in the treatment of unconscious or diseased individuals should be investigated.
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Asahara, Ryota, and Kanji Matsukawa. "Decreased prefrontal oxygenation elicited by stimulation of limb mechanosensitive afferents during cycling exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): R230—R240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00454.2017.
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Our laboratory reported using near-infrared spectroscopy that feedback from limb mechanoafferents may decrease prefrontal oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) during the late period of voluntary and passive cycling. To test the hypothesis that the decreased Oxy-Hb of the prefrontal cortex would be augmented depending on the extent of limb mechanoafferent input, the prefrontal Oxy-Hb response was measured during motor-driven one- and two-legged passive cycling for 1 min at various revolutions of pedal movement in 19 subjects. Furthermore, we examined whether calculated tissue oxygenation index (TOI) decreased during passive cycling as the Oxy-Hb did, simultaneously assessing blood flows of extracranial cutaneous tissue and the common and internal carotid arteries (CCA and ICA) with laser and ultrasound Doppler flowmetry. Minute ventilation and cardiac output increased and peripheral resistance decreased during passive cycling, depending on both revolutions of pedal movement and number of limbs, whereas mean arterial blood pressure did not change. Passive cycling did not change end-tidal CO2, suggesting absence of a hypocapnic change. Prefrontal Oxy-Hb decreased during passive cycling, being in proportion to revolution of pedal movement but not number of cycling limbs. In addition, prefrontal TOI decreased during passive cycling as Oxy-Hb did, whereas blood flows of forehead cutaneous tissue, CCA, and ICA did not change significantly. Thus, a decrease in Oxy-Hb reflected a decrease in tissue blood flow of the intracerebral vasculature but not the extracerebral compartment. It is likely that feedback from mechanoafferents decreased regional cerebral blood flow of the prefrontal cortex in relation to the revolutions of pedal movement.
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Zehr, E. Paul, David F. Collins, Alain Frigon, and Nienke Hoogenboom. "Neural Control of Rhythmic Human Arm Movement: Phase Dependence and Task Modulation of Hoffmann Reflexes in Forearm Muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00416.2002.
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Although we move our arms rhythmically during walking, running, and swimming, we know little about the neural control of such movements. Our working hypothesis is that neural mechanisms controlling rhythmic movements are similar in the human lumbar and cervical spinal cord. Thus reflex modulation during rhythmic arm movement should be similar to that seen during leg movement. Our main experimental hypotheses were that the amplitude of H-reflexes in the forearm muscles would be modulated during arm movement (i.e., phase-dependent) and would be inhibited during cycling compared with static contraction (i.e., task-dependent). Furthermore, to determine the locus of any modulation, we tested the effect that active and passive movement of the ipsilateral (relative to stimulated arm) and contralateral arm had on H-reflex amplitude. Subjects performed rhythmic arm cycling on a custom-made hydraulic ergometer in which the two arms could be constrained to move together (180° out of phase) or could rotate independently. Position of the stimulated limb in the movement cycle is described with respect to the clock face. H-reflexes were evoked at 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions during static contraction as well as during rhythmic arm movements. Reflex amplitudes were compared between tasks at equal M wave amplitudes and similar levels of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the target muscle. Surface EMG recordings were obtained bilaterally from flexor carpi radialis as well as from other muscles controlling the wrist, elbow, and shoulder. Compared with reflexes evoked during static contractions, movement of the stimulated limb attenuated H-reflexes by 50.8% ( P < 0.005), 65.3% ( P < 0.001), and 52.6% ( P < 0.001) for bilateral, active ipsilateral, and passive ipsilateral movements, respectively. In contrast, movement of the contralateral limb did not significantly alter H-reflex amplitude. H-reflexes were also modulated by limb position ( P < 0.005). Thus task- and phase-dependent modulation were observed in the arm as previously demonstrated in the leg. The data support the hypothesis that neural mechanisms regulating reflex pathways in the moving limb are similar in the human upper and lower limbs. However, the inhibition of H-reflex amplitude induced by contralateral leg movement is absent in the arms. This may reflect the greater extent to which the arms can be used independently.
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Garten, Ryan S., H. Jonathan Groot, Matthew J. Rossman, Jayson R. Gifford, and Russell S. Richardson. "Aerobic Capacity Augments Passive Limb Movement-induced Hyperemia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478760.98476.51.
