Academic literature on the topic 'Particulate pollutants dynamics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Particulate pollutants dynamics":
1
Naresh, R., and S. Sundar. "A Nonlinear Dynamical Model to Study the Removal of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants in a Rain System." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 12, no. 2 (April 25, 2007): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2007.12.2.14713.
Abstract:
An ecological type nonlinear mathematical model is proposed to study the removal of gaseous pollutants and two distinct particulate matters by precipitation scavenging in the atmosphere. The atmosphere during precipitation consists of five interacting phases namely the raindrops phase, the gaseous pollutants phase, the smaller particulate matters phase, the larger particulate matters phase and the absorbed phase of gaseous pollutants. We assume that gaseous pollutants are removed from the atmosphere by the processes of impaction as well as by absorption while particulate matters are assumed to be removed by impaction process. The model is analyzed using stability theory of nonlinear differential equations. It is shown that, under appropriate conditions, the pollutants can be removed from the atmosphere and their removal rates would depend mainly upon the rates of emission of pollutants, rate of rain drops formation and the rate of raindrops falling on the ground. If the rate of precipitation is very high, all the pollutants (gaseous as well as particulate matters) would be removed completely from the atmosphere. A numerical study is also performed to study the dynamics of the model system. The results are found to be in line with the experimental observations published in the literature.
2
Boussouara, Karima, and Mahfoud Kadja. "Empirical soot formation and oxidation model." Thermal Science 13, no. 3 (2009): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903035b.
Abstract:
Modelling internal combustion engines can be made following different approaches, depending on the type of problem to be simulated. A diesel combustion model has been developed and implemented in a full cycle simulation of a combustion, model accounts for transient fuel spray evolution, fuel-air mixing, ignition, combustion, and soot pollutant formation. The models of turbulent combustion of diffusion flame, apply to diffusion flames, which one meets in industry, typically in the diesel engines particulate emission represents one of the most deleterious pollutants generated during diesel combustion. Stringent standards on particulate emission along with specific emphasis on size of emitted particulates have resulted in increased interest in fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of soot particulate formation and oxidation in internal combustion engines. A phenomenological numerical model which can predict the particle size distribution of the soot emitted will be very useful in explaining the above observed results and will also be of use to develop better particulate control techniques. A diesel engine chosen for simulation is a version of the Caterpillar 3406. We are interested in employing a standard finite-volume computational fluid dynamics code, KIVA3V-RELEASE2.
3
Xue, Wei, Qingming Zhan, Qi Zhang, and Zhonghua Wu. "Spatiotemporal Variations of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants and Their Relations to Meteorological Parameters: The Case of Xiangyang, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010136.
Abstract:
High air pollution levels have become a nationwide problem in China, but limited attention has been paid to prefecture-level cities. Furthermore, different time resolutions between air pollutant level data and meteorological parameters used in many previous studies can lead to biased results. Supported by synchronous measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, including PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particles (TSP), CO, NO2, O3, SO2, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, at 16 urban sites in Xiangyang, China, from 1 March 2018 to 28 February 2019, this paper: (1) analyzes the overall air quality using an air quality index (AQI); (2) captures spatial dynamics of air pollutants with pollution point source data; (3) characterizes pollution variations at seasonal, day-of-week and diurnal timescales; (4) detects weekend effects and holiday (Chinese New Year and National Day holidays) effects from a statistical point of view; (5) establishes relationships between air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The principal results are as follows: (1) PM2.5 and PM10 act as primary pollutants all year round and O3 loses its primary pollutant position after November; (2) automobile manufacture contributes to more particulate pollutants while chemical plants produce more gaseous pollutants. TSP concentration is related to on-going construction and road sprinkler operations help alleviate it; (3) an unclear weekend effect for all air pollutants is confirmed; (4) celebration activities for the Chinese New Year bring distinctly increased concentrations of SO2 and thereby enhance secondary particulate pollutants; (5) relative humidity and wind speed, respectively, have strong negative correlations with coarse particles and fine particles. Temperature positively correlates with O3.
4
Campanale, Claudia, Daniela Losacco, Mariangela Triozzi, Carmine Massarelli, and Vito Felice Uricchio. "An Overall Perspective for the Study of Emerging Contaminants in Karst Aquifers." Resources 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11110105.
Abstract:
Karst aquifers are essential drinking water sources, representing about 25% of the total available sources globally. Groundwater ecosystems consist of fissured carbonate rocks commonly covered with canopy collapse sinkholes. The open nature of karst aquifers makes them susceptible to rapidly transporting contaminants from the surface in dissolved and particulate forms. The principal aim of this review is to contribute to filling the gap in knowledge regarding major concerns affecting karst aquifers and understanding their vulnerabilities and dynamics. The principal groundwater pollutants of relevance are detailed in the present work, including well-known issues, such as the input of agriculture and its role in water quality. Emerging pollutants such as microplastics, still poorly studied in the groundwater systems, were also considered. Case studies for each typology of pollutant were highlighted, as their relative concerns for karst environments. Final considerations underlined an approach for studying karst environments more focused on understanding dynamics and links among different pollutants inputs and their drivers than on individual sources and impacts.
5
Liu, Liyang, Hui Liu, and Yiming Ma. "Surrogate-Assisted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment in an Underground Subway Station." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042295.
Abstract:
With the increase in subway travelers, the air quality of underground enclosed spaces at subway stations has attracted much more attention. The study of pollutants exposure assessment, especially fine particulate matter, is important in both pollutant control and metro station design. In this paper, combining pedestrian flow analysis (PFA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, a novel surrogate-assisted particulate matter exposure assessment method is proposed, in which PFA is used to analyze the spatial-temporal movement characteristics of pedestrians to simultaneously consider the location and value of the pedestrian particulate generation source and their exposure streamline to particulate matter; the CFD model is used to analyze the airflow field and particulate matter concentration field in detail. To comprehensively consider the differences in the spatial concentration distribution of particulate matter caused by the time-varying characteristics of the airflow organization state in subway stations, surrogate models reflecting the nonlinear relationship between simulated and measured data are trained to perform accurate pedestrian exposure calculations. The actual measurement data proves the validity of the simulation and calculation methods, and the difference between the calculated and experimental values of the exposure is only about 5%.
