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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Horowitz, Joy. Parts per Million. New York: Penguin Group USA, Inc., 2008.

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2

Odeh, Robert E. Parts per million values for estimating quality levels. New York: M. Dekker, 1988.

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3

Holland, Philip W. A mass spectrometer method for determining helium in the parts-per-million to 10-percent range. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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4

Ridley, Nancy. Request for authorization to proceed to public hearing on regulations to enact an action level of two parts per million for PCBs in fish products: To Commissioner Walker and members of the Public Health Council. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Human Services, Dept. of Public Health, Center for Health Promotion and Environmental Disease Prevention, 1985.

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5

Stoops, Julia. Parts per Million. Forest Avenue Press, 2018.

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6

Stoops, Julia. Parts Per Million. Blackstone Audio, Inc., 2018.

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7

Rohling, Eelco J. The Climate Question. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910877.001.0001.

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In 2015, annual average atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels surpassed a level of 400 parts per million (ppm) for the first time in three million years. This has caused widespread concern among climate scientists, and not least among those that work on natural climate variability in prehistoric times, before humans. These people are known as "past climate" or palaeoclimate researchers, and author Eelco J. Rohling is one of them. The Climate Question offers a background to these concerns in straightforward terms, with examples, and is motivated by Rohling's personal experience in being intensely quizzed about whether modern change is not all just part of a natural cycle, whether nature will not simply resolve the issue for us, or whether it won't be just up to some novel engineering to settle things quickly. This book discusses in straightforward terms why climate changes, how it has changed naturally before the industrial revolution made humans important, and how it has changed since then. It compares the scale and rapidity of variations in pre-industrial times with those since the industrial revolution, infers the extent of humanity's impacts, and looks at what these may lead to in the future. Rohling brings together both data and process understanding of climate change. Finally, the book evaluates what Mother Nature could do to deal with the human impact by itself, and what our options are to lend her a hand.
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8

Barrett, Joe, Nicol Zanzarella, Greg Tremblay, and Julia Stoops. Parts Per Million Lib/E. Blackstone Publishing, 2018.

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9

Parts per Million: The Poisoning of Beverly Hills High School. Viking Adult, 2007.

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10

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and result of source test analysis audits: Status report #8. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1987.

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11

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and result of source test analysis audits: Status report #8. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1987.

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12

B, Howe G., and Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #10. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1989.

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13

Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and result of source test analysis audits: Status report #8. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1987.

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14

B, Howe G., and Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #10. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1989.

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15

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and result of source test analysis audits: Status report #8. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1987.

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16

B, Howe G., and Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #10. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1989.

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17

B, Howe G., and Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #10. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1989.

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18

Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #10. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, 1989.

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19

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #9 : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1988.

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20

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #9 : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1988.

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21

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #9 : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1988.

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22

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #9 : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1988.

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23

B, Howe G., and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), eds. Stability of parts-per-million organic cylinder gases and results of source test analysis audits: Status report #9 : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1988.

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24

Faiz, Asma. In Search of Lost Glory. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567135.001.0001.

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This book traces the trajectory of Sindhi nationalism in its quest for lost glory. It examines the Sindhi nationalist movement through its various stages, ranging from pre-partition identity construction in pursuit of the separation of Sindh from Bombay, to the post-partition travails of a community which lost its identity and its capital as a result of the arrival of millions of migrants from India (Muhajirs) and of the actions of an over-bearing central government. Going beyond the state and its power play, the book examines the long history of Sindhi-Muhajir contestation for resources in the post-partition period. The book develops a comprehensive profile of the agency of nationalist parties in Sindh, including the Sindhudesh detour and the later fragmentation of the Jiye Sind movement, which was followed by the emergence of new parties. The author also analyzes the dual role of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) as an ethnic entrepreneur inside the province while operating as a federal party outside Sindh. The book covers nationalist contention at three levels: the struggle for power between Sindh and a dominant Centre; the inter-ethnic conflict between Sindhis and Muhajirs; and the intra-ethnic contestation between the Sindhi nationalists themselves and the PPP.
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25

Bhole, Malini, Mas Chaponda, and Nick Beeching. Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0296.

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Since its discovery in the 1980s, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has rapidly spread across the world, especially to large parts of the African continent. By the end of 2013, an estimated 35 million people were living with HIV worldwide. In the UK, this figure was close to 108 000 (a prevalence of 2.8 per 1 000 population aged 15–59 years (1.9 per 1000 women and 3.7 per 1000 men)). Significant progress has been made in diagnosis, and current treatments are life-saving. However, there is still no cure and no vaccine. This chapter addresses the clinical features and management of HIV infection.
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26

Anderson, Siwan, and Debraj Ray. Excess Female Mortality in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0017.

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Building on and extending the detailed work of demographers on sex ratios, Amartya Sen coined the phrase ‘missing women’. Relative to developed countries, there are far fewer women than men in parts of the developing world. Estimates suggest that more than 200 million women are demographically ‘missing’ worldwide. To explain the global phenomenon, research has mainly focused on excess female mortality in Asia. However, as emphasized in the authors’ earlier research (Anderson and Ray 2010), at least 30 per cent of the missing women are ‘missing’ from Africa. This chapter employs a novel methodology to determine how the phenomenon of missing women is distributed across Africa. Moreover, it provides estimates of the extent of excess female mortality within different age groups and by disease category. The empirical results reiterate the importance of excess female mortality for women in Africa.
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27

Glare, Paul, Christian T. Sinclair, Patrick Stone, and Josephine M. Clayton. Predicting survival in patients with advanced disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0007.

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Worldwide there are over 50 million deaths per year. In considering the goal of fostering optimal care towards the end of life for these individuals, high-quality population-based data about disease and symptom occurrence as well as health-care needs are essential. Such data are important so that informed planning can underpin policy, service development, and patient care. This chapter discusses epidemiology as it relates to the ‘human experience’ towards the end of life with an emphasis on diseases, symptoms, psychosocial experiences, and access to health services. Some of the methods by which such data are collated in various parts of the world are described. The dramatic variability in experiences towards the end of life across regions and nations is also highlighted. Examples of where information is available that may inform planning for populations are discussed, as are areas where data may be helpful or needed but lacking.
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28

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
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