Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particulates

Academic literature on the topic 'Particulates'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Particulates"

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Hunter, C. E., H. A. Cikanek, and T. P. Gardner. "Evaluation of Some Factors Controlling DI Diesel Combustion and Exhaust Emissions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240265.

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The combined effects of turbocharging, high fuel injection pressure, and reduced oil consumption on diesel exhaust emissions were investigated using a single-cylinder research engine. The influence of these exhaust emission control concepts on particulate composition was determined using a new particulate analysis method. In addition, the dependence of particulate composition on engine load and air utilization was examined using the microfumigation technique. Simultaneous application of these emissions control concepts reduced exhaust particulates by 70 percent. High injection pressure reduced the insoluble component of particulates, while reducing oil consumption and turbocharging the engine lowered both soluble and insoluble particulates. Reductions in oil-derived particulates with increasing engine load were partially attributed to increases in volumetric air utilization. Ninety percent of the lube oil found in exhaust particulates was unburned; however, similar concentrations of unburned and partially oxidized components were observed in fuel-derived particulates.
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Guo, Su Juan, Guo Zheng Kang, and Cheng Dong. "Numerical Simulations for Uniaxial Ratcheting of SiCP/6061Al Composites Concerning Particulate Arrangement." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.317.

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Based on three dimensional cubic unit cell models containing several particulates with certain particulate arrangements, the monotonic tensile and uniaxial ratcheting behaviors of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (i.e., T6-treated SiCP/6061Al composites) were numerically simulated by using elastic-plastic finite element code ABAQUS with help of newly developed user material subroutine (UMAT). In the simulations, the effects of different particulate arrangements inside the unit cell models on the monotonic tensile and ratcheting behaviors of the composites were discussed. It is shown that the effect of particulate arrangement on the ratcheting of the composite depends on the arranged modes and the number of particulates contained in the model, and the interaction between particulates can be represented reasonably by the cubic unit cell model with a suitable distribution of multi-particulates.
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Fang, Guor-Cheng, Yuh-Shen Wu, Wen-Jhy Lee, Te-Yen Chou, and I.-Chen Lin. "Seasonal variation in concentration and metallic constituents of atmospheric particulates near the western coast of central Taiwan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 22, no. 5 (June 2006): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th262oa.

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In addition to determining the concentration and metallic constituents of particulate matter at Taichung Harbor in central Taiwan, this study attempts to characterize the mass, metallic elements, composition and concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP), fine particles and coarse particles. Statistical approaches, such as the Spearman tests, were also adopted to determine the seasonal variations of concentrations of these pollutants. Experimental results indicate that the mean TSP, fine particulate and coarse particulate concentrations in spring and winter are higher than in summer and autumn on the western coast of central Taiwan. Spearman statistical analysis of metallic elements Mn and Pb showed high concentration coefficients for fine and coarse particulates on the western coast of central Taiwan. The order of mean metallic concentrations in TSP, coarse particulates and fine particles was Fe-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr-Mn-Pb in TSP, Fe-Cu-Zn-Mg-Mn-Pb-Cr in coarse particulates and Fe-Cu-Mg-Pb-Zn-Mn-Cr in fine particulates.
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Kim, Yeon Ju, Yeon-Dong Kim, Hyungtae Kim, Dong Ji Ahn, Ha-Jung Kim, Won Uk Koh, and Young-Jin Ro. "Interaction between Dexamethasone, Ropivacaine, and Contrast Media Used in Interventional Pain Treatment: Considerations in Safety." Medicina 58, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121871.

