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Ulloa, Iván de Jesús Davis. "The –Ing construction in the language pair English/Spanish: radiality and subjectification." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6684.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar, descrever e analisar a construção –ING no par linguístico inglês/espanhol. A construção exibe uma série de usos na língua inglesa e ensiná-la ou traduzi-la para usuários de outras línguas impõe alguns desafios. No caso de falantes de língua espanhola como público alvo, a maioria tende a interpretar a construção como sendo verbal, no aspecto progressivo, o que representa apenas uma função da construção. No tocante ao referencial teórico, a pesquisa é baseada no trabalho de Langacker (1987, 1990, 1991, 2006, 2008) com o intuito de investigar o uso da construção. A Teoria dos Protótipos (ROSCH, 1973), as Categorias Radiais (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987), e a Gramática das Construções (FILLMORE & KAY, 1999; GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006), além da abordagem semântica sobre a construção –ING (WIERZBICKA, 1988), serão essenciais para a descrição da construção sob uma perspectiva conceptual. Com relação à metodologia, assume-se uma abordagem tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa dos dados (COOK, T.D. & REICHARDT, C.S., 1979; RICHARDSON, R. J.,1985; CRESWELL, J., 2010), compilados a partir de um corpus bilíngue paralelo no par linguístico Inglês/Espanhol, de 1199 ocorrências da construção –ING. A hipótese central do estudo é que a construção, em sua função verbal progressiva, é mais central ou prototípica (ROSCH, 1973) em relação à sua rede construcional, envolvendo outras funções, quais sejam, nominal, adjetival e adverbial. Essas funções, por sua vez, assumem posições mais periféricas e se relacionam com a função verbal por meio de relações de extensão metafórica (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006). Argumenta-se, então, que essas relações estabelecem um continuum entre as funções, variando de um nível mais concreto, mais ancorado no contexto de fala a um nível mais abstrato, mais subjetificado (LANGACKER, 1990). Por meio de uma análise baseada em corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2002, 2004) argumenta-se, por fim, que existe uma organização radial (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987) para a construção –ING, que passa de um domínio mais concreto, mais situado ou “ancorado” no evento de fala e se torna, assim, mais objetificado (como “processo”) a um domínio mais abstrato, menos situado, menos ancorado no evento de fala e, portanto, mais subjetificado (como “coisa”) (LANGACKER, 2008).
The aim of this dissertation is to identify, describe and analyze the –ING construction from the English language. The –ING construction has a number of uses in the English language and either teaching or translating it to speakers of other languages poses some challenges. In the case of having Spanish speakers as audience, most of them tend to interpret the construction as a verbal one, in the progressive aspect, which is only one function of the construction. As for the theoretical framework, we chiefly based our research on Langacker’s work (1987, 1990, 1991, 2008) in order to account for this construction. We also rely on Prototype Theory (ROSCH, 1973), Radial Categories (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987), and Construction Grammar (FILLMORE & KAY, 1999; GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006), apart from a semantic approach to the –ING construction (WIERZBICKA, 1988), which will be essential for describing the –ING construction from a conceptual perspective. In regard to methodology we take both a quantitative and qualitative approach to data (COOK, T.D. & REICHARDT, C.S., 1979; RICHARDSON, R.J., 1985; CRESWELL, J., 2010) compiled from an English/Spanish parallel corpus of 1199 verbal –ING occurrences. Our main hypothesis is that the –ING construction, in its verbal function, is more central or prototypical (ROSCH, 1973) in respect to its conceptual network and its other functions, namely nominal, adjectival and adverbial. These functions, in turn, exhibit a more peripheral role and are linked to the verbal function through metaphorical extension relationships (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006). These relationships, we argue, establish a continuum between these functions, going from the most or more grounded level up to the most abstract, subjectified level. By performing a corpus-based analysis of the data (BERBER-SARDINHA, 2002, 2004) we finally argue that there is a radial organization (BRUGMAN, 1981; LAKOFF, 1987) for the –ING construction, which goes from a more concrete level, being this more situated or “grounded” (LANGACKER, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008) and thus more objectified (as a “here and now process”), until it gets to a more abstract level, therefore, less situated and more subjectified (taken as a “thing”) (LANGACKER, 2008).
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Gil, Berrio Yohana. "PAIR INTERACTION IN SPANISH LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS THAT ENROLL HERITAGE AND L2 LEARNERS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/564163.
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SpanishPh.D.
A growing number of studies has shown that collaborative writing tasks facilitate second language (L2) development by providing learners with opportunities to focus their attention on language and to collaborate in the solution of their language-related problems (e.g., Choi & Iwashita, 2016; Storch, 2013; Swain & Lapkin, 1998; Williams, 2012). However, most of these studies have focused almost exclusively on L2 learners, and particularly on English as a second language learners. In an effort to address this gap and drawing from a sociocultural framework, this study investigated the interactions of Spanish heritage language (HL) learners and Spanish L2 learners enrolled in the same class. Twenty-four intermediate-level learners of Spanish, organized in four HL-HL, four HL-L2, and four L2-L2 dyads, participated in the study. As part of their regular class work, they completed four collaborative writing tasks in pairs. Participants were also asked to individually complete a pretest and two posttests. The tasks and tests were intended to elicit the present subjunctive in nominal and adjectival clauses. The interactions between each pair were recorded and coded for the nature of the relationships the learners formed (Storch, 2002) and the quantity and quality of learners’ deliberations about language choice, using Language Related Episodes (LREs) (Swain & Lapkin, 1998) as units of analysis. Results showed that the most common type of patterns of interaction the learners developed was collaboration. Moreover, three pairs displayed a dominant/passive pattern of interaction and two pairs an expert/novice pattern. Results also indicated that overall, participants produced slightly more LREs focused on form than LREs focused on lexis. Furthermore, results showed that whereas all pairs produced morphosyntactic LREs, they were more frequent in HL-L2 dyads. Lexical LREs occurred more often in L2-L2 dyads, and orthographic LREs occurred only in HL-HL dyads. With regards to learning gains, results revealed that six participants obtained high scores in all tests and did not show a score change from pretest to delayed posttest. Five of these participants were identified as HL learners. However, data also showed that 16 participants scored higher on their delayed posttest than they did on their pretest. Overall, considering that most dyads developed a collaborative pattern of interaction and achieved learning gains after task-based interaction, the data suggest that despite the differences in linguistic and cultural backgrounds, learners in mixed and matched pairs provided assistance to one another and produced LREs associated with the target structure. These findings have important pedagogical implications and thus, future studies need to investigate the best practices for teaching HL and L2 learners simultaneously and the types of tasks that encourage collaboration.
