Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Particules (matière) – Effets physiologiques'
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Barbier, Emeline. "Étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la toxicité des particules ultrafines chez un modèle murin : une approche multi-organes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS063.
Full textAlthough there has been a significant reduction in air pollution since the 1990s, it remains a major public health problem, responsible for over 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide every year. At present, experts' attention is focused on ultrafine particles (PM0.1 or UFP) because of their ability to translocate into the systemic circulation and reach peripheral organs, where they are likely to have a harmful impact. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these particles is still very patchy, and most often remains focused on their main target, the lung. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis project were to provide innovative insights into the toxicokinetics (i.e., distribution/persistence) and toxicodynamics (i.e., pathophysiological mechanisms, associated cell signaling pathways) of UFP collected in urban environments, on the one hand, and the organospecific effects of UFP and the use of circulating miRNA as indicators of chronic and/or cumulative exposure to UFP in a mouse model, on the other hand. To answer these questions, Balb/cJRj mice were exposed for 3 months to various doses of UFP collected in the urban area of Lille, then analyzed in various target organs richly vascularized, and therefore directly exposed to UFP during their translocation and systemic distribution phase. The results showed that, in all target organs, the intrinsic oxidative potential of UFP undeniably induced the production of oxidative oxygen species and the activation of antioxidant defenses in sufficient quantities to restore a state of redox homeostasis, but were unable to prevent the onset of an inflammatory response in the lungs, heart and brain. Transcriptomic approaches carried out in the lungs, the target organ with the most marked deleterious effects, have suggested the deregulation of numerous signaling pathways in relation to oxidative and inflammatory responses, which constitute the central mechanisms of UFP toxicity, but also with more original toxicity mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tissue remodeling, whose modulation has also been validated from a functional point of view. These promising data could ultimately contribute to better decision-making on the reduction of UFP emissions, as well as to the updating of current regulatory standards
Rodriguez, Romain. "Etude expérimentale de la dispersion de particules ultrafines dans le sillage de modèles simplifiés de véhicules automobiles." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0032/document.
Full textAround 7 million worldwide annual death sare due to air pollution. Among all pollutants, UltrafineParticles (UFP) cause strong adverse effects. Due to road transport, UFP exposure reaches its most significant levels in urban areas. In this thesis, the aim is to assess the links between the wake flow properties of simplified car models(Ahmed bodies) and UFP number concentration fields due to exhaust emission. This study enables the knowledge about UFP exposure levels of all road users at vehicle wake scale to be better understood. Three simplified car models with three corresponding rear slant angles have been used in order to reproduce the principal wake structures of road vehicles in a wind tunnel. Thanks to an innovative data processing method, velocity measurements with two techniques(LDV/PIV) point out the major role of the rear slantangle on the model wake structures. Moreover, comparisons have been made with particle number concentration measurements of UFP in the wake of the same models. We highlighted the link between the volume of the toric recirculation region close to the rear and the vertical dispersion of UFP. Furthermore, longitudinal vortices that exist with the intermediate rear slant angle geometry play an important role on the transversal dispersion as well as on the concentration field symetry
Heliot, Amélie. "Étude de la réponse cellulaire et des Vésicules Extracellulaires produites par des macrophages primaires exposés aux particules fines (PM₂.₅)." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0522.
Full textAir pollution is a major public health problem. In 2013, The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified air pollution and fine particle (PM₂.₅), with size lower than 2.5 µm, as carcinogenic to humans (group I). PM₂.₅ are able to penetrate deeply in lungs. When PM₂.₅ settle in pulmonary alveolar, they lead to strong inflammatory response, with inflammatory mediators ans extracellular vesicles release by infiltrating or resident immune cells. In this context, this thesis included two major aims : i) evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of PM₂.₅ sampled in an industrial-urban site, identify their origin and study the seasonal variability of their composition ; ii) investigate the cellular response and EV produced by macrophages in response to PM₂.₅ and study EV's effects on epithelial cells. To achieve this, macrophages are exposed to PM₂.₅ collected in Dunkerque, and cellular response (oxidative stress, inflammation, polarization, miRNA) was quantified. EV released in response to PM₂.₅ exposition was isolated and characterized. Finally, epithelial cells, BEAS-2B, are exposed to EV released by exposed and non exposed macrophages to evaluate effects from this exposure (inflammation, oxidative stress, miRNA). We observed inflammation and anti-oxidant response in macrophages after PM₂.₅ exposure, as well as polarization modification. PM₂.₅ lead to increased number of EV by macrophages
Leonetti, Daniela. "Rôle des microparticules membranaires dans la physiopathologie de la maladie de Crohn : effets sur la vasomotricité et les tissus cibles." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0037.
Full textMicroparticles (Mps) are membrane vesicles released during cell activation and apoptosis. High levels of Mps and the presence of vascular alterations induced by Mps have been reported in different diseases characterized by an inflammatory component. At present, the participation and the rôle of Mps in Crohn's desease (CD) are not elucidated yet. The aim of the present thesis was first to investigate whether Mps from CD patients (CDMPs) play a rôle in the regulation of endothelial finction and vascular reactivity in this intestinal bowel disease. Of importance is to correlate their rôle with respect to the state of the CD. Secondly, we pursued the evaluation of potential effects of Mps from inactive and active CD patients on different tissues including the colon one the main target tissue involved in this desease. Firstly, we showed that CD patients displayed increased levels of circulating Mps compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, CDMPs are able to induce endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyporeactivity in mouse aorta by a subtle alteration of the balance between the production of NO, metabolites from COX-2 and ROS. In the second part of this thesis, we suggested that CDMPs play a rôle in NO production and oxydative stress in different tissues, notably in the colon, and could be linked to specific signalling pathways that concern inflammatory cytokines directly involved in this pathology. In light of these results, we proposed that CDMPs can be considered as markers of endothelial dysfunction, tissue injury and inflammation and suggested a promissing possibility to consider CMPs as possible pharmacological targets of this pathology
Melki, Pamela. "Health impact of airborne particulate matter in Northern Lebanon : from a pilot epidemiological study to physico-chemical characterization and toxicological effects assessment." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0444/document.
