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1
Udupa T S, Rakshak, Shashank K Holla, and Kariyappa B S. "Design and Performance Analysis of Active and Passive Cell Balancing for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 17, 2021): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05246.
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Electric Vehicles (EV) are growing areas of research since the demand for clean transportation is ever-increasing. Batteries form an integral part of EVs. Battery Management systems (BMS) need to support many features, including charge balancing to improve battery life and longevity. Among passive cell balancing and active cell balancing, the latter provides better battery life and efficiency. Among different active and passive cell balancing techniques, popular techniques like Flyback transformer-based active cell balancing and switched capacitor-based active cell balancing are used. These methods are not only easy to implement but also provide good performance. These balancing circuits are integrated with non-ideal RC models of a lithium-ion battery. The bleed resistor-based passive cell balancing took more than 16000 seconds to reach a 0.01V difference for capacitors with 5F capacitance, whereas the switched capacitor design is estimated to take 500 seconds. The multi-winding flyback active cell balancing system reached a 2% difference in SOC in 1800 seconds. There was a visible increase in time taken for balancing the cells using multi-winding active cell balancing as the cell temperature increased. A 2.32% increase in the time taken for balancing the cells was observed when cell temperature increased from 293K to 313K.
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Kumar, Sonu, S. Koteswara Rao, Arvind R. Singh, and Raj Naidoo. "Switched-Resistor Passive Balancing of Li-Ion Battery Pack and Estimation of Power Limits for Battery Management System." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (June 17, 2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5547603.
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The battery pack performance and expected lifespan are crucial in electric vehicle applications. Balancing the charge on a battery pack connected in series and parallel is crucial due to manufacturing discrepancies and distinct performance of each cell in a standard battery pack. In this paper, a switched-resistor passive balancing-based method is proposed for balancing cells in a battery management system (BMS). The value of the available voltage at the battery cell terminals is balanced using resistors in an electrical circuit, and the excess voltage is eliminated. The cell balancing outcome demonstrates that the electrical circuit can maintain an even voltage across each cell. The procedure of balancing involves individually adjusting each cell’s level of charge. Passive balancing releases energy as heat by draining charge from cells that have too much charge. A passive cell balancer is a cost-effective solution and easy to install, but due to thermal loss from a resistor, it has a low energy efficiency for cell balancing and necessitates a lengthy balancing process. This passive cell balancer is an effective and reliable method for low-power devices and portable applications such as electrical vehicles. The power limits during charging and discharging are estimated using the bisection method.
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Duraisamy, Thiruvonasundari, and Kaliyaperumal Deepa. "Evaluation and Comparative Study of Cell Balancing Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34484.
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Vehicle manufacturers positioned electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as reliable, safe and environmental friendly alternative to traditional fuel based vehicles. Charging EVs using renewable energy resources reduce greenhouse emissions. The Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries used in EVs are susceptible to failure due to voltage imbalance when connected to form a pack. Hence, it requires a proper balancing system categorised into passive and active systems based on the working principle. It is the prerogative of a battery management system (BMS) designer to choose an appropriate system depending on the application. This study compares and evaluates passive balancing system against widely used inductor based active balancing system in order to select an appropriate balancing scheme addressing battery efficiency and balancing speed for E-vehicle segment (E-bike, E-car and E-truck). The balancing systems are implemented using “top-balancing” algorithm which balance the cells voltages near the end of charge for better accuracy and effective balancing. The most important characteristics of the balancing systems such as degree of imbalance, power loss and temperature variation are determined by their influence on battery performance and cost. To enhance the battery life, Matlab-Simscape simulation-based analysis is performed in order to fine tune the cell balancing system for the optimal usage of the battery pack. For the simulation requirements, the battery model parameters are obtained using least-square fitting algorithm on the data obtained through electro chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test. The achieved balancing time of the passive and active cell balancer for fourteen cells were 48 and 20 min for the voltage deviation of 30 mV. Also, the recorded balancing time was 215 and 42 min for the voltage deviation of 200 mV.
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Duraisamy, Thiruvonasundari, and Kaliyaperumal Deepa. "Evaluation and Comparative Study of Cell Balancing Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.0.34484.
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Vehicle manufacturers positioned electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as reliable, safe and environmental friendly alternative to traditional fuel based vehicles. Charging EVs using renewable energy resources reduce greenhouse emissions. The Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries used in EVs are susceptible to failure due to voltage imbalance when connected to form a pack. Hence, it requires a proper balancing system categorised into passive and active systems based on the working principle. It is the prerogative of a battery management system (BMS) designer to choose an appropriate system depending on the application. This study compares and evaluates passive balancing system against widely used inductor based active balancing system in order to select an appropriate balancing scheme addressing battery efficiency and balancing speed for E-vehicle segment (E-bike, E-car and E-truck). The balancing systems are implemented using “top-balancing” algorithm which balance the cells voltages near the end of charge for better accuracy and effective balancing. The most important characteristics of the balancing systems such as degree of imbalance, power loss and temperature variation are determined by their influence on battery performance and cost. To enhance the battery life, Matlab-Simscape simulation-based analysis is performed in order to fine tune the cell balancing system for the optimal usage of the battery pack. For the simulation requirements, the battery model parameters are obtained using least-square fitting algorithm on the data obtained through electro chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test. The achieved balancing time of the passive and active cell balancer for fourteen cells were 48 and 20 min for the voltage deviation of 30 mV. Also, the recorded balancing time was 215 and 42 min for the voltage deviation of 200 mV.
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KOCYIGIT, Davut, and Umut Engin AYTEN. "Hybrid Battery Balancing System for Electric Drive Vehicles." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 19 (December 14, 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1219150.
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In electric vehicles, cell and module voltage equalization plays a vital role in Battery Management System (BMS). The capacity, temperature, and aging imbalances in the cells and modules of electric vehicles battery packs restrict the amount of power that can be delivered to the vehicle. Spurred by this issue, we propose a new class of battery balancing systems, called hybrid balancing, capable of simultaneously equalizing battery capacity while enabling cost-effectiveness of cell-level passive balancing and module-level active balancing, modules consist of a number of cells connected in series, with cell-level passive balancing performed in a module, together with the module level switched capacitor that performs active balancing among the modules. The strategy is called hybrid balancing because it pursues goals beyond conventional state-of-charge equalization, including temperature and power capability equalization, and minimization of energy losses. Design details and MATLAB Simulink simulation results are provided for a hybrid balancing system implemented on a lithium-ion battery pack.
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Uzair, Muhammad, Ghulam Abbas, and Saleh Hosain. "Characteristics of Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles with Consideration of the Active and Passive Cell Balancing Process." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030120.
