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Journal articles on the topic 'Passive Interrogation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Bayanov, Aleksandr, Nikolay Lebedev, and Yulia Lebedeva. "Neutralizing the Hostile Speech of the Interrogated Person as a Measure of Tactical-Psychological Support of Crime Counteraction." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(3).495-503.

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The authors examine some issues arising in the situations when inquiry officers and investigators face hostile speech from interrogated persons during the pre-trial interrogations. The authors analyze research publications that present a variety of views on the concept of «hostile speech» in psychology and jurisprudence; they also identify the reasons why interrogated persons use such speech. It is stressed that when an inquiry officer or an interrogator faces such a reaction during the preliminary investigation, they should immediately neutralize hostile speech and eliminate its causes (the first group of tasks), preserve self-control (restraint) and ability to work (the second group of tasks), and choose the optimal line of behavior (line of interrogation). The authors justify the choice of the corresponding line of interrogation depending on the behavior of the interrogated person: in cases of hostile speech, the line of interrogation could be passive wait-and-see, i.e. without any reaction to the outbursts of the interrogated person if the aggression has objective causes, or active wait-and-see if there are no such causes. Additional mechanisms of counteracting hostile speech from an interrogated person or reducing its intensity, as well as preserving the self-control of the inquiry officer or an interrogator, include using different psychological methods of interrogation: shifting the gaze; activating the positive features of the interrogated person; blocking the negative content; silence; stopping or putting off the interrogation. Since targeted hostile speech leaves a strong trace in the mental state of the recipient and creates a high possibility of conflict between the participants of preliminary investigation, an inquiry officer or an interrogator should learn to control their verbal and non-verbal reactions. The authors stress the necessity of developing self-control through special exercises because it is very important for an interrogator to develop an ability to regulate their own emotional state, manifested in the ability to concentrate, sustain and switch volitional attention though the creation of mental images.

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2

Deshmukh, S., and H. Huang. "Wireless interrogation of passive antenna sensors." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (January 25, 2010): 035201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/3/035201.

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3

Demori, Marco, Marco Baù, Marco Ferrari, and Vittorio Ferrari. "Interrogation Techniques and Interface Circuits for Coil-Coupled Passive Sensors." Micromachines 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2018): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9090449.

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Coil-coupled passive sensors can be interrogated without contact, exploiting the magnetic coupling between two coils forming a telemetric proximity link. A primary coil connected to the interface circuit forms the readout unit, while a passive sensor connected to a secondary coil forms the sensor unit. This work is focused on the interrogation of sensor units based on resonance, denoted as resonant sensor units, in which the readout signals are the resonant frequency and, possibly, the quality factor. Specifically, capacitive and electromechanical piezoelectric resonator sensor units are considered. Two interrogation techniques, namely a frequency-domain technique and a time-domain technique, have been analyzed, that are theoretically independent of the coupling between the coils which, in turn, ensure that the sensor readings are not affected by the interrogation distance. However, it is shown that the unavoidable parasitic capacitance in parallel to the readout coil introduces, for both techniques, an undesired dependence of the readings on the interrogation distance. This effect is especially marked for capacitance sensor units. A compensation circuit is innovatively proposed to counteract the effects of the parasitic input capacitance, and advantageously obtain distance-independent readings in real operating conditions. Experimental tests on a coil-coupled capacitance sensor with resonance at 5.45 MHz have shown a deviation within 1.5 kHz, i.e., 300 ppm, for interrogation distances of up to 18 mm. For the same distance range, with a coil-coupled quartz crystal resonator with a mechanical resonant frequency of 4.432 MHz, variations of less than 1.8 Hz, i.e., 0.5 ppm, have been obtained.

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4

Kananian, Siavash, George Alexopoulos, and Ada S. Y. Poon. "Robust Wireless Interrogation of Fully-Passive RLC Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 69, no. 4 (April 2022): 1427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3140452.

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5

Droit, C., J. M. Friedt, T. Rétornaz, and S. Ballandrasa. "Interrogation strategies for probing wireless passive SAW sensors." Procedia Engineering 25 (2011): 1024–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.252.

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6

Frolik, Jeff, John E. Lens, Mandar M. Dewoolkar, and Thomas M. Weller. "Effects of Soil Characteristics on Passive Wireless Sensor Interrogation." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 8 (April 15, 2018): 3454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2018.2810132.

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7

Paquit, Melvin, Lilia Arapan, Weike Feng, and Jean-Michel Friedt. "Long Range Passive RADAR Interrogation of Subsurface Acoustic Passive Wireless Sensors Using Terrestrial Television Signals." IEEE Sensors Journal 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 7156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.2977837.

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8

Todd, M. D., G. A. Johnson, and C. C. Chang. "Passive, light intensity-independent interferometric method for fibre Bragg grating interrogation." Electronics Letters 35, no. 22 (1999): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19991328.