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Background and Objectives: Although epidural steroid injections are used as an effective treatment, this technique is associated with rare but serious ischemic complications, especially when particulate steroids are used. However, recent studies have reported that even if non-particulate steroids are used, particulates are formed by the interaction with some local anesthetics (LA), causing ischemic complications. This observational study evaluated commonly used combinations of non-particulate steroids and LA with contrast media via microscopic analysis and analyzed the chemical properties of each mixture to identify the correlation of particulate formation. Materials and Methods: Commonly used clinical non-particulate and particulate steroids, contrast media, and LA agent combinations were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. The pH values were also measured at both room temperature (26 °C) and body temperature (36 °C). Where particulates were observed, the particulate size was measured. Results: Macroscopically, the mixture of non-particulate steroid and ropivacaine had a slightly cloudy appearance at all concentrations, but there was no visible particulate. However, when observed under a microscope, the pH-dependent particulate formation was observed at all concentration combinations tested. (0.1% ropivacaine: from 19 μm to 70 μm, and 0.2% ropivacaine: from 37 μm to 108 μm at room temperature (26 °C)). When contrast media was mixed or the temperature was raised to body temperature (36 °C), the number and size of the particulates decreased or dissolved. Conclusions: The combination of ropivacaine and dexamethasone, a non-particulate steroid, mainly used in epidural injections, forms particulates. However, when mixed with contrast media, particulates are dissolved because of changes in pH and factors affecting particulate formation. In fluoroscopy-guided injections, the use of contrast media could resolve particulate formation.
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Fan, Long, and Shimin Liu. "Respirable nano-particulate generations and their pathogenesis in mining workplaces: a review." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 8, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00412-w.

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AbstractThere is a growing concern in mining community about the contribution of nano-particulates to miner’s health. Despite the health influence of respirable dusts and associated lung diseases have been recognized for decades in the mining industry, the nano-scale particulates accompanying with complicated physiochemical properties and their enormous contribution in quantity have been drawing attentions only in recent a few years because of the advancement of nano-science discipline. In this review, we examine the current regulations of dusts exposure and the dominant mass-based monitoring methods to point out the ignorance of nano-particulates in mining industry. The recognized mining-related nano-particulates sources are summarized to identify the mechanically generated finer particulates including particles and aerosols. In addition, the mechanism of adverse health impact on miner with exposure to nano-scale particulates is discussed in a detail to emphasize their substantial detriment as a potential respiratory hazard. Characterization of the complex physiochemical properties of nano-particulates are then summarized and discussed because these properties could be different from regular respirable dusts due to their dramatically increased surface area and particulate counts. The intent of this review is to demonstrate the potential of adverse health effect of nano-particulate on the mine personals throughout the mining cycle and to identify the research gaps of the mine nano-particulate characterization and quantification. We suggest that further understanding of the mining induced nano-particulate properties and their pathogenesis are critical for the future engineering control measure to mitigate the potential health threat for future miners.
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Danciulescu, Valeriu, Luoana Florentina Pascu, Mihaela Petrescu, Andreea Cozea, Raluca Diodiu, Gheorghita Tanase, and Maria Pasca. "The influence of emission sources on particulate matter pollution in adjacent areas." SIMI 2019, SIMI 2019 (September 20, 2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.fp33.

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Particulates generated by anthropogenic activities are found in the ambient air in varying amounts, in a wide range of sizes and in a wide variety of chemical composition. The concentration of particulates at one site, as well as their composition, are influenced by their origin and dispersion factors. By chemical and dimensional analysis of particulates in an area, we can draw preliminary conclusions about the origin and level of pollution in that area. This paper presents the results obtained by concomitant monitoring of particulates emissions and the concentration of particulate matter in ambient air in the adjacent area of an industrial plant. The result of the measurements obtained and their correlation with the specific conditions during the monitoring period lead us to the conclusion that the concentration of particulate matter at the emission sources directly influences the concentrations of particulate matter in the neighbouring area.
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Darien, B. J., P. Sims, T. Robinson, P. Manley, and R. Albrecht. "Characterization of Titanium Alloy Particulates to Study the in Vitro Release of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 940–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002482x.

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Particulate wear debris found around joint arthroplasties has been linked to the premature failure of artificial joints. Cytokines and eicosanoids released by macrophages are known mediators of inflammation and osteolysis. Previous in vitro studies of wear debris-mediated inflammation have relied upon poorly characterized particulates and peripheral blood cell fractions of mixed cellular composition. The objective of this study was to utilize titanium particulates that closely match wear debris found around joint arthroplasties and to study their effects on the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators by isolated monocytes.To mimic wear debris that surrounds artificial joints, titanium alloy particulates (1-3 μm in diameter) were obtained. A submicron fraction of these particulates was isolated by differential sedimentation. The morphology, size and concentration of the resulting population was characterized utilizing scanning electron microscopy. Titanium particulate size was estimated from photomicrographs of calibrated latex microspheres mixed with titanium particles (Figure 1). A known volume of titanium particulates in suspension was applied to a carbon planchette and allowed to dry.
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Yu, Yun Jiang, Qiong Wang, Zhong Ren Nan, Yan Ping Zhang, Hai Peng Lin, and Sheng Li Wang. "Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollutants on Air Particulate Matters in Lanzhou City." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.961.