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SAEKI, Satoru, Hajime OGATA, Ko ASAYAMA, and Yoshihiro DEGUCHI. "Effects of passive limb movement upon respiratory function." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 28, no. 2 (1991): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.28.133.
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Ives, Stephen J., John McDaniel, Melissa A. H. Witman, and Russell S. Richardson. "Passive limb movement: evidence of mechanoreflex sex specificity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): H154—H161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2012.
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Previous studies have determined that premenopausal women exhibit an attenuated metaboreflex; however, little is known about sex specificity of the mechanoreflex. Thus, we sought to determine if sex differences exist in the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement. Second-by-second measurements of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, and femoral artery blood flow (FBF) were recorded during 3 min of supine passive knee extension in 24 young healthy subjects (12 women and 12 men). Normalization of CO and stroke volume to body surface area, expressed as cardiac index and stroke index, eliminated differences in baseline central hemodynamics, whereas, peripherally, basal FBF and femoral vascular conductance were similar between the sexes. In response to passive limb movement, women displayed significantly attenuated peak central hemodynamic responses compared with men (heart rate: 9.0 ± 1 vs. 14.8 ± 2% change, stroke index: 4.5 ± 0.6 vs. 7.8 ± 1.2% change, cardiac index: 9.6 ± 1 vs. 17.2 ± 2% change, all P < 0.05), whereas movement induced similar increases in peak FBF (167 ± 32 vs. 193 ± 17% change) and femoral vascular conductance (172 ± 31 vs. 203 ± 16% change) in both sexes (women vs. men, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between individual peak FBF and peak CO response to passive movement in men but not in women. Thus, although both sexes exhibited similar movement-induced hyperemia and peripheral vasodilatory function, the central hemodynamic response was blunted in women, implying an attenuated mechanoreflex. Therefore, this study reveals that, as already recognized with the metaboreflex, there is likely a sex-specific attenuation of the mechanoreflex in women.
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Pollock, Brandon S., Keith Burns, Sara Harper, Kylene Peroutky, and John McDaniel. "Skeletal Muscle Hyperemia and Repetitive Passive Limb Movement." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000493203.59218.25.
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London, Brian M., and Lee E. Miller. "Responses of somatosensory area 2 neurons to actively and passively generated limb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00372.2012.
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Control of reaching movements requires an accurate estimate of the state of the limb, yet sensory signals are inherently noisy, because of both noise at the receptors themselves and the stochastic nature of the information representation by neural discharge. One way to derive an accurate representation from noisy sensor data is to combine it with the output of a forward model that considers both the previous state estimate and the noisy input. We recorded from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in macaques ( Macaca mulatta) during both active and passive movements to investigate how the proprioceptive representation of movement in S1 may be modified by the motor command (through efference copy). We found neurons in S1 that respond to one or both movement types covering a broad distribution from active movement only, to both, to passive movement only. Those neurons that responded to both active and passive movements responded with similar directional tuning. Confirming earlier results, some, but not all, neurons responded before the onset of volitional movements, possibly as a result of efference copy. Consequently, many of the features necessary to combine the forward model with proprioceptive feedback appear to be present in S1. These features would not be expected from combinations of afferent receptor responses alone.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Passive limb movement"
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BISCONTI, ANGELA VALENTINA. "EVIDENCE OF VASCULAR FUNCTION PLASTICITY INDUCED BY SMALL MUSCLE TRAINING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/637960.
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According to the American Heart Association and the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death. Interestingly, the female incidence of mortality due to cardiovascular events has clearly exceeded that of male since 1984. Physical exercise is the most important non-pharmacological treatment leading to several cardiovascular protective effects via a direct impact on the vasculature and on the autonomic response. In the modern society, not everyone could practice physical activity on a daily basis, because of several limitations or more simply, particular diseases in which the traditional physical exercise approach results unfeasible.