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9

Benken, Alexander, and Yogesh Gianchandani. "Passive Wireless Pressure Sensing for Gastric Manometry." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120868.

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We describe a wireless microsystem for gastrointestinal manometry that couples a microfabricated capacitive transducer to a dual-axis inductor, forming a resonant inductor-capacitor (LC) sensor within an ingestible 3D printed biocompatible capsule measuring ø 12 mm × 24 mm. An inductively coupled external telemetry unit wirelessly monitors the pressure dependent resonant frequency of the LC sensor, eliminating the need for integrated power sources within the ingested capsule. In vitro tests in saline show pressure response of −0.6 kHz/mmHg, interrogation distance up to 6 cm, and resolution up to 0.8 mmHg. In vivo functionality is validated with gastrointestinal pressure monitoring in a canine beagle over a 26-hour period.

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10

Harmon, J. F., D. P. Wells, and A. W. Hunt. "Neutrons and Photons in Nondestructive Detection." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 04, no. 01 (January 2011): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626811000495.

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Active, nondestructive interrogation with neutrons and photons has seen a renaissance in recent years, owing to a broad spectrum of important applications in security, nuclear nonproliferation, contraband detection and materials analysis. Active methods are of high interest for such applications because they provide at least an order of magnitude greater sensitivity than passive methods. Accelerator-based neutron and photon active methods exploit two important factors to attain greater sensitivity: these are (i) the control of interrogating beam properties such as directionality, energy, intensity, polarization and the temporal distribution of radiation; (ii) well-founded, low energy nuclear physics that yields distinct "signatures" for elemental and isotopic content. This review addresses accelerator-based neutron and photon nondestructive testing methods and issues when applied to modern and emerging wide-ranging challenges in nondestructive detection.

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11

Dahlem, M., J. L. Santos, L. A. Ferreira, and F. M. Araujo. "Passive interrogation of low-finesse Fabry-Perot cavities using fiber Bragg gratings." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 13, no. 9 (September 2001): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.942670.

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12

Hamsch, M., R. Hoffmann, W. Buff, M. Binhack, and S. Klett. "An interrogation unit for passive wireless SAW sensors based on Fourier transform." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 51, no. 11 (November 2004): 1449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2004.1367485.

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13

Kuo, Jui-Chang, Po-Hung Kuo, Yu-Tse Lai, Cheng-Wen Ma, Shey-Shi Lu, and Yao-Joe Joseph Yang. "A Passive Inertial Switch Using MWCNT–Hydrogel Composite With Wireless Interrogation Capability." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 22, no. 3 (June 2013): 646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2012.2237385.

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14

McMahon, Jeff. "Rehearsed and Coerced: Creating Counter Indications." TDR/The Drama Review 55, no. 2 (June 2011): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00069.

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The experience of audiences at performative events is too often devoid of stakes. Counter Indications examined how a theatrical installation can use media and spatial design to bring a passive audience into the decision-making process, and past the comfortable catharsis of traditional theatre to experience some of the implications of government-sanctioned interrogation and torture.

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15

Jiang, Yi. "Passive interrogation of an extrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometer using a three-wavelength method." Optical Engineering 48, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 064401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3156018.

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16

Kersey, A. D., A. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten. "Time-division multiplexing of interferometric fiber sensors using passive phase-generated carrier interrogation." Optics Letters 12, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000775.

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17

Marrazzo, Vincenzo Romano, Francesco Fienga, Michele Riccio, Andrea Irace, and Giovanni Breglio. "Multichannel Approach for Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based FBG Interrogation Systems." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 6214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186214.

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In this manuscript, an optically passive fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation system able to perform high-frequency measurement is proposed. The idea is mainly based on the use of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device which is used to discriminate the fiber optic sensor (FOS) wavelength encoded response under test in function of its output channels. As made clear by the theoretical model studied in the proposed manuscript, the Bragg wavelength shift can be detected as in linear dependence with the proposed interrogation function which changes with the voltage produced by two (or more) adjacent AWG output channels. To prove the feasibility of the system, some experimental analyses are conducted with a custom electrical module characterized by high-speed and low-noise operational amplifiers. As static measurements, three FBGs with different full width at half maximum (FWHM) have been monitored under wide-range wavelength variation; while, as dynamic measurement, one FBG, glued onto a metal plate, in order to sense the vibration at low and high frequency, was detected. The output signals have been processed by a digital acquisition (DAQ) board and a graphical user interface (GUI). The presented work highlights the characteristics of the proposed idea as competitor among the entire class of interrogation systems currently used. This is because here, the main device, that is the AWG, is passive and reliable, without the need to use modulation signals, or moving parts, that affect the speed of the system. In addition, the innovative multi-channel detection algorithm allows the use of any type of FOS without the need to have a perfectly match of spectra. Moreover, it is also characterized by a high dynamic range without loss of sensitivity.