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In order to learn the present situation of heavy metals on particulate matters and evaluate their health risk, this paper cites the examples of District Xigu which is severely polluted and Town Yuzhong which is slightly polluted in Lanzhou city, the concentration of heavy metals attached on particulate matters in different seasons and different regions is measured, and the distribution proportion of heavy metals in different diameters of particulates is analyzed. Based on the health risk evaluation model recommended by USEPA, this paper evaluates health risks of pollution caused by heavy metals on atmosphere particulates at different sampling places in Lanzhou city. The result shows that heavy metal attached on particulate matter in Lanzhou city is distributed seasonally and regionally. Heavy metals on particulate matters in Lanzhou city are mainly attached on particulates of which the diameters are less than 10μm(PM10). In terms of horizontal gradient, the hazard index of heavy metal in the total suspension particulates in severely-polluted district of Lanzhou city in winter is greater than 1. In terms of vertical gradient, the hazard index of heavy metals on total suspension particulates 15m above ground in winter is greater than 1. These polluted aspects should be treated. The carcinogenic risk of chromium exceeds 10-6~10-4which is acceptable scope stipulated by USEPA and should be well handled.
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Li, Ming Di, Zhong Wang, Shu Ai Liu, Rui Na Li, and Yang Zhao. "Study on the Particulate Microstructure of Different Oxygenated Fuels." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1950.

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The microstructures of particulates fueled with ethanol/diesel, DMC/diesel, and biodiesel/diesel blends were studied using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of oxygenated fuels on the microstructures of particulates were studied. The results showed that the particulates presented with chain and group like structures. The particulate size was approximately following the normal distribution. With the increase of oxygenated fuels blends ratios, the extent of agglomeration increased and the structure arrangement became closer.
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Roman, Monika, Kamil Roman, and Michał Roman. "Spatial Variation in Particulate Emission Resulting from Animal Farming in Poland." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020168.

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The article presents a spatial variation in particulate emission from animal farming in Poland. In addition, this paper estimates the PM2.5 and PM10 particulate emissions. The data on respective emissions sources have been acquired from the Central Statistics Authority (GUS) of 2019 (Local Data Bank). The emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 particulates were estimated from the structure of the emissions sources covered in the “EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook” following the Tier 1 method. The research shows that, in Poland, the biggest share in particulate emission is found for poultry and cattle farming, which are the emissions of 5.5 and 3 m kg of particulates annually all across Poland, respectively. The highest pollution with PM2.5 resulting from animal farming was recorded for the Podlaskie (0.19 kg/ha), Wielkopolskie (0.16 kg/ha), and Mazowieckie (0.14 kg/ha) provinces, whereas the highest pollution with PM10 was recorded for the Wielkopolskie province (0.83 kg/ha). The key sources of particulate emission indicated in the study facilitate adapting the adequate method to reduce the particulate emissions in respective provinces. It is essential, especially due to the negative effect of particulates on human health.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particulates"

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Whisman, Curtis D. "Emissivity of rocket plume particulates." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23876.

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The optical properties of motor aluminum oxide are required inputs to current plume signature prediction codes, such as SIRRM. Accurate predictions are possible only if variations in the particle emissivity due to changes in particle size, contamination, and changing temperature, etc. , are known . This investigation demonstrated a simplified method for determination of the emissivity of rocket motor generated alumina. Plume particulate material was collected on tungsten alloy wire during motor firings. A DC circuit was used to resistively heat the material, and the temperature was determined at various points by relating the wire resistivity to circuit current and voltage. An Agema Thermovision infrared (3.5-5 (j.) camera and microscope were used to observe the material during heating, and broad-band emissivity was computed using system software. It was estimated that the emissivity could be measured with an accuracy of ± 3%. Motor alumina was found to have significantly greater emissivity than pure alumina in the temperature range of 500-1200K.
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Soewono, Arka. "Morphology and microstructure of diesel particulates." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5409.

