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Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Stratford, Brian. Down's syndrome: Past, present and future. London: Penguin, 1989.

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2

Brenneis, C. Brooks. Recovered memoriesof trauma: Transferring the present to the past. Madison, Conn: International Universities Press, 1996.

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3

Association, Irish Sudden Infant Death. A precious past, a hopeful future: A handbook of information on cot death and bereavement. Dublin: Irish Sudden Infant Death Association with the assistance of Health Promotion Unit, Department of Health, 1991.

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4

Recovered memories of trauma: Transferring the present to the past. Madison, Conn: International Universities Press, 1996.

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5

Presenting the past: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of misremembering. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998.

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6

Horacio, Chamizo García, and Piedra González Mario Antonio, eds. Cuando la vulnerabilidad se desplaza: VIH/SIDA y poblaciones móviles en la estación de paso La Cruz, Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial UCR, 2008.

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7

Ginzburg, Sergey. English-Russian explanatory dictionary of hockey terms. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24257.

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The dictionary contains more than 5000 eponymous, acronymic and figurative terms used in such a modern and popular sport in Russia and abroad as ice hockey. Special attention is paid to terms from the field of game technology, its history and rules. The dictionary includes figurative expressions that are actively used in modern hockey. Terminology from the field of sports medicine is widely presented-names of symptoms, syndromes, diseases, injuries that occur in hockey. The dictionary is provided with historical excursions-description of rules, traditions adopted in hockey, stories about famous players of the past, awards given in their honor. The dictionary also contains modern and historical names of hockey arenas in the world, indicating the names of the clubs that play on them, and the main technical characteristics of the arenas. The dictionary provides a wide range of typologies of hockey clubs currently playing and clubs that have become history. The publication contains a large number of examples of the use of hockey terms in modern sports journalism and scientific literature. These examples are taken from articles by North American sports journalists describing each national hockey League championship game. The book is based on more than thirty years of experience of the author-a professional translator who has been a passionate fan of ice hockey since childhood. The dictionary is intended for students of higher educational institutions who are studying in bachelor's and master's degrees in the areas of Linguistics, Journalism, Philology, International relations, Advertising and public relations, and Physical culture, as well as for teachers of these areas. This dictionary can also be useful for professional hockey players, coaches, referees, hockey commentators, and specialists. The publication will also be of interest to a wide range of readers who are interested in such a popular and actively developing sport around the world as ice hockey.
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8

Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0324.

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Management of Alport syndrome has in the past been expectant and supportive. Modern hearing aids have substantially improved the function of affected individuals. However, animal data and more recently observational data from Alport registries strongly suggest a protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. There is a suggestion that early commencement of treatment may slow progression substantially. These should now be recommended for all with proteinuria, and possibly even before then for those known to harbour mutations certain to cause end-stage renal failure. A very small minority develop the difficult post-transplant complication of Alport anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. This can rarely be treated successfully and leaves some patients on long-term dialysis. However, overall, patients with Alport syndrome have better than average survival and other outcomes than other patients with end-stage renal failure. Most are successfully transplanted. The question of risk to heterozygous carriers from donating kidneys to their affected relatives arises frequently. The risks may be felt acceptable in some circumstances. Additional therapies are under investigation.
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9

Nader, Nader D., and Ognjen Visnjevac. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Past, Present and Future. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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10

Smedley, Julia, Finlay Dick, and Steven Sadhra. Medically unexplained occupational disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651627.003.0016.

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Post-conflict illness in military personnel 332Sick building syndrome 334Karoshi: death from overwork 336In the aftermath of every major conflict over the past century, some returning personnel have complained of ill health. Some have symptoms of physical origin, others psychiatric disorder including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is a third group characterized by vague and non-specific symptoms, for which (despite extensive investigation) no cause is found. Different names have been ascribed to this third group, including Agent Orange syndrome and Gulf War illness. These syndromes share many common features. There are also similarities with other medically unexplained symptoms, including chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome and neurasthenia. All groups have definitive health care needs....
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11

Prager, Jeffrey. Presenting the Past: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Misremembering. Harvard University Press, 2009.

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12

Burack, Jacob A., Jamie O. Edgin, Leonard Abbeduto, and Jorge Busciglio, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Down Syndrome and Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190645441.001.0001.

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This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.
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13

Kembly, Paul. Imposter Syndrome: Eliminate Self-Doubt, Develop Confidence, and Leave Anxiety in the Past. Independently Published, 2019.

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14

Kembly, Paul. Imposter Syndrome: Eliminate Self-Doubt, Develop Confidence, and Leave Anxiety in the Past. Draft2Digital, 2019.