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18

Boccard, J. M., P. Katus, R. Renevier, L. M. Reindl, and J. M. Friedt. "Near-field interrogation of SAW resonators on rotating machinery." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 2, no. 2 (September 17, 2013): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-147-2013.

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Abstract. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators electrically behave like LCR circuits, their frequency can be influenced by temperature, pressure and torque. When they are used for passive wireless sensing on rotating machinery, they can also be influenced by the angular variations of the coupling between the coupler elements and the receiving coupler element impedance. This parasitic frequency shift is known as the "pulling effect". In this paper, we present a capacitive coupler based on open coplanar strip lines for physical measurements on a small diameter rotating shaft. This approach allows a single 434 MHz resonator angular frequency pulling lower than 200 Hz (0.46 ppm) and 100 Hz (0.23 ppm) in a differential configuration. This is more than 10 times lower compared to frequency pulling obtained using couplers based on circular and electrically shorted transmission lines. RADAR-based interrogation, finite element method (FEM) simulation, coupler parameters and frequency pulling measurements results are presented to demonstrate the performances of the complete system.

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19

MITSUGI, J., and O. TOKUMASU. "A Practical Method for UHF RFID Interrogation Area Measurement Using Battery Assisted Passive Tag." IEICE Transactions on Communications E91-B, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e91-b.4.1047.

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20

Ghoshal, A., W. N. Martin, M. J. Schulz, W. H. Prosser, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Simulation of Asymmetric Lamb Waves for Sensing and Actuation in Plates." Shock and Vibration 12, no. 4 (2005): 243–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/684653.

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Two approaches used for monitoring the health of thin aerospace structures are active interrogation and passive monitoring. The active interrogation approach generates and receives diagnostic Lamb waves to detect damage, while the passive monitoring technique listens for acoustic waves caused by damage growth. For the application of both methods, it is necessary to understand how Lamb waves propagate through a structure. In this paper, a Physics-Based Model (PBM) using classical plate theory is developed to provide a basic understanding of the actual physical process of asymmetric Lamb mode wave generation and propagation in a plate. The closed-form model uses modal superposition to simulate waves generated by piezoceramic patches and by simulated acoustic emissions. The generation, propagation, reflection, interference, and the sensing of the waves are represented in the model, but damage is not explicitly modeled. The developed model is expected to be a useful tool for the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) community, particularly for studying high frequency acoustic wave generation and propagation in lieu of Finite Element models and other numerical models that require significant computational resources. The PBM is capable of simulating many possible scenarios including a variety of test cases, whereas experimental measurements of all of the cases can be costly and time consuming. The model also incorporates the sensor measurement effect, which is an important aspect in damage detection. Continuous and array sensors are modeled, which are efficient for measuring waves because of their distributed nature.

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21

Jia, Jingshan, Yi Jiang, Hongchun Gao, Liuchao Zhang, and Yuan Jiang. "Three-wavelength passive demodulation technique for the interrogation of EFPI sensors with arbitrary cavity length." Optics Express 27, no. 6 (March 12, 2019): 8890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.008890.

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22

Zheng, Shijun, Ting Liang, Yinpin Hong, Ying Li, and Jijun Xiong. "Fabrication and measurement of wireless pressure-sensitive micro-device based on high temperature co-fired ceramics technology." Sensor Review 34, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2012-689.

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Purpose – The paper aims to highlight a wireless pressure-sensitive micro-device with high pressure sensitivity and accuracy. It is based on the partially stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) ceramic material which is capable of excellent elasticity and robustness. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with a general introduction to the wireless interrogating method and then the fabrication processes of the device using high temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) technology are described in detail. Findings – A passive wireless micro-device made from a novel material-PSZ ceramic on pressure monitoring is fabricated and tested and the authors proved that the device possesses an advantages over some proposed wireless sensors on interrogating distance. The pressure sensitivity of the device is 336 kHz/bar at readout distance 2.5 cm and that is an excellent property. Originality/value – The paper shows a new design scheme for wireless pressure measurement. The future application of the wireless device indicates the problem on external packaging and wire connection could be avoided. The allowable interrogation distance between the device and readout circuit reaches 2.5 cm which is mentioned for the first time so far. The distance is long enough to insert a thermal insulation material which can protect the vulnerable readout circuit from harsh environment, so the research finding is meaningful for the modern measurement technology.

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23

Li, Dan, and Yang Wang. "Thermally Stable Wireless Patch Antenna Sensor for Strain and Crack Sensing." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143835.