Temple University--Theses
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Satō, Tetsuya. "Learner interaction during pair communication activities in university Japanese as a foreign language classrooms /." view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1397798.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oregon, 1999.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-167). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1397798.
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De, Gonzalez Lucia. "Reflexive passives in Spanish according to arc pair grammar." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/421948.
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This paper proposes a diachronic and synchronic analysis of the extensive use of se in Spanish reflexive and passive constructions with se being discussed in relation to the Unaccusative Hypothesis in Arc Pair Grammar.Universals in Arc Pair Grammar, namely the Unaccusative Law, the 1-Advancement Exclusiveness Law and the Final 1-Arc Law will account for the similarities and differences, first between English and Spanish predicates; and second, between ordinary reflexive constructions and reflexive passive constructions.Evidence from Spanish, primarily synchronic, is presented to analyze reflexive constructions that come from an initial unaccusative stratum. A parallel between these constructions and reflexive passives is established to demonstrate that unaccusative predicates and reflexive passive constructions are very closely related.Diachronically the paper claims that there is a logical and clear evolution of se based on corefentiality, anaphoric chains, unspecified arguments, and self-erasing ghost arcs.Finally this paper attempts to explain why in some instances the predicate will not exhibit agreement with the corresponding nominal. The Chomeur relation and the introduction of ghost arcs according to Arc Pair Grammar Laws and Theorems will provide the basis for this explanation.
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Storch, Neomy. "An investigation into the nature of pair work in an ESL /." Online version, 2001. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/32997.
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Antoine, Emilien. "Distributed data management with a declarative rule-based language webdamlog." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933808.
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Our goal is to enable aWeb user to easily specify distributed data managementtasks in place, i.e. without centralizing the data to a single provider. Oursystem is therefore not a replacement for Facebook, or any centralized system,but an alternative that allows users to launch their own peers on their machinesprocessing their own local personal data, and possibly collaborating with Webservices.We introduce Webdamlog, a datalog-style language for managing distributeddata and knowledge. The language extends datalog in a numberof ways, notably with a novel feature, namely delegation, allowing peersto exchange not only facts but also rules. We present a user study thatdemonstrates the usability of the language. We describe a Webdamlog enginethat extends a distributed datalog engine, namely Bud, with the supportof delegation and of a number of other novelties of Webdamlog such as thepossibility to have variables denoting peers or relations. We mention noveloptimization techniques, notably one based on the provenance of facts andrules. We exhibit experiments that demonstrate that the rich features ofWebdamlog can be supported at reasonable cost and that the engine scales tolarge volumes of data. Finally, we discuss the implementation of a Webdamlogpeer system that provides an environment for the engine. In particular, a peersupports wrappers to exchange Webdamlog data with non-Webdamlog peers.We illustrate these peers by presenting a picture management applicationthat we used for demonstration purposes.
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Cornea, Bogdan Florin. "Prédiction de performances d’applications de calcul distribué exécutées sur une architecture pair-à-pair." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA2012/document.
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Dans le domaine du calcul de haute performance, les architectures d’exécution sont en continuelle évolution. L’augmentation du nombre de nœuds de calcul, ou le choix d’une topologie réseau plus rapide représentent un investissement important tant en temps qu’en moyen financier. Les méthodes de prédiction de performances permettent de guider ce choix. En parallèle à ce développement, les systèmes HPC pair-à-pair (P2P) se sont également développés ces dernières années. Ce type d’architecture hétérogène permettrait la résolution des problèmes scientifiques pour un coût très faible par rapport au coût d’une architecture dédiée.Ce manuscrit présente une méthode nouvelle de prédiction de performances pour les applications réelles de calcul distribué, exécutées dans des conditions réelles. La prédiction prend en compte l’optimisation du compilateur. Les résultats sont extrapolables et ils sont obtenus pour un ralentissement réduit. Ce travail de recherche est implémenté dans un logiciel nouveau nommé dPerf. dPerf est capable de prédire les performances des applications C, C++ ou Fortran qui communiquent en utilisant les normes MPI ou P2P-SAP et qui s’exécutent sur une architecture cible pair à pair, hétérogène et décentralisée. La précision de cette contribution a été étudiée sur (i) la transformée Laplace, pour l’aspect séquentiel, (ii) le benchmark IS de NAS, pour l’aspect MPI, (iii) et le code de l’obstacle pour l’aspect calcul P2P décentralisé et l’extrapolation du nombre de nœudsIn the field of high performance computing, the architectures evolve continuously. In order to increase the number of computing nodes or the network speed, an important investment must be considered, from both temporal and financial point of view. Performance prediction methods aim at assisting in finding the best trade-off for such an investment. At the same time, P2P HPC systems have known an increase in development. These heterogeneous architectures would allow solving scientific problems at a low cost, with respect to dedicated systems.The manuscript presents a new method for performance prediction. This method applies to real applications for distributed computing, considered in a real execution environment. This method uses information about the different compiler optimization levels. The prediction results are obtained with reduced slowdown and are scalable. This thesis took shape in the development of the dPerf tool. dPerf predicts the performances of C, C++, and Fortran application, which use MPI or P2P-SAP to communicate. The applications modeled by dPerf are meant for execution on P2P heterogeneous architectures, with a decentralized communication topology. The accuracy of dPerf has been studied on three applications: (i) the Laplace transform, for sequential codes, (ii) the NAS Integer Sort benchmark for distributed MPI programs, (iii) and the obstacle problem, for the decentralized P2P computing and the scaling of the number of computing nodes
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Neergaard, Morten Minde. "CLIRch, an extensible open source framework for query translation : evaluated for use on the Norwegian/Spanish language pair." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18357.