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Energy shortage and environmental pollution issues can be reduced considerably with the development and usage of electric vehicles (EVs). However, electric vehicle performance and battery lifespan depend on a suitable battery arrangement to meet the various battery performance demands. The safety, reliability, and efficiency of EVs largely depends on the constant monitoring of the batteries and management of battery packs. This work comprehensively reviews different aspects of battery management systems (BMS), i.e., architecture, functions, requirements, topologies, fundamentals of battery modeling, different battery models, issues/challenges, recommendations, and active and passive cell balancing approaches, etc., as compared to the existing works which normally discuss one or two aspects only. The work describes BMS functions, battery models and their comparisons in detail for an efficient operation of the battery pack. Similarly, the work presents a comprehensive overview of issues and challenges faced by BMS and also provides recommendations to address these challenges. Cell balancing is very important for the battery performance and in this work various cell balancing methodologies and their comparisons are also presented in detail. Modeling of a cell balancer is presented and a comparative study is also carried out for active and passive cell balance technique in MATLAB/Simulink with an eight cell battery packcell balancing approach. The result shows that the active cell balancing technique is more advantageous than passive balancing for electrical vehicles using lithium-ion batteries.
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B.T., Prashant Singh, Babu Bobba Phaneendra, and K. Suresh. "Extensive review on Supercapacitor cell voltage balancing." E3S Web of Conferences 87 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198701010.
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This paper explains about the supercapacitor cell voltage balancing circuits by comparing different topologies with regard to parameters like cost, balancing time, weight of the components used and control of switches. The advantage of supercapacitor over battery made to overcome weight and faster responding source problems. In supercapacitor bank cell voltages differ from each other which effects the performance of the device. Passive circuits consume power from cell for balancing but active circuits consume power from source. Many topologies are considered in this paper for different ratings and with different components. Balancing circuit is selected based upon total number of components in the balancing circuit, many components make circuit less reliable, complex and also increase the cost for balancing.
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Rao K, Shubha. "System Modelling and Simulation Analysis of Battery Pack with Passive Cell Balancing." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, no. VII (2023): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.12707.
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This paper presents system modelling and simulation of lithium battery pack with passive cell balancing technique. A battery pack of 57.6 V, 27 Ah is modelled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The balancing algorithm is triggered whenever the difference in State of charge (SoC) of series connected cells modules exceeds the threshold value of 0.1% of SoC. The balancing algorithm also provides an optimum value of shunt resistor value which is selected based on time taken to balance the cells and minimum power consumption. Graphs of balancing time and power consumption versus resistor value were obtained. A shunt resistor of 4 Ω chosen as an optimum value among a set of resistors as its balancing time of 9636.9s and power loss of 26.2462W was satisfactory. The performance of battery pack was analyzed during charging phase using Constant Charging- Constant Voltage (CC-CV) approach and discharging at constant current of 20A.
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Talha, Muhammad, Furqan Asghar, and Sung Ho Kim. "Experimental Evaluation of Cell Balancing Algorithms with Arduino Based Monitoring System." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 20, no. 6 (November 20, 2016): 968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2016.p0968.
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The trend toward more electric vehicles has demanded the need for high efficiency, high voltage and long life battery systems [1,_2]. Also renewable energy systems carry huge battery backups to overcome the renewable source shortage. Battery systems are affected by many factors, cells unbalancing is one of most important among these factors. Without the balancing system, individual cell voltages will differ over time that will decrease the battery pack capacity quickly. This condition is especially severe when the battery has a long string of cells and frequent regenerative charging is done via battery pack. Cell balancing is a method of designing safer battery solutions that extends battery runtime as well as battery life. Balancing mechanism can help in equalizing the state of charge across the multiple cells, therefore increasing the performance of battery system. Different cell balancing methodologies have been proposed for battery pack in recent years. These methods have some merits and demerits in comparison to each other; e.g. balancing time, complexity and active or passive balancing etc. In this paper, current bypass active cell balancing and Arduino based monitoring system designing and implementation is carried out. In charging process, this balancing technique provides partial current bypass using charging slope for weak cells. Also the passive shunt resistor technique is implemented to compare and verify the proposed system efficient response. Output result shows that this proposed balancing technique can perform cell balancing in much effective and efficient way as compared to previous balancing techniques. Using this cell balancing technique, we can improve overall battery health and lifetime.
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Song, Heewook, and Seongjun Lee. "Study on the Systematic Design of a Passive Balancing Algorithm Applying Variable Voltage Deviation." Electronics 12, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122587.
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A balancing circuit in a multi-series battery pack prevents a specific cell from being overcharged by reducing the voltage difference between the cells. Passive cell balancing is widely used for easy implementation and volume and size reduction. For optimal passive cell balancing, the charging/discharging current conditions and the state of charge (voltage condition) of the battery must be determined. In addition, the balancing algorithm must determine an allowable voltage deviation threshold between the cells connected in series to determine whether a specific cell performs a balancing operation. However, previous studies have not dealt with the design of balancing operating conditions in detail. In addition, the balancing time and efficiency improvement effect under specific conditions for arbitrary battery cells used in each previous study were mainly presented. Therefore, this study proposes a variable voltage deviation method in which the threshold for determining the voltage to be balanced is changed by reflecting the battery capacity, rated current specification, open-circuit voltage, and resistance of the balancing circuit. In addition, the voltage management performance and efficiency analysis results of the existing balancing algorithm and the proposed balancing method for the case where there is parameter deviation in the cells of the battery pack are also presented. The proposed method was verified through the simulation and experimental results of a reduced battery module in which three types of battery cells, INR 18650-30Q, INR 18650-29E, and INR 21700-50E, were arranged in 4-series.
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Vikhorev, Nikolay, Andrey Kurkin, Dmitriy Aleshin, Danil Ulyanov, Maksim Konstantinov, and Andrey Shalukho. "Battery Dynamic Balancing Method Based on Calculation of Cell Voltage Reference Value." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093733.
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The article is devoted to solving the problem of charge equalization of multi-element batteries with rated voltage up to 1000 V, operating in dynamic modes with different charge and discharge depths. This article proposes a method of balancing the voltages of power battery elements. The essence of the proposed method is to form a reference signal equivalent to the reference voltage of the battery element for the current state of charge. The novelty of the method presented in this article, in comparison with relevant existing techniques, lies in active control over the balancing circuit proportional to real cell voltage deviation from the reference value. The proposed method can be used both for passive balancing techniques based on ballast resistors, and for circuits made on electromagnetic energy redistribution systems between galvanic cells. A number of Simulink models were developed to determine the electrical parameters of active and passive balancing circuits. Performance and accuracy study of balancing a multi-element battery in charge and discharge modes was conducted by Simulink models. It was established that, compared to classical methods, the proposed balancing method enhances the accuracy by 1.43 times and improves dynamic indices of the balancing process at any state of charge of batteries. The proposed balancing method is a perspective for energy storage systems based on multi-element batteries for power supply nodes of high-power loads with pulsed and repeated short-term operation modes.