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Strain and crack are critical indicators of structural safety. As a novel sensing device, a patch antenna sensor can be utilized to wirelessly estimate structural strain and surface crack growth through resonance frequency shift. The main challenges for the sensor are other effects such as temperature fluctuation that can generate unwanted resonance frequency shift and result in large noise in the measurement. Another challenge for existing designs of patch antenna sensor is the limited interrogation distance. In this research, thermally stable patch antenna sensors are investigated for more reliable measurement. Fabricated on a substrate material with a steady dielectric constant, a new passive (battery-free) patch antenna sensor is designed to improve reliability under temperature fluctuations. In addition, another newly designed dual-mode patch antenna sensor is proposed to achieve a longer interrogation distance. Extensive experiments are conducted to characterize the patch antenna sensor performance, including thermal stability, tensile strain sensing, and emulated crack sensing. The two new patch antenna sensors are demonstrated to be effective in wireless strain and crack measurements and have potential applications in structural health monitoring (SHM).

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24

Rodriguez, Douglas Chase, Kamel Abbas, Jean-Michel Crochemore, Mitsuo Koizumi, Stefan Nonneman, Bent Pedersen, Fabiana Rossi, Michio Seya, and Tohn Takahashi. "Utilizing nuclear data in delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy inverse Monte Carlo analysis." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 17005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023917005.

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Safeguards verification of uranium and plutonium in high-radioactivity nuclear material is currently performed using destructive analysis techniques. However, the preparation method is a burden on both the safeguards inspectors and facility operators. While nondestructive assay (NDA) techniques would improve the efficiency and time, there are no passive NDA techniques available to directly verify the U and Pu content. As an alternative, the JAEA and JRC are collaboratively developing the Delayed Gamma-ray Spectroscopy (DGS) active-interrogation NDA technique to evaluate the fissile composition from the unique fission product yield distributions. To analyze the data we are developing an Inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) method that simulates the interrogation and evaluates the individual contributions from the mixed nuclear material to the composite spectrum. While the current nuclear data affects the ability to evaluate the composition, the IMC analysis method can be used to determine the systematic uncertainty contributions and has the potential to improve the nuclear data. We will present the current status of the DGS collaborative work as it relates to the development of the DGS IMC analysis.

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25

Arjona, Laura, Hugo Landaluce, Asier Perallos, and Gentza Souto. "Protocol for Streaming Data from an RFID Sensor Network." Proceedings 2, no. 19 (November 1, 2018): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2191234.

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Currently, there is an increasing interest in the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags which incorporate passive or battery-less sensors. These systems are known as computational RFID (CRFID). Several CRFID tags together with a reader set up an RFID sensor network. The reader powers up the tags’ microcontroller and their attached sensor using radio frequency waves, and tags backscatter, not only their E P C code but also the value of those sensors. The current standard for interrogating these CRFID tags is the EPC global Class 1 Generation 2 (EPC C1G2). When several tags are located inside the reader interrogation area, the EPC C1G2 results in very poor performance to obtain sensor data values. To solve this problem, a novel protocol for streaming sensor data is presented. The proposed protocol increases the Sensor Read Rate ( S R R ), defined as the number of sensor data reads per second, compared to the standard. Additionally, this paper presents a prototype of an RFID sensor network to compare the proposed custom protocol with the standard, obtaining a 53% of improvement in S R R with respect to the EPC C1G2.

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26

Philippe, Julien, Maria De Paolis, Dominique Henry, Alexandre Rumeau, Antony Coustou, Patrick Pons, and Hervé Aubert. "In-Situ Wireless Pressure Measurement Using Zero-Power Packaged Microwave Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061263.

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This paper reports the indoor wireless measurement of pressure from zero-power (or passive) microwave (24 GHz) sensors. The sensors are packaged and allow the remote measurement of overpressure up to 2.1 bars. Their design, fabrication process and packaging are detailed. From the measurement of sensor scattering parameters, the outstanding sensitivity of 995 MHz/bar between 0.8 and 2.1 bars was achieved with the full-scale measurement range of 1.33 GHz. Moreover, the 3D radar imagery technique was applied for the remote interrogation of these sensors in electromagnetic reverberant environments. The full-scale dynamic range of 4.9 dB and the sensitivity of 4.9 dB/bar between 0.7 and 1.7 bars were achieved with radar detection in a highly reflective environment. These measurement results demonstrate for the first time the ability of the radar imagery technique to interrogate fully passive pressure sensors in electromagnetic reverberant environments.

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27

Jun-Seok Park, Jin-Woo Jung, Si-Young Ahn, Hyoung-Hwan Roh, Ha-Ryoung Oh, Yeung-Rak Seong, Yoon-Deock Lee, and Kyoung Choi. "Extending the Interrogation Range of a Passive UHF RFID System With an External Continuous Wave Transmitter." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 59, no. 8 (August 2010): 2191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2032868.