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CLIR, Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval, is a field of research that can behighly useful in web search and for several other applications. Extensiveresearch has been done on possible CLIR implementations, but as of yet thereare no open source frameworks or applications readily available. The thesisfocuses on building such a framework and evaluating it for use on theNorwegian/Spanish language pair.The framework implemented uses query translation to submit queries to existinginformation retrieval (IR) implementations, and the framework itself holds nolow-level IR algorithms. Experiments were performed on a small parallel corpusof Norwegian and Spanish texts, using the Xapian and PostgreSQL IRimplementations. A comprehensive comparison of possible configurations wasdone, and certain measures were shown to be effective when searching fordocuments in either language.The framework is implemented in a modular architecture, allowing the suggestedadditions and amendments to be implemented as add-on components. This is themain intent of the framework, and eases the process of building support foradditional languages as well. For easing the adoption of the framework,additional components and data may be beneficial.Some improvements are also possible for the tested language pair, throughobtaining larger data sets or implementing certain language specificalgorithms. Of particular interest is implementing effective decompounding ofNorwegian compound words and phrase translation support. Suggestions are alsomade for how the system can be used to perform CLIR tasks in other languages.
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Morrow, William Judson. "¿Qué va a pasar en el Buckeye State? Pasos hacia inglés como idioma oficial /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1211931412.
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Fayçal, Marguerite. "Routage efficace pour les réseaux pair-à-pair utilisant des tables de hachage distribuées." Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00521935.
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Ce mémoire est une synthèse de nos travaux de recherche menés à Orange Labs (France Télécom R&D) pour répondre à une problématique identifiée par ledit opérateur concernant les flux d’échanges en mode P2P. La montée en puissance du P2P exige de nouveaux systèmes satisfaisant tant les usagers que les opérateurs de réseaux. Les premiers cherchent en permanence une bonne QoS. Les seconds aspirent à l’optimisation de l’usage du réseau et à la réduction des différents coûts d’opération et de maintenance. D’où l’intérêt de cette thèse qui vise à sensibiliser un réseau P2P au réseau IP sous-jacent afin d’aboutir à un système de routage efficace. Nos travaux se focalisent sur les systèmes utilisant des DHTs, après les avoir étudiées et analysées. Ce mémoire commence par une analyse des principaux protocoles de découverte de ressources dynamiques dans les différentes architectures P2P. Les exigences requises pour un routage P2P efficace sont par la suite établies. Il s’en suit une présentation des techniques de génération de l’information de proximité sous-jacente, ainsi que des techniques et principaux systèmes d’exploitation de cette information. Nos travaux de recherche ont abouti à la définition, la conception, la spécification et l’analyse individuelle et comparative de deux systèmes : CAP (Context-Aware P2P system) et NETPOPPS (NETwork Provider Oriented P2P System). Le premier système est sensible au contexte et introduit une sémantique dans les identifiants des pairs et des objets. Le second système est orienté opérateur de réseau, et adapte les flux P2P à la topologie sous-jacente et aux politiques de l’opérateur, tout en simplifiant la gestion des différents identifiantsThis dissertation is a synthesis of our research at Orange Labs (formerly France Telecom R&D) to answer a problem identified by the aforesaid network operator and concerning peer-to-peer (P2P) streams. The rise of P2P requires new systems to meet the needs of users, but also those of ISPs and other network operators. The former seek permanently quite noticeable high QoS; the latter aim to optimize the use of network resources and to reduce various operations’ and management costs. Hence the interest of this thesis, that aims to let a P2P network be aware of its underlying IP network in order to achieve a system with an efficient routing mechanism that leads to a win-win situation. Our research focuses on systems based on distributed hash tables (DHT), that we study and analyze first. This dissertation begins with an analysis of the main protocols for discovery of dynamic resources in the different P2P architectures. The requirements for efficient P2P routing are then established. Afterwards, discovery techniques for generating and providing underlay network proximity information are presented, followed by techniques and main systems that exploit such information. Our research led to the definition, design, specification and both individual and comparative analysis of two systems: CAP (Context-Aware P2P system) and NETPOPPS (Network Provider Oriented P2P System). The former introduces semantics in the identifiers of peers and objects and is context-aware. The latter simplifies the management of the different identifiers and is network operator oriented: it enables cooperation between P2P traffic and the underlay’s network operator (its policies and network topology)
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Fayçal, Marguerite. "Routage Efficace pour les Réseaux Pair-à-Pair utilisant des Tables de Hachage Distribuées." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00521935.