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15

Connor, Thomas, and Patrick H. Maxwell. Molecular basis of renal tumour syndromes. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0328.

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Kidney cancer is among the most common adult malignancy. It accounts for over 3% of all new cases of cancer diagnosed in men and around 2% of all cancers in women in the United Kingdom. In the United States, 1 in 75 people will develop renal cancer in their lifetime and approximately one-third will have metastatic disease at presentation. Kidney cancer has a notoriously poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but treatment has evolved significantly in the past 10 years. Key to these recent developments in therapy has been a revolution in our understanding of the molecular basis of the renal tumour syndromes which are described in this chapter. Two to three per cent of cases of renal cancer are recognized as due to these syndromes, but they are likely to be recurrent, and to occur in other family members. Seven genes are currently implicated in these syndromes.
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16

Kanno, Hiroshi, and Joachim P. Steinbach. Familial tumour syndromes: von Hippel–Lindau disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0016.

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Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease, an autosomal dominant familial tumour syndrome, is often associated with haemangioblastoma of the central nervous system. In the presence of oxygen, VHL protein serves to prevent the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) protein by targeting it to the proteasomal pathway, while biallelic inactivation of the VHL gene blocks degradation of HIF and leads to constitutive activation of the HIF pathway although oxygen is present. HIF-target genes are involved in angiogenesis, proliferation, and metabolism enabling tumour growth. Haemangioblastoma is a highly vascularized, begin tumour commonly associated with a cyst, but it is linked with neurological morbidity and mortality based on its location and multiplicity. Haemangioblastoma in VHL is diagnosed according to symptoms and signs, past and family histories, laboratory data, neuroradiological findings, pathological findings, and genetic testing. Surgical treatment is usually the most recommended therapy for haemangioblastomas, and using well-defined microsurgical techniques, the majority can be resected safely.
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17

Turner, Neil, and Bertrand Knebelmann. MYH9 and renal disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0342_update_001.

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MYH9 encodes one of three heavy chain isoforms for the non-muscle myosin II (NM II) molecule. NM II is involved in cell structure and shape and motility. Myosin II is very widely expressed but MYH9 is highly expressed in podocytes. MYH9 diseases are characterized by various combinations of autosomal dominant progressive, proteinuric renal disease, giant platelets with low platelet counts, progressive sensorineural hearing impairment, granulocyte inclusions, and in some patients also cataracts. Although the eponyms Epstein and Fechtner have been given to MYH9 renal syndromes, there is a spectrum of manifestations of MYH9 diseases that do not correlate perfectly with genotype. They are best described as MYH9-associated renal disease. The occurrence of progressive deafness and renal failure led to this condition being considered an Alport syndrome variant in the past, but phenotype as well as molecular genetics clearly separate the disorders.
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18

Brenneis, C. Brooks. Recovered Memories of Trauma: Transferring the Present to the Past. Intl Universities Press, 1997.

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19

Jerome, Laurence. Body Dysmorphic Disorder over the Past Century. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0003.

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This chapter reviews the history of dysmorphophobia, the precursor of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), in the world literature. The chapter also reviews the evolution of the more refined concept of BDD in recent years, its evolving definitions, and its current status as a distinct psychiatric illness. The first known clinical description of a syndrome describing patients who complain about their appearance as their primary concern dates back to Enrico Morselli’s seminal description in 1891. Morselli called this condition “dysmorphophobia,” a concern about imagined ugliness. Over the years, the nature of the excessive appearance concerns has been seen variously as a symptom of characterological disturbance, one manifestation of a continuum of obsessional disorders, or a discrete psychiatric illness. While many earlier descriptions of psychopathology have waned or disappeared, this intriguing and often severe disorder that involves a disorder of consciousness of the self has persisted into contemporary scientific literature.
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20

Hilliard, Heather, and Anne Dranitsaris. Power Past the Imposter Syndrome: A Brain-Building Framework for Changing Painful, Self-Limiting Beliefs and Habits of Mind. Independently Published, 2020.

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21

Laureno, Robert. Selected Concepts. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0016.

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This chapter on “Selected Concepts” examines the evolution of neurological concepts during the modern era. Examples presented include the concepts of transient ischemic attack, disconnection syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, and Wilbrand’s knee. Over the past half century, neurology has witnessed great technological advances. Newer scientific methods, such as MRI scanning, have led to new knowledge that has necessitated changes in neurologic concepts. During recent decades, new concepts have emerged. Infectious proteins, antibody-mediated brain disease, channelopathies, and the glymphatic system are relatively new ideas, and we cannot foresee how our understanding of these concepts will be advanced or modified in the coming decades.
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22

Presenting the Past: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Misremembering. Harvard University Press, 2000.