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B. Ravi, Kumar, Naidu P. Guruvulu, G. Hanumanthu, Sai Pramodh Ch. Rama, T. Jyotsna, and P. Harika. "Passive balancing in battery management system for electrical vehicles." i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jee.16.3.19437.
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Due to the peak energy and power density, the battery is a leading energy source for electric vehicles. Among various battery chemistries, Li-ion batteries have emerged as serious competitors in the field of electric vehicles. The battery cells are connected in series or parallel to increase voltage and current in a battery pack for electric vehicle applications. The heart of a battery-operated electric vehicle is the battery control system. The series-connected cells in a battery pack must preserve each cell's original potential under ideal charging and discharging conditions. If the potential of connected cells is not balanced, the charging and discharging of cells in the pack will be affected, bringing up the issue of cells that are out of balance due to inherent and extrinsic factors. Using active and passive cell balancing techniques can solve this issue. The right cell balancing technique can shorten the battery pack's equalization time and enhance its ageing. This paper explains the parameters of a battery, the function of the BMS, and different cell balancing techniques for use in electric vehicle applications.
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Samaddar, Neil, N. Senthil Kumar, and R. Jayapragash. "Passive Cell Balancing of Li-Ion batteries used for Automotive Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1716 (December 2020): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1716/1/012005.
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Barreras, Jorge Varela, Ricardo de Castro, Yihao Wan, and Tomislav Dragicevic. "A Consensus Algorithm for Multi-Objective Battery Balancing." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144279.
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Batteries stacks are made of cells in certain series-parallel arrangements. Unfortunately, cell performance degrades over time in terms of capacity, internal resistance, or self-discharge rate. In addition, degradation rates are heterogeneous, leading to cell-to-cell variations. Balancing systems can be used to equalize those differences. Dissipative or non-dissipative systems, so-called passive or active balancing, can be used to equalize either voltage at end-of-charge, or state-of-charge (SOC) at all times. While passive balancing is broadly adopted by industry, active balancing has been mostly studied in academia. Beyond that, an emerging research field is multi-functional balancing, i.e., active balancing systems that pursue additional goals on top of SOC equalization, such as equalization of temperature, power capability, degradation rates, or losses minimization. Regardless of their functionality, balancing circuits are based either on centralized or decentralized control systems. Centralized control entails difficult expandability and single point of failure issues, while decentralized control has severe controllability limitations. As a shift in this paradigm, here we present for the first time a distributed multi-objective control algorithm, based on a multi-agent consensus algorithm. We implement and validate the control in simulations, considering an electro-thermal lithium-ion battery model and an electric vehicle model parameterized with experimental data. Our results show that our novel multi-functional balancing can enhance the performance of batteries with substantial cell-to-cell differences under the most demanding operating conditions, i.e., aggressive driving and DC fast charging (2C). Driving times are extended (>10%), charging times are reduced (>20%), maximum cell temperatures are decreased (>10 °C), temperature differences are lowered (~3 °C rms), and the occurrence of low voltage violations during driving is reduced (>5×), minimizing the need for power derating and enhancing the user experience. The algorithm is effective, scalable, flexible, and requires low implementation and tuning effort, resulting in an ideal candidate for industry adoption.
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Singh, Mukesh, and Rahul Kumar Kamboj. "Development of Passive Battery Management System at TRL 4." Teknomekanik 5, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v5i1.12372.
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Nowadays, the usage of the electric vehicle (EV) is exponentially increasing. Therefore, a battery management system (BMS) is required to properly operate the Li-ion battery used in electric vehicles for extending the battery life. The main function of BMS is to sense the voltage, current, and temperature of the battery and cells independently. Further, it evaluates different parameters from the data fetched by the BMS. Finally, based on the evaluation, it controls the cell balancing. Presently, BMS is implemented using different microcontrollers and is under improvement with the advancement in existing technology. Passive balancing is commonly used in BMS, since, it is inexpensive and straightforward to implement. The passive resistor uses the passive balancing method to discharge the battery’s excess charge. For small battery capacities, this resistor is very useful. This paper analyses BMS design which combines a power resistor and transistor as a balancing resistor. The proposed analyses were applied to a battery pack consisting of 13 lithium-ion battery cells which enabled a fast-charging scheme. The most significant features of the passive balancing system are based on the results of this experiment, taking into account the impact on battery performance and energy loss. The aim of this paper is to make a battery pack that is with high energy carrying capability and proper thermal runaway. Thus, extensive monitoring is needed to operate the battery within specified operating limits to avoid fire hazards and explosions. In order to achieve this, the proposed design creates a demand for a Sophisticated management system which not only optimize the power drawn from battery but also maintain the battery operation within specified limits.
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Latkovskis, L., U. Sirmelis, L. Grigans, J. Cernovs, and K. Kroics. "Capacitance and Leakage Current Balancing for Supercapacitive Energy Storage System / Kapacitāšu Un Noplūdes Strāvu Balansēšana Superkondensatoru Enerģijas Uzkrājējsistēmai." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 49, no. 6-I (December 1, 2012): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-012-0030-4.
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Abstract In the paper, the problem of voltage imbalance in supercapacitor bank caused by different capacitances and leakage resistances is considered. The authors propose capacitance balancing in combination with passive resistor voltage balancing as an efficient method for decreasing the cell voltage imbalance and increasing the effective energy capacity of supercapacitor bank. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated theoretically and verified experimentally on eight supercapacitor cells.
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Zun, Chan-Yong, Sang-Uk Park, and Hyung-Soo Mok. "New Cell Balancing Charging System Research for Lithium-ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061393.
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With recent advancements in the electrical industry, the demand for high capacity and high energy density batteries has increased, subsequently increasing the demand for fast and reliable battery charging. A battery is an assembly of a plurality of cells, in which maintaining a balance between neighboring cells is crucial for stable charging. To this end, various methods have been applied to battery management systems. Representative methods for maintaining the balance in battery cells include a passive method of adjusting the balance using a resistor and an active method involving the exchange of energy between the cells. However, these methods are limited in terms of efficiency, lifespan, and charging time. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new charging method at the battery cell level and demonstrate its effectiveness through experiments.