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The effect of particulate matter on the climate depends on its scattering properties (influenced by morphology) and refractive index (dependent on microstructure). The morphology and microstructure of particulates from two different engines were studied. The first set of soot samples was collected from a 1.9L Volkswagen Turbo Direct Injection engine with or without a catalytic converter, using two different fuel types (ULSD and B20) and six speed/load combinations. The second set of the samples was taken from a Cummins ISX heavy-duty engine using the Westport pilot-ignited direct injection natural-gas fuelling system for three different speed/load combinations. The soot morphology was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), emphasizing the fractal properties. A Matlab-based image processor was used to extract geometrical properties of soot. Thirty-five aggregates were analyzed for each sample. The fractal dimensions (Di) were computed using the aggregate dimension and pair correlation methods. For the soot collected from VW engine, it was found that fuel type (ULSE) and B20) and the presence of a catalytic converter did not affect the fractal dimensions of soot aggregates, while engine load conditions had slight influence on Df. At constant engine RPM, fractal dimensions started to decline as the engine torque was significantly increased. For the soot produced by the natural gas engine, similar changes in the fractal dimension with respect to the engine load were also observed. Both methods of computing Df produced similar trends. Raman spectroscopy was used to quantify the degree of structural disorder present in soot. The Raman spectral analysis was done using two-band (“G” at ~1578 and “D” ~l340 cm⁻­­­¹ and five-band (U, Dl, D2, D3, D4 at about 1580,1350, 1500, 1620 and 1200 cm⁻­­­¹ respectively) combinations. For the soot sampled from VW engine, the results from both methods showed that B20 soot exhibited much greater structural disorder and the degree of graphitization of the soot increased as the engine load increased. Likewise, the Raman analysis of the soot from the Cummins engine also showed that the increased in engine load condition caused increases in the degree of the structural order of soot.
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Mushipe, Moses Taurayi. "Use of biomaterial particulates in bone repair." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367909.

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Mohd, Din Shamzani Affendy Bin. "Collection and physical characterization of airborne particulates." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56141/.

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Airborne particulates are one of the most complex air pollutants and considerable concern surrounds their environmental impact especially with regards to human health. An investigation of the efficiency of various total inhalable and respirable dust samplers has been conducted to identify the most convenient way of collecting dust particles to examine their physical characteristics. The efficiency of a variety of dust samplers were investigated using limestone dust clouds generated inside an environmental dust chamber. Various sampling periods were employed to establish dust concentrations in the environmental dust chamber. The experimental dust cloud was found to contain on average 55.74 % of respirable dust as defined by different instruments while a consistent dust concentration of approx 200 mg/m3 was repeatedly produced. The methods for collecting and estimating airborne asbestos fibre concentrations were studied and found to be extremely limited. Standard optical techniques grossly underestimated both airborne fibre concentrations and respirable dimensions of fibres. The size and dimensions of respirable asbestos fibres are defined by their ability to gain access to the lungs and there is no instrument or technique available at present, which will allow collection and estimation of respirable fibrous dust clouds. A comparison of coal dust particles with similar particles retained in the lungs has shown a difference from the predicted respirable fractions as proposed by the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) and other conventions. Respirable dust sampling instruments may therefore be under sampling larger particles. The difficulty in estimating the characteristics of airborne particulate material has been demonstrated by illustrating urban particulate collection and analysis. The extremely large differences in terms of physical size, and aerodynamic properties of dust particles formed by different materials have been demonstrated.
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Sherman, Jay Michael. "Inhalation exposure system for diesel exhaust particulates." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2844.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-112).
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Kristovich, Robert Lee. "Chemistry and toxicology of respirable airborne particulates." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1100898370.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 260 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 242-260).
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Nandivada, Rakesh. "Experimental methodology for measurement of diesel exhaust particulates." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5484.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 69 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-64).
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Hanna, Kalim Nabil. "Electrophoretic removal of fine particulates from aquacultural effluent." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1663.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Biological Resources Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Gonzalez, del Campo Maria Teresa. "Integrated assessment of abatement strategies for primary particulates." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412877.