Exercise-related improvements in vascular functionality are primarily attributed as shear stress- dependent mechanism.Respiratory muscles being part of the musculoskeletal system can be trained. Because of this, it is possible that respiratory muscle training (RMT) could be used as an alternative exercise paradigm causing alteration in the peripheral hemodynamic, including no exercising areas, to improve vascular health. Previous evidences proved that RMT has a primary positive effect in static and dynamic lung volumes, together with maximal inspiratory pressure, and a secondary important effect in increase cardiac vagal tone, lastly affecting the autonomic nervous system balance. To date, the effects of RMT on the overall vasomotor response (a well-recognized marker of cardiovascular health) has not been investigated yet.
Another small muscle exercise modality is the dynamic knee extension. The ability of the vessels to alter their diameter (i.e. vasodilation or vasoconstriction) to maintain the homeostasis of the vascular tone, ensuring that the blood flow matches the demand of the skeletal muscles and other organs, both at rest and during exercise is defined vasomotor response. Extrinsic factor, such as the autonomic control of the sympathetic neural drive (global control), and intrinsic factor such as the capacity of the endothelial cells to respond to mechanical stress by releasing vasoactive molecules (i.e. nitric oxide, NO) together with other possible factors, such as pH and temperature, interact to determines the prevalence of a vasoconstriction or vasodilator effect on the arterial wall.
Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of two different types of small muscle exercise training on the peripheral vasomotor response in young healthy people. Two studies were developed in which the purposes were:
1) to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of RMT on both central (i.e. the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system assessed by heart rate variability) and peripheral (i.e. the ability of the endothelium to release NO causing vasodilatation assessed by Flow Mediated Dilatation(FMD) components of vasomotor response, in young healthy females;
2) to evaluate the effects of single-leg knee extension training (KE) on vasomotor response in the lower limb directly involved with exercise (i.e. femoral artery) and on the upper limb, not involved with KE (i.e. brachial artery).
We hypothesized that (i) RMT could improve FMD in the brachial artery (beneficial effect on peripheral control due to systemic factors influenced by exercise training) via a reduction in sympathetic drive (central control), and that (ii) KE could raise the peripheral blood flow also in limb non-directly involved in the exercise leading to positive effects in both exercised and not exercised limbs. The positive effects observed in the present dissertation, in terms of increase in vascular function parameters, after KE training and RMT, may suggest that also small muscle exercises are able to raise peripheral BF in both involved and non-involved exercising area. However, positive adaptation in the peripheral component of the vasomotor response could be detected after training only when the peripheral blood flow stimulus was strong enough to trigger a series of positive adaptation on the vessels.
Book chapters on the topic "Passive limb movement"
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Lolowang, Djajati Mariana. "The Effect of the Application of the Teaching Command Method on the Basic Movement Ability of Underhand Passing in the Volleyball Game by Rosa de Lima Tondano Catholic High School Students." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Physical Education, Sport, and Health (ICoPESH 2022), 126–32. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-79-4_17.
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Glannon, Walter. "Brain–Computer Interfaces for Movement." In Neural Prosthetics, 82–111. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0003.
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This chapter describes differences between passive and active brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). It explains how active BCIs enable users to move a prosthetic arm or limb, or a computer cursor, and gives them a certain degree of control over these movements. There is shared control between the user and the interface, and this restores the user’s capacity for agency. In normal voluntary bodily movements, one does not have to think about performing them. In BCI-mediated movements, the user must plan how to use the system in activating and directing brain signals to the computer to perform them. There are two intentions: intending to perform an action; and intending to perform it with a BCI. There are two mental acts: activating and directing signals to the computer to produce the motor output. The fact that there are two intentions and two mental acts resulting in a physical movement could motivate a revision of moral and legal criteria of responsibility for BCI users. It could influence judgements of responsibility for actions, omissions, and their consequences.
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Santucci, Jack. "Legislative Limbo, Polarizing Repeal." In More Parties or No Parties, 122–61. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197630655.003.0007.
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Abstract This chapter uses roll-call and electoral data to analyze “polarizing” episodes in three key cases. Two of these, Cincinnati and New York City, have been prominent in STV historiography. A third, Worcester (MA), reveals the same basic patterns. Legislative roll rates, transfer-leakage rates, and visual evidence of realignment predict repeal efforts. They also account for passing observations, in STV historiography, about the behavior of key players. Repeal efforts do not succeed when third parties and/or independents offset defections from “good government” parties. A fourth case, Cambridge (MA), does not repeal STV despite experiencing similar levels of transfer leakage. Rather, the “good government” group begins to limit nominations. Anecdotes suggest similar problems in other cities. Nationally, movement leaders and political scientists come to see STV as a problematic way to deliver minority representation.