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Vulligaddala, Veeresh Babu, Sandeep Vernekar, Sudhakar Singamla, Ravi Kumar Adusumalli, Vijay Ele, Manfred Brandl, and Srinivas M.B. "A 7-Cell, Stackable, Li-Ion Monitoring and Active/Passive Balancing IC With In-Built Cell Balancing Switches for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 16, no. 5 (May 2020): 3335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2953939.
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Islam, Saddamul. "Improvement of Li-ion Battery Active Balancer Using PI-Controller." Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering (JIEEE) 3, no. 2 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54060/jieee/003.02.001.
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This paper presents simulation and design for the improvement of Li-ion battery ac-tive balancer using PI controller. The growing market for lithium ion (Li-ion) battery cells has made a positive impact towards electrical energy storage (EES) system throughout the advancing technological and scientific world. Balancing in a battery pack has become a main priority to avoid over-charging and over-discharging while also improving the Li-ion battery life. Unlike passive balancing, active balancing transfers the energy from one cell to another or controls the cell’s output, thus improving its efficiency. This paper presents how previous work was accomplished by many scholars in order to avail themselves of the active balancing project. A cell model was shown in this paper that was built based on energy transfer circuit theories. A capacitor(C), inductor (L), MOSFET (M) and Diode (D) were used in the circuit build in order to balance the cells of different State-of-Charge (SOC). A PI controller was added with circuit to improve the voltage efficiency. After adding PI controller, the voltage balance of the cell was seen improved.
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Kıvrak, Sinan, Tolga Özer, Yüksel Oğuz, and Emre Burak Erken. "Battery management system implementation with the passive control method using MOSFET as a load." Measurement and Control 53, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2019): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019883401.
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In this study, a battery management system was implemented using the passive charge balancing method. The battery system was created with lithium ion battery cells commonly used in electric vehicles. Two main microprocessors were used as a master and slave for the management system. An STM32f103C8 microcontroller was used as a master, and a PIC18f4520 microcontroller was used as slave control units in the battery management system. Charge control of a battery pack consisting of four cells was performed. The information received from the current and voltage sensors was collected from each cell using a slave controller and sent smoothly to the master controller system. These experimental results indicated that the passive balancing method was implemented and the battery cells were charged successfully. The proposed method was applied to battery pack consisting of a four-cell LiFePO4 battery with a capacity of 40 Ah. This work incorporated original situation that have not been realized before. A digital to analog converter circuit was created using a buck converter topology. Thus, the MOSFET was used as an adjustable resistance. Also, it was one of the first studies in which the MOSFET was used as a regulated resistor in battery management systems.
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TENG, HUNG-YI, HUNG-CHI LAI, and REN-HUNG HWANG. "ENERGY EFFICIENCY POWER CONTROL OF CELL BREATHING IN EPON-WIMAX HYBRID ACCESS NETWORK." Journal of Interconnection Networks 13, no. 03n04 (September 2012): 1250012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265912500120.
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In this paper, a load balancing mechanism based on cell breathing was proposed for the hybrid EPON-WiMAX network. The hybrid EPON-WiMAX network integrates the emerging Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technologies to support high bandwidth, broadband access, mobility, and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. Load balancing is required due to uneven distribution of traffic among different WiMAX base stations (BS) as well as mobility of WiMAX Subscriber Station (SS). Cell breathing is a well-known load balancing technique adopted in wireless networks. By changing the transmission powers of the base stations, the cell breathing technique is able to adjust the traffic, both uplink and downlink, load of base stations. In the integrated EPON-WiMAX network, transmission powers of WiMAX base stations can be optimally allocated at the EPON optical networking unit (ONU). In this paper, we formulate the cell breathing-based load balancing problem into a linear programming problem. Our goal is to find the best power adjustment that maximizes system throughput. To alleviate the time complexity of solving the linear programming problem, we propose a Heaviest Load First Algorithm (HLFA) to obtain the near optimal solution. The solution obtained by the HLFA algorithm will not waste any transmission power to make the entire system energy-efficiency. We demonstrate the performance of HLFA via extensive simulations. The simulation results show that the HLFA can provide the best solution to achieve load balancing and enhance the system throughput as compared to existing solutions. Furthermore, HLFA maintains good performance even when the system has multiple overloaded ONU-BSs.
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Park, Young-Hwa, Rae-Young Kim, and Yeong-Jun Choi. "An Active Cascaded Battery Voltage Balancing Circuit Based on Multi-Winding Transformer with Small Magnetizing Inductance." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051302.
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This paper covers the active voltage balancing method of secondary batteries. The number of applications using secondary batteries is increasing, and the batteries are normally connected in series/parallel to increase discharge cycle and power. The problem is that when there is a voltage imbalance between the cells or modules of a battery, there is a risk of an accident in the near-sighted way, shortening the life of the battery cells. Although this risk was prevented through passive balancing, this approach has limitations, including heat generation, long balancing time, and in the case of a battery that needs to be balanced between modules (or between stacks), its effectiveness decreases. Therefore, in this paper, an active cell balancing method that can overcome the limitations mentioned before is proposed. The proposed method uses a multi-winding transformer, and to increase the power density, the magnetizing inductance is decreased, and an auxiliary circuit is added. The validity of the proposed circuit was verified through mode analysis and simulation. In addition, waveforms showing the balancing performance under various conditions and the comparison results between conventional and proposed methods are given.
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Kurpiel, Wojciech, Przemysław Deja, Bartosz Polnik, Marcin Skóra, Bogdan Miedziński, Marcin Habrych, Grzegorz Debita, Monika Zamłyńska, and Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski. "Performance of Passive and Active Balancing Systems of Lithium Batteries in Onerous Mine Environment." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227624.
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To use lithium-iron-phosphate battery packs in the supply systems of any electric mining equipment and/or machines, the required conditions of work safety must be met. This applies in particular to coal mines endangered by fire and/or explosion. To meet the spark-safety conditions, the cells (together with the battery management system—BMS) must be isolated from the influence of the environment, and therefore placed in special fire-tight housings. This significantly degrades the heat dissipation, thus affecting the operating conditions of the cell-packs. Therefore, their usage without the so-called BMS is not recommended, as shown in the authors’ preliminary research. In practice, various BMS are used, most often with the so-called passive balancing. However, their application in mines is uncertain, due to the effect of heating under operation. When it comes to active BMS, they usually possess a quite complex structure and hence, are relatively expensive. Therefore, the authors conducted research for two specially developed active and one commercial passive BMS cooperating with selected lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries when used in a suspended mining vehicle type PCA-1. The tests were carried out under environmental temperatures ranging from +5 °C to +60 °C. The effect of mismatching (12.5% to 37.5% of total cells number) of the cell parameters on the temperature distribution and voltage fading at the terminals of individual cells was checked. As a result of the investigations, the practical usefulness of the developed active BMS was determined, enabling the extension of the lithium-iron-phosphate battery life under onerous mine conditions, for a single recharge, which is a novelty. On the basis of the obtained results, appropriate practical conclusions were formulated.