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Ce mémoire est une synthèse de nos travaux de recherche menés au sein des laboratoires d'Orange Labs (anciennement France Télécom R&D) pour répondre à une problématique identifiée par ledit opérateur et concernant les flux d'échanges en mode pair-à-pair (P2P). Communément assimilé à un échange de fichiers, le P2P a de nombreuses applications. Il correspond à une évolution du monde du logiciel, des réseaux et des équipements. Au-delà du partage, nous sommes confrontés à une puissance disponible de façon distribuée (en termes de CPU, bande passante, stockage, etc.). La montée en puissance du P2P exige de nouveaux systèmes pouvant satisfaire les besoins des usagers, mais aussi ceux des fournisseurs d'accès à Internet (FAI) et autres opérateurs de réseaux. Les premiers cherchent en permanence une bonne qualité de service (QoS) bien perceptible. Les seconds aspirent à l'optimisation de l'usage des ressources du réseau (notamment la bande-passante) et à la réduction des différents coûts d'opération et de maintenance (dont ceux découlant de leurs accords économiques inter-opérateurs). D'où l'intérêt de nos travaux de recherche qui visent à sensibiliser un réseau P2P au réseau IP sous-jacent, afin d'aboutir à un système de routage P2P efficace, en phase avec les politiques des réseaux d'infrastructures sous-jacents. Ces travaux se focalisent sur les systèmes P2P utilisant des tables de hachage distribuées (DHT), après les avoir étudiées et analysées. Ce mémoire commence par une analyse des principaux protocoles de découverte de ressources dynamiques dans les différentes architectures de réseaux P2P. Les exigences requises pour un routage P2P efficace sont par la suite établies. Il s'en suit une présentation des techniques de génération de l'information de proximité sous-jacente, ainsi que des techniques et principaux systèmes d'exploitation de cette information. Nos travaux de recherche ont abouti à la définition, la conception, la spécification et l'analyse individuelle et comparative de deux systèmes : CAP (Context-Aware P2P system) et NETPOPPS (NETwork Provider Oriented P2P System). Le premier système est sensible au contexte et introduit une sémantique dans les identifiants des pairs et des objets. Le second système est orienté opérateur de réseau, et adapte les flux P2P à la topologie sous-jacente et aux politiques de l'opérateur, tout en simplifiant la gestion des différents identifiants.
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Fallgren, Per. "Thoughts don't have Colour, do they? : Finding Semantic Categories of Nouns and Adjectives in Text Through Automatic Language Processing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138641.
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Not all combinations of nouns and adjectives are possible and some are clearly more fre- quent than other. With this in mind this study aims to construct semantic representations of the two types of parts-of-speech, based on how they occur with each other. By inves- tigating these ideas via automatic natural language processing paradigms the study aims to find evidence for a semantic mutuality between nouns and adjectives, this notion sug- gests that the semantics of a noun can be captured by its corresponding adjectives, and vice versa. Furthermore, a set of proposed categories of adjectives and nouns, based on the ideas of Gärdenfors (2014), is presented that hypothetically are to fall in line with the produced representations. Four evaluation methods were used to analyze the result rang- ing from subjective discussion of nearest neighbours in vector space to accuracy generated from manual annotation. The result provided some evidence for the hypothesis which suggests that further research is of value.
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Narin, Matilda. "Phonological features of Yazghulami : A field study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131719.
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Yazghulami is a South-East Iranian language spoken in the Pamir area of Tajikistan by about 9000 people. This study gives an account of the phonology of the language by describing contrastive segments and their distribution and realizations, as well as describing suprasegmental features such as syllable structure and stress patterns. Field research was carried out in a community of Yazghulami speakers in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, by recording, transcribing and annotating spoken language. Yazghulami is analyzed as having 8 vowel phonemes of which one pair contrasts in length, and 36 consonant phonemes with a considerable display of palatal, velar and uvular phonemes, of which a set of three labialized plosives and three labialized fricatives is found. The syllable structure of Yazghulami allows for clusters of no more than two consonants in the onset and two in the coda; clusters in both positions do not occur in one and the same syllable. The stress generally falls on the last syllable of a word, although when nouns are inflected with suffixes, the stress instead falls on the last syllable of the stem. With these results, a foundation for further efforts to develop and increase the status of this endangered language is laid.Yazghulami är ett sydöst-iranskt språk som talas i Pamirområdet i Tadzjikistan av cirka 9000 personer. Studien redogör för språkets fonologi genom beskrivning av dess kontrastiva segment och hur dessa distribueras och realiseras, samt en beskrivning av dess suprasegmentella drag så som stavelsestruktur och betoningsmönster. Fältstudier bedrevs bland yazghulami-talare i Dusjanbe, Tadzjikistans huvudstad, genom inspelning, transkribering och annotering av talat språk. Analysen visar på att yazghulami har 8 vokalfonem, där ett par kontrasterar i längd, och 36 konsonantfonem med en nämnvärd uppsättning av palatala, velara och uvulara fonem, varav ett set med tre labialiserade klusiler och tre labialiserade frikativor. Stavelsestrukturen i yazghulami tillåter kluster med upp till två konsonanter i ansatsen och två i kodan, men kluster förekommer inte i båda positioner inom en och samma stavelse. Betoningen faller generellt på den sista stavelsen av ett ord, men för substantiv böjda med suffix faller betoningen istället på den sista stavelsen i stammen. Dessa resultat kommer ligga till grund för vidare arbete med att utveckla och öka statusen av detta hotade språk.
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Morrow, William Judson. "¿Qué va a pasar en el Buckeye State? Pasos hacia inglés como idioma oficial." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1211931412.
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Tang, Hao. "Bidirectional LSTM-CNNs-CRF Models for POS Tagging." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-362823.