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23

Briggs, Jessica. The Comprehensive Narrative-Crisis Model of Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0003.

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The narrative crisis model of suicide posits that individuals attempt suicide when they experience a distinct emotional state termed the suicide crisis syndrome. This chapter describes the model, which has three components: trait vulnerability, suicidal narrative, and the suicidal crisis syndrome. Trait vulnerability includes all static risk factors, which are relatively stable over time and distal to acute suicidal behavior. Suicidal narrative describes a suicidal person’s perception of his or her life story in which the past has led to an intolerable present and a future that is unimaginable. The suicidal crisis syndrome (SCS) is a distinct emotional state characterized by entrapment, affective dysregulation, and loss of cognitive control. The result is the suicidal act, brought on by an emotional urge to end the intolerable mental pain of SCS. Imminent suicide risk is primarily determined by SCS intensity, to which both trait vulnerability and the suicidal narrative also contribute independently.
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24

Talati, Asha N., and David N. Hackney. Neurocutaneous Disorders in Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0028.

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Neurocutaneous disorders are rare genetic conditions that can produce malformations of skin and various organ systems. During pregnancy, such conditions often require a specific course of management with coordinated care between neurology, obstetrics, and neonatology in order to promote best maternal and fetal outcomes. This chapter reviews the most common neurocutaneous conditions and best practices for management of these conditions in pregnancy. Neurocutaneous conditions discussed in this chapter include neurofibromatosis types I and II, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis, Von Hippel Lindau syndrome, and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. For each condition, brief overviews of disease manifestation followed by a summary of recommendations for pregnancy care path are provided.
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25

Beating Long Haulers Syndrome: World's Top Physicians Explain Brain Fog, Fatigue and Other Symptoms of PASC and Why Patients Should Have Hope. Kele Publishing, 2021.

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26

The Other Americans: Sexual Variance in the National Past. Praeger Paperback, 1996.

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27

Jackson, Charles O. The Other Americans: Sexual Variance in the National Past. Praeger Publishers, 1996.

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28

Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0003.

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To date, several thousand randomized trials of cardiac treatments have been published, and, over the past few decades, clinical cardiology has gradually evolved from an experience-based to an evidence-based specialty. This chapter focuses on familiarizing clinicians with some of the evidence underpinning contemporary cardiological practice and encourages interest in the future development of the cardiological evidence base. Using an eclectic selection and providing a balanced interpretation of trial results, it takes trials that have influenced cardiological practice, covering topics such as the optimal treatment of hypertension, non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure.
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29

Walsh, Richard A. Siblings with Instability. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0015.

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Over the past 5 years, there has been a shift in the approach to searching for a genetic diagnosis in familial ataxic syndromes. Whereas in the past, a limited but expensive search through a selection of commercially available genes using Sanger sequencing was performed, there is now widespread availability of gene panels utilizing next-generation sequencing techniques. This is an efficient and powerful approach that may achieve a diagnosis in more than 30% of patients with a familial ataxia that remain undiagnosed. However, accurate phenotyping remains critical to allow interpretation of sequence variants of uncertain significance, to identify biomarkers that may be useful to monitor future therapies, and to assist with the identification of underlying pathophysiology.
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30

Hsu, David C., and James M. Ellison. Mild Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0032.

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and the newly described DSM-5 diagnosis of mild neurocognitive disorder, often lie at the intersection of geriatric and forensic psychiatry. The concept of MCI as a distinct syndrome between normal cognitive aging and major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) has continued to evolve over the past decade. Given MCI’s range of potential etiologies, as well as its increasing prevalence in an aging population, its evaluation and management can perplex the seasoned clinician and complicate legal proceedings. This chapter describes the clinical phenomenon of MCI, as well as its corresponding forensic implications. Capacity assessments, risk management, competence to stand trial, and cognitive malingering are covered.
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31

Speeckaert, Marijn, and Joris Delanghe. Tubular function. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0008.

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Assessment of tubular function is more complicated than the measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Different functions may be affecting according to the different segments of tubule involved. Key tests include concentrating and diluting capacity, and fractional excretion of sodium. Tubular proteinuria occurs when glomerular function is normal, but when the proximal tubules have a diminished capacity to reabsorb and to catabolize proteins, causing an increased urinary excretion of the low-molecular-mass proteins that normally pass through the glomerulus. Proximal tubular dysfunction is characterized by hypophosphataemia, and a variety of other abnormalities characteristics of the renal Fanconi syndrome. Distinguishing the location of the lesion in Renal Tubular Acidosis is considered in Chapter 35.
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32

Trent, James W. Intellectual Disability and the Dilemma of Doubt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199396184.003.0008.