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Pelin, Denis, Andrej Brandis, Mario Kovačević, and Filip Halak. "Design and Testing of a Multimode Capable Passive Battery Management System." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 4335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124335.
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A customized passive battery management system (BMS), which offers a selection of different operating configurations regarding the connection of external sources and loads, has been developed. The device supports balance, charge, de-balance, discharge and permanent storage battery processes. The control unit is run by its own written algorithm (code). Suggestions for potential hardware and software changes that can be made to expand the capabilities of the device are listed. The device is tested in five different operating configurations and the output data (battery-cell voltages and balancing currents) are plotted in characteristic diagrams. The output data is analyzed and the unique capabilities of the device are explained. The detailed PCB design, code, and output measurement data files are included within the paper.
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Sun, Chein-Chung, Chun-Hung Chou, Yu-Liang Lin, and Yu-Hua Huang. "A Cost-Effective Passive/Active Hybrid Equalizer Circuit Design." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062000.
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This paper proposes a novel hybrid equalizer circuit (HEC) for a battery management system (BMS) to implement the passive HEC (P-HEC), active HEC (A-HEC), or active/passive (AP-HEC) with the same equalizer circuit architecture. The advantages of an HEC are that it is simple, cost-effective, highly energy efficient, and fail safe. The P-HEC can further use a cooling fan or heater instead of a conventional resistor as a power dissipation element to convert the energy of the waste heat generated by the resistor to adjust the battery temperature. Even if the P-HEC uses the resistor to consume energy as in conventional methods, the P-HEC still dramatically improves the component lifetime and reliability of the BMS because the waste heat generated by the equalizer resistor is outside of the BMS board. Three significant advantages of an A-HEC are its (1) low cost, (2) small volume, and (3) higher energy efficiency than the conventional active equalizer circuits (AECs). In the HEC design, the MOSFETs of the switch array do not need high-speed switching to transfer energy as conventional AECs with DC/DC converter architecture because the A-HEC uses an isolated battery charger to charge the string cell. Therefore, the switch array is equal to a cell selector with a simple ON/OFF function. In summary, the HEC provides a small volume, cost-effective, high efficiency, and fail-safe equalizer circuit design to satisfy cell balancing demands for all kinds of electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs).
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Abdul-jabbar, Thealfaqar A., Adel A. Obed, and Ahmed J. Abid. "Design of an Uninterrupted Power Supply with Li-Ion Battery Pack: A Proposal for a Cost-Efficient Design with High Protection Features." Journal of Techniques 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v3i2.296.
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While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charge and discharge voltage, and 5) measure and display all readings.
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Venkatesan, M., S. Gouse Basha, A. Ramkumar, R. Manikandan, M. Easwaran, and Baseem Khan. "Switched Capacitor Based High Step-Up Multilevel Inverter with Self-Balancing Ability and Low Switching Stress." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (October 5, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4150590.
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In this article, the switched capacitor (SC) based high step-up multilevel inverter is proposed with self-balancing capability. The proposed SC inverter topology is to step up the high output voltage from the very low input voltage without any bulky transformer. This proposed inverter generates single-phase AC voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz from a very low DC input voltage of 50 V with any intermediate DC-DC conversion stage. Hence, the proposed SC inverter is highly suitable for fuel cell, photovoltaic (PV) applications, and shunt active power filter (SAPF). To control the SC inverter, a multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is engaged in the inverter. The high step-up voltage level can be achieved by the charging and discharging process of the SC. Furthermore, the stress voltage of the switches does not exceed the applied voltage and the total standing voltage of the inverter is greatly reduced without H-bridges. The comparative analysis of the proposed SC inverter is made for the components, peak inverse voltage (PIV), total standing voltage (TSV), boosting ability, and voltage balancing of capacitors. The main theme of the paper is producing a thirteen-level sinusoidal current with acceptable total harmonic distortion (THD) at different loads, low PIV, TSV, high boosting ability, and self-balancing of capacitors with fewer passive components. The whole system is examined by using MATLAB/Simulink.
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Kurpiel, Wojciech, Bartosz Polnik, Piotr Hylla, Bogdan Miedzinski, Marcin Habrych, and Grzegorz Debita. "Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Battery Performance Controlled by an Active BMS Based on the Battery-to-Cell Method." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 28, no. 4 (August 24, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.31420.
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The article discusses the results of research on the efficiency of a battery assembled with lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFeP04) cells when managed by an active Battery Management System (BMS) using the “battery-to-cell” energy transfer. This arrangement was especially developed by the authors and is intended for use in a selected suspended mining vehicle. The main emphasis was placed on variation of the two most important factors limiting in practice the effective use of a selected battery: a battery heating during operation and its voltage (power) fade over time. The advantage of the active BMS developed using the “battery-to-cell” energy transfer was compared both with the active BMS based on the cell-to-battery method and with the passive BMS as well. Particular attention was paid to the performance of the BMS balancing effect during the simulated unequal discharging of randomly selected cells (from 12 % to about 40 % of all cells number in the battery). The results obtained allowed for the formulation of appropriate conclusions and practical recommendations.
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Borovoy, I. A., O. V. Danishevskiy, and A. V. Parfenov. "ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS OF CONTROLLING THE SMART LI-ION BATTERY CONTROLLER." Issues of radio electronics, no. 5 (May 20, 2018): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2018-5-104-110.
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The article substantiates the necessity of organizing the control system of modern lithium-ion batteries. Passive and active methods of cell balancing are described. The method of increase of efficiency of modes of accumulation of electric energy by means of the special electronic control device (the intellectual controller) and its further use for power supply of the functional equipment is considered. The structure of the intelligent controller as a part of the autonomous power supply system with the description of its main functional units and purpose is presented. Practical results of application in the intellectual controller of original adaptive control algorithms defining modes of operation of lithium-ion drives depending on various environmental conditions are resulted. The results of the analysis obtained by the results of experimental operation of the battery system, reflecting the qualitative and quantitative advantages of the proposed method.
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Cho, In-Ho, Byoung-Hee Lee, Seong-Yun Park, Joon-Hyoung Ryu, and Jong-Hoon Kim. "Designing High-Voltage and Large-Capacity Battery Packs for Fuel-Cell Hybrid Railroad Propulsion System." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081259.