Conference papers on the topic "Passive limb movement"
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Howell, Eric B., Glenn Klute, and Santosh Devasia. "Passive and Active Shock Absorbing Prostheses for Lower Limb Amputees." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81286.
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Excessive transient forces arising from foot-ground during gait can be related to increased incidence of degenerative joint disease, residual limb blisters and ulceration, muscle tears, stress fractures, and chronic low back pain. For the lower extremity amputee with only residual capacity to attenuate transient forces, effective protective interventions are an essential element of the prosthetic prescription. To facilitate understanding of the components and design variables that may influence shock absorption, a lumped parameter model simulating the movement of the human body, prosthetic components, and footwear for the first 150 ms following initial foot-ground contact is developed in conjunction with a cost function relating dose, magnitude and frequency with adverse health effects. The prosthetic foot was found to have the greatest potential for attenuating impact forces compared to the pylon and socket liner. Using the model to explore the design space, optimal passive designs were able to reduce the adverse-health-effects, cost function by 20% from those of seven different, commercially available, prosthetic feet. Optimal passive designs at the pylon and socket liner produced smaller reductions in cost while at the same time creating undesirably large displacements that could potentially lead to asymmetrical gait and secondary disabilities. While optimal passive designs were able to provide a significant cost reduction over existing prosthetic feet, further exploration of the design space reveals active shock absorbing feet have the potential to reduce the adverse health effects cost function by 57%.
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Lu, Junkai, Wenjie Chen, Kevin Haninger, and Masayoshi Tomizuka. "A Passive Upper Limb Exoskeleton for Macaques in a BMI Study: Kinematic Design, Analysis, and Calibration." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6027.
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Integrating an exoskeleton as an external apparatus for a brain-machine interface has the advantage of providing multiple contact points to determine body segment postures and allowing control to and feedback from each joint. When using macaques as subjects to study neural control of movement, a singularity-free upper limb exoskeleton is required to guarantee safe and accurate tracking of joint angles over all possible range of motion. In addition, the compactness of a design is of more importance considering macaques’ significantly smaller body dimensions than humans’. Proposed in this paper is a 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) passive upper limb exoskeleton with 4 DOFs at the shoulder complex. System kinematic analysis is investigated in terms of its singularity and manipulability. A real-time data acquisition system is set up, and system kinematic calibration is conducted.
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Kim, Yongchul, Younghyun Kim, Youngseon Yang, Woochul Park, and Kunmin Rhee. "The Movement Analysis of Caregivers for Transferring of Disabled Person From Wheelchair to Car Seat." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206445.
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The aim of this study was to examine the influence of seat height on the movement of caregiver for transferring of a disabled person from wheelchair to car seat. Five female volunteers served as caregivers; two persons with disabilities and one health volunteer served as passive disabled person. To analyze the movement of a caregiver, we measured the activities of six muscles with surface electrodes and joint angle responses of the hip and knee with electrical goniometers. The caregivers performed transferring task at three different seat heights (400, 500 and 600mm from the floor) in order to investigate the effects of a car seat on transferring movement of a people with disability. From the experimental results, when caregivers were putting a disabled person down a seat, the hip and knee joint angles were decreased 31.9% and 24.7% in 600mm seat height than 400mm seat height, respectively. The integrated EMG activity of erector spinae was decreased 16.3% in 600mm seat height, compared with 500mm seat height. However, the integrated EMG activity of rectus femoris for lower limb in 600mm seat height was increased 33.3% than 500mm seat height.
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Robson, Nina, Bin Yun Chen, Jong-Seob Won, and Gim Song Soh. "Creating Robust Passive Multi-Loop Wearable Hand Devices." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97623.