Full textExposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), remains a major health risk, mainly in the developing countries. Northern Lebanon is affected by several sources of anthropogenic, urban and industrial pollution. However, no studies have examined the impact of PM₂.₅ on public health in this region. In addition, it should be noted that the toxicity mechanisms of PM₂.₅ are not fully identified. The aim of this work is to study the composition and the health impact of the atmospheric particulates in Northern Lebanon. An epidemiological survey was performed and fine particles were extracted and characterized physico-chemically and toxicologically. This study was conducted in two sites, one of which is influenced by industrial activities. Perception and epidemiological survet, conducted in two areas in Northern Lebanon, rural and industrial (310 treatable questionnaires/area), showed a relationship between annoyance, respiratory diseases and living in proximity to industrial activities. Moreover, results confirmed the interest in conducting a toxicological study in this region. Hence, to contribute to fulfill the gap of knowledge about the pulmonary toxicity of particulate matter and the mechanisms of action involved in the carcinogenicity, the study of physicochemical characteristics and toxicological endpoints of PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ from both sites were performed. Physicochemical analyses of the collected particles evidenced similar characteristics in major species. In particular, we have shown slightly higher levels of PAHs and trace metals and up to 100 times higher dioxins concentrations at the vicinity of industries. Our results evidenced the influence of numerous combustion sources (diesel, gasoline, coal and biomass burning) ; waste combustion and other industrial processes are also suspected. A more pronounced genotoxic and mutagenic potential was evidenced after exposure to particles collected at the vicinity of industries when compared to the rural ones, using the Ames fluctuation test and SOS chromotest. The effects of the collected particles are probably related to their organic composition. In order to assess the underlying toxic mechanisms, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were then exposed to different concentrations of the sampled PM₂.₅₋₀.₃. Genotoxicity mechanisms such as metabolic activation of organic compounds (CYP1A1) and consecutive DNA damages such as DNA strands breaks (yH2AX quantification by flow cytometry analysis and in-cell western assay) were induced by the two samples of PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ , with a more pronounced effect of industrial particles. Moreover, PM showed tendency to alter the DNA repair process (OGGI, NTH1, APE1, NUDT1, DNMT1, MGMT, XPA, XRRC1 gene expression and PARP1, DNMT1, OGG1 proteins expression). DNA repair mechanisms were repressed up to 48h of exposure to PM especially to the industrial influenced PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ and reactivated after 72h of exposure. The DNA damages involve bulky DNA adducts, oxidative stress damages, DNA strand breaks and methylation. These results suggest mutagenic, genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms of action involved in the carcinogenicity of fine particles, partly related to their organic composition
Desreumaux, Nicolas. "Emulsions microfluidiques et rouleurs colloïdaux : effets collectifs en matière molle forcée hors-équilibre." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066071/document.
Full textEmulsions, colloidal suspensions, polymer solutions, bacterial suspensions, ... The dynamical properties of these disperse systems rely on the interplay between the microscopic structure of the dispersed phase, and the flow of the continuous phase.This thesis is devoted to the collective dynamics of suspensions driven out-of-equilibrium. The driving can take place either at the macroscopic scale (advection, uniform strength, ...) or at the microscopic scale (self-propulsion).Our goal is to understand the large scale dynamics of the suspensions on the basis of the symmetries of the interactions between the particles.Our approach is experimental. It relies on microfluidic tools to perform quantitative model experiments. In the first part of the manuscript, I focus on the dynamics of suspensions of passive particles in rigidly confined thin liquid films. In particular, I present experimental and theoretical results on the propagation of linear density waves in advected emulsions. In the second part of the manuscript, I study the collective dynamics of bidimensional assemblies of self-propelled particles embedded in a fluid at rest at infinity. I present our experimental setup based on a new propulsion mechanism for the particles. It enables us to study and understand the emergence of collective motion on the basis of the interactions between the individuals. Finally, I investigate the propagation of non-linear excitations of these assemblies of self-propelled particles in heterogeneous media
Marchetti, Benjamin. "Sédimentation de particules : effets collectifs et filaments déformables." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0364/document.
Full textIn the first part, a jointed experimental and numerical study examining the influence of vortical structures on the settling of a cloud of solid spherical particles under the action of gravity at low Stokes numbers is presented. We use electro-convection to generate a two-dimensional array of controlled vortices which mimics a simplified vortical flow. Particle image-velocimetry and tracking are used to examine the motion of the cloud within this vortical flow. The cloud is modeled as a set of point-particles for which the hydrodynamic interaction is preponderant. The cloud behavior (trajectory, velocity, aspect ratio, break-up time …) is compared to the predictions of a two-way-coupling numerical simulation. In the second part, a jointed experimentally and numerical study on the dynamics of slender flexible filaments settling in a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number is presented. The equilibrium state of a flexible fiber settling in a viscous fluid is examined using a combination of macroscopic experiments, numerical simulations and scaling arguments. We identify three regimes having different signatures on this equilibrium configuration of the elastic filament: a weak deformation regime wherein the drag is proportional to the fiber velocity settling perpendicular to the gravity; a large deformation regime wherein the drag is proportional to the fiber velocity settling parallel to the gravity and an intermediate elastic reconfiguration regime where the filament deforms to adopt a shape with a smaller drag which is no longer linearly proportional to the velocity but to the square root of the velocity
Abbas, Micheline. "Auto-diffusion de particules dans un écoulement cisaillé : des interactions hydrodynamiques aux effets collisionnels." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000622/.