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28

Thomson, D. J., D. Card, and G. E. Bridges. "RF Cavity Passive Wireless Sensors With Time-Domain Gating-Based Interrogation for SHM of Civil Structures." IEEE Sensors Journal 9, no. 11 (November 2009): 1430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2027407.

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29

Zhang, Huixin, Yingping Hong, Ting Liang, Hairui Zhang, Qiulin Tan, Chenyang Xue, Jun Liu, Wendong Zhang, and Jijun Xiong. "Phase Interrogation Used for a Wireless Passive Pressure Sensor in an 800 °C High-Temperature Environment." Sensors 15, no. 2 (January 23, 2015): 2548–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150202548.

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30

Jankowski-Mihułowicz, Piotr, Włodzimierz Kalita, Mariusz Skoczylas, and Mariusz Węglarski. "Modelling and Design of HF RFID Passive Transponders with Additional Energy Harvester." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/242840.

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The huge progress in electronics technology and RFID technique gives the opportunity to implement additional features in transponders. It should be noted that either passive or semipassive transponders are supplied with energy that is derived from the electromagnetic field generated by the read/write device and its antenna. This power source is used to conduct radio-communication process and excess energy could be used to power the extra electronic circuits, but the problem is to determine the additional power load impact on the RFID system proper operation and size of interrogation zone. The ability to power the supplementary electronic blocks applied in the HF passive transponders is discussed in detail this paper. The simulation model and test samples with a harvester that recovers energy from the electromagnetic field of read/write device and its antenna have been developed in order to conduct investigations. The harvested energy has been utilized to supply a microprocessor acquisition block for LTCC pressure sensor developed in research previously described by authors.

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31

Mc Gee, Kevin, Prince Anandarajah, and David Collins. "Use of Chipless RFID as a Passive, Printable Sensor Technology for Aerospace Strain and Temperature Monitoring." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 8681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228681.

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This paper was concerned with the current level of progress towards the development of chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors that are capable of sensing strain and temperature. More specifically, it was interested in the possibility that the resulting devices could be used as a passive wireless structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor technology that could be printed in situ. This work contains the development and performance characterization results for both novel strain and novel temperature sensor designs with resulting sensitivities of 9.77 MHz/%ε and 0.88 MHz/°C, respectively. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the interrogation system required to meet the relevant aerospace sensing requirements was also discussed, and several methods were explored to enhance the multi-sensor support capabilities of this technology.

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32

Baù, Marco, Marco Demori, Marco Ferrari, and Vittorio Ferrari. "Contactless Readout of Passive LC Sensors with Compensation Circuit for Distance-Independent Measurements." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 3, 2018): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130842.

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Contactless readout of passive LC sensors composed of a capacitance sensor connected to a coil can be performed through an electromagnetically coupled readout coil set at distance d. Resonant frequency fs and Q-factor QS of the LC sensor can be extracted from the measurement of the impedance at the readout coil by using a technique theoretically independent of d. This work investigates the effects on the measurement accuracy due to the unavoidable parasitic capacitance CP in parallel to the readout coil, which makes the measured values of fs and QS dependent on d. Numerical analysis and experimental tests confirm such dependence. To overcome this limitation, a novel electronic circuit topology for the compensation of CP is proposed. The experimental results on assembled prototypes show that for a LC sensor with fs ≈ 5.48 MHz a variation of less than 200 ppm across an interrogation distance between 2 and 18 mm is achieved with the proposed compensation circuit.

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33

Souto, Gentza, Florian Muralter, Laura Arjona, Hugo Landaluce, and Asier Perallos. "Protocol for Streaming Data from an RFID Sensor Network †." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 3148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143148.

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Currently, there is an increasing interest in the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags which incorporate passive or battery-less sensors. These systems are known as computational RFID (CRFID). Several CRFID tags together with a reader set up an RFID sensor network. The reader powers up the tags’ microcontroller and their attached sensor using radio frequency waves, and tags backscatter, not only their EPC code but also the value of those sensors. The current standard for interrogating these CRFID tags is the EPC global Class 1 Generation 2 (EPC C1G2). When several tags are located inside the reader interrogation area, the EPC C1G2 results in very poor performance to obtain sensor data values. To solve this problem, a novel protocol called Sensor Frmed Slotted Aloha (sFSA) for streaming sensor data dealing with the tag collisions is presented. The proposed protocol increases the Sensor Read Rate (SRR), defined as the number of sensor data reads per second, compared to the standard. Additionally, this paper presents a prototype of an RFID sensor network to compare the proposed sFSA with the standard, increasing the SRR by more than five times on average. Additionally, the proposed protocol keeps a constant sensor sampling frequency for a suitable streaming of these tag sensors.