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The decades since the passage of the 1990 Americans with Disability Act, have seen the continuing depopulation of the institutions. Today many have closed, and those that remain have reduced their populations. The community is now the principal focus of services. Yet, intellectual disabled adults continue to have trouble finding gainful employment. The chapter reviews this recent history by considering changing definitions of intellectual disability. It then considers “sins of the past” made recently public: medical experimentation on intellectually disabled people at the Fernald State School and the eugenic sterilization program in North Carolina. Finally, the chapter reviews changing assumptions and attitudes about Down syndrome, and their bearing on “life not worth living” and the new eugenics.
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33

Fox, Susan H. Wakeful Unresponsiveness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0029.

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NMDA receptor encephalitis is a member of the growing group of antibody-mediated neurological syndromes that can present acutely to neurological services. In the past, these entities were undoubtedly misdiagnoses as viral encephalitis or schizophrenia. The identification of the NMDA receptor antibody and a stereotypical phenotype has greatly improved the chance of a diagnosis in these patients. Furthermore, there is good evidence for the use of early immunotherapy, which may need to be sustained and increased in resistant cases that may still achieve a full recovery. The presence of an ovarian teratoma must be excluded in young females, although young males and females may also be affected in the absence of an underlying tumor.
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34

Nestler, Eric J. New Approaches for Treating Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0030.

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Several obstacles have impeded the introduction of new antidepressant medications over the past six decades. These obstacles include our still rudimentary knowledge of the biological basis of depression, as well as difficulties in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of new putative antidepressant mechanisms in pathophysiologically distinct subtypes of the syndrome. Despite these obstacles, several tangible steps can be taken to advance depression treatment moving forward. The field needs to continue to take advantage of serendipitous discoveries in humans, such as the demonstration of rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Re-establishing experimental pharmacology in humans, to make it possible to establish the actions of new mechanisms in people, is essential, combined with the judicious use of a growing range of chronic stress models in animals. We anticipate that, with these approaches, the field can at long last breakthrough the logjam of discovery and introduce new treatments for depression over the next decade.
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35

Jackson, Simon, and Natalia Price. Urinary incontinence. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0059.

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Urinary incontinence is the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine. Stress urinary incontinence is involuntary leakage of urine on effort. exertion, sneezing, or coughing. Urge urinary incontinence is involuntary leakage of urine accompanied by, or immediately preceded by, a strong desire to pass urine (void). Urgency with or without urge urinary incontinence and usually with frequency and nocturia is also termed overactive bladder syndrome. Mixed urinary incontinence is involuntary leakage of urine associated with both urgency and exertion, effort, sneezing, or coughing. Usually, one of these is predominant; that is, either the symptoms of urge incontinence or those of stress incontinence are most bothersome. Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder becomes large and flaccid and has little or no detrusor tone or function. It is usually due to injury or insult, occurring post surgery or post-partum. The bladder simply leaks when it becomes full. Incontinence due to a fistula is incontinence resulting from a vesicovaginal, ureterovaginal, or urethrovaginal fistula. Congenital incontinence is incontinence due to congenital causes (e.g. an ectopic ureter).
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36

Doyal, Lesley. AIDS: Setting A Feminist Agenda: Setting a Feminist Agenda (Gender and Society :Feminist Perspectives on the Past and Present). Taylor & Francis, 1994.

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37

Forfar, Colin. Diagnosis and investigation in suspected heart disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0087.

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The past 20 years have seen significant changes in both the demographics and natural history of many cardiovascular diseases. Important reductions in case-fatality rates (such as in acute coronary syndromes) have resulted from improved diagnostics and treatment options and better understanding of natural history. For others (such as infective endocarditis), improvements have been limited and disappointing. While advances in therapy and the scientific evidence underpinning treatments have been crucial, the importance of accurate diagnosis has remained a key element for progress. Many of the principles needed for diagnosis are constant: the pre-eminence of a focused, accurate history, complete physical examination, and timely and relevant investigation endures. It is essential to have a secure knowledge of the strengths and limitations of interpretation of a frequently bewildering array of tests. Progress in this field has been rapid; advances in ultrasound, scintigraphy, and cardiac magnetic resonance stand out at the interface between structure and function central to good patient care.
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38

Huntoon, Marc A., ed. Pain Medicine Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.001.0001.