Full textLagrangian simulations are used to study the rheophysics of sheared suspensions of spherical particles. The effects of the fluid inertia, the Brownian diffusion and the gravity are neglected. Depending on the particle inertia characterized by the Stokes number, the suspensions are divided into two major classes. The limit of vanishingly small Stokes numbers corresponds to solid particles suspended in a very viscous fluid. The "Force Coupling Method" is used to model the direct hydrodynamic interactions controlling the dynamics of these monodisperse suspensions. This method is based on a finite multipole expansion of the velocity field perturbation induced by each particle. The motion of all the suspension particles is simultaneously coupled through the direct solution of the Stokes equations written for the carrying fluid flow. The macroscopic evolution is studied while the solid volume fraction is increased from low to moderately concentrated [φ=1-20%]. The results (velocity fluctuation, self-diffusion, velocity auto-correlation and spatial distribution of pairs. . . ) are in agreement with several former studies of the literature. We showed that the particle agitation is enhanced by increasing the concentration and leads to a diffusive behavior of the suspension. The agitation level and the characteristic diffusion time are increasing as many-body hydrodynamic interactions control the suspension dynamics. The accuracy of the method is improved by calculating the exact lubrication forces for particle pairs near contact. Hence, this allows to simulate larger suspension concentrations (up to 35%), and to quantify the effective viscosity in this regime. The model is extended to the bidisperse suspension configurations. The dependence of the statistical quantities (of both species) on the size ratio and concentration ratio is discussed for a fixed total volume fraction. For a constant concentration ratio, we obtained that an increase of the size ratio enhances (resp. Reduces) the fluctuation level of the small (resp. Large) particles. The increase large particle number induces a significant enhancement of the fluctuations and self-diffusion of both species. The suspensions characterized by moderate to high Stokes numbers are generally of gas-solid type. A hard-sphere collision model coupled with the particle Lagrangian tracking is used to simulate the suspension dynamics. The particle motion is controlled by only the drag force and particle collisions. The simulations show that the suspension properties depend strongly on the particle inertia and concentration. Increasing the Stokes number from 1 to 10 induces an enhancement of the suspension agitation by three orders of magnitude, and an evolution of the velocity distribution function from a highly peaked (close to the Dirac delta function) to a Maxwellian shape. The numerical results are compared to the predictions of two theoretical models based on the kinetic theory of granular flows adapted to moderate inertia regimes. The velocity distribution used for weakly (resp. Highly) agitated suspensions is the Dirac delta (resp. Deviated Maxwellian) function. A new prediction of the Lagrangian self-diffusion tensor is proposed and validated by the simulations results. The diffusion coefficients and solid phase viscosity are compared to the classical models used in engineering applications. The inelasticity effect on the statistical quantities is discussed as well. The conclusion of the manuscript proposes a unified approach of all the results related to the evolution of the effective viscosity in the bulk. A modification of the Force Coupling Method is proposed to properly simulate the particle inertia and hydrodynamic effects
Cachon, Fresnel Boris A. "Étude de pollution atmosphérique en Afrique Sub-Saharienne : Cas de Cotonou (Bénin) : Caractérisation physicochimique des matières particulaires d'origine urbaine et impact toxicologique sur des cellules épithéliales bronchiques humaines (BEAS-2B) cultivées in vitro." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0348/document.
Full textAir pollution and its adverse health effects have shown a growing interest in developing countries. This study deals with this subject and is one of the first conducted in African countries, particularly in Benin. Our results showed that the quality of gasoline used in cotonou was poor, characterized by the absence of additive and a high concentration of benzene. Thus, it could be responsible for the degradation of the city air quality. Therefore, particulate matter samples (PM₂․₅ and PM>₂․₅) were collected in St Michel neighborhood at Cotonou and results showed very high levels of particles in the ambient air. Physicochemical characterization of these particles revealed a presence of various chemicals compounds (ions, metals, VOCs, paraffins, PAHs, ect.) in higher proportion in PM₂․₅ than PM>₂․₅. The respiratory system, the main way of exposure to these airborne particles, was investigated through an in vitro study assessing the toxic potential of PM on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). It has been demonstrated that the two types of particules have cytotoxic properties and ability to induce gene expression of organic compounds metabolizing enzymes and to generate oxidative stress. These particles have triggered the inflammatory process through the induction of gene expression and protein secretion of cytokines, and changes in the arachidonic acid pathway (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, and thromboxane). Finally, comparative approach for PM₂․₅ sampled in three West African cities highlighted the closeness of particles characteristics in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, and a significant contribution of road traffic emissions in the air pollution
Meziani, Ferhat. "Réactivité vasculaire et gestation : effets du facteur hypercalcémiant lié à l'hormone parathyroïdienne (PTHrP ) et des microparticules circulantes d'origine humaine." Strasbourg 1, 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2006/MEZIANI_Ferhat_2006.pdf.
Full textThis work aimed to investigate the effects of PTHrP/PTH1R system and human microparticles on human and animal vascular reactivity during pregnancy. We demonstrate for the first time that during pregnancy PTHrP is able to induce vasorelaxation in rat uterine and mesenteric arteries, and that a redistribution of PTH1R contributes to the local regulation of uterine hemodynamics during pregnancy. Moreover, our results shed light on the production of 8–iso Prostaglandin F2α after PTHrP addition, which blunts PTHrP(1-34) relaxation. Disorders in PTHrP/PTH1R expression may lead to utero-placental hypoperfusion and abnormal placentation during pathological pregnancy. Preeclamptic women display increased circulating levels of leukocyte and platelet-derived microparticles compared to healthy pregnants women. Microparticles from preeclamptic but not healthy pregnant women induce ex vivo vascular hyporeactivity to serotonin in human omental arteries and mouse aorta. This study provides evidence of pathophysiological relevance of preeclamptic's microparticles, associated with pro-inflammatory properties on vessels, leading to oxidative and nitrosative stress which enhances vasoconstricting products and NO. Our results shed lights on original findings concerning the vascular reactivity during gestation. PTHrP/PTH1R needs further studies in healthy or pathological human arteries. Preeclamptic's microparticles are able to induce vascular dysfunction but their precise implication in preeclampsia may be further investigated with pregnant animal models such as anti-angiogenic sFlt1-treated rats. Microparticles proteomics studies can improve our knowledge, especially in therapeutic implications
Rinaldo, Mickaël. "Particules ultra-fines et santé : caractérisation des particules ultra-fines dans l'air et dans les tissus humains." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0449/document.