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Hongtu, Feng. "Initiation and kinetics of heterogeneous combustion of particulates." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305702.

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Books on the topic "Particulates"

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1964-, Cheng Ming, and Liu Wen 1966-, eds. Airborne particulates. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Atul Dhar, Nikhil Sharma, and Pravesh Chandra Shukla, eds. Engine Exhaust Particulates. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9.

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SAE International Congress & Exposition (1987 Detroit, Mich.). Diesel particulates: An update. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.

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Bose, Animesh. Hot consolidation of powders & particulates. Princeton, NJ: Metal Powder Industries Federation, 2003.

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Bose, Animesh. Hot consolidation of powders & particulates. Princeton, NJ: Metal Powder Industries Federation, 2003.

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Whisman, Curtis D. Emissivity of rocket plume particulates. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.

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Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Airborne particulate matter in spacecraft: Proceedings of a panel discussion sponsored by NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center and held at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, July 23-24, 1987. Houston, Tex: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1988.

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T, Holgate S., and Great Britain. Advisory Group on the Aspects of Air Pollution Episodes., eds. Sulphur dioxide, acid aerosols and particulates. 2nd ed. London: HMSO, 1992.

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Dutton, R. The mechanical behaviour of packed particulates. Pinawa, Man: Whiteshell Laboratories, 1998.

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Particulates and continuum: Multiphase fluid dynamics. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Particulates"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Particulates." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 519. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8440.

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Yates, W. David. "Particulates and Gases." In Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 193–214. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429293054-4.

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Loft, Steffen, Roel P. F. Schins, and Peter Møller. "Particulates and Oxidative Stress." In Cardiovascular Effects of Inhaled Ultrafine and Nanosized Particles, 249–71. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470910917.ch13.

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Moore, James W. "Toxic Particulates in Air." In The Changing Environment, 112–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4952-8_7.

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D'Mello, J. P. F. "Ambient gases and particulates." In Introduction to environmental toxicology, 30–41. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245189.0030.

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Thomas, Ben, Fatos Derguti, and Martin Jackson. "Continuous Extrusion of Titanium Particulates." In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium, 107–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119296126.ch16.

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Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Atul Dhar, Nikhil Sharma, and Pravesh Chandra Shukla. "Introduction to Engine Exhaust Particulates." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 3–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_1.

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Saraswati. "Characterization of Primary and Secondary Airborne Particulates." In Airborne Particulate Matter, 103–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5387-2_6.

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Cao, Shawn, Linda Narhi, Yijia Jiang, and Rahul S. Rajan. "Analytical Methods to Measure Subvisible Particulates." In Analysis of Aggregates and Particles in Protein Pharmaceuticals, 85–115. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118150573.ch5.

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Cecinato, Angelo, and Catia Balducci. "Psychotropic Substances in Urban Airborne Particulates." In Illicit Drugs in the Environment, 233–49. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118000816.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Particulates"

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Gong, Jian, and Christopher J. Rutland. "Filtration Characteristics of Fuel Neutral Particulates Using a Heterogeneous Multi-Scale Filtration Model." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5590.

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Filtration characteristics of fuel neutral soot particulate were studied using a recently developed heterogeneous multi-scale filtration (HMF) model. In the HMF model, a PDF based pore size distribution and a porosity distribution across the filter wall are introduced to represent the heterogeneous multi-scale porous structure. The HMF model was validated by an exhaust filtration analysis (EFA) system, which was designed for fundamental experimental filtration studies. Various sources of particulates from combustion engines were used in the filtration studies. Some particulates were sampled from a spark ignited direct injection (SIDI) engine fueled with gasoline and ethanol blends. Particulates from a compression ignition engine fueled with diesel for conventional and advanced combustion regimes were investigated as well. The micro-structure of the porous wall was found to be more critical and necessary to simulate filtration of particulates from gasoline and advanced diesel combustion engines than those from conventional diesel combustion engines. The interactions between the porous wall and trapped particulates were investigated. The dynamic filtration characteristics including filtration efficiency, pressure drop and particulate distribution inside the wall are strongly dependent on total particulate volume rather than total particulate number concentration. The change of the filter structure as well as the shape of the particulate size distribution play important roles on particulate penetration.
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Milham, Merrill E. "Lidar remote sensing of ensembles of large size-distributed particulates." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.wg19.