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Due to the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, internal combustion engines in a lot of transportation systems are being electrified. For the railroad propulsion system, it is essential to apply a high-voltage/large-capacity energy source in order to ensure that the system operates properly. Thus, fuel-cell and rechargeable battery systems are being considered nowadays. The battery system can receive and store all regenerative energy to improve energy efficiency. In addition, since the battery pack of a propulsion system utilizing a hydrogen fuel-cell requires continuous charging/discharging, regardless of the railroad vehicle’s driving profile, the battery pack is designed to ensure its stable use and to minimize maintenance costs. Consideration should be given to the characteristics of railroad vehicles. In this research, a hydrogen fuel-cell hybrid railroad vehicle propulsion system specification, which has been studied recently, was applied to study the considerations in the design of high-voltage/large-capacity battery packs for railroad vehicles. In particular, the passive and active cell-balancing circuit and an algorithm for the stable management of battery packs for hybrid railroad vehicles in which a continuous charging/discharging operation is repeated are proposed and verified through experiments.
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Kim, Han-Jun, Hye-Rim Lee, Hyosung Kim, and Sun Hee Do. "Hypoxia Helps Maintain Nucleus Pulposus Homeostasis by Balancing Autophagy and Apoptosis." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5915481.
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Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common cause of lower back pain. Programmed cell death (PCD) including apoptosis and autophagy is known to play key mechanistic roles in the development of IVDD. We hypothesized that the nucleus pulposus cells that make up the center of the IVD can be affected by aging and environmental oxygen concentration, thus affecting the development of IVDD. Here, we evaluated the phenotype changes and PCD signaling in nucleus pulposus cells in two different oxygen percentages (5% (hypoxia) and 20% (normoxia)) up to serial passage 20. NP cells were isolated from the lumbar discs of rats, and the chondrogenic, autophagic, and apoptotic gene expressions were analyzed during cell culture up to serial passage 20. Hypoxia significantly increased the number of autophagosomes, as determined by monodansylcadaverine staining and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, hypoxia triggered the activation of autophagic flux (beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and SIRT1) with a concomitant decrease in the expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3). Despite injury and age differences, no significant differences were observed between the ex vivo lumbar disc cultures of groups incubated in the hypoxic chamber. Our study provides a better understanding of autophagy- and apoptosis-related senescence in NP cells. These results also provide insight into the effects of aging on NP cells and their PCD levels during aging.
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Huang, Ming. "A Non-Isolated DC-DC Modular Multilevel Converter with Proposed Middle Cells." Electronics 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071135.
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Unlike the modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology operated under the rectifier or inverter modes, control of the balanced state for the submodule (SM) capacitor voltage has emerged as the key issue for DC-DC MMCs. This is mainly caused by no balanced alternative powers being used for balancing SM capacitor voltages, which can be absorbed from the input or output DC sides of the converter. Typically, the alternative voltages and currents should be injected to achieve SM capacitor voltage balance in the DC-DC MMC. However, this solution is based on the cost of adopting the bulky LC filter components. For interconnecting different DC voltages in medium-voltage applications, this paper presents a non-isolated DC-DC MMC equipped with the proposed middle cells. It is intended to achieve DC voltage conversion without adopting bulky passive LC filters. On the one hand, the alternative currents, used for balancing the SM capacitor voltages, are arranged for flowing only within the phase legs of the proposed DC-DC MMC without disturbing the input current. On the other hand, through appropriate control of the middle cells, compensated components can be developed to eliminate the undesirable voltages on the output DC side. The middle cells of the proposed DC-DC MMC are supplied with the function of the active filter, which enables the DC-DC MMC system to escape the bulky LC components. Through theoretical analysis and a control strategy, the proposed DC-DC MMC has been analyzed comprehensively. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are verified to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed DC-DC MMC.
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Mazloff, Matthew R., Raffaele Ferrari, and Tapio Schneider. "The Force Balance of the Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-069.1.
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Abstract The Southern Ocean (SO) limb of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is characterized by three vertically stacked cells, each with a transport of about 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The buoyancy transport in the SO is dominated by the upper and middle MOC cells, with the middle cell accounting for most of the buoyancy transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. A Southern Ocean state estimate for the years 2005 and 2006 with ⅙° resolution is used to determine the forces balancing this MOC. Diagnosing the zonal momentum budget in density space allows an exact determination of the adiabatic and diapycnal components balancing the thickness-weighted (residual) meridional transport. It is found that, to lowest order, the transport consists of an eddy component, a directly wind-driven component, and a component in balance with mean pressure gradients. Nonvanishing time-mean pressure gradients arise because isopycnal layers intersect topography or the surface in a circumpolar integral, leading to a largely geostrophic MOC even in the latitude band of Drake Passage. It is the geostrophic water mass transport in the surface layer where isopycnals outcrop that accomplishes the poleward buoyancy transport.
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Hussien, Shimaa A., Amal BaQais, and Mostafa Al-Gabalawy. "Battery management system enhancement for lithium-ions battery cells using switched shunt resistor approach based on finite state machine control algorithm." Frontiers in Energy Research 11 (May 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1191579.
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Due to their favorable characteristics, lithium-ion batteries have a dominant share of the battery market. There are a number of issues related to the use and management of Lithium-ion batteries in this paper, specifically with regard to the safe operation of the batteries as well as methods for balancing their cells. With the help of a passive cell balancing algorithm and a cell measurement circuit, a battery management system with a passive cell balancing algorithm has been developed. The purpose of this paper is to improve the efficiency of the balancing algorithm by implementing and analyzing a cell modelling method from the literature, with the aim of improving its performance. The results of this study showed that the use of the cell modelling system was able to improve the balancing algorithm’s balancing and charging times by 12.6%. Further, to validate the results obtained from the measurement system and the cell modelling system, an analysis was conducted of uncertainty propagation in order to validate the results. As part of future research, broader testing conditions may be used in order to better understand the positive impact of the cell modelling system on the balancing algorithm in the future.
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Thiruvonasundari, D., and K. Deepa. "Optimized Passive Cell Balancing for Fast Charging in Electric Vehicle." IETE Journal of Research, February 23, 2021, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2021.1886604.
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Jeon, Juhyeon, Sangsoo Seo, Sangwook Han, and Dongho Lee. "A novel approach to battery cell balancing using near‐field wireless power transfer." Electronics Letters 59, no. 15 (August 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ell2.12911.
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AbstractThis paper presents a novel battery cell balancing technique using near‐field wireless power transfer (WPT). The proposed method aims to overcome the drawbacks of conventional passive methods, which have low efficiency and energy waste, as well as the complex control and slow balancing speed of active methods. The authors’ experiments demonstrate, for the first time, the successful application of near‐field WPT for cell balancing. By wirelessly replenishing energy to the low‐energy battery cells while simultaneously charging them via wired connections, the authors achieve a significant reduction of 55.7% in the cell balancing time compared to conventional methods. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated through experimental results. This approach offers a promising solution for efficient and fast cell balancing in battery systems.