Full textEpidemiologic studies on the health effects of ultrafine particles from atmospheric pollution and in vitro or in vivo studies on manufactured nanoparticles toxicity suggest that potential hazards may result from new physico-chemical properties of materials at nanometric scale. To assess human health risk after occupational or environmental exposure or to demonstrate a causal relationship between such exposures and diseases may be hindered by the lack of reference method to characterize and quantify nanometric particles in biological tissues and fluids. This work allowed us to develop such a method based on samples preparation by alkaline digestion and microfiltration followed by analytical electron microscopy analysis. This method applied in two studies allowed us to confirm that pleural translocation of nanometric particles and accumulation in black spots were possible in human and that they also may pass through the placental barrier with potential fetal exposure. This work also allowed us to characterize some sources of occupational and environmental exposures. After time-cost optimization of this method, it could be used to define reference values on larger population-representative samples or used for the medical follow-up of exposed workers
Saint-Sévin, Bénédicte. "Le rôle conseil du pharmacien d'officine en matière de pathologie hivernale." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P094.
Full textRamgolam, Kiran. "Effet des particules atmosphériques fines (PM2. 5, PM1) et ultrafines (PMO. 1) provenant de la région parisienne sur lépithélium respiratoire humain in vitro." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077040.
Full textEpidemiological studies have highlighted the health impacts of ambient particulate matter (PM), and especially on cardio-respiratory diseases. Inhaled PM induces an inflammatory response in the respiratory tract that results from an increased release of inflammatory mediators such as the pro-inflammatory cytokine GM-CSF. The aim of this work was to characterize in vitro the pro-inflammatory response induced by fine (PM2. 5 and PM1 : particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter les than 2. 5 and 1 um) and ultrafine (PM0. 1) particulate matter in human respiratory epithelial cells. The comparison of the size fractions of Paris aerosol (PMO. 03-0. 1, PMO. 1-1, PM1-2. 5 and PM2. 5-10) showed that fine PMO. 1-1 and ultrafine PMO. 03-0. 1 systematically induced the highest release of the pro-inflammatory biomarker GM-CSF. This pro-inflammatory effect was correlated to particle organic carbon content. The study of the mechanisms of the pro-inflammatory response induced by Paris PM2. 5 revealed that (1) the expression and release of the growth factor amphiregulin (AR) which is an EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand, were increased through EGFR and MAP Kinases activation and (2) AR participates in PM2. 5-induced GM-CSF release. These results strengthened the hypothesis of a higher reactivity of fine and ultrafine urban PM and highlighted for the first time the involvement of EGFR and its ligands in PM-induced pro-inflammatory response of respiratory epithelial cells
Auger, Floriane. "Implication des particules atmosphériques fines dans l'induction de pathologies cardiorespiratoires : étude in vitro des réponses cellulaires de l'épithélium respiratoire et de l'endothélium vasculaire." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077068.
Full textAir pollution is a current concern. Many epidemiological studies suggest that particulate air pollution is responsible for exacerbation and/or induction of cardiorespiratory diseases and cancer. Potential targets of particles are airway epithelial cells, resident inflammatory cells and endothelial cells of microvessels. Mechanisms for the action of particle are largely unclear, although the hypothesis of development of an inflammatory response in the airways is accepted. In the present study, we used model cell Systems in which cells were in an environment quite similar to that of the in vivo context. This enabled the study of the effects on ambient urban particles on non-injured upper airway epithelium and vascular endothelium, either directly or indirectly via the alveolar epithelium. Results showed that fine particles do not enter into well-differentiated epithelial cells. Nevertheless, particles induce release of mediators, and notably proinflammatory cytokines. I addition, particles enhance intracellular oxidative stress and alter the permeability of the airway epithelium. Moreover, the vascular endothelium directly exposed to particles overexpressed PAI-1 and MMP-1 genes, which may play a crucial role in coagulation and tumor progression. Thus, our results suggest that thé airway epithelium is implicated in the local inflammatory response in the lung, and that endothelium damaged by particles may be responsible for certain diseases
Sesmaisons-Kernier, Cécile de. "Contribution à l'étude de la constitution fluorique." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P019.
Full textGassara, Dorra. "Simulation de la formation d'un dépôt de particules en microfiltration : effets des conditions hydrodynamiques et des interactions physicochimiques sur la morphologie et la perméabilité apparente du dépôt." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000609/.
Full textThe formation of particles cake on the surface of the filter constitues one of the limiting phenomena of all the microfiltration operations. Progressively with its growth, this deposit, which adds an additional resitance to the fluid flow, reduced gradually the energetic efficiency of the filter system. The purpose of this work, is to characterize the influence of the hydrodynamic and physicochemical conditions on the morphology and the transport properties of the cake. Our study is carried out on a field made up of one or more unit elements representative of a filter surface models, provided with boundary periodic conditions. Moreover, in a first approaches quasi two-dimensional, the field is restricts with a Hele-shaw cell of which the thickness is equal to the particle diameter, so that the model of Darcy applies to the totality of the field. The particles are injected one by one starting from an initial position by chance selected and describe trajectories which take account of the structure of the flow and the physicochemical interactions of type DLVO with porous surface and the particles already deposited. The flow of Darcy is recomputed once the particle deposited
Fauteux, Marie-Christine. "Évaluation de l'effet d'apports de caroténoïdes de la luzerne déshydratée sur son transfert dans les sécrétions lactées et la stabilité oxydative des matières grasses du lait." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30618/30618.pdf.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Hajji, Lotfi. "Contribution à l'étude des effets inertiels sur le comportement de particules en suspension dans un écoulement gazeux turbulent." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10014.
Full textChassard, Guillaume. "Interaction de l’ozone avec des particules carbonées : cinétiques de capture, dégradation des HAP et impact sur la réponse inflammatoire épithéliale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10140/document.