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Abstract This paper describes a process for assessing multi-loop wearable devices that use a common slider to passively drive the exo-fingers for the physical training of people with limited hand mobility. Each finger design, except for the thumb, is based on an RRR serial chain, termed backbone, constrained into a multi-loop eight-bar slider mechanism using two RR constraints. The thumb utilizes a planar RR backbone chain constrained into a parallel four bar slider. During the physical task acquisition experiments, the subject’s tip finger trajectories are captured using an optical motion capture and its dimensions are set such that they match each of the fingers kinematics as closely as possible. The dimensional synthesis procedure can yield a variety of design candidates that fulfill the desired fingertip precision grasping trajectory. Once it is ensured that the synthesized fingertip motion is close to the physiological fingertip grasping trajectories, performance assessment criteria related to user-device interference and natural joint angle movement are taken into account. After the most preferred design for each finger is chosen, minor modifications related to substituting the backbone chain with the wearer’s limb to provide the skeletal structure of the customized passive device are made. To illustrate the proposed technique, the development of a 3D prototype model of a passively actuated Closed Loop Articulated Wearable (CLAW) hand is presented. The CLAW hand performance with respect to wear-ability and robustness was assessed. Preliminary test results with healthy subjects show that the CLAW hand is easy to operate and able to guide the user’s fingers without causing any discomfort, ensuring both, precision and power grasping in a natural manner. The lack of electrical actuators and sensors simplifies the control, resulting in a lightweight and cost-effective solution for grasping of a variety of objects with different sizes. This work establishes the importance of incorporating novel design candidate assessment techniques, based on human finger kinematic models, within the conceptual design level that can assist in finding robust design candidates with naturalistic joint motion.
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He, Maxine, Mahshid Mansouri, Yinan Pei, Isaac Pedroza, Christopher M. Zallek, and Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler. "Clinical Validation Testing Of An Upper Limb Robotic Medical Education Training Simulator For Rigidity Assessment." In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1073.
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Abstract An upper limb robotic training simulator was developed to replicate the haptic feeling of lead-pipe rigidity of the biceps. Rigidity is the increased muscle tone observed during passive movement of a joint. To validate the realism of our training simulator, a clinical validation study was conducted with 11 experienced clinicians. Testing involved two parts: Blinded Assessment followed by Disclosed Assessment. There were 12 randomized trials (4 levels of rigidity with 3 repetitions each) in the Blind Assessment. The participants were asked to rate the rigidity level using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in each trial without knowing the selected UPDRS level. During the Disclosed Assessment, participants were informed about the selected level and were asked to closely evaluate the fidelity of each UPDRS level. Participants completed a post-test evaluation questionnaire to rate the simulator’s accuracy in replicating rigidity and its potential as a medical education tool for healthcare students. Results from the first six participants indicated that the simulated muscle resistance magnitude was too high compared to their clinical experience. Therefore, the resistance magnitude was reduced for all 4 UPDRS levels. The second set of five participants reported that the training simulator closely replicated the UPDRS levels of rigidity compared to their clinical experience.
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Honert, Eric, Bethany Powell, and Craig M. Goehler. "Estimating Individual Joint Contributions to Recorded Upper Extremity Movements Using OpenSim." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14170.
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A multitude of tasks are performed every day with minimal direct thought on how to orient the arm. While there have been many studies concerning upper extremity motion, there has been relatively little research reported in the area of how individual joint contributions vary between different upper extremity tasks. Such studies are necessary in order to accurately recreate dynamic motions of the arm using mechanical devices, e.g. prosthetic limbs. One difficulty in directly measuring these individual joint contributions in physical experiments is that most tasks are multi-joint movements and the limb segments influence each other causing passive interactive torques [1]. In order to quantify the individual joint contributions, it is beneficial to examine recorded arm movements within a simulation environment such as OpenSim [2].
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Tryggvason, H., F. Starker, C. Lecomte, and F. Jonsdottir. "Modeling of Stiffness Characteristics in a Prosthetic Foot." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3781.
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The key goal of prosthetic foot design is to mimic the function of the lost limb. A passive spring and damper system can imitate the behavior of an ankle for low level activity, e.g. walking at slow to normal speeds and relatively gentle ascents/descents. In light of this, a variety of constant stiffness prosthetic feet are available on the market that serve their users well. However, when walking at a faster pace and ascending/descending stairs, the function of the physiological ankle is more complex and the muscular activity contributes to the stride in different ways. One of the challenges in prosthetic device design is to achieve the appropriate range of stiffness of the arrangement of joints and spring elements for different tasks, as well as varying loading of the prosthetic device. This calls for an adaptive mechanism that mimics the stiffness characteristics of a physiological foot by applying real-time adaptive control that changes the stiffness reactively according to user’s needs. The goal of this paper is to define the stiffness characteristics of such a device through modeling. The research is based on a finite element model of a well-received prosthetic foot design, which is validated by mechanical measurements of the actual product. We further enhance the model to include a secondary spring/dampener element. Various smart material technologies are considered in the design to provide control of flexibility and damping rate of the ankle joint movement. The reactive control of the secondary element allows the simulated prosthetic foot to adapt the ankle joint to imitate the behavior of the physiological ankle during different activities and in different phases of the gait cycle.