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A theory for identifying the chemical composition of large size-distributed particulates by a tunable CO2 laser lidar is developed. The single-scatter lidar equation is used to model lidar returns from a particulate cloud embedded in an otherwise clear atmosphere. The backscatter and extinction coefficients that appear in the lidar equation are described by asymptotic expressions that are valid for ensembles of particulates that are large with respect to CO2 laser wavelengths. Several distribution functions including the lognormal and modified gamma distributions are used to describe the particle size dispersion of the particulates. The accuracy of the asymptotic backscatter and extinction coefficients relative to an exact Lorenz-Mie calculation is investigated. The asymptotic extinction coefficient is shown to depend only on the size distribution of the particulates and contains no information about the chemical composition of the particulates. The asymptotic backscatter coefficient is expressed in terms of the Fresnel reflectance for normal incidence and thus carries information about the chemical composition of the particulates.
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Aoki, H., K. Sugiyama, G. H. Su, H. Sakashita, and Y. Kojima. "An Experimental Study on Coolability of Particulate Core-Metal Debris Bed With Oxidization." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49557.

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The coolability characteristics of a eutectic metal debris bed, which has a low melting point, have been assessed from the viewpoint of in-vessel retention. Ag-50wt%Zircaloy eutectic alloy, constituents of which are principal metals constituting a reactor core, was chosen as the particulate core-metal debris in the present experimental study. Ag particulates and shortly chopped Zircaloy tubes were melted by induction heating, and then the molten Ag-50wt%Zircaloy was dropped into a water pool with 80cm in depth, resulting in debris particulates. The upper interface temperature of the particulate metal debris, which was electrically heated to simulate decay heat, ranged from 500°C to 900°C, and the temperature of a water layer at the bottom side was kept at 100°C. The heat flux and the temperature at the upper interface were measured for 30 minutes. Under the wet condition where heat conducted from debris particulates to a water layer produces steam, it is confirmed that the particulate eutectic-alloy debris bed is oxidized and the perfectly oxidized parts with thin cross-section are cracked into pieces. The mass median diameter measured after each run clearly decreases compared with that measured before the run. Sieving after each run shows that an amount of small particulates less than 1mm, which is expected to produce a high capillary force, drastically increases due to oxidation. The present experimental results therefore show that the particulate eutectic-alloy debris bed exposed to a vapor atmosphere is oxidized in a short time period and consequently could be cooled because of a capillary force of small particulates produced by oxidization.
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Murugaiah, Anand. "Particulate fiber composites - Effect of particulates on fiber composite strength." In 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-15.

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Knott, R. C., D. L. Sadowski, S. M. Jeter, S. I. Abdel-Khalik, H. A. Al-Ansary, and Abdelrahman El-Leathy. "High Temperature Durability of Solid Particles for Use in Particle Heating Concentrator Solar Power Systems." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6586.