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34

Bouaziz, Sofiene, Franck Chebila, Anya Traille, Patrick Pons, Hervé Aubert, and Manos M. Tentzeris. "Novel Microfluidic Structures for Wireless Passive Temperature Telemetry Medical Systems Using Radar Interrogation Techniques in Ka-Band." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 11 (2012): 1706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2242272.

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35

Kim, Woo-Su, and Sun-Ho Choi. "A NOVEL INTERNAL NFC/FM ANTENNA WITH PARASITIC-PATCH-ENHANCED NFC INTERROGATION RANGE AND FM PASSIVE GAIN." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 57 (2015): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc15032301.

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36

Xu, Fujia, Shujing Su, Lili Zhang, and Ting Ren. "Design and Research of Wireless Passive High-Temperature Sensor Based on SIW Resonance." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071035.

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The temperature of advanced components in aviation and aerospace fields is difficult to obtain timely. In this study, we aimed to investigate microwave backscattering technology combined with the theory of substrate integrated waveguide and resonant cavity to design a wireless passive temperature sensor and explore its potential in this field. We employed silicon carbide and aluminum ceramic as the substrate to make sensors. The interrogation antenna was designed to test the sensor, which could completely cover the working frequency of the sensor and had good radiation characteristics. Based on the test results, the silicon carbide sensor was capable of bearing a temperature limit of about 1000 °C compared to the alumina sensor. From 25 °C to 500 °C, its sensitivity was 73.68 kHz/°C. Furthermore, the sensitivity was 440 kHz/°C in the range of 501 °C to 1000 °C. Moreover, we observed the surface of this sensor by using the scanning electron microscope, and the results showed that the damage to the sensor surface film structure caused by long-term high temperature is the major reason for the failure of the sensor. In conclusion, the performance of the silicon carbide sensor is superior to the alumina sensor.

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Nascimento, I. M., J. M. Baptista, P. A. S. Jorge, J. L. Cruz, and M. V. Andrés. "Passive interferometric interrogation of a magnetic field sensor using an erbium doped fiber optic laser with magnetostrictive transducer." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 235 (November 2015): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.10.021.

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Henry, Dominique, Jimmy G. D. Hester, Herve Aubert, Patrick Pons, and Manos M. Tentzeris. "Long-Range Wireless Interrogation of Passive Humidity Sensors Using Van-Atta Cross-Polarization Effect and Different Beam Scanning Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 65, no. 12 (December 2017): 5345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2017.2769055.

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Adams, Douglas E., Joseph Gothamy, Paul Decker, David Lamb, and David Gorsich. "Analysis of Passive Vibration Measurement and Data Interrogation Issues in Health Monitoring of a HMMWV Using a Dynamic Simulation Model." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2008): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0542.

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Menlove, Howard, Anthony Belian, William Geist, and Carlos Rael. "A new method to measure the U-235 content in fresh LWR fuel assemblies via fast-neutron passive self-interrogation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 877 (January 2018): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.038.

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Alma’aitah, Abdallah Y., and Mohammad A. Massad. "Reader–Tag Commands via Modulation Cutoff Intervals in RFID Systems." Future Internet 13, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13090235.

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology facilitates a myriad of applications. In such applications, an efficient reader–tag interrogation process is crucial. Nevertheless, throughout reader–tag communication, significant amounts of time and power are consumed on inescapable simultaneous tag replies (i.e., collisions) due to the lack of carrier sensing at the tags. This paper proposes the modulation cutoff intervals (MCI) process as a novel reader–tag interaction given the lack of carrier sensing constraints in passive RFID tags. MCI is facilitated through a simple digital baseband modulation termination (DBMT) circuit at the tag. DBMT detects the continuous-wave cutoff by the reader. In addition, DBMT provides different flags based on the duration of the continuous-wave cutoff. Given this capability at the tag, the reader cuts off its continuous-wave transmission for predefined intervals to indicate different commands to the interrogated tag(s). The MCI process is applied to tag interrogation (or anti-collision) and tag-counting protocols. The MCI process effect was evaluated by the two protocols under high and low tag populations. The performance of such protocols was significantly enhanced with precise synchronization within time slots with more than 50% and more than 55.6% enhancement on time and power performance of anti-collision and counting protocols, respectively. Through the MCI process, fast and power-efficient tag identification is achieved in inventory systems with low and high tag mobility; alternatively, in addition to the rapid and power efficient interaction with tags, anonymous tag counting is conducted by the proposed process.

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Barge, Paolo, Paolo Gay, Valentina Merlino, and Cristina Tortia. "Passive ultra high frequency radio frequency identification systems for single-item identification in food supply chains." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 48, no. 1 (February 17, 2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2017.584.