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Arthanareeswaran, Jeyashree, and Ashok Kumar Loganathan. "Adaptive Passive Cell Balancing of Battery Management System for an Electric Vehicle Application." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, April 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812662350278x.
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Karmakar, Shukla, Tushar Kanti Bera, and Aashish Kumar Bohre. "Novel PI Controller and ANN Controllers-Based Passive Cell Balancing for Battery Management System." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2023, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2023.3299886.
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Anilkumar, Sarang. "Comparative Analysis of Charging and Discharging Characteristics for Batteries in Aircraft Electric Power Systems." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 07 (July 15, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem24667.
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Abstract—This paper presents a comparative analysis of the charging and discharging characteristics of batteries used in aircraft electric power systems. The performance and efficiency of different battery technologies play a crucial role in determining the viability of electric propulsion and power systems in aircraft applications. In this study, we systematically evaluate the charg- ing and discharging behaviors of various battery types, including LiFePO4, Ni-Cd, and lead acid, using Simulink. The simulations encompass state of charge (SOC) dynamics, charging efficiency, discharging profiles, and passive cell balancing technique. By utilizing Simulink, we can accurately model the behavior of different battery technologies under various operating conditions. The results obtained from the simulations provide valuable insights into the performance, efficiency, and overall suitability of battery technologies for aircraft electric power systems. This comparative analysis, serves as a valuable resource for engineers and researchers involved in the design and optimization of battery management systems for aircraft applications, aiding in the informed selection and integration of batteries in aircraft electric power systems. Index Terms—Charging Characteristics, Discharging Charac- teristics, Simulink Simulation, State of Charge (SOC), Passive Cell Balancing
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Lopez, Carlos F., Judith A. Jeevarajan, and Partha P. Mukherjee. "Evaluation of Combined Active and Passive Thermal Management Strategies for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4035245.
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Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used portable energy storage technology due to their relatively high specific energy and power but face thermal issues that raise safety concerns, particularly in automotive and aerospace applications. In these environments, there is zero tolerance for catastrophic failures such as fire or cell rupture, making thermal management a strict requirement to mitigate thermal runaway potential. The optimum configurations for such thermal management systems are dependent on both the thermo-electrochemical properties of the batteries and operating conditions/engineering constraints. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of various combined active (liquid heat exchanger) and passive (phase-change material) thermal management techniques on cell temperatures and thermal balancing. The cell configuration and volume/weight constraints have important roles in optimizing the thermal management technique, particularly when utilizing both active and passive systems together. A computational modeling study including conjugate heat transfer and fluid dynamics coupled with thermo-electrochemical dynamics is performed to investigate design trade-offs in lithium-ion battery thermal management strategies. It was found that phase-change material properties and cell spacing have a significant effect on the maximum and gradient of temperature in a module cooled by combined active and passive thermal management systems.
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Hua, Ying, Xinxin Ying, Yiyu Qian, Haibin Liu, Yehui Lan, Ailan Xie, and Xueqiong Zhu. "Physiological and pathological impact of AQP1 knockout in mice." Bioscience Reports 39, no. 5 (May 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20182303.
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Abstract Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a glycoprotein responsible for water passive transport quickly across biological membrane. Here, we reviewed the structural and functional impacts of AQP1 knockout (AQP1-KO) in animal or cell culture models. AQP1 gene deletion can cause a large number of abnormalities including the disturbance in epithelial fluid secretion, polyhydramnios, deficiency of urinary concentrating function, and impairment of pain perception. AQP1-KO mice also displayed aberrations of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary, and kidney functions as well as placenta and embryo development. Moreover, AQP1-KO perturbed tumor angiogenesis and led to reduced brain injury upon trauma. On the cellular level, AQP1-KO caused neuroinflammation, aberrant cell proliferation and migration, and macrophages infiltration. Mechanistic studies confirmed that AQP1 gene products regulate the secretory function and participated in balancing the osmotic water flux across the peritoneal membrane. The available data indicated that AQP1 might serve as a potential target for developing novel therapeutic approaches against diverse human diseases.
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Mulangala, Jocelyne, Emma J. Akers, Peter J. Psaltis, Stephen J. Nicholls, and Belinda A. Di Bartolo. "Abstract 315: Calcium Dose Dependently Influences Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 37, suppl_1 (May 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.315.
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Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a progressive occlusive disease of the arteries and a vascular complication in diabetes. Vascular calcification (VC) is implicated as a potential driver of PAD, and although the exact mechanisms are unclear, the site and location of calcification within the arterial wall contributes greatly. Long considered a passive process, VC is now recognised as a tightly regulated active process balancing the promotion and inhibition of calcification in the arterial wall. There is little evidence however, to demonstrate the effect of calcification on endothelial cell angiogenesis. This study sought to investigate the effects of calcium as a known inducer of calcification on in vitro angiogenesis. Methods: Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells were cultured and treated with increasing calcium concentrations (CaCl 2 2.45-3.3 mM) for 24h. Proliferation, migration and tubule formation assays were conducted and real-time PCR assessed angiogenic and osteogenic genes. Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) activity was measured in supernatants following treatment. Results: High concentrations of calcium reduced cell proliferation with a corresponding increase in ALP production suggesting release of osteogenic stimuli adversely affects cell viability. Mid-range concentrations of calcium induced a significant increase in cell migration (1.0 vs 2.4±0.3, p<0.05) while higher concentrations elicited no effect. Calcium treatment demonstrated a dose response where mid-range concentrations increased gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (>500 fold), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (>150 fold). This increase corresponded with a decrease (1.0 vs 15.02±4.24; p<0.0001) in osteoprotegerin (OPG) at mid-range calcium with a significant increase at the highest concentration (1.0 vs 342±13.27; p<0.01) illustrating calcium-induced expression of OPG, a known protective gene in VC, may also regulate angiogenesis. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration investigating the effects of calcium on endothelial cell angiogenesis. These findings suggest that calcium can directly affect genes involved in regulating angiogenesis, and could therefore provide an opportunity to develop potential treatments.
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KURT, Yasin Fatih, and Tolga ÖZER. "13S Battery Pack and Battery Management System Design and Implementation for Electric Bicycles." International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, April 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1246624.