Full textSoot particles, ubiquitous in the urban atmosphere, exhibit extreme chemical and morphological complexity. Adsorbed on their surface, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a proven pulmonary toxicity. During atmospheric transport, they may, through oxidation and photolysis process, form oxygenated and nitrated products about which health impacts are not well known. We propose to characterize the atmospheric aging of soot particles and to study the impact of aging on the lungs. This work deals with the generation of soot models particles; laboratory simulation of aging by exposures to ozone; and the study of the inflammatory effects of aged or not particles on lung cells. In a first step a carbonaceous aerosol has been exposed to ozone in a flow reactor. The influences of contact time, initial ozone concentration, relative humidity, UV radiations and particle size were studied. The role of the atomic oxygen in the reaction mechanism was also evaluated. Then the heterogeneous reactivity between PAHs adsorbed on carbonaceous particles and ozone has been investigated. Degradation kinetics of particulate PAHs were thus performed. Finally, we studied the inflammatory response of PAHs alone or in particulate phase on lung cells by assay of pro-inflammatory interleukins. The effect of aging models particles and the role of pulmonary surfactant were evaluated
Molza, Audrey. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de lubrification par particules colloidales." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0037/document.
Full textThe use of conventional additives (MoDTC, ZnDTP) in lubricants to reduce friction and wear of friction parts have shown limitations. To overcome the limitations of these additives new lubrication strategies were developed using friction reducer colloidal particles. Previous work has shown that the introduction of a solid lubricant composed of nanoparticles dispersed in the lubricating base oil presenting a low viscosity has shown a reduction of the friction. The aim of the thesis is the elucidation of the mechanisms of action used during the process of friction reduction. All the experimental results acquired during the tests on the films of nanoparticles (exfoliated graphite and CND-G) in the presence of pentane or presence of nanoparticles dispersion in dodecane, using a alternating tribometer geometry sphere / plan allowed us to show that the friction reducing process is related to the formation of a conform contact by the formation of a thick film of agglomerated nanoparticles in Hertz penumbra that led to a transition of lubrication boundary regime to a mixed or EHD regime. The physicochemical analyzes of sliding contact by in situ spectrometry Raman in situ allowed us to show that the lubricant film is composed of the dispersion of nanoparticles in the liquid and the specific friction reduction mechanims is also associated to the orientation of nanoparticles parallel to the sliding surfaces
Lepers, Capucine. "Pollution atmosphérique de proximité et toxicité respiratoire : recherche in vitro des mécanismes d'action toxique induits par des aérosols atmosphériques particulaires (PM₂.₅) industriels, urbains et ruraux." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0352/document.
Full textFine airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅) can be inhaled and retained in deep lung for long periods, leading to onset or exacerbation of cardio-respiratory diseases. However, the complex composition of PM₂.₅ makes difficult the study of their mechanisms of action. This work fits into a global approach aiming to identify the toxicity mechanisms involved in a putative PM₂.₅ carcinogenicity, in association with PM composition. We study six PM samples collected either under industrial, urban or rural area, in spring-summer 2008 or autumn-winter 2008-2009 seasons. Biological fraction analysis revealed numerous and diverse bacterial and fungal components. We carried out Ames tests revealing a high mutagenic potency for PM samples, presumably linked to their nitro-aromatic content. Based on previous cytotoxicity assays, we studied PM effect on bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, at two concentrations (3.75 and 15µg/cm²). We demonstrated gene induction of several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolic activation. This was associated with an increase in their catalytic activity, leading to bulky DNA-adducts formation in exposed cells. Furthermore, PM₂.₅ lead to DNA single- and double-strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and disturbed telomerase activity. In addition to these genotoxic effects, our study revealed epigenetic alterations such as P16ᴵᴺᴷ⁴ᴬ promoter hypermehylation, histone 3 post-translational modifications, and miRNAs expression changes. Considering the impact of chemical composition on PM toxicity, organic compounds lead to the highest genotoxicity, whereas metals seem to induce more pronounced epigenetic modifications. Altogether, our results indicate that the studied PM₂.₅ samples, through cooperative action of organic and inorganic fractions, may lead in vitro to multiple alterations involved in initiation and promotion steps toward pulmonary carcinogenesis
Mihiretie, Besira. "Effets mécaniques de la lumière sur des particules anisotropes micrométriques et dynamique du mouillage à l’interface eau-air." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14813/document.
Full textWe report experiments on ellipsoidal micrometre-sized polystyrene particles. The particle aspect ratio (k) varies between about 0.2 and 8. These particles are manipulated in water by means of a moderately focused laser beam. We observe the levitation and the dynamical state of each particle in the laser beam, in bulk water or in contact to an interface (water-glass, water-air, water-oil). In the first part, we show that moderate-k particles are radially trapped with their long axis lying parallel to the beam. Conversely, elongated (k>3) or flattened (k<0.3) ellipsoids never come to rest, and permanently “dance” around the beam, through coupled translation-rotation motions. The dynamics are periodic or irregular (akin to chaos) depending on the particle type and beam characteristics. We propose a 2d model that indeed predicts the bifurcation between static and oscillating states. In the second part, we apply optical levitation to study the transition from total to partial wetting of the particles at the water-air interface. We show that the dynamics of the transition is about independent of particle shape, and mainly governed by the pinning-depinning mechanism of the contact line
Moissette, Sophie. "Étude dynamique et thermique par modélisation eulérienne-lagrangienne des effets liés aux interactions turbulence-particules dans un écoulement gaz-solide en conduite verticale non-isotherme." Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0231_MOISSETTE.pdf.
Full textThe present study aimed at contributing to the development of simulation tools for turbulent gas-solid non-isothermal flows, which are present in numerous industrial applications (drying processes, combustion, ). The modelling is implemented in the frame of an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach and leans on a fine representation of the mechanisms able to affect the suspension behaviour (anisotropic low-Reynolds k-epsilon closure model and WET closure model, stochastic particle tracking with collisions and dispersion, coupling between the phases). The influence of the various phenomena and their modelling on the behaviour of each phase is estimated by several parametric studies and by comparisons with results from the literature. The calculation code turned out to be able to predict the heat exchange modulation in the presence of particles for a relatively wide range of flows, even if several problems still arise for the smallest particle sizes and for the strongest mass loading ratios
Kataya, Zeinab. "Effets de température sur les nanoparticules de CoAg : structure et effets de ségrégation." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004367.