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In the food industry, composition, size, and shape of items are much less regular than in other commodities sectors. In addition, a wide variety of packaging, composed by different materials, is employed. As material, size and shape of items to which the tag should be attached strongly influence the minimum power requested for tag functioning, performance improvements can be achieved only selecting suitable radio frequency (RF) identifiers for the specific combination of food product and packaging. When dealing with logistics units, the dynamic reading of a vast number of tags could originate simultaneous broadcasting of signals (tag-to-tag collisions) that could affect reading rates and the overall reliability of the identification procedure. This paper reports the results of an analysis of the reading performance of ultra high frequency radio frequency identification systems for multiple static and dynamic electronic identification of food packed products in controlled conditions. Products were considered when arranged on a logistics pallet. The effects on reading rate of different factors, among which the product type, the gate configuration, the field polarisation, the power output of the RF reader, the interrogation protocol configuration as well as the transit speed, the number of tags and their interactions were statistically analysed and compared.

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Henzl, V., S. Croft, J. Richard, M. T. Swinhoe, and S. J. Tobin. "Determination of the plutonium content in a spent fuel assembly by passive and active interrogation using a differential die-away instrument." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 712 (June 2013): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.02.006.

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Li, Zhengxiong, Baicheng Chen, Xingyu Chen, Chenhan Xu, Yuyang Chen, Feng Lin, Changzhi Li, Karthik Dantu, Kui Ren, and Wenyao Xu. "Reliable Digital Forensics in the Air." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3534598.

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As the drone becomes widespread in numerous crucial applications with many powerful functionalities (e.g., reconnaissance and mechanical trigger), there are increasing cases related to misused drones for unethical even criminal activities. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify these malicious drones and track their origins using digital forensics. Traditional drone identification techniques for forensics (e.g., RF communication, ID landmarks using a camera, etc.) require high compliance of drones. However, malicious drones will not cooperate or even spoof these identification techniques. Therefore, we present an exploration for a reliable and passive identification approach based on unique hardware traits in drones directly (e.g., analogous to the fingerprint and iris in humans) for forensics purposes. Specifically, we investigate and model the behavior of the parasitic electronic elements under RF interrogation, a particular passive parasitic response modulated by an electronic system on drones, which is distinctive and unlikely to counterfeit. Based on this theory, we design and implement DroneTrace, an end-to-end reliable and passive identification system toward digital drone forensics. DroneTrace comprises a cost-effective millimeter-wave (mmWave) probe, a software framework to extract and process parasitic responses, and a customized deep neural network (DNN)-based algorithm to analyze and identify drones. We evaluate the performance of DroneTrace with 36 commodity drones. Results show that DroneTrace can identify drones with the accuracy of over 99% and an equal error rate (EER) of 0.009, under a 0.1-second sensing time budget. Moreover, we test the reliability, robustness, and performance variation under a set of real-world circumstances, where DroneTrace maintains accuracy of over 98%. DroneTrace is resilient to various attacks and maintains functionality. At its best, DroneTrace has the capacity to identify individual drones at the scale of 104 with less than 5% error.

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Węglarski, Mariusz, and Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz. "Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Autonomous Sensors with RFID Interface." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204392.

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A general view on the problem of designing atypical battery-free, autonomous semi-passive RFID transponders-sensors (autonomous sensors with RFID interfaces) is presented in this review. Although RFID devices can be created in any of the electronic technologies, the design stage must be repeated each time when the manufacturing processes are changed, and their specific conditions have to be taken into consideration when modeling new solutions. Aspects related to the factors affecting the synthesis of semi-passive RFID transponder components on the basis of which the idea of the autonomous RFID sensor was developed are reflected in the paper. Besides their general characteristics, the operation conditions of modern RFID systems and achievements in autonomous RFID sensor technology are revealed in subsequent sections—they include such issues as technological aspects of the synthesis process, designing antennas for RFID transponders, determining RFID chip and antenna parameters, creating the interrogation zone IZ, etc. It should be pointed that the universal construction of an autonomous RFID sensor, which could be use in any application of the automatic object identification system, cannot be developed according to the current state of the art. Moreover, a trial and error method is the most commonly used in the today’s process of designing new solutions, and the basic parameters are estimated on the basis of the tests and the research team experience. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new inventions and methods in order to improve implementations of RFID systems.

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Shvetsov, A. S., A. A. Merkulov, S. A. Zhgoon, B. I. Mineev, and V. P. Maslov. "Experimental studies of wireless passive sensors of vibration-induced strain based on surface acoustic waves (SAW) resonators with an optimized interrogation signal." Aviation Engines, no. 4 (2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54349/26586061_2021_4_5.

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Pérot, Bertrand, Fanny Jallu, Christian Passard, Olivier Gueton, Pierre-Guy Allinei, Laurent Loubet, Nicolas Estre, et al. "The characterization of radioactive waste: a critical review of techniques implemented or under development at CEA, France." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 4 (2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2017033.