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In order to achieve state-of-the-art performance for part-of-speech(POS) tagging, the traditional systems require a significant amount of hand-crafted features and data pre-processing. In this thesis, we present a discriminative word embedding, character embedding and byte pair encoding (BPE) hybrid neural network architecture to implement a true end-to-end system without feature engineering and data pre-processing. The neural network architecture is a combination of bidirectional LSTM, CNNs, and CRF, which can achieve a state-of-the-art performance for a wide range of sequence labeling tasks. We evaluate our model on Universal Dependencies (UD) dataset for English, Spanish, and German POS tagging. It outperforms other models with 95.1%, 98.15%, and 93.43% accuracy on testing datasets respectively. Moreover, the largest improvements of our model appear on out-of-vocabulary corpora for Spanish and German. According to statistical significance testing, the improvements of English on testing and out-of-vocabulary corpora are not statistically significant. However, the improvements of the other more morphological languages are statistically significant on their corresponding corpora.
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Molander, Emil. "”Var ligger en kompromiss?” : Om några andraspråkselevers upplevelser av parskrivning." Thesis, Umeå University, Department of language studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-30830.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the collaboration of four learners of Swedish as a second language during a pair-writing task, as well as their experiences of the process, in order to draw conclusions about how to execute pair-writing in the L2 classroom. The study has found that the establishment of compatible partners are of great importance to achieve success and learning through pair-writing. One of the pairs studied managed to work well together and use each other’s knowledge to improve their text, while the other pair continuosly battled for dominance, which had a negative impact on their performance. The two successful students had enjoyed the task and believed they had learned something from it and that pair-writing can be a useful source of knowledge. The other two both felt that they were too independent to write together and that they could not learn from writing collaboratively with a peer.
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Taïani, François. "Programmation des grands systèmes distribués: quelques mécanismes, abstractions, et outils." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00643729.
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À l'interface entre informatique distribuée et en génie logiciel, nous présentons trois contributions liées aux problématiques de réutilisation du logiciel dans trois cas représentatifs de systèmes distribués grande échelle: les réseaux logiques pair-à-pair, les protocoles épidémiques, et les intergiciels de grille. Les travaux que nous présentons portent sur trois problématiques différentes mais néanmoins liées de ces systèmes: la tolérance aux pannes modulaire (dans les réseaux pair-à-pair), la programmabilité des systèmes à composants (dans les protocoles épidémiques), et l'analyse interactive de performances (dans les intergiciels de grille). Le message qui se dégage de nos travaux est double. Nos contributions démontrent tout d'abord en termes concrets l'intérêt d'abstractions logicielles réutilisables pour les systèmes distribués grande échelle. Nos travaux illustrent par ailleurs la tension inhérente entre réutilisation et complexité logicielle dans les plates-formes distribuées modernes. Notre travail sur les protocoles épidémiques montre par exemple comment une approche de développement par composants peut être combinée à un langage métier dédié pour une plus grande programmabilité. De même notre analyse d'un intergiciel de grille (Globus) illustre clairement les difficultés introduites par la réutilisation logicielle dans les plates-formes distribuées d'aujourd'hui, et comment ces difficultés peuvent être abordées dans le cas du diagnostic en combinant des principes de rétro-conception architecturale avec une analyse dynamique de performances.
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Djerf, Farangis. "Kommunikation och samspel i språkutvecklande undervisning ur ett flerspråkigt perspektiv." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34964.
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AbstractThe purpose of the present study is to find out how three high school teachers with different subject skills use interaction and interplay in their teaching. The main part of the study is based on observations of six different class sessions in history, religion, Swedish as a second language and regular Swedish. The study also includes interviews with the sessions’ corresponding teachers. The final analysis focuses on the forms of teaching, where the focus is on interaction and interplay, as well as multimodality in teaching contexts. The result is compared to the Läslyftet modules that relate to interaction and interplay, and also multimodality for the purpose of language development. The results show which interactive and multimodal strategies are used when interacting with students. Furthermore, the results show interest and commitment, as well as learning potential, potential support by applying explanations, clarifications, discussions, conversations, the Think-Pair-Share model part and the Initiate-Response-Feedback pattern (IRF) to enable students to reformulate to written language style and recontextualize their responses. In this way, knowledge and language development have been made visible in ongoing teaching.
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Paulander, Johansson Maria. "Kön, klass och känslor i Fröken Julie och Fru Marianne : "Tankar om jämlikhet fick inte finnas!!!"." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-62035.
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Denna studie berör intersektionalitet, genus och litteraturreception. Jag ville ta reda på om 2010-talets elever urskiljer och reflekterar kring de köns- och maktstereotyper som finns i svensk 1880-talslitteratur. Undersökning ägde rum i en i åk 9 under tre lektioner. Den var konstruerad som en uppgift i det nationella provet i svenskämnets läsförståelsedel. Texterna som användes var utdrag ur August Strindbergs Fröken Julie och Victoria Benedictssons Fru Marianne. Eleverna som deltog i undersökningen urskiljer de traditionella köns- och maktstrukturerna. Undersökningen visar att flickor och pojkar uttrycker sig olika om de strukturer de urskiljer. Flickorna uttrycker sig mer kritiskt, medan pojkarna är mer accepterande i sitt resonemang.This study involves intersectionality, gender and literary reception. I wanted to find out if secondary school pupils of the 2010s can descry th gender and power structures in Swedish literature of the 1880s and se how the reason about it. The investigation took place in a ninth grade during three lessons. It was designed to resemble the reading literacy part of the national tests in Swedish. The texts used were excerpts from August Strindberg's Miss Julie and Victoria Benedictsson's Fru Marianne. The pupils who participated in the investigation uncovered the traditional gender and power structures. The investigation shows though that girls and boys express themselves differently about the structures the find. The girls express themselves more critically while the boys are more accepting in their reasoning.