6
Gianquintieri, Lorenzo, Daniele Oxoli, Enrico Gianluca Caiani, and Maria Antonia Brovelli. "Land use influence on ambient PM2.5 and ammonia concentrations: Correlation analyses in the Lombardy region, Italy." AGILE: GIScience Series 4 (June 6, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-26-2023.
Abstract:
Abstract. Air pollution is identified as the primary environmental risk to health worldwide. Although most of the anthropic emissions are due to combustion processes, intensive farming activities may also contribute significantly, especially as a source of particulate matter 2.5 and ammonia. Investigations on particulate matter and precursors dynamics, identifying the most relevant environmental factors influencing their emissions, are critical to improving local and regional air quality policies. This work presents an analysis of the correlation between particulate matter 2.5 and ammonia concentrations, obtained from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, and local land use characteristics, to investigate the influence of agricultural activities on the space-time pollutant concentration patterns. The selected study area is the Lombardy region, northern Italy. Correlation is evaluated through Spearman’s coefficient. Agricultural areas resulted in a significant factor for high ammonia concentrations, while particulate matter 2.5 was strongly correlated with built-up areas. Natural areas resulted instead a protective factor for both pollutants. Results provide data-driven evidence of the land use effect on air quality, also quantifying such effects in terms of correlation coefficients magnitude.
7
Qi, Wang, Yoo Sung-Jun, Wang Xin, and Ito Kazuhide. "Exploratory computational fluid and particle dynamics analyses in multi-layered vertical duct-type ventilation system for heat exchange and air purification." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339603006.
Abstract:
This study aims to develop a vertical air duct which is embedded inside the building envelop. It is also designed as a counter-flow heat recovery ventilator (HRV). The vertical air duct model in this study adopted baffle structure considering two methods to suppress the inflow of the particulate matters from outdoor: 1) trapping by wall surface and airflow structure and 2) gravitational sedimentation in the air duct. Design parametric analyses are conducted using computational fluid dynamics to determine optimal design of vertical air duct. Three types of analytical case with various set-up of baffles inside air passages are prepared, and heat exchange efficiency is estimated by heat transfer analysis inside ventilator. In addition, particulate pollutants’ behaviour inside air passages is predicted based on Euler-Lagrange particle transport analysis. Through the series of numerical analysis, differences in heat exchange efficiency and effectiveness of particulate pollutant removal corresponding to different baffle design are quantitatively discussed, and finally optimal design for air passages in HRV is determined. The building-integrated HRV introduced in this study could contribute to sustainable design of building environment.
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Samaké, Abdoulaye, Amadou Mahamane, Mahamadou Alassane, and Ouaténi Diallo. "A Mathematical and Numerical Framework for Traffic-Induced Air Pollution Simulation in Bamako." Computation 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation10050076.
Abstract:
We present a mathematical and numerical framework for the simulation of traffic-induced air pollution in Bamako. We consider a deterministic modeling approach where the spatio-temporal dynamics of the concentrations of air pollutants are governed by a so-called chemical transport model. The time integration and spatial discretization of the model are achieved using the forward Euler algorithm and the finite-element method, respectively. The traffic emissions are estimated using a road traffic simulation package called SUMO. The numerical results for two road traffic-induced air pollutants, namely the carbon monoxide (CO) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), support that the proposed framework is suited for reproducing the dynamics of the pollutants specified.
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Lapere, Rémy, Laurent Menut, Sylvain Mailler, and Nicolás Huneeus. "Seasonal variation in atmospheric pollutants transport in central Chile: dynamics and consequences." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 8 (April 28, 2021): 6431–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6431-2021.
Abstract:
Abstract. Central Chile faces atmospheric pollution issues all year long as a result of elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter during the cold months and tropospheric ozone during the warm season. In addition to public health issues, environmental problems regarding vegetation growth and water supply, as well as meteorological feedback, are at stake. Sharp spatial gradients in regional emissions, along with a complex geographical situation, make for variable and heterogeneous dynamics in the localization and long-range transport of pollutants, with seasonal differences. Based on chemistry–transport modeling with Weather Research Forecasting (WRF)–CHIMERE, this work studies the following for one winter period and one summer period: (i) the contribution of emissions from the city of Santiago to air pollution in central Chile, and (ii) the reciprocal contribution of regional pollutants transported into the Santiago basin. The underlying 3-dimensional advection patterns are investigated. We find that, on average for the winter period, 5 to 10 µg m−3 of fine particulate matter in Santiago come from regional transport, corresponding to between 13 % and 15 % of average concentrations. In turn, emissions from Santiago contribute between 5 % and 10 % of fine particulate matter pollution as far as 500 km to the north and 500 km to the south. Wintertime transport occurs mostly close to the surface. In summertime, exported precursors from Santiago, in combination with mountain–valley circulation dynamics, are found to account for most of the ozone formation in the adjacent Andes cordillera and to create a persistent plume of ozone of more than 50 ppb (parts per billion), extending along 80 km horizontally and 1.5 km vertically, and located slightly north of Santiago, several hundred meters above the ground. This work constitutes the first description of the mechanism underlying the latter phenomenon. Emissions of precursors from the capital city also affect daily maxima of surface ozone hundreds of kilometers away. In parallel, cutting emissions of precursors in the Santiago basin results in an increase in surface ozone mixing ratios in its western area.