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This review paper describes the destructive and non-destructive measurements implemented or under development at CEA, in view to perform the most complete radioactive waste characterization. First, high-energy photon imaging (radiography, tomography) brings essential information on the waste packages, such as density, position and shape of the waste inside the container and in the possible binder, quality of coating and blocking matrices, presence of internal shields or structures, presence of cracks, voids, or other defects in the container or in the matrix, liquids or other forbidden materials, etc. Radiological assessment is then performed using a series of non-destructive techniques such as gamma-ray spectroscopy, which allows characterizing a wide range of radioactive and nuclear materials, passive neutron coincidence counting and active neutron interrogation with the differential die-away technique, or active photon interrogation with high-energy photons (photofission), to measure nuclear materials. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) can also be employed to detect toxic chemicals or elements which can greatly influence the above measurements, such as neutron moderators or absorbers. Digital auto-radiography can also be used to detect alpha and beta contaminated waste. These non-destructive assessments can be completed by gas measurements, to quantify the radioactive and radiolysis gas releases, and by destructive examinations such as coring homogeneous waste packages or cutting the heterogeneous ones, in view to perform visual examination and a series of physical, chemical, and radiochemical analyses on samples. These last allow for instance to check the mechanical and containment properties of the package envelop, or of the waste binder, to measure toxic chemicals, to assess the activity of long-lived radionuclides or pure beta emitters, to determine the isotopic composition of nuclear materials, etc.

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Hering, David K., Daniel L. Bottom, Earl F. Prentice, Kim K. Jones, and Ian A. Fleming. "Tidal movements and residency of subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an Oregon salt marsh channel." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 3 (March 2010): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-003.

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A novel application of full-duplex passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology was used to investigate movements of individual subyearling Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; fork length ≥ 60 mm) into and out of tidally flooded salt marsh habitat in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon, USA. PIT interrogation was effective, with mean tag detection ≥ 92%. Salmon movement peaked late during both flood and ebb tide periods, indicating that salmon did not drift passively. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 h and as long as 8.9 h per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4 m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods of up to 109 days. Using an individual-based approach, we characterized diversity of juvenile Chinook salmon behavior within a marsh channel, providing insight into the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations.

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Stout, J. Benjamin, Mary Conner, Phaedra Budy, Peter Mackinnon, and Mark McKinstry. "Keeping it classy: classification of live fish and ghost PIT tags detected with a mobile PIT tag interrogation system using an innovative analytical approach." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 9 (September 2020): 1564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0403.

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The ability of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag data to improve demographic parameter estimates has led to the rapid advancement of PIT tag systems. However, ghost tags create uncertainty about detected tag status (i.e., live fish or ghost tag) when using mobile interrogation systems. We developed a method to differentiate between live fish and ghost tags using a random forest classification model with a novel data input structure based on known fate PIT tag detections in the San Juan River (New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, USA). We used our model to classify detected tags with an overall error rate of 6.8% (1.6% ghost tags error rate and 21.8% live fish error rate). The important variables for classification were related to distance moved and response to monsoonal flood flows; however, habitat variables did not appear to influence model accuracy. Our results and approach allow the use of mobile detection data with confidence and allow for greater accuracy in movement, distribution, and habitat use studies, potentially helping identify influential management actions that would improve our ability to conserve and recover endangered fish.

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Salcedo-Sora, Jesus Enrique, Amy T. R. Robison, Jacqueline Zaengle-Barone, Katherine J. Franz, and Douglas B. Kell. "Membrane Transporters Involved in the Antimicrobial Activities of Pyrithione in Escherichia coli." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 5826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195826.

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Pyrithione (2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide) is a metal binding modified pyridine, the antibacterial activity of which was described over 60 years ago. The formulation of zinc-pyrithione is commonly used in the topical treatment of certain dermatological conditions. However, the characterisation of the cellular uptake of pyrithione has not been elucidated, although an unsubstantiated assumption has persisted that pyrithione and/or its metal complexes undergo a passive diffusion through cell membranes. Here, we have profiled specific membrane transporters from an unbiased interrogation of 532 E. coli strains of knockouts of genes encoding membrane proteins from the Keio collection. Two membrane transporters, FepC and MetQ, seemed involved in the uptake of pyrithione and its cognate metal complexes with copper, iron, and zinc. Additionally, the phenotypes displayed by CopA and ZntA knockouts suggested that these two metal effluxers drive the extrusion from the bacterial cell of potentially toxic levels of copper, and perhaps zinc, which hyperaccumulate as a function of pyrithione. The involvement of these distinct membrane transporters contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of pyrithione specifically and highlights, more generally, the important role that membrane transporters play in facilitating the uptake of drugs, including metal–drug compounds.

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