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In this study, the battery pack and ESP32 microcontroller-based battery management system (BMS) design for the electric bicycle have been carried out. The software updates were realized when the battery pack was in the box, thanks to the built-in Wi-Fi feature of the ESP32. The voltage values were read precisely, and a stable BMS was created with a 12-bit ADC-based ESP32 controller. The battery had temperature control from 7 different points. The temperature data was received from DS18B20 digital temperature sensors, and the charging current was cut off when the threshold value was exceeded. At the same time, the ACS712 5A current sensor was used to determine and prevent the excessive current draw. The charging current was defined as 2A. BMS cuts off the charging current to protect the battery pack when the charging current exceeds 3A. The resistor used for passive balancing in BMS was isolated from the ESP module with the KPS2801 optocoupler. The voltage of the battery pack was charged from 3.7 V to 3.85 V in the real-time test. The charging process continued for one hour, and the voltage changes of each cell were obtained in 10-minute periods. It was observed that all cells were charged in a balanced way at the end of the charging process. Thus, the charging process of the designed battery pack was carried out successfully through the designed BMS.
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Lüschow, Veit, Jochem Marotzke, and Jin-Song von Storch. "Overturning response to a surface wind stress doubling in an eddying and a non-eddying ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography, January 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0176.1.
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AbstractIn this paper, the overturning responses to wind stress changes of an eddying and a non-eddying ocean are compared. Differences are found in the deep overturning cell in the low-latitude North Atlantic with substantial implications for the deep western boundary current (DWBC). In an ocean-only twin experiment with one eddying and one non-eddying configuration of the MPI ocean model, two different forcings are being applied: the standard NCEP forcing and the NCEP forcing with 2x surface wind stress. The response to the wind stress doubling in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is similar in the eddying and the non-eddying configuration, showing an increase by about 4 Sv (~25%, 1 Sv = 106 m3s−1). In contrast, the DWBC responds with a speedup in the non-eddying and a slowdown in the eddying configuration. This paper demonstrates that the DWBC slowdown in the eddying configuration is largely balanced by eddy vorticity fluxes. Because those fluxes are not resolved and also not captured by an eddy parameterization in the non-eddying configuration, such a DWBC slowdown is likely not to occur in non-eddying ocean models which therefore might not capture the whole range of overturning responses. Furthermore, evidence is provided that the balancing effect of the eddies is not a passive reaction to a remotely triggered DWBC slowdown. Instead, deep eddies which are sourced from the upper ocean provide an excess input of relative vorticity which then actively forces the DWBC mean flow to slow down.
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Bogdanov, Mikhail. "Renovating a double fence with or without notifying the next door and across the street neighbors: why the biogenic cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria display asymmetry?" Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, March 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20230042.
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The complex two-membrane organization of the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria imposes an unique biosynthetic and topological constraints that can affect translocation of lipids and proteins synthesized on the cytoplasm facing leaflet of the cytoplasmic (inner) membrane (IM), across the IM and between the IM and outer membrane (OM). Balanced growth of two membranes and continuous loss of phospholipids in the periplasmic leaflet of the IM as metabolic precursors for envelope components and for translocation to the OM requires a constant supply of phospholipids in the IM cytosolic leaflet. At present we have no explanation as to why the biogenic E. coli IM displays asymmetry. Lipid asymmetry is largely related to highly entropically disfavored, unequal headgroup and acyl group asymmetries which are usually actively maintained by active mechanisms. However, these mechanisms are largely unknown for bacteria. Alternatively, lipid asymmetry in biogenic IM could be metabolically controlled in order to maintain uniform bilayer growth and asymmetric transmembrane arrangement by balancing temporally the net rates of synthesis and flip-flop, inter IM and OM bidirectional flows and bilayer chemical and physical properties as spontaneous response. Does such flippase-less or ‘lipid only”, ‘passive' mechanism of generation and maintenance of lipid asymmetry exists in the IM? The driving force for IM asymmetry can arise from the packing requirements imposed upon the bilayer system during cell division through disproportional distribution of two negatively curved phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin, with consistent reciprocal tendency to increase and decrease lipid order in each membrane leaflet respectively.
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Weijts, Bart, Laurent Yvernogeau, and Catherine Robin. "Recent Advances in Developmental Hematopoiesis: Diving Deeper With New Technologies." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (November 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.790379.
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The journey of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) involves the passage through successive anatomical sites where HSCs are in direct contact with their surrounding microenvironment, also known as niche. These spatial and temporal cellular interactions throughout development are required for the acquisition of stem cell properties, and for maintaining the HSC pool through balancing self-renewal, quiescence and lineage commitment. Understanding the context and consequences of these interactions will be imperative for our understanding of HSC biology and will lead to the improvement of in vitro production of HSCs for clinical purposes. The aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region is in this light of particular interest since this is the cradle of HSC emergence during the embryonic development of all vertebrate species. In this review, we will focus on the developmental origin of HSCs and will discuss the novel technological approaches and recent progress made to identify the cellular composition of the HSC supportive niche and the underlying molecular events occurring in the AGM region.
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LaCroix, Ryan A., Bernhard O. Palsson, and Adam M. Feist. "A Model for Designing Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Experiments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83, no. 8 (February 3, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03115-16.
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ABSTRACT The occurrence of mutations is a cornerstone of the evolutionary theory of adaptation, capitalizing on the rare chance that a mutation confers a fitness benefit. Natural selection is increasingly being leveraged in laboratory settings for industrial and basic science applications. Despite increasing deployment, there are no standardized procedures available for designing and performing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments. Thus, there is a need to optimize the experimental design, specifically for determining when to consider an experiment complete and for balancing outcomes with available resources (i.e., laboratory supplies, personnel, and time). To design and to better understand ALE experiments, a simulator, ALEsim, was developed, validated, and applied to the optimization of ALE experiments. The effects of various passage sizes were experimentally determined and subsequently evaluated with ALEsim, to explain differences in experimental outcomes. Furthermore, a beneficial mutation rate of 10−6.9 to 10−8.4 mutations per cell division was derived. A retrospective analysis of ALE experiments revealed that passage sizes typically employed in serial passage batch culture ALE experiments led to inefficient production and fixation of beneficial mutations. ALEsim and the results described here will aid in the design of ALE experiments to fit the exact needs of a project while taking into account the resources required and will lower the barriers to entry for this experimental technique. IMPORTANCE ALE is a widely used scientific technique to increase scientific understanding, as well as to create industrially relevant organisms. The manner in which ALE experiments are conducted is highly manual and uniform, with little optimization for efficiency. Such inefficiencies result in suboptimal experiments that can take multiple months to complete. With the availability of automation and computer simulations, we can now perform these experiments in an optimized fashion and can design experiments to generate greater fitness in an accelerated time frame, thereby pushing the limits of what adaptive laboratory evolution can achieve.