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Using solid particulates as a heat absorption and transfer medium in solar concentrated systems is a solution for collecting and storing thermal energy. Solid particulates, such as sand, are relatively inexpensive and are much less corrosive and expensive to maintain than molten salts. Small particles may be stored easily, and can be used as a heat transfer medium for use with a suitable heat exchanger. Despite their anticipated low cost, excessive degradation of the particulates requiring replenishment or disrupting operation could impair the overall economics. Consequently, the durability of the particulates should be verified. Responding to this need, this study examines the durability of solid particulates as a heat transfer medium in a closed cycle for concentrated solar power central receiver systems. Specifically, this study analyzes the combination of attrition and sintering of sand with varying temperatures. Attrition is the reduction of a particle’s mass and sintering is a process of fusing two or more particles together to form a larger agglomerate. In a closed cycle, particularly for a concentrated solar power tower, a particle will experience typical temperatures from 600°C to 1000°C. The increase in temperature may change the physical characteristics of the particles and along with any impurities may promote lower softening point bonding. Thus, it is important to investigate particle durability at high temperatures. The experimental procedure used in this investigation involves heating and abrading particulates of a known mass and size distribution to temperatures between 600°C and 1000°C, and also at 25°C to observe attrition only. The testing is conducted using a specially designed experimental apparatus described below. The heated particulates are contained in a metal cylinder. Inside the cylinder is another cylinder made of a porous silicon carbide foam. As the temperature is held constant, the particulate sample is rotated 180 degrees around a horizontal axis every 15 seconds from a low position to a higher position so that the particulates fall and abrade against each other. This process is repeated for a known number of cycles (many thousands). Then the resulting particulate size distribution is measured to determine the amount of attrition and sintering occurred during the experiment. The particulates tested are various types of sand with varying mean diameters and composition, along with a ceramic particulate similar to hydraulic fracturing proppants. Sample composition, sample size distribution, and temperature will be used to establish parameters for rates of attrition and sintering. These rates will be used to predict the behavior of particulates in a concentrated solar power tower closed cycle.
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Sheyman, Vladimir, and Mulchand S. Rathod. "Heat Transfer of Solid Particulate and Gaseous Heat Carrier in an Airlift Apparatus." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33955.

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This paper considers the heat transfer process between solid particulates with heat source and gaseous heat transfer carrier in airlift apparatus during the pneumatic transportation. This case has many important practical applications in heat transfer systems where heat is generated within or absorbed by the particulate. Examples of such processes include drying processes, chemically reacting systems, and combustion processes. The two most important parameters in the thermal treatment of solid particulates in this case are the temperatures of solids and the gaseous heat carriers. Traditionally, these temperatures are considered as functions of x-ordinate along the heat transfer duct of the apparatus. Such an approach leads to the subsequent difficulties because it is necessary to solve simultaneously the differential equations of particulates and gaseous heat transfer carrier motion and the equations of heat transfer. This paper considers a deviation from this traditional approach and presents a set of differential equations in which the parameter is a heat transfer surface of the particulates. This approach reduces the number of differential equations describing the process and significantly simplifies the analytical formulation of the problem and hence the solution itself. The provided solutions allow for determining the temperatures of both the solids and the gaseous heat carriers as a function of particulate heat transfer surface. Two specific cases addressed here are heat transfer and heat and mass transfer when heat is generated within or absorbed by the particulates.
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Black, J. Paul. "Airborne particulate scatter measurements at multiple wavelengths: a comparison with Rayleigh theory." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.fgg9.

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Scattering of airborne particulates has been observed at 0.442 μm and 0.633 μm. The observations were compared to Rayleigh scattering theory with excellent agreement. The angular scatter patterns of these particulates were measured with a p-polarized and an s-polarized incident beam. The detector polarization was the same as that of the incident beam as the detector was scanned in angle. The fourth power wavelength scaling law of Rayleigh particles was compared to the measured particulate scatter. The average index of refraction and particle diameters are calculated for these particles. The scatter from these particulates is a noise source that limits the sensitivity of optical scatterometers at specific angles of operation.
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Scheeline, Alexander, and M. A. Lovik. "Light scattering from particulates in high voltage sparks." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.tha9.

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The high-voltage atmospheric-pressure spark is commonly used for elemental analysis of alloys. Emission from atoms vaporized from the cathode is used for determining composition of the cathode. Particulates represent a sink for free atoms which might otherwise be useful for emission or absorption measurements of the cathode’s composition. Condensation kinetics are not well understood, nor are free atom lifetimes known. Mie scattering can be used to monitor particulates in situ, but polarization of incident laser light must be controlled if size information is to be recovered from the scattered light. Although work to date has used a He–Ne laser, work at 416 nm (He–Cd laser) or bluer wavelengths would substantially improve signal-to-noise ratio and would also reduce the minimum detectable particle size. We report appartus for controlling ellipticity and major axis orientation of incident laser light. The approach used does not require ideal wave plates or ideal mirrors to be used. Observations or particulates produced when sparking to aluminum cathodes will also be reported. Particulate size, spatial distribution, and trajectories are discussed.
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Taherian, Shahab, Hamid Rahai, Bernardo Z. Gomez, and Thomas Waddington. "Particulates Depositions in Patient-Specific Simulations of Respiratory System." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36947.