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Burr, Benjamin J. "Intertextuality in the Fiction of Cormac McCarthy." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1374.pdf.
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Necşulescu, Silvia. "Automatic acquisition of lexical-semantic relations: gathering information in a dense representation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/374234.
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Lexical-semantic relationships between words are key information for many NLP tasks, which require this knowledge in the form of lexical resources. This thesis addresses the acquisition of lexical-semantic relation instances. State of the art systems rely on word pair representations based on patterns of contexts where two related words co-occur to detect their relation. This approach is hindered by data sparsity: even when mining very large corpora, not every semantically related word pair co-occurs or not frequently enough.
In this work, we investigate novel representations to predict if two words hold a lexical-semantic relation. Our intuition was that these representations should contain information about word co-occurrences combined with information about the meaning of words involved in the relation. These two sources of information have to be the basis of a generalization strategy to be able to provide information even for words that do not co-occur.Les relacions lexicosemàntiques entre paraules són una informació clau per a moltes tasques del PLN, què requereixen aquest coneixement en forma de recursos lingüístics. Aquesta tesi tracta l’adquisició d'instàncies lexicosemàntiques. Els sistemes actuals utilitzen representacions basades en patrons dels contextos en què dues paraules coocorren per detectar la relació que s'hi estableix. Aquest enfocament s'enfronta a problemes de falta d’informació: fins i tot en el cas de treballar amb corpus de grans dimensions, hi haurà parells de paraules relacionades que no coocorreran, o no ho faran amb la freqüència necessària. Per tant, el nostre objectiu principal ha estat proposar noves representacions per predir si dues paraules estableixen una relació lexicosemàntica. La intuïció era que aquestes representacions noves havien de contenir informació sobre patrons dels contextos, combinada amb informació sobre el significat de les paraules implicades en la relació. Aquestes dues fonts d'informació havien de ser la base d'una estratègia de generalització que oferís informació fins i tot quan les dues paraules no coocorrien.
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Mak, Ngan-leng, and 麥雁鈴. "Adult EFL Pair Work Pattern and Scaffolding Features: A Second Language Socialization Perspective." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vj75cb.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
應用外語系
99
ABSTRACT Adopting the second language socialization (SLS) perspective, the present study explored the dyadic patterns and scaffolding features among adult English as foreign language (EFL) learners. Fifty working adults from beginning level English conversation classes were examined over an 8-month period. Learners were randomly paired up to work on in-class role plays and guided dialogues during which their dialogues were audio-taped. Data collected in this study were categorized in terms of Storch’s (2002) patterns of interaction in ESL pair work and scaffolding features were located in accordance with Wood et al.'s (1976) proposed scaffolding traits. In addition, participants were interviewed to reflect their perceptions of pair work and its effect on their use of L2. Results showed that collaborative pattern were prevalent in working adults and they were likely to scaffold each other regardless of gender and length of acquaintance. Participants viewed pair work as discussion and sharing. Their spontaneous and positive intense attitude in scaffolding resulted in a general success of SLS among these working adult EFL learners. More importantly, it was observed that learners would adjust their roles to fit in and achieve the required task. And even a passive partner in a pair is able to partly contribute to a collaborative pattern. The researcher argues that adult learners' maturity and flexibility construed as major factors for their SLS.
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Tsai, Chia-Yin, and 蔡佳穎. "Cognitive Load and Conversation Analysis of using Visual Programming Language in Pair Programming activities." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k8mkpr.
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碩士國立臺南大學
數位學習科技學系碩博士班
103
Research results from computer science education show that pair programming is an effective teaching strategy. For it can reduce programming errors, improve the quality of programming, shorten the project timing, and make learners feel more confident. Pair programming can also be developed to another way of learning, which is distributed pair programming, two learners can perform pair programming at different places. But because the results are hard to control, distributed pair programming is rarely being used in teaching programs, even though there are some positive outcomes from research results, these outcomes are mostly from short term, specific, or small sample researches. Furthermore, most of the studies of cognitive load and learning programming are focus on teamwork or single person, studies of cognitive load and learning programming on pair programming are hard to find, and none of those studies is designed for distributed pair programming, nor the comparison between three different types of teaching strategy. The study compares the cognitive loads for the visual programming language, called StarLogo TNG, under three circumstances that is alone, pair programming, and distributed pair programming with 44 subjects. During the experiment, we recorded the data from those three circumstances, collected the conversations between students during the coding process, and used conversation analysis to conduct to possible behavior patterns. The experimental results show that learners prefer pair programming to designing programs alone, and there is no significant difference between the individual programming and distributed pair programming. The result of encoded conversation dialog shows that the first quarter of the time, subjects are mostly dealing with solar energy object; the second quarter of the time is heat object; the third quarter is setup object; and the final quarter is runtime object.
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Wang, Qian. "An investigation of challenges in machine translation of literary texts : the case of the English–Chinese language pair." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:67814.
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In the absence of a focus on literary text translation in studies of machine translation (MT), this study aims at investigating some challenges of this application of the technology. First, the most commonly used types of MT are reviewed in chronological order of their development, and, for the purpose of identifying challenges for MT in literary text translation, the challenges human translators face in literary text translation are linked to corresponding aspects of MT. In investigating the research questions of the challenges that MT systems face in literary text translation, and whether equivalence can be established by MT in literary text translation, a qualitative method is used. Areas such as the challenges for MT in the establishment of corpora, achieving equivalence, and realisation of creativity in literary texts are examined in order to reveal some of the potential contributing factors to the difficulties faced in literary text translation by MT. Through text analysis on chosen sample literary texts on three online MT platforms (Google Translate, DeepL and Youdao Translate), all based on highly advanced neural machine translation engines, this study offers a pragmatic view on some challenging areas in literary text translation using these widely acclaimed online platforms, and offers insights on potential research opportunities in studies of literary text translation using MT.