10
Aiswarya, R., A. R. Resmi, C. T. Rahsha, Sona Dharman, S. Adarsh, and M. Mamatha. "Analyzing the Effect of Air Pollutants on Particulate Matter Concentrations of the Tropical coastal city of Thiruvananthapuram, India by Wavelet Coherence." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1237, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1237/1/012017.
Abstract:
Abstract The main environmental risk factor that need regular monitoring and analysis for efficient air quality management is particulate matter (PM). This paper analyzes the effect of gaseous air pollutants (SO2, CO, Ozone, NOx) on PM concentration in the coastal city of Thiruvananthapuram, India using Wavelet coherence (WTC). The study was conducted using the data from Plammoodu station of the city for the period of 2018 to 2021. The teleconnections of air pollutants with PMs are analysed using WTC for the data of different time spells of 2018-2021, 2018 and 2020. Results showed that among the air pollutants, Ozone (AWC of 0.4713 & PoSC of 23.0234 for PM10, AWC of 0.4814 & PoSC of 26.2261 for PM2.5) have most dominant influence on irrespective of the particulate matter type and time spells. The secondary influencing factors were found to be different with respect to the time spells chosen, indicating the dynamics of local variables on PM concentrations of the city.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particulate pollutants dynamics":
1
Zhu, Xiaoxiao. "Influence of hydrodynamics and correlation of metal contents with settling velocities on contamination distribution in a stormwater detention basin." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI035.
Abstract:
Les bassins de retenue-décantation ont trois fonctions principales : stocker les eaux pluviales pour éviter les inondations, favoriser la décantation des polluants particulaires, éviter la remise en suspension et la remobilisation des polluants décantés vers l’aval. La conception et la gestion de telles installations nécessitent de connaître les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques, celles des sédiments et de pouvoir prédire les zones où les dépôts sont fortement contaminés. L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’identifier les zones où les teneurs en polluants sont élevées au niveau des sédiments des bassins de retenue-décantation. Le site d’étude est le bassin de rétention des eaux pluviales de Django Reinhardt (BDR), qui est un bassin sec à l’exutoire d’un bassin versant industriel. Ce bassin a fait l’objet de plusieurs études dans le cadre de de l'Observatoire de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine (OTHU).Dans un premier temps, les mesures de vitesses de surface par LSPIV (Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry) ont permis de mieux comprendre l’hydrodynamique au sein de l’ouvrage. Ces mesures ont été exploitées pour évaluer les modèles CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). C’est la première fois que cette technique de mesure est appliquée au cas des ouvrages de gestion des eaux pluviales. Les résultats montrent que les modèles CFD identifient la principale zone de recirculation qui favorise la décantation. Ces modèles évalués ont ensuite été employés pour simuler le transport de polluants particulaires, leur sédimentation et leur remise en suspension. L’exploitation des résultats de ces simulations a permis d’indiquer les points où les sédiments sont remis en suspension et transférés vers le bassin d’infiltration à l’aval et de prédire les zones d’accumulation en métaux. Les résultats obtenus montrent également que les teneurs en fer dans les sédiments sont fortement corrélées aux vitesses de chute. Le fer pourrait être un bon indicateur du niveau de contamination des sédiments en certains métaux lourds. Les résultats de cette thèse contribuent à améliorer les règles de conception des bassins de retenue-décantation des eaux pluviales et les stratégies de gestion des sédiments associésStormwater detention basins have three main functions: storing rainwater to prevent flooding, promoting settling of particulate pollutants, avoiding resuspension and remobilization of settled pollutants to the downstream. The design and the management of such facilities requires the knowledge of hydrodynamic and sediment characteristics, as well as the ability to predict areas where deposits are highly contaminated.The main objective of this PhD work is to identify the areas where pollutant levels in sediments are high in detention and settling basin. The studied site is the stormwater detention basin (Django Reinhardt basin or DRB), which is an extended and dry basin at the outlet of an industrial watershed. This basin has been the subject of numerous investigations within the framework of the Field Observatory for Urban Water Management (or observatoire de terrain en hydrologie urbaine - OTHU in French).First of all, the measurements of surface velocities by Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) permits to better understand the hydrodynamic behaviour in the basin. These measurements were used to evaluate CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models. This is the first time this measurement technique has been applied in the case of stormwater management facilities. The results show that CFD models identify the main recirculation zone that promotes settling. These evaluated models were then used to simulate the transport of particulate pollutants, including sedimentation and resuspension. The exploitation of these simulations results enables to (i) identify the preferential areas where resuspended contaminated sediments may be conveyed to the downstream infiltration basin and (ii) predict the accumulation zones of some metals. Results also demonstrate that iron contents in sediments are strongly correlated to settling velocities and can be considered as a good indicator of the level of heavy metals contamination of sediments. The results obtained in this thesis contribute to improve the design of stormwater detention and settling basins and the management of contaminated sediments
2
Pérard-Lecomte, Aude. "Caractérisation de la dispersion des polluants particulaires dans le sillage des poids lourds en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0207.
Abstract:
Le transport routier est un contributeur majeur à la dégradation de la qualité de l'air en zone urbaine, et notamment en particules fines et ultrafines. Ces dernières sont néfastes pour la santé des citadins, pouvant aggraver voire causer des pathologies pulmonaires et cardio-vasculaires. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on s'intéresse alors à l'évolution des particules issues des échappements des poids lourds, à partir de leur émission. L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à mettre en lumière l'étendue de la dispersion des particules émises autour et dans le sillage d'un poids lourd. Des méthodes numériques basées sur une approche Euler-Lagrange ont alors été utilisées afin de simuler et de caractériser la topologie de l'écoulement d'air autour du camion, par l'approche RANS (Reynold-Averaged Navier-Stokes), puis la phase dispersée, par une approche lagrangienne. Ces simulations ont été supportées par des mesures en soufflerie, dans le sillage d'un modèle de poids lourd à échelle réduite. La PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) a été utilisée pour l'analyse des champs de vitesse de l'air, tandis que la dispersion de particules solides ultrafines a été caractérisée au travers de la mesure des champs de concentrations par granulomètre. L'écoulement de sillage du poids lourd est totalement détaché au niveau de la paroi arrière de celui-ci, faisant apparaître une zone de recirculation principalement composée d'un large tourbillon qui se forme à partir de l'écoulement provenant du dessous de la remorque. La dynamique des particules émises par les échappements des poids lourds apparaît comme étant fortement corrélée aux structures tourbillonnaires présentes notamment dans son sillage. En effet, les particules tendent à se concentrer préférentiellement sur la périphérie du tourbillon principal, ainsi que dans les zones de faible intensité turbulente. Le mouvement des particules les plus inertielles (diamètre > 2,5~mu m) est dominé par la gravité, tandis que c'est la turbulence qui est principalement responsable du mouvement et du dépôt des particules les plus fines (diamètre < 2,5~mu m). La position et l'orientation du pot d'échappement ont également une influence considérable sur l'étendue de la dispersion et la répartition des particules dans le sous-bassement et le sillage du poids lourd. En effet, lorsque les particules sont émises par le dessous du poids lourd, elles se concentrent en majorité dans la zone de recirculation, à moins de 1,85H (H étant la hauteur de la remorque), et à hauteur humaine. A l'inverse, les particules émises par le dessus du poids lourd ne sont qu'en très faible part ré-entraînées dans la zone de recirculation et se concentrent au dessus de celle-ci, soit à l'équivalent de 2,6~m (0,9H) du sol. L'exposition des différentes populations aux particules émises par les poids lourds pourrait alors être fortement limitée quand les échappements sont libérés sur le dessus du poids lourd, dans des conditions similaires de roulageRoad transportation is a major contributor to air quality pollution in urban areas, particularly in fine and ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to human health, as they can worsen or cause lung and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, we are interested in the evolution of particles emitted from heavy truck exhausts, starting from their emission. The main objective of this thesis is to study the extent of particle dispersion emitted by heavy truck's exhausts, around and in the wake of heavy trucks. Numerical methods based on an Euler-Lagrange approach were used to simulate and characterize the airflow topology around the truck, using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method for the fluid phase and a Lagrangian approach for the dispersed phase. These simulations were supported by wind tunnel measurements in the wake of a reduced-scale model of a heavy truck. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used for analyzing the air velocity fields, while the dispersion of ultrafine solid particles was characterized by measuring concentration fields using a granulometer. The truck's wake flow is completely detached at the rear of the trailer, revealing a recirculation zone mainly composed of a large vortex, coming from the under-trailer. Particles' dynamics appears to be dominated by turbulence and strongly correlated with vortical structures, especially in the wake of the truck. Indeed, particles tend to concentrate preferentially on the periphery of the main vortex formed behind the truck, as well as in areas of low turbulent intensity. The movement of most inertial particles (diameter > 2.5~mu m) is dominated by gravity, while turbulence is mainly responsible for the movement and deposition of the finest particles (diameter < 2.5~mu m). The position and orientation of the exhaust pipe also have a significant influence on the extent of dispersion and the distribution of particles in the underbody and in the wake of the heavy truck. Indeed, when particles are emitted from the under-trailer, most of them are concentrated in the recirculation zone, less than 1.85H away from the trailer (H being the height of the trailer), and at human height. On the other hand, the particles emitted on the top of the truck are very rarely re-entrained in the recirculation zone, and are mostly concentrated above it, at a height equivalent to 2.6~m (0,9H) above ground level. The exposure of populations to the particles emitted by heavy goods vehicles could therefore be sharply limited when the exhausts are released from top of the truck
3
Rim, Donghyun. "Evaluation of human exposure to indoor airborne pollutants : transport and fate of particulate and gaseous pollutants." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18395.
Abstract:
Building environmental conditions such as ventilation and contaminant concentrations are important factors that influence occupant health and comfort. The objective of the present work is to investigate how personal exposure to gaseous and particulate pollutants depends on indoor airflow, source characteristics, and occupant activity in commercial and residential environments. The study examines airflow and pollutant transport using experimental measurements in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results demonstrate that breathing has a measurable influence on the airflow in an occupant breathing zone, but it has very small impacts on the occupant thermal plume. The results also show that breathing can significantly affect inhaled particle concentrations, even though the influence varies with source position and particle size. Also, localized hand motions of a sitting manikin do not significantly disrupt the upward thermal plume. In typical US residences, forced convection driven mixing airflow or buoyancy driven stratified airflow occurs depending on the HVAC fan operation (fan on or fan off, respectively). The measured transition period between mixing flow (fan on) and stratified flow (fan off) is approximately one minute, implying that most airflow in the residence is either dominated by mixing or stratification. A high level of exposure to short-term pollutant sources, such as resuspension of particles from floor surfaces due to human activity, more likely occurs with stratified flow than with highly mixed airflow. This is due to the strong influence of the occupant thermal plume that transports the pollutants into the breathing zone. Furthermore, by transporting air containing ozone across the reactive occupant surface, the occupant thermal plume has a large effect on exposure to ozone reaction products. Due to the reaction of ozone with the skin oils and clothing surfaces, the occupant surface boundary layer becomes depleted of ozone and conversely enriched with ozone reaction products. The parameter ventilation effectiveness quantifies the effectiveness of airflow distribution and can be used for assessment of exposure to gaseous pollutants. Based on the study results, the usefulness of ventilation effectiveness as an indicator of exposure to particulate pollutants depends on the particle size. For small particles (~1 [mu]m), an increase of ventilation effectives caused a decrease in occupant exposure, while for large particles (~7 [mu]m), source location and airflow around the pollutant source are significant factors for the exposure, and the ventilation effectiveness has very little to no effect.text
4
Lin, Yen-Cheng, and 林彥程. "Dynamic Searching Approach for the Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Pollutant Source using Drone." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98nz8n.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
資訊工程學系
107
Living in an environment filled with air pollution will affect our body health, cause chronic illness, and increase the fatality rate. However, it is difficult to regulated air pollution effectively, due to the need to accurately gathering evidence to prove any illegal emission. In this research, we propose a method to exploit the ability of a drone to locate air pollution (i.e., particulate matter) emission source quickly. Utilizing the information provided by an existing sensor network, the drone is able to make correct decisions when searching for pollution sources. In the proposed system, Location Aware Sensing System (LASS) provides the continuous monitoring information of PM 2.5 (Particulate Metter 2.5) to initialization searching plan by limiting a searching area. In the beginning, our drone utilizes the PM2.5 concentration information provided by LASS to adjust its searching direction and distance to an intermediate point. After an intermediate location point is reached, our drone will stop and sense the current PM2.5 concentration. Next, the drone continues to adjust the searching path with its searching direction and distance when the concentration level increased, respectively. The three searching path strategies are proposed - Greedy, Dynamic, and Hybrid Approach. The searching process repeats itself until ten of the continuous sensed PM2.5 concentration levels dropped below a threshold or the power of drone fell lower than the maximum flight time (with the reserved power for the return home distance). Once the searching process is finished, the location of the air pollution emission source is estimated by the highest contraction level measured by drone. The three of proposed strategies are compared with Random Way-Point and Space-Filling Curve. Experiment results show our proposed techniques are able to achieve estimation error below 2 meters within 20 minutes.
Books on the topic "Particulate pollutants dynamics":
1
Vlasov, Sergey, Olga Konovalova, Irina Chudovskaya, Inna Vlasova, Natalia Kolotilova, and Valery Snakin. Methane in the atmosphere, methanotrophs and development of oil and gas industry. LLC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1986.978-5-317-06580-5.
Abstract:
Dynamics of methane content alterations in the Earth's atmosphere in the conditions of globalization is analyzed and methane emission sources are estimated. Oil and gas industry is proved to be the most important anthropogenic source of atmospheric methane growth. Natural mechanisms of methane concentration regulation in the biosphere are considered. Particular attention is paid to the process of methane absorption by methanotrophic microorganisms and peculiarities of their functioning in extreme conditions. Methodology for reducing methane technogenic inflow into the atmosphere using methanotrophs is proposed. The book is addressed to oil and gas industry employees and everyone interested in the behavior of methane in the atmosphere, especially in connection with the atmospheric pollution and natural degradation of pollutants.
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Tibaldi, Stefano, and Franco Molteni. Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.611.
Abstract:
The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this “usual” behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which “blocks” the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
Book chapters on the topic "Particulate pollutants dynamics":
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Alvarado, Matthew J., Kelley C. Barsanti, Serena H. Chung, Daniel A. Jaffe, and Charles T. Moore. "Smoke Chemistry." In Wildland Fire Smoke in the United States, 167–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87045-4_6.
Abstract:
AbstractSmoke chemistry (i.e., chemical transformations taking place within smoke plumes) can alter the composition and toxicity of smoke on time scales from minutes to days. Air quality agencies need better information on and better models of smoke chemistry to more accurately characterize the contributions of smoke to ambient ozone and particulate matter, and to better predict good windows for prescribed burning. The ability of these agencies to quantify the contributions of wildland fires to air pollutants and the ability of forest and burn managers to both predict and mitigate these impacts are limited by how current models represent smoke chemistry. This limitation is interconnected with uncertainties in smoke emissions, plume dynamics, and long-range transport. Improving predictive models will require a combination of laboratory, field, and modeling studies focused on enhancing our knowledge of smoke chemistry, including when smoke interacts with anthropogenic emissions and enters indoors.
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Dajuma, Alima, Siélé Silué, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Heike Vogel, Evelyne Touré N’Datchoh, Véronique Yoboué, Arona Diedhiou, and Bernhard Vogel. "Biomass Burning Effects on the Climate over Southern West Africa During the Summer Monsoon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1515–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_86.
Abstract:
AbstractBiomass Burning (BB) aerosol has attracted considerable attention due to its detrimental effects on climate through its radiative properties. In Africa, fire patterns are anticorrelated with the southward-northward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Each year between June and September, BB occurs in the southern hemisphere of Africa, and aerosols are carried westward by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and advected at an altitude of between 2 and 4 km. Observations made during a field campaign of Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) (Knippertz et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1451–1460, 2015) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) of June–July 2016 have revealed large quantities of BB aerosols in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) over southern West Africa (SWA).This chapter examines the effects of the long-range transport of BB aerosols on the climate over SWA by means of a modeling study, and proposes several adaptation and mitigation strategies for policy makers regarding this phenomenon. A high-resolution regional climate model, known as the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling – Aerosols and Reactive Traces (COSMO-ART) gases, was used to conduct two set of experiments, with and without BB emissions, to quantify their impacts on the SWA atmosphere. Results revealed a reduction in surface shortwave (SW) radiation of up to about 6.5 W m−2 and an 11% increase of Cloud Droplets Number Concentration (CDNC) over the SWA domain. Also, an increase of 12.45% in Particulate Matter (PM25) surface concentration was observed in Abidjan (9.75 μg m−3), Accra (10.7 μg m−3), Cotonou (10.7 μg m−3), and Lagos (8 μg m−3), while the carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio increased by 90 ppb in Abidjan and Accra due to BB. Moreover, BB aerosols were found to contribute to a 70% increase of organic carbon (OC) below 1 km in the PBL, followed by black carbon (BC) with 24.5%. This work highlights the contribution of the long-range transport of BB pollutants to pollution levels in SWA and their effects on the climate. It focuses on a case study of 3 days (5–7 July 2016). However, more research on a longer time period is necessary to inform decision making properly.This study emphasizes the need to implement a long-term air quality monitoring system in SWA as a method of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Prakash, Dev. "QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS ON URBAN AIR QUALITY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY." In Advances in Chemical Science: Exploring New Frontiers, 94–106. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/nbennurch150.
Abstract:
This research investigates airborne pollutant dynamics in NOIDA, a burgeoning urban center in India. Utilizing advanced analytical methods, we monitored particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) across diverse sectors. Pollution hotspots, notably in industrial and residential areas, were identified. Rush-hour peaks in residential PM levels highlighted vehicular contributions, while industrial zones exhibited heightened NOx and VOC concentrations. Correlations with meteorological factors underscored the influence of temperature, wind speed, and humidity on pollutant levels. Comparing findings with existing literature and environmental standards revealed compliance with average norms but emphasized localized variations. Implications for public health include potential respiratory risks, while environmental consequences encompass ecosystem impacts and challenges for sustainable urban planning. Targeted interventions, including emission controls and community engagement, are proposed. This research advocates for an interdisciplinary approach to inform holistic air quality management in rapidly urbanizing regions, offering insights applicable to global urban development challenges
Conference papers on the topic "Particulate pollutants dynamics":
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Zhuang, Xinwei, and Xiuling Wang. "Environment Analysis Near a Highway Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38717.
Abstract:
Air pollution has been proven as a significant risk factor for multiple health conditions. A major portion of urban air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions. In this study, a high school which is close to an interstate highway is numerical simulated to estimate the impact of traffic emissions on air quality. Two probability density functions, Weibull distribution and Rayleigh distribution, were used in wind data statistical analysis. A numerical method was used to estimate the wind speed at study site based on the wind data in meteorology stations. Both indoor and outdoor environment were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The airflow and the dispersion of particulate air pollutants emitted from the highways surrounding the high school building were analyzed. The wind flow was simulated using Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model. The particulate matters are tracked using Lagrangian model. For the indoor simulation, the standard k-ε model is employed to model the air-phase turbulence. Discrete phase model (DPM) and Eulerian multiphase model were utilized for the particle phase, respectively. The comparison shows that the Lagrangian approach has better agreement since the dispersed-phase volume fractions are less than 10%.
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Abdo, Peter, B. P. Huynh, and Vahik Avakian. "Distribution of Air Flow Through a Green Wall Module." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69134.
Abstract:
Green or living walls are active bio-filters developed to enhance air quality. Often, these walls form the base from which plants are grown; and the plant-wall system helps to remove both gaseous and particulate air pollutants. A green wall can be found indoors as well as outdoors, and could be assembled from modules in an arrangement similar to tiling. The module is a rectangular plastic box (dimensions about 500 mm × 500 mm × 130 mm) that holds a permeable bag containing a plant-growing medium (replacement for soil). The front face of the module has multiple openings for plants to protrude out from the bag inside. Plant roots are imbedded in the medium. A fan positioned at a central opening on the module’s back face drives air through the medium-plant-roots mix and then onward through the plants′ canopy; and these would help remove both gaseous and particulate pollutants from the air. Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matters PMs are both reduced by passing through the plant-growing medium, thus reducing the percentage of air flow that passes through the open top face of the module is essential to maximize the capacity of bio-filtration. Drip-irrigation water is dispensed from a tube running along the open top-face of the module. The module has also a small drainage hole on its bottom face. Pressure drop across the module as well as air-flow rate through it have been obtained in a previous work [1], air-flow distribution through the module and the effect of introducing a cover to the module’s open top face are investigated in this work to improve the design of the module and achieve more appropriate flow rate and flow distribution. The top cover essentially includes small holes of 10 mm diameter to allow the necessary irrigation. The measurements help to determine the pattern of flow resistances which in turn will be used in a future CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis.
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Fatkhutdinova, L. M., G. A. Timerbulatova, and G. F. Gabidinova. "PM 10 AND PM 2.5 IN THE AMBIENT AIR OF A LARGE INDUSTRIAL CITY." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-523-527.
Abstract:
Abstract: Introduction. Air pollution with particulate matter (PM) is a serious global problem. In the Russian Federation, regular field measurements of PMs in the ambient air are carried out only in a number of cities, and the data, as a rule, are not systematized. Aim of the study: retrospective analysis of the data set on concentrations of fine particles in the ambient air of the city of Kazan. Methods. Retrospective analysis of pollution by fine fractions of suspended solids in the ambient air of Kazan in the period from 2016 to 2020 has been carried out. To study the effect of individual factors (time period (year), measurement time during the day, climatic conditions, the presence of other pollutants) on the pollution levels PM 10 and PM 2.5, regression analysis was applied based on the method of mixed models. Results. The PM 10 concentrations remained stable over a 5-year period, while the PM 2.5 concentrations decreased. At the same time, an increase in the maximum annual concentrations of both fractions was observed. The concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 significantly depended on weather factors. The presence of nitrogen oxides and organic carbon in the ambient air was associated with significantly higher concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5. Conclusion. A statistically significant upward trend in the dynamics of the years of the maximum annual values for both fractions of suspended particles can increase health risks. Secondary pollutants (nitrogen oxides, organic carbon) is an important factor for the formation of secondary particles in the ambient air. Implementation of preventive measures in relation to industrial emissions, regional urban planning policy and a scientifically based program of social and hygienic monitoring are the most important tools for effective management of health risks caused by exposure to fine particles.
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Ben David Holtzer, Ben Binyamin, and Leonid Tartakovsky. "Underexpanded Impinging Gaseous Jet Interaction with a Lubricated Cylinder Surface." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0308.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The dynamics of the gaseous jet is a major factor affecting the particulate matter and gaseous pollutants formation in the combustion of hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich reformate. Mitigation of particulate matter formation is essential for the sustainability of a novel high-efficiency propulsion cycle with High-Pressure Thermochemical Recuperation which has been developing in the Technion. The latter suffers from elevated particle emissions compared to hydrocarbon fuels combustion in a wide range of operating regimes. An intensified lubricant involvement in the combustion process was found to be the source of the elevated particle formation in a non-premixed reformate and hydrogen combustion. The reported research further analyzes and compares using analytical, empirical, and experimental tools the gaseous impinging underexpanded jet evolution and propagation with a focus on the lubricant vapor entrainment mechanisms from a heated cylinder wall surface into the combustion chamber bulk. Shadowgraph optical imaging was employed to investigate the impinging jet interaction with a heated lubricated surface. Semi-analytical model of the jet development along the piston axis and the cylinder wall after impingement has been derived and validated based on previous publications and the experimental results of this study. The obtained experimental data showed for the first time that the evolving after impingement gaseous fuel vortex climbs over the liner wall and sweeps away the lubricant vapors into the combustion chamber bulk. This entrainment mechanism was found to be stronger compared with the lubricant entrainment in the free-jet region. The lower heating value of the reformate fuel compared to hydrogen requires a longer injection duration and/or higher injection pressure. These contribute to longer and more intensive vortex flow along the cylinder wall, thus explaining the previously observed higher particle formation with the reformate compared to hydrogen. Fundamental principles of the impinging jet interaction with a heated lubricated surface have been discussed. Possible ways of mitigating the lubricant vapor entrainment into the combustion bulk have been suggested.</div></div>
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Schindler, Rob, Sean Comber, and Andrew Manning. "METAL POLLUTANT PATHWAYS IN COHESIVE COASTAL CATCHMENTS: INFLUENCE OF FLOCCULATION ON PARTITIONING AND FLUX." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/09.
Abstract:
Potentially toxic metals (PTMs) dispersed within catchments from land-based sources pose serious, long-term threats to aquatic ecology and human health. Their chemical state or form affects the potential for transportation and bioavailability and ultimate environmental fate. PTMs are transported either as (1) particulates adsorbed onto sediments, or 2) solutes in groundwater and open channel flow. Cohesive sediment occupies a major part of the world’s coastlines. PTMs are readily sorbed onto clay/silt and consequently particulate-borne PTMs dominate in estuaries and coastal waters. Sediments also represent a considerable ‘sink’ of contaminants which can be periodically remobilized. The role of suspended particulates in the uptake, release, and transport of heavy metals is thus a crucial link in understanding PTM dispersion in these environments. Cohesive sediment is subject to flocculation which dictates the behaviour of suspended sediment. PTM partitioning, flocculation and particulate-borne PTM dynamics are spatially and temporally variable in response to a complex array of inter-related physical and chemical factors exhibited within tidal catchments. However, knowledge of the dispersion and accumulation of both particulate and soluble forms of PTMs within cohesive coastal catchments is limited by little understanding of the association of PTMs with flocculated sediments and their subsequent deposition. This study investigates the influence of changing hydrodynamics and salinities to reveal the partitioning coefficients (Kp) and PTM settling flux (PTMSF) for different spatial and temporal locations within an idealized mesotidal catchment. The data show that the ratio of soluble and particulate-borne PTMs are dependent on salinity and flocculation, and that PTMSF is dependent upon partitioning and flocculation dynamics. Kp is largely dictated by salinity, but floc size and suspended particulate matter concentration (SPMC) are also influential, particular for PTMs with low chloride complexation and in freshwater. PTMSF is a function of Kp, floc size and settling velocity and varies by up to 3 orders of magnitude in response to changing environmental conditions. Findings will improve our ability to predict and monitor contaminant transport for PTMs generated by industries such as agriculture, mining, fisheries, aquaculture & marine engineers. They can be incorporated in existing decision making tools, and help improve numerical modelling parameteristion, to maintain environmental quality standards and limit the impacts of bioavailability of metals in aquatic environment.
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Choi, Hoyeon, Yong Gap Park, and Man Yeong Ha. "Numerical Study for Effect of Staggered Wire Electrodes in a Electrostatic Precipitator." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4995.
Abstract:
Abstract In this paper, a numerical model was developed to describe the wire-plate electrostatic precipitator, commonly called electronic air cleaners. Electrostatic precipitator have been widely used to control particulate pollutants, which adversely affect human health. In this model, the complex interactions between fluid dynamics, electric fields and particle dynamics are considered. Therefore different approach methods are used in this study for each field, Eulerian reference frame was used for the fluid flow field and the electric field, Lagrangian reference frame used for the particles trajectories. In order to describe corona phenomena around high voltage electrode, electric field and ion current density field in electrostatic precipitator are numerically calculated using the iterative method for corona discharge model suggested by Kim (2010). The most important concept in electrostatic precipitator is the electric force applied to particles through the particle charging phenomena. The charge acquired by the particle in the corona region was obtained by combining the field charge, the diffusion charge and the time available for charging being the residence time of the particle in the corona region. In order to simulate more accurately, the charging model suggested by Lawless (1996) is used for the charging phenomena of particles by corona discharge because this model was designed to predict combination effect of diffusion charge and field charge. The diminution of particle concentration along the collection plate was derived from Deutsch’s theory, and migration velocity of the particle was developed from the condition that the magnitude of Coulomb force is equal to that of Stoke’s resistance force. This model is implemented by UDF in commercial software Fluent and validated with experimental and numerical results from literatures. CFD results had been compared with various experimental data obtained by Penney&Matick, Parasram and Kihm. Our results shows good agreement in terms of distributions of electric potential, current density, electrohydrodynamic flow pattern, and particle trajectories as well as corona current and collection efficiency. From this simulation, the effect of wire arrangement on electrostatic precipitator characteristics and particle charging are investigated. Both inline and staggered arrangements of wire electrode have been considered for fixed values of gas velocity equal to 2m/s. Applied voltage on wire electrode varies 6∼13kV and particle diameter is 4μm. For low voltage condition, staggered arrangement of wire electrode caused the turbulent effect so that collection efficiency increase more than inline arrangement. However, collection efficiency decrease in high voltage condition because electric force applied on particles passing between the wire electrodes is canceled out by both side wire electrodes.
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Gamel, H., P. Salizzoni, L. Soulhac, P. Méjean, M. Marro, N. Grosjean, and B. Carissimo. "Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget and Dissipation in the Wake of 2D Obstacle: Analysis of the K-ε Closure Model." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21489.
Abstract:
The prediction of the flow dynamics produced by the interaction between a sheared turbulent flow and a bluff body has important implications in the domain of the wind engineering and for what concerns the simulation of atmospheric dispersion of air-born pollutants. In this study we present the results of the experimental investigation on the wake of a 2D obstacle, immersed in a neutrally stratified boundary layer flow. Measurements are performed by means of two different techniques, namely Laser Doppler Anemometry and Stereo-Particle Image Velocimetry. These allow us to map the spatial evolution of the velocity statistics up to their third order moments. The study focuses in particular on the budget of the turbulent kinetic energy (t.k.e.) and the estimate of its mean dissipation rate. The experimental data-set is the basis for a detailed analysis of the reliability and the main limitations of a classical k-ϵ closure model. This has major implication for the numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion in the built environment.
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Mallouppas, George, Graham Goldin, Yongzhe Zhang, Piyush Thakre, Niveditha Krishnamoorthy, Rajesh Rawat, David Gosman, Jim Rogerson, and Ghenadie Bulat. "Investigation of an Industrial Gas Turbine Combustor and Pollutant Formation Using LES." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64744.
Abstract:
An experimental variant of a commercial swirl burner for industrial gas turbine combustors operating at 3 bar is numerically investigated using high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics models using STAR-CCM+ v11.06. This work presents the computational results of the SGT-100 Dry Low Emission gas turbine provided by Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd. The related experimental study was performed at the DLR Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, Germany. The objective of this work is to compare the performance of the Flamelet Generated Manifold model, which is the widely accepted combustion model in Gas Turbines with the Complex Chemistry model. In particular this work examines the flame shape and position, pollutant formation predicted by the aforementioned models with Large Eddy Simulations. Mean and RMS quantities of the flow field, flame temperatures and major species are presented and compared with the experiments. The results show that the predictions are insensitive on the meshing strategy and at the evaluated mesh sizes of ∼10 million and ∼44 million cells. The mean and RMS errors are ∼8% compared to the reported experiments and these differences are within the measurement errors. The results show that the calculated flame positions are in very good agreement with the reported measurements and the typical M-shape flame is reproduced independent of the combustion model. Pollutant formation in the combustor predicted by two combustion models is scrutinised. The predicted NO and CO emissions levels are in agreement with the literature.
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Suman, Alessio, Nicola Zanini, and Michele Pinelli. "Design of an Innovative Experimental Rig for the Study of Deposition Phenomena in Axial Compressors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-103408.
Abstract:
Abstract Compressor fouling is one of the main causes of gas turbine performance degradation. Fouling is promoted by micrometric particles of industrial pollutants in the air and unfavorable environmental conditions (fog, rain, humidity). Airborne particles ingested in heavy-duty gas turbines deposit on the compressor blades and sidewalls, increasing the surface roughness and changing the shape of the profile. This work aims to design a subsonic wind tunnel to study the gas turbine fouling phenomenon. Lump-parameter analysis and two- and three-dimensional fluid dynamics simulations support the design. Simulations were needed to optimize the blade cascade and identify particular fluid dynamic phenomena, such as separation, stagnation point, and vortex. In addition, great attention was devoted to the thermo-hygrometric conditions responsible for the capillarity forces. All these factors strongly influence the compressor cascade performance and the contamination rate. Particle concentration, number, and size are specified to perform a quantitative analysis of the particle impact on the blade surface and a qualitative analysis of the impact zones. As a result, realistic impact conditions of industrial relevance are reproduced in the wind tunnel in order to forecast the adhesion rate, the areas of the compressor airfoils impacted by particles, and thus the performance losses over the operation.
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Ortiz-Carretero, Jesus, Alejandro Castillo Pardo, Vassilios Pachidis, and Ioannis Goulos. "Assessment of the Effect of Environmental Conditions on Rotorcraft Pollutant Emissions at Mission Level." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63440.
Abstract:
It is anticipated that the contribution of rotorcraft activities to the environmental impact of civil aviation will increase in the forthcoming future. Due to their versatility and robustness, helicopters are often operated in harsh environments with extreme ambient conditions and dusty air. These severe conditions affect not only the engine operation but also the performance of helicopter rotors. This impact is reflected in the fuel burn and pollutants emitted by the helicopter during a mission. The aim of this paper is to introduce an exhaustive methodology to quantify the influence of the environment in the mission fuel consumption and the associated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and a Search and Rescue (SAR) mission were used as a case study to simulate the effects of extreme temperatures, high altitude and compressor degradation on a representative Twin-Engine Medium (TEM) weight helicopter, the Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk. A simulation tool for helicopter mission performance analysis developed and validated at Cranfield University was employed. This software comprises different modules that enable the analysis of helicopter flight dynamics, powerplant performance and exhaust emissions over a user defined flight path profile. The results obtained show that the environmental effects on mission fuel and emissions are mainly driven by the modification of the engine performance for the particular missions simulated. Fluctuations as high as 12% and 40% in mission fuel and NOx emissions, respectively, were observed under the environmental conditions simulated in the present study.