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Pain Medicine is a comprehensive guide for preparing for the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) certification or recertification in pain medicine and also for residents preparing for in-training examinations in pain medicine. The text is organized into 28 chapters covering topics such as anatomy, physiology of pain, pharmacology, diagnosis of pain, and various pain syndromes. Each chapter includes questions, answers, detailed explanations with highlighted key points, and concise further reading lists. Questions follow the ABMS style, and the explications of answers carefully address all points in the ABMS content outline for pain medicine. A section on imaging includes high-quality magnetic resonance images, ultrasound images, fluoroscopic images, and other images that will enable the examination candidate to answer questions that determine knowledge of pathological states compared to normal and complications of treatments. This book will help medical students become interested in the field and also help residents, fellows, and recertification candidates become familiar enough with the material that they can pass the ABMS examination.
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39

Rodríguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, and Mark Haas. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0077_update_001.

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Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a complication of Streptococcal infections that is responsible for classic acute nephritic syndrome, mostly seen in children. This is an acute nephritis associated with prominent fluid retention and oedema, hypertension and haematuria. Serum complement levels are diagnostically helpful as C3 levels are characteristically very low. However, many cases are much less severe and may pass unrecognized, only being identified by screening for dipstick haematuria. In children recovery is the rule but in adults, often with comorbid conditions, the prognosis is significantly worse. Management centres on loop diuretics plus treatment of the infection if still present, and additional hypotensive agents if required. Severe cases may require dialysis. High-dose corticosteroids have often been given in severe crescentic disease but there is no evidence that they are effective. In children, recovery of renal function is often excellent, though long-term studies now suggest that it may represent a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. When it occurs in developed societies it is often in older patients with comorbid conditions and atypical presentations. Resolution may be less complete than in children.
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40

Zoysa, Aruni De. Other bacterial diseasesDiseases caused by corynebacteria and related organisms. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0019.

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The genus Corynebacterium contains the species Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the non-diphtherial corynebacteria. C. diphtheriae is the major human pathogen in this genus, but several species of nondiphtheria corynebacteria appear to be emerging as important pathogens.Zoonotic corynebacteria rarely cause disease in humans, but recent reports have indicated that the frequency and severity of infection associated with Corynebacterium ulcerans has increased in many countries. In the past most human C.ulcerans infections have occurred through close contact with farm animals or by consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. However, recently, there have been cases of human infection following close contact with household pets. Rhodococcus equi appears to be emerging as an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human infections caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still a very rare occurrence.Antibiotics in combination with surgery and vaccination are the treatment of choice for human infection. Control of human infection is best achieved by raising awareness in those at risk (e.g. domestic pet owners, sheep shearers, the immunocompromised), clinicians involved in treating these groups and by vaccination. Reducing prevalence in the animal population could be achieved by improving hygiene in farms and husbandry practices, reducing minor injuries (e.g. cuts and abrasions) during routine procedures, and by vaccination.
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41

Fichtner, Alexander, and Franz Schaefer. Acute kidney injury in children. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0239.

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In the past few decades, the overall incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in paediatric patients has increased and the aetiological spectrum has shifted from infection-related and intrinsic renal causes towards secondary forms of AKI related to exposure to nephrotoxic drugs and complex surgical, oncological, and intensive care manoeuvres. In addition, neonatal kidney impairment and haemolytic uraemic syndrome continue to be important specific paediatric causes of AKI raising unique challenges regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The search for new biomarkers is a current focus of research in paediatric as in adult AKI research.Pharmacological intervention studies to prevent or attenuate AKI have provided positive evidence only for the prophylactic use of theophylline in severely depressed neonates, whereas dopamine and loop diuretics did not demonstrate any efficacy. Preliminary findings support a dose-dependent renoprotective action of fenoldopam in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.Critical issues in the management of AKI in children include fluid handling, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and the choice of renal replacement therapy modality. Observational studies have suggested an adverse impact of fluid overload and late start of renal replacement therapy, and a randomized clinical trial revealed detrimental effects of aggressive fluid bolus therapy in volume-depleted children.Technological advances have made it possible to apply continuous replacement therapies in children of all ages, including preterm neonates, using appropriately sized catheters, filters, tubing, and flow settings adapted to paediatric needs. However, the majority of children with AKI worldwide are still treated with peritoneal dialysis, and comparative studies demonstrating superiority of extracorporeal techniques over peritoneal dialysis are lacking.The outcomes of paediatric AKI are comparable to adult patients. In critically ill children, mortality risk increases with each stage of AKI; mortality rates typically range between 15% and 30% for all AKI stages and 30% to 60% in children requiring renal replacement therapy. Chronic kidney disease develops in approximately 10% of children surviving AKI.
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