Full textLe, Vée Marc. "Régulation de l'expression fonctionnelle de transporteurs membranaires dans des cellules hépatocytaires et pulmonaires exposées aux extraits de particules diesel." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B024/document.
Full textMembrane transporters play a major role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs and in the transport of endogenous compounds. The development of in vitro models for the study of their expression and activity is therefore important to consider, notably for analyzing their interactions with drugs or environmental contaminants such as diesel exhaust particles. Our results demonstrated the reliability of hepatocytic cells (hepatocytes and highly differentiated hepatoma HepaRG cells) in monolayer culture for the study of membrane transport of drugs. Using these models allowed us to demonstrate that extracts of diesel exhaust particles (DEPe) can alter the expression and / or function of major liver transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and Protein Multidrug associated Resistance (MRP). In lung cells, DEPe can increase the expression of complex LAT1 / CD98hc a protein complex, that is associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that DEPe can regulate activity and expression of membrane transporters at hepatic and lung level
Borgie, Mireille. "Étude des particules fines et ultrafines en suspension dans l'air au Liban : caractérisation physicochimique et évaluation des effets toxicologiques sur des cellules pulmonaires humaines BEAS-2B." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0366/document.
Full textThe objectives of this study, one of the first conducted in Lebanon, were to acquire a better knowledge on the physico-chemical characteristics of atmospheric fine particles (FP or PM₂.₅₋₀.₃) and ultrafine ones (UFP or PM₀.₃), and to assess their potential toxicity. Particles were collected at two coastal sites between may and sept. 2011 at Sin El-Fil (urban site in Greater Beirut), and between sept. and oct. 2011 at Bejje (rural site). After sampling, FP and UFP were subjected to a physico-chemical characterization by quantifying their inorganic ions and elements, total carbon and organic compounds contents. Then, composite samples of FP and UFP were prepared in order to expose bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) in culture, and therefore to assess the underlying toxic mechanisms. Our results showed an influence of combustion sources especially for urban particles that are richer in total carbon, organic compounds, metals and secondary inorganic ions than rural ones. On the other hand, a more pronounced cytotoxicity was caused by UFP when compared to FP. In addition, epigenetic modifications and genotoxicity mechanisms, such as metabolic activation of organic compounds, changes in three microRNAs expression, telomerase activation and DNA breaks induction, which are potentially involved in the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis, were induced by the two samples of FP, with a more pronounced effect of urban particles. Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to collected FP, especially urban ones, may therefore induce the transformation of lung cells to immortal cells, and consequently the initiation or the promotion of broncho-pulmonary carcinogenesis
Abbas, Imane. "Etude de l'activation métabolique par la fraction organique d'un aérosol atmosphérique particulaire et de ses conséquences génotoxiques dans un modèle de co-culture de cellules pulmonaires humaines." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0282.
Full textWhether it is from anthropogenic or natural origin, air pollution is described as one of the major risk factors affecting the human health. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2. 5) is the main responsable to this atmospheric pollution. The objective of our research project consisted to determine the toxicity of the PM2. 5 collected in Dunkerque in terms of metabolic activation, genotoxicity, and cell cycle alterations, in two cell models : a human embryonic lung epithelial cell line (L132) and human Alveolar Macrophages (AM) isolated from broncho-alveolar lavages within healthy outpatients. Therefore, we developed a co-culture model using these two cell types in order to better integrate the cell heterogeneity of the alveoli. The atmospheric particles proved to be able to induce the gene expression of various phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, EHm, NQO1, GSTµ1 et GSTµ3) in human MA in both mon and co-culture and in L132 cells, only in monoculture. Our results showed also the genotoxicity of the aerosol through the formation of the DNA bulky adducts in human MA in mono and co-culture as well as in L132 cells in co-culture. In contrast, no DNA bulky adduct was reported in L132 cells in monoculture. In addition, a Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) and/or a MicroSatellite Instability (MSI) of some microsatellites located on the short-arm of the chromosome 3 were observed in 30 to 40% of L132 cells in monoculture 72 hours after their exposure to PM2. 5. As a consequence, significant alterations of the gene expression and/or protein concentration of some of the key protein controllers involved in the TP53-RB gene signaling pathway were reported in the two cell models, in mono-cultures or in co-cultures. This work consequently contributed to the improvment of the knowledge about the adverse lung effects of environmental exposure. However, the better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action involved in the toxicity of the atmospheric pollutants on the respiratory system still remains opened and should be completed
Mounier, Estelle. "Exposition des apprentis de la coiffure et de la boulangerie-pâtisserie à des facteurs de risque d'asthme." Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN11308.
Full textHairdressing and bakery are weIl known as occupations at risk of asthma. Exposure studies of apprentie es in hairdressing salons and bakeries are scarce, however. This work describes exposure levels and workplace air concentrations to airbome chemical products (ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, persulfates) used in hairdressing salons and personal exposure of flour dust used in bakery and pastry (PM2,5 et PM1O), and associated apprentices' exposure determinants. A questionnaire was completed by 586 apprentie es on their work activities and environment. 28 hairdressers and 34 bakery or pastry apprentices volunteered to undergo personal exposure and workplace concentrations measurements, during a cold and a hot season. Personal H202 and NH3 exposure values are greater than workplace concentrations, while the reverse holds for persulfates, with no seasonal variation. Exposure to flour dust (PM 10, PM2,5) is greater in winter than during the hot season. Results do not exceed the French limit values for NH3, H202, non specifie inhalable and respirable particulate matter. Average bakers' results were greater than the ACGIH recommendations, as were persulfates values. Few factors explained the high values of exposure; appropriate ventilation is showed as rarely implemented, however. This research suggests that reduction of exposure levels can be achieved, that would result in abatement of the risk of occupational asthma
Kouassi, Serge. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et étude in-vitro de la toxicité pulmonaire d'aérosols atmosphériques (PM2,5) prélevés à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)." Littoral, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DUNK0245.