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Ambient particulates depositions have major impacts on respiratory functions. Patient-specific simulations of the respiratory system of a patient were performed to investigate the relationship between the flow characteristics and particulate depositions in the upper respiratory domain. CT scan images were imported to create a 3D model of the bronchial tree and then transferred to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software for simulation. Appropriate boundary conditions were assigned to simulate the sinusoidal behavior of the normal breathing cycle with the corresponding pressures at the outlets. Lagrangian phase model was used to simulate the micron solid round particulates transport and depositions. The simulations were performed for 2.5 micron and 10 micron particles. The implicit-unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with K-ω turbulence model were used for these simulations. Results indicate high correlation between regions of high vortices, secondary flow and high wall shear stress and particulate depositions. The total deposition number for 10-micron particles was higher than that for the 2.5-micron particles. The differences in the locations of depositions at various generations of the lung illustrate the importance of the patient-specific simulations.
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Sappok, Alexander G., and Victor W. Wong. "Comparative Particulate Trap Performance Using Fischer-Tropsch and Conventional Diesel Fuels in a Modern CI Engine." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1345.

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Increasingly stringent emissions regulations aimed at drastically reducing particulate emissions from diesel engines pose one of the greatest challenges to diesel engine development today. Furthermore, engine manufacturers are finding it more and more difficult to comply with these new regulations through in-cylinder optimization alone. As a result, exhaust after-treatment systems, namely diesel particulate traps, present additional means for meeting these strict requirements. A previous study demonstrated the potential for diesel particulate emissions reduction using neat Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) fuel and blends. The absence of sulfur in F-T fuels permits the use of more aggressively catalyzed traps, as sulfur poisoning is not an issue. Furthermore, the reduced particulate emissions of F-T fuels leads to increased time between trap regenerations, which in conjunction with advanced catalyst formulations reducing the temperatures required to initiate regeneration, may provide substantial improvements in trap durability and performance. However, the deposition of particulates from F-T fuels on the trap substrates and loading and regeneration of the trap with F-T particulates and F-T fuel have not been adequately addressed. In this study a 2002, six-cylinder, 5.9 liter, Cummins ISB 300 diesel engine, outfitted with a fully instrumented particulate trap, was subjected to a subset of the Euro III 13-mode test cycle under steady-state operating conditions. In order to investigate the fundamental fuel effects on particulate trap loading characteristics, un-catalyzed Cordierite substrates were loaded with particulates generated from neat F-T diesel and a low sulfur diesel (LSD). Trap temperature, pressure drop, particulate emissions, and gaseous exhaust composition were monitored before and after the trap. The use of F-T fuel significantly extended the trapping period and reduced the regeneration frequency as compared to the LSD. Based on the differences in emissions and fuel composition, explanations for the observed differences in the trap performance were developed.
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Reports on the topic "Particulates"

1

Bleier, A. (Deposition and interactions of particulates on substrates). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5525416.

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Chang, Chong H. Interface area transport of monodispersed spherical particulates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1296695.

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Soliman, Ahmed, Robert Jacko, and Barry Partridge. ITS Strategies for Minimization of Fine Particulates. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313407.

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Malghan, Subhas G., and Subhas G. Malghan. Electroacoustics for characterization of particulates and suspensions. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.856.

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Joseph J. McCarthy, Kunal Jain, Hongming Li, and Deliang Shi. ENGINEERED PARTICULATES FOR CO-FIRING OF DIVERSE FEEDSTOCKS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826208.

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Melloch, Michael R. Photo-Hall Characterization of Semiconductor Matrices with Disordered Particulates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399092.

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Donald P. McCollor and Kurt E. Eyland. Task 2.10 - Advanced Sampling and Analysis of Fine Particulates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1689.

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Spanjers, Gregory G., Jason S. Lotspeich, Keith A. McFall, and Ronald A. Spores. Propellant Inefficiency Due to Particulates in a Pulsed Plasma Thruster. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada437494.

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Goldsmith, R. L. Ceramic filters for removal of particulates from hot gas streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10106511.

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Milazzo, Michael Damien. Gamma Radiation Emissions Due To Volcano Particulates During Kilauea Eruption. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467249.

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