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Retka, Tomáš. "Způsoby prezentace identit tádžických Pamírců s důrazem na náboženské vyznání a jazykovou příslušnost." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-398480.
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The thesis focuses on the subject of group identities of Tajik Pamirs. The ethnonym "Pamir" describes inhabitants of the mountainous region of Pamir, who differ by their religious confession, language affiliation, together with some other aspects of material culture from other groups living in the area of contemporary Tajik Republic. The official policy of the Tajik republic does not recognise Pamirs as an ethnic minority, legally they are all considered as being part of Tajik majority. However, neither Tajiks, nor Pamirs themselves identify with this version of ascribed nationality as interpreted by the State. Members of both groups highlight mutual cultural differences (mainly drawing on religious confession), through which they delimit from each other. The aim of this thesis is to analyze factors that influence forms and ways the identities of the mountain Pamirs manifest themselves. The text reflects the issue mainly on three basic levels: language affiliation, religious confession and kinship. Language affiliation and religious confession prese nt basic aspects of Pamirs' group identities. Through these aspects Pamirs define themselves against members of other (non-Pamirs) groups, specifically against majority Tajiks. The thesis also asks questions about the role of such concepts of Pamirs'...
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Pathak, Kapil. "A Novel Neural Network Architecture for Sentiment-oriented Aspect-Opinion Pair Extraction." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5231.
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Over the years, fine-grained opinion mining in online reviews has received great attention from the
NLP research community. It involves different tasks such as Aspect Term Extraction (ATE), Opinion Term Extraction (OTE), etc. Opinion Term Extraction (OTE) aims to detect different opinion
expressions which convey certain attitude in the review while Aspect Term Extraction (ATE) aims to
identify the entities or proposition from the review at which the attitude is directed. Recently, the NLP
research community got attracted to aspect-opinion relation modeling. Such modeling would be helpful for aspect-opinion pair extraction that would be used for downstream tasks such as aspect-based
sentiment analysis, opinion summarization, etc.
As online reviews may contain different sentiment polarities for different aspects of the products,
it would help companies find all aspects for which the customers gave positive or negative feedback.
In this thesis, we propose a new opinion mining task called Sentiment-oriented Aspect-Opinion Pair
Extraction (SAOPE), which aims to find all aspect-opinion pairs from customer reviews given that
these pairs convey the specified sentiment polarity.
We present a novel neural network architecture for the SAOPE task. In the proposed approach,
aspect-opinion co-extraction is performed first and then the aspect-opinion pairs are generated through
relation modeling. The aspect and the corresponding opinion words are closely related in the dependency trees. Hence, we explore graph neural networks to utilize syntactic information generated from
the dependency tree of the reviews to model the relationship between the aspects and corresponding opinion words. We design a modified graph attention network (GAT) called Graph Co-attention
Network (GCAT) and compare its performance with Graph Convolution Network (GCN) and Graph
Attention Network (GAT) for the aspect-opinion co-extraction and the relation detection. For the
SAOPE task, we evaluate our model on SemEval Challenge datasets and show that GCAT and GAT
perform better than the baseline model with GCN for aspect-opinion co-extraction. We demonstrate
that the proposed Graph Co-attention Network (GCAT) performs better than other graph neural networks for aspect-opinion relation detection on the publicly available benchmark datasets.
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Silva, Letícia Gonzalez da. "Formulaic language sequences and Oral Interaction in the Primary English Classroom." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/106546.
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O presente estudo concentra-se no uso de linguagem de formulaica em interação oral em
aulas de inglês no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, com o objetivo de explorar como o uso de
sequências formulaicas torna possível a interação entre pares e como a produção e as
atitudes dos alunos em relação à fala na sala de aula são afetadas por essas interações.
Este projeto de pesquisa-ação foi realizado com uma turma do 3º ano com 30 alunos em
uma escola primária em Portugal. Do conteúdo apresentado no livro, seis chunks foram
selecionados e divididos em dois grupos. Antes das tarefas comunicativas usando as
seqüências selecionadas, os participantes fizeram testes escritos pré-tarefas, a fim de
verificar se estavam familiarizados com as sequências. As interações foram gravadas em
áudio e analisadas qualitativamente, considerando melhorias no uso da língua por parte
dos alunos. Após as interações, os participantes responderam a um teste escrito pós-tarefa
para avaliar o aprendizado do chunk ao final dessa unidade de trabalho. Também ocorreu
um teste oral pós-tarefa, a fim de examinar a produção dos alunos relativa ao primeiro
conjunto de chunks, um mês depois de usá-lo em sala de aula pela última vez. Os
participantes também responderam a dois questionários semelhantes (um no início e outro
no final do projeto), que continham perguntas sobre seus sentimentos em relação a falar,
ouvir e interagir em sala de aula. Os resultados sugerem que a produção oral dos alunos
melhorou a cada interação usando os chunks, que eles gostaram de trabalhar com colegas
e que se sentiram mais confiantes em sua capacidade de falar inglês na sala de aulaThe present study focuses on formulaic language use in oral interaction in primary EFL classrooms, aiming to explore how the use of formulaic sequences makes peer-interaction possible and how learners’ production and attitudes towards speaking in the classroom are affected by these interactions. This action research project was carried out with a 3rd grade class of 30 students in a primary school in Portugal. From the language presented by their coursebook, six chunks were selected and divided into two groups. Before the communicative tasks using the selected sequences, participants took written pre-task tests in order to check how familiar they were with the chunks. The interactions were audiorecorded and analysed qualitatively, considering improvements in learners’ accurate use of the chunk. After the interactions, participants answered a written post-task test to assess their learning of the chunk by the end of that unit of work. A delayed oral post-task test also took place in order to examine learners’ production of the first set of chunks one month after using it in class for the last time. Participants also answered two similar questionnaires (one at the beginning and one near the end of this project) which contained questions about their feelings towards speaking, listening and interacting in class. Findings suggest that learners’ oral production improved with each interaction using the chunks, that they enjoyed working with peers and that they felt more confident in their ability to speak English in class.