Full textAir pollutionhas become a global concern for public health, for a few years. Indeed, epidemiological studies associate particulate air pollution in the induction of many cardiorespiratory diseases. Emerging countries are particularly affected by these air pollution problems, because of their population growth and due to the absence of specific regulations. However, few data are currently available in these areas, regarding the health impact of such pollution or even their chemical composition. To overcome this lack of information, a study of fine particulate pollution (PM2. 5) in the district of Abidjan has been undertaken. Three sampling sites (i. E. Rural, urban and industrial areas) were chosen to highlight the heterogeneity of air pollutants according to their respective sources. The chemical composition of these samples confirmed their heterogeneity, and many inorganic (e. G. Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mg) and organic compounds (e. G. Paraffins) were quantified at the 3 sites. The dose-cytotoxic response relationship was then studied through the perturbation of different markers of global cytotoxicity in the human pneumocyte A549 cell line, thereby allowing the determination of the following Effect Concentrations (EC) (rural sites : EC10 = 5,91 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 29,55 µg/cm2 ; urban site : EC10 = 5,45 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 27,23 µg/cm2 ; industrial site : EC10 = 6,86 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 34,29 µg/cm2). Exposure of A549 cells to Abidjan city’s PM samples has also enable the identatification of oxidative mechanisms (i. E. Malondialdehyde formation, alteration in superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione oxidation) as well as inflammatory response
Benabed, Ahmed. "Contribution à l’étude de la remise en suspension de particules générée par le pas humain au sein d’une ambiance du bâtiment." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS034/document.
Full textThis thesis work is part of indoor air particle pollution theme and more particularly the phenomenon of walking-induced particle resuspension. The first part presents a state of the art knowledge of particulate pollution. The different experimental parameters that influence the particles resuspension, as well as the coefficients used for the phenomenon quantification, are identified. The various mechanical and aerodynamic disturbances generated during person walking are presented and compared. We end the first part with a presentation of the different particles resuspension models. The second part is dedicated to present the experiment made on a small scale model developed at the LaSIE laboratory in La Rochelle to study particles deposition and resuspension by amechanical simulator of the human step from a particle-laden soil. This study classified the different types of surfaces used in the building according to their particulate emissions after the mechanical simulator impact. The third part of the work consists of measuring the airflow velocities generated by an automated mechanical simulator of the human footstep at different locations. The velocity measurements have been done in the Royal Military Academy at Brussels (RMA) by three types of methods widely used in the field of fluid mechanics : two methods of Laser Velocimetry (Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Velocimetry), but also a method of Wire Anemometry. These measurements allowed us to find the high-speed zone that corresponds to the area where we have a significant resuspension. We also studied the influence the surface roughness on the flow velocities generated near the ground following the movement of the mechanical simulator. We have shown that the influence of the surface roughness on the speed of the flow generated by the pitch is marginal. Finally, we analytically studied the detachment of particles using a model based on the momentum balance. Perspectives on both the improvement of the two models set up in LaSIE and the RMA, as well as the development of a numerical code to simulate the human step, are presented and argued in conclusion
Badran, Ghidaa. "Pollution atmosphérique particulaire : caractérisation physico-chimique et comparaison des effets toxiques des fractions extractible et non-extractible des PM₂.₅ In-vitro evaluation of organic extractable matter from ambient PM₂.₅ using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells : Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and cell cycle deregulation. Toxicity of fine and quasi-ultrafine particles : focus on the effects of organic extractable and non-extractable matter fractions. Toxicological appraisal of the chemical fractions of ambient fine (PM₂.₅-₀.₃) and quasi-ultrafine (PM₀.₃) particles in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0547.
Full textAir pollution and particulate matter (PM₂.₅) were classified as carcinigens (group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2013. This particulate fraction represents a complex mixture with a highly variable composition influencing the toxicity. However, few studies have determined the respective involvement of the different chemical fractions of PM in their toxic effects. In this work, fine particles (PM₂.₅₋₀.₃) and quasi-ultrafine particles (PM₀.₃) were sampled in an urban site located in Beirut (Lebanon). After performing the physicochemical characterization of these two types of particles, their toxic effects (global cytotoxicity, metabolic activation, genotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis) were investigated on a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). The analysis of the organic content revealed differences between the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as welle as oxygenated (O-PAH) and nitrated (N-PAH) congeners, respectively 43, 17 and 4 times higher in PM₀.₃ than in PM₂.₅₋₀.₃.The toxicological study was based on the comparison of the toxicity of the fine particles considered in their entirety (PM₂.₅₋₀.₃), the extracted organic fraction (OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃) and the fraction not extracted by the dichloromethane (NEM₂.₅₋₀.₃). In addition, the specific effects of the organic fraction extrated from the quasi-ultrafine particles (OEM₀.₃) were compared with those of the organic fraction extracted from the fine particles (OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃). Our results showed that all the studied fractions were able to induce at least one of the studied mechanisms. PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ was able to induce toxic effects greater than those induced by OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃ and NEM₂.₅₋₀.₃. The organic fraction extracted from the quasi-ultrafine particles (OEM₀.₃), richer in organic compounds and in particular in PAHs and other congeners, appeared to be responsible for deleterious effects globally greater than that extracted from the fine particles (OEM₂.₅₋₀.₃). The results of this work have brought new elements on the relative toxicity of the different fractions of the fine particles and underline the crucial role played by ultrafine particles, still too little studied
Schlutig, Sandrine. "Contribution à l'étude de la pulvérisation et de l'endommagement du dioxyde d'uranium par les ions lourds rapides." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002110.
Full textPouthier, Thomas. "Mise en évidence de cassures double brin de l'ADN induites par irradiation de kératinocytes humains en microfaisceau alpha." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353412.
Full textDans ce contexte, un microfaisceau de particules a été développé au CENBG pour réaliser des irradiations ciblées à l'échelle sub-cellulaire avec une précision de quelques micromètres. Il est ainsi possible de contrôler le nombre exact de particules délivrées par cellule (jusqu'à la dose ultime d'un ion par cellule), de prédéterminer avec précision le point d'impact et d'irradier certaines cellules tout en vérifiant la réponse de cellules voisines.