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Kim, Jong Hyun, Keyoung Jin Chun, Jae Soo Hong, Chang Won Kim, and Jung Hwa Hong. "Analysis of Knob Traces Based on Changes in Armrest’s Length and Central Axis Location of Grahamizer." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87258.
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The hemiparalysis, which is a widely known side effect of the disease, requires consistent and accurate rehabilitation exercise treatment. The Grahamizer is a representative piece of equipment for such treatment. Because it consists of a double pivot system, under exercise, the irregularly moving pivots could create an unintended movement and malfunction. Using the Grahamizer, this study analyzed movement patterns based on changes in the armrest’s length and the central axis location for a stable and accurate upper limb rehabilitation exercise. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study. The Grahamizer, which allows the length of the armrest and the central axis location to be adjusted, was used for experimental equipment. The length could be adjusted to five levels (280mm, 220mm, 160mm, 100mm, and 40mm), and the location ranged from 5 levels to 1 level based on the length of the arm support (280mm: 5positions, 220mm: 4positions, 160mm: 3positions, 100mm: 2positions, 40mm: 1position). A marker located above a knob traced the knob’s movements. The experiment was conducted three times. Each subject held the knob and implemented rotational movements passively, with an angular velocity of 30°/s. After integrating the subjects’ movement traces, the tendency was analyzed. A previous study provided an analysis of the elbow and shoulder joint movements under a normal upper-body rotation movement. This study on movement traces was conducted based on those results. Longer armrest lengths and greater distances between the central axis location and knob showed greater stability for the rotation movements. Remarkable results were found for changes in the axis location. However, smaller distances between the axis location and knob revealed larger movement traces. A previous study found, when a counterclockwise rotation was defined as 0°∼360°, that an elbow motion of 0°∼180° is flexion and 180°∼360° is extension. The shoulder joint motions are similar: 0°∼90°: medial rotation, 90°∼180°: lateral rotation, 180°∼270° medial rotation, and 270°∼360°: lateral rotation. According to the previous study, with a larger trace (smaller distance between the axis location and knob), the rotation movements of the elbow and shoulder are more accurate from 0° to 180° than from 180° to 360°. The experiment confirmed that the Grahamizer’s armrest axis location has an impact on movement traces, and changes in the traces prevented the intended joint exercise. Under the circumstances, the location is an important design variable when developing the Grahamizer.
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Antelis, J. M., L. Montesano, X. Giralt, A. Casals, and J. Minguez. "Detection of movements with attention or distraction to the motor task during robot-assisted passive movements of the upper limb." In 2012 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347461.
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Deaconescu, Tudor T., Andrea I. Deaconescu, and Ioana G. Petre. "Assistive Rehabilitation Device for the Joints of the Lower Limb." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47179.
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Applying continuous passive rehabilitation movements as part of the recovery program of patients with post-traumatic disabilities of the bearing joints of the inferior limbs requires the development of new high performance equipment. The proposed equipment is designed to be deployed in rehabilitation medical care, its specific objectives being maintenance and recovery of body functions by means of kinetic and orthotic techniques. The paper presents a variant of rehabilitation equipment the novelty of which consists in the utilization of compliant (soft) fluidic actuators of linear type and variable stiffness. The proposed rehabilitation equipment benefits from a cost efficient, simple and robust construction, being easy to use by persons affected by dysfunctions of the bearing joints. The paper presents kinematic, geometrical and dynamic modeling of the proposed rehabilitation equipment, highlighting its advantages compared to equipment endowed with electric-mechanical linkages. Further, the paper presents the actuation diagram of the equipment. Conceived to be actuated by pneumatic muscles the equipment represents an absolute novelty.