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Novák, Ľubomír. "K problému archaismu a inovace ve východoíránských jazycích." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322600.
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Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages The presented dissertation aims to bring new information concerning the classification of the Eastern Iranian languages. Instead of commonly accepted two branches of Eastern Iranian (Northern and Southern) it seems that there can be classified at least five branches of Eastern Iranian languages, moreover, Avestan can form its own branch, which possibly may include also Khwārezmian. The main issue of the presented thesis was to show archaisms and innovations of the language group in focus. Such task is an issue for numerous studies so the main attention was paid to historical development of Sogdian and Yaghnōbī - two closely related Eastern Iranian languages. Linguistic proximity of Sogdian and Yaghnōbī has been observed shortly after discoveries of the first Sogdian documents in Chinese Turkestan on the beginning of the 20 th century, for a long time it has been supposed that Yaghnōbī is a modern descendent of Sogdian. By analysis of phonology, grammar and vocabulary of both languages I tried to find clues that may answer this question. From diachronic view there is no much difference between Sogdian and Yaghnōbī, individual changes may be interpreted as "dialectal", but there is one phenomenon that influenced different...
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Rosenová, Anna. "Vzájemná komunikace studentů češtiny jako cizího jazyka při práci ve dvojicích." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-389237.
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The following MA thesis is concerned with the interaction among students of Czech as a foreign language in classes of low proficiency and working in pairs. It mainly concentrates on the process of overcoming obstacles that arise during communication. The objective of the thesis is to examine the students' choice of communication strategies and describe the process of negotiation of meaning. In order to achieve that, an analysis of transcribed recordings of interactions during a language lesson was made. During the lesson students had to complete two two-way tasks, which should offer as many opportunities to negotiate meaning as possible. Keywords: Czech as a foreign language, interaction, negotiation of meaning, communication strategies, pair work
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Abd, Al-Magid Mohammed Al-Mamun. "The effect of teachers' attitudes on the effective implementation of the communicative approach in ESL classrooms." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1747.
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This study is an attempt to determine the impact of teachers' attitudes on their classroom behaviour and therefore on their implementation of the Communicative Approach.
A descriptive case study was conducted at six secondary schools in Harare, Zimbabwe (as ESL environment) to determine the effect of 38 O-level English teachers' attitudes on their classroom practice. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection, including a questionnaire, an observation instrument and a semistructured interview were used to gauge teachers' attitudes, assessing the extent to which attitudes are reflected in their classroom behaviour, and eliciting teachers' verbalisation of how they conceive of their professional task.
The findings show that the effective implementation of the Communicative Approach was critically dependent on teachers' positive attitudes towards this approach in the five categories covered by this study.Linguistics
M.A. (Applied Linguistics)
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Jan, Sahib. "Framework development for providing accessibility to qualitative spatial calculi." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8261.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.Qualitative spatial reasoning deals with knowledge about an infinite spatial domain using a finite set of qualitative relations without using numerical computation. Qualitative knowledge is relative knowledge where we obtain the knowledge on the basis of comparison of features with in the object domain rather then using some external scales. Reasoning is an intellectual facility by which, conclusions are drawn from premises and is present in our everyday interaction with the geographical world. The kind of reasoning that human being relies on is based on commonsense knowledge in everyday situations. During the last decades a multitude of formal calculi over spatial relations have been proposed by focusing on different aspects of space like topology, orientation and distance. Qualitative spatial reasoning engines like SparQ and GQR represents space and reasoning about the space based on qualitative spatial relations and bring qualitative reasoning closer to the geographic applications. Their relations and certain operations defined in qualitative calculi use to infer new knowledge on different aspects of space. Today GIS does not support common-sense reasoning due to limitation for how to formalize spatial inferences. It is important to focus on common sense geographic reasoning, reasoning as it is performed by human. Human perceive and represents geographic information qualitatively, the integration of reasoner with spatial application enables GIS users to represent and extract geographic information qualitatively using human understandable query language. In this thesis, I designed and developed common API framework using platform independent software like XML and JAVA that used to integrate qualitative spatial reasoning engines (SparQ) with GIS application. SparQ is set of modules that structured to provides different reasoning services. SparQ supports command line instructions and it has a specific syntax as set of commands. The developed API provides interface between GIS application and reasoning engine. It establishes connection with reasoner over TCP/IP, takes XML format queries as input from GIS application and converts into SparQ module specific syntax. Similarly it extracts given result, converts it into defined XML format and passes it to GIS application over the same TCP/IP connection. The most challenging part of thesis was SparQ syntax analysis for inputs and their outputs. Each module in Sparq takes module specific query syntax and generates results in multiple syntaxes like; error, simple result and result with comments. Reasoner supports both binary and ternary calculi. The input query syntax for binary-calculi is different for ternary-calculi in the terms of constraint-networks. Based on analysis I, identified commonalities between input query syntaxes for both binary and ternary calculi and designed XML structures for them. Similarly I generalized SparQ results into five major categories and designed XML structures. For ternary-calculi, I considered constraint-reasoning module and their specific operations and designed XML structure for both of their inputs and outputs.