La validation de ce dispositif a été réalisée au cours de ce travail de thèse, sur des kératinocytes humains exprimant une protéine recombinante nucléaire fluorescente (histone H2B-GFP) en mettant en évidence des dommages nucléaires radio-induits spécifiques et dose-dépendant. La combinaison de techniques telles que le microfaisceau d'ions, la microscopie confocale et l'analyse quantitative numérique a permis de mesurer, in situ et à l'échelle de la cellule unique, la cinétique de phosphorylation de la protéine histone H2A.X et d'aborder ainsi l'étude des processus de réparation de l'ADN et d'induction de l'apoptose. Les résultats expérimentaux ont validé la méthodologie développée en démontrant la reproductibilité du tir et le contrôle de la dose grâce à la mise en évidence d'une relation dose-effet qui a été également étudiée en fonction du temps.
Doyennette, Marion. "La bouche, un réacteur complexe à l'origine de la libération des stimuli sensoriels : modélisation des transferts de composés d'arôme lors de la déstructuration d'aliments solides." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0047/document.
Full textDelivery of aroma compounds to olfactory receptors determines the aromatic quality of food products and contributes to consumer choices and preferences. Therefore, understanding and modelling the release kinetic is a scientific challenge and a health issue in order to formulate products of both high nutritional and sensory quality. This thesis studied in-mouth mechanisms responsible of the dynamics of olfactory stimuli release during food consumption. • First, a mechanistic model describing the aroma compounds release during consumption of a liquid or semi-liquid food has been developed. These products have a very short in-mouth residence time and do not require complex intra-oral manipulation. The model takes into account mass balances, transfer mechanisms occurring between some sub-compartments of the system, and the specific conditions at the different stages of consumption. A comparison of the model predictions with in vivo release data during the consumption of Newtnonien fluids flavored with diacetyl and ethyl hexanoate was performed. This study highlighted the role of post-pharyngeal residue and viscosity on the aroma compounds release: • the thickness of bolus covering the mucous membranes has been estimated at about 15μm; • it was found that the relevant properties to be considered for the release of aroma compounds from a Newtonian fluid are those of a mixture highly diluted by saliva. • Second, the model previously developed was adapted for products requiring chewing. It takes into account the phenomena of mass transfer and dissolution of the product in the saliva during chewing. The generation of a product/liquid contact surface as well as the velopharyngial opening that occurs during the mastication of the product were also integrated into the model. The model was then confronted with in vivo release data for ethyl propanoate during consumption of four cheese matrices. All simulations have been satisfactorily fitted to experimental data and the two unknown parameters of our model (the average rate of saliva incorporation into the bolus and the frequency of velopharyngial opening) could be estimated. This study has enabled us to understand the role of mastication on the release of aroma compounds during consumption of solid food: • the opening of velopharynx during intra-oral manipulation of the product produces a continuous supply of aroma compounds in the nose; • the residence time of solid product in the mouth are much longer than for the consumption of liquid and semi-liquid foods, allowing the secretion of significant volumes of saliva. In addition, the study of the release of 2-nonanone highlighted an adsorption phenomenon on the mucous membranes for this molecule. • Finally, sensitivity analysis of the two release models indicates that: • when eating a liquid or semi-liquid food, the mass transfer coefficient in the bolus, the breath rate and the thickness of post-pharyngeal residue are the three key factors governing the release of aroma compounds; • however, when eating a solid food product, it is the average rate of saliva incorporation into the bolus during consumption, the frequency and duration of velopharyngeal opening, and the mastication time which are the three parameters that have major effects on the kinetics of release. The modeling approach allowed us to better understand the relative effects of the product, the individual, and individual-product interaction on the release of aroma compounds during food consumption. The results of this work indicated that the most important parameters depend on the category of product (liquid or solid) under consideration
Rannou, Benoît. "Slurry coatings from aluminium microparticles on Ni-based superalloys for high temperature oxidation protection." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839790.
Full textJeanjean, Maxime. "Pollution atmosphérique et déclenchement de poussées de sclérose en plaques, investigation au niveau individuel." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B003.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Causes are multifactorial enrolling both genetic predisposition and influence of environmental factors. In 85% of cases, patients experience relapse corresponding to the occurrence of neurologic signs, followed by a phase of partial or total remission. Several studies put forth the hypothesis that relapses rate varies across season, mainly occurring during spring and summer. This temporal fluctuation raised the question of season-dependent parameters influence such as sunlight exposure and vitamin D, melatonin level or ambient air pollution. Considering this variation of air pollution, we explored the short-term impact of fine particles (PM10), benzene (C6H6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3), on the risk of relapse triggering, separately for "cold" (i.e., October-March) and "hot" (April-September) season. This work has drawn from data of patients provided by the alSacEP network. We included 424 patients affected with remitting MS onset who experienced 1,783 relapses over the 2000-2009 period. Daily level of air pollution was modeled through ADMS-Urban software at the census block scale of the Strasbourg metropolitan area (AASQA ATMO Grand Est). Furthermore, an individual survey was conducted among all the patients (PT) in order to collect individual socioeconomic (SES) and lifestyle features. Finally, the census block SES position was estimated using a composite deprivation index - created from the INSEE census data. A short-term (3 days preceding the relapse) seasonal adverse effect was observed in PT, in particular during exposure to O3 in "hot" season and PM10 and NO2 in "cold" season. Results also suggest that the SES context might exacerbate these associations, in particular among patients who were living in deprived neighborhood with exposure to PM10, NO2, C6H6 and CO ("cold) and those who were living in most well-of and deprived places with exposure to O3 ("hot"). Finally, we observed among Ps that low education level, average family income, smoking and lack of physical activity are more associated with the risk of relapse triggering when patients were exposed to air pollution. This work shows the need to investigate environmental exposure such as air pollution along the SEP course using a holistic approach integrating individual and contextual factors