Dissertations / Theses: 'Particulate matter emission'

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Patra, Aditya Kumar. "Particulate matter emission from paved road surfaces." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11860.

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Jilla, Abhinay Mr. "Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide Emission Factors from Incense Burning." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2380.

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Indoor air quality is a growing concern in the world. People spend a considerable amount of time in indoor environments such as homes, workplaces, shopping malls, stores, and so on. Indoor sources like incense and candle burning, cooking contribute a significant amount of indoor air pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds. Exposure to these kinds of pollutants can result in adverse health effects. The purpose of this research is to determine the particulate matter and carbon monoxide emission factors (EFs) from incense stick burning. A test chamber with a rectangular exhaust duct, a fan to exhaust air with pollutants in it, and pollutant sensors were used to achieve the project goals. Several experiments were performed with different cases/scenarios to accurately estimate the EFs and several test runs were conducted for each case to test the repeatability of the results. The CO, PM2.5 (mass), PM2.5 (number), PM10 (mass), PM10 (number) EFs developed in this research are between 110-120 mg/g of incense, 2.5-3 mg/g of incense, 800-1100 #particles/µg of incense, 32-33 mg/g of incense, 1200-1400 #particles/µg of incense respectively.

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Goodrich, Lee Barry. "A PM10 emission factor for free stall dairies." Texas A&M University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3858.

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Ambient concentration measurements of total suspended particulate (TSP) were made at a commercial dairy in central Texas during the summers of 2002 and 2003. The facility consisted of both open pen housing and free-stall structures to accommodate approximately 1840 head of milking cattle. The field sampling results were used in the EPA approved dispersion model Industrial Source Complex Short Term version 3 (ISCST-v3) to estimate emission fluxes and ultimately a seasonally corrected emission factor for a free-stall dairy. Ambient measurements of TSP concentrations for sampling periods ranging from 2 to 6 hours were recorded during the summer of 2002. The mean upwind concentration was 115Âµg/m3 with a maximum of 231Âµg/m3 and a minimum of 41.4Âµg/m3. The mean net downwind TSP concentration was 134Âµg/m3 with a maximum of 491Âµg/m3 and a minimum of 14Âµg/m3. Field sampling at this same dairy in the summer of 2003 yielded significantly more 2 to 6 hour TSP concentration measurements. The mean upwind TSP concentration was 76Âµg/m3 with a maximum concentration of 154Âµg/m3. The mean net downwind TSP concentration was 118Âµg/m3 with a maximum of 392Âµg/m3 and a minimum of 30Âµg/m3. The particle size distributions (PSD) of the PM on the downwind TSP filters was determined using the Coulter Counter Multisizer. The results of this process was a representative dairy PM PSD with 28% of TSP emissions being PM10. The reported PM10 24-hour emission factors were 4.7 kg/1000hd/day for the free-stall areas of the facility and 11.7 kg/1000hd/day for the open pen areas of the dairy. These emission factors were uncorrected for rainfall events. Corrections for seasonal dust suppression events were made for the San Joaquin Valley of California and the panhandle region of Texas. Using historical rainfall and ET data for central California, the seasonally corrected PM10 emission factor is 3.6kg/1000hd/day for the free-stalls, and 8.7kg/1000hd/day for the open pens. For Texas, the seasonally corrected emission factor is 3.7kg/1000hd/day for the free-stall areas and 9.2kg/1000hd/day for the open lot areas.

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Alozie, Nehemiah Sabinus Iheadindueme. "Issues of particulate matter emission from diesel engine and its control." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12822.

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Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel engines encompasses soluble (volatile) and insoluble (non-volatile) matter. The concept of volatility or solubility depends on the method of separation. The volatile matter includes sulphates and nitrates which are bound to water vapour; and myriads of hydrocarbon species. The solid matter is comprised of black carbon and ash. Its mitigation combines the use of internal engine design and operating factors like fuel injection and spray, air and fuel mixing, chamber designs and fuel improvements. Control technologies that act on the exhaust gases are called ‘after-treatments' which include the use of oxidation catalysts, filter trap and reductant of nitrogen oxides along the exhaust system. The central issues of this thesis are measurement schemes that involve stripping the PM of volatile matter in order to determine the actual values of nano-size solid carbon particles that pose significant health risk and their mitigations. In the experimental measurements, exhaust gases were generated at low engine load which are rich in unburnt hydrocarbons that nucleate into particles at low temperatures. Similarly, exhaust gases generated at medium load contain volatile and soot components; these were used to study dilution effects on PM emission. The interplay of mixing and cooling was used to explain the behaviour of saturation characteristics of the volatile fractions in the dilution process which influenced nucleation of volatile species. The parameters of particle number concentration reduction factor (PCRF) and volatile removal efficiency (VRE) were used to give extended interpretation to dilution of PM during conditioning, than mere dilution ratios. On this basis, comparison was made on the effect of carrier gases on dilution process and it was found that air is superior when there is need for volatile reduction while nitrogen is better when it is necessary to freeze further reaction, especially at low dilution ratios. In addition, a two-stage hot dilution technique was used to mimic the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) prescription, and it gave better PCRF and VRE values. The study of PM mitigation by filter traps focused on burning-off the accumulated matter to allow free flow of exhaust gases, and the energy it takes to initiate and maintain PM combustion. Therefore a fundamental study of soot oxidation relevant to regeneration of diesel particulate filter (DPF) was made. This was extended to investigate if blending of petrodiesel with biodiesel affects PM oxidation. It is deducible that oxidation of PM generated from fuel with biodiesel blends is slightly faster compared to that from pure petrodiesel. A feasible use of microwave power to regenerate catalysed and non-catalysed silicon carbide (SiC) diesel particulate filters (DPFs) using an available multimode microwave cavity was also carried out. Results show that with catalysed DPFs, catalyst light-off temperature reduced by 100oC under the influence of microwave irradiation, while for non-catalysed DPF, regeneration was achieved within 550-600oC at a time estimated to be lower compared to electrical resistance heating approach.

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Wanjura, John David. "A science based emission factor for particulate matter emitted from cotton harvesting." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2650.

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Patychuk, Bronson David. "Particulate matter emission characterization from a natural-gas high-pressure direct-injection engine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44341.

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Stringent regulations have been enacted to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from heavy-duty compression-ignition (CI) engines. New regulations (Euro VI) restrict PM mass and particle number concentration. To help meet these regulations, a greater understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the PM is desired. This thesis is concerned with the mobility, morphology (by electron microscopy), mass (filter sampling), light scattering and semivolatile content of the particles. Natural gas has become an increasingly attractive transportation fuel for both environmental and economic reasons. One technology to utilize gaseous fuels in heavy-duty engines is Westport Innovations Inc.’s High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI™) system. This is a system where the natural gas is directly injected late in the compression stroke and ignition of the natural gas is provided by a diesel pilot. PM emissions were characterized from a heavy-duty Cummins ISX engine converted to single cylinder operation and operating under HPDI™ fueling. Tests were performed to observe the effects of speed and load combinations, the effects of operating parameter variations (Injection timing, equivalence ratio, gas supply pressure, EGR % and diesel injection mass) and the effects of fuel premixing on the PM emissions. Engine load was more important than speed for qualitatively grouping the PM emission characteristics (mass, number, semi-volatile fraction). The exception is at low engine speeds where low mass and number concentrations were observed, along with nearly constant particle sizes, across different loads. The effects of the input parameter variations were analyzed with response surface methods. The PM emissions were more sensitive to changes in the input parameters than the gaseous emissions. Equivalence ratio, engine power and injection pressure were the most important parameters for PM mass emissions. Overall, the PM emissions varied monotonically with the input parameters and no local PM emission minima were observed. Partially premixing some of the natural gas before ignition can reduce PM emissions by over 80% at some conditions at the expense of cycle-to-cycle variability and pressure rise rates. Some optimized equivalence ratios and EGR percentages were developed to improve the stability of combustion.

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Gao, Xiangpeng. "Emission of inorganic particulate matter during the combustion of biomass, biochar and Collie coal." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2074.

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Coal is an important part of Australia's energy mix and is expected to continue to play an essential role in supplying cheap and secure energy for powering the Australian economy in the foreseeable future. However, coal-based stationary electricity generation is a key contributor to greenhouse gas (e.g. CO2) emission, which is widely believed to be responsible for global warming and problems related to climate change. Therefore, renewable energy sources such as biomass are becoming increasingly important. In Australia, mallee biomass as a byproduct of managing dryland salinity in agricultural land is a truly sustainable second generation feedstock. Its production is economic, of large scale, high energy efficiency and low carbon footprint. Therefore, mallee biomass and its derived fuels such as biochars can potentially play a key role in the future energy mix of Australia due to significant benefits in Australia's energy security and sustainable development.Direct combustion of solid fuels (e.g. coal, mallee biomass and its derived biochars etc) is considered to be a matured technology. Coal combustion or coal/biomass co-firing is widely deployed for power generation. However, ash-related issues during solid fuels combustion are notorious and must be considered, particularly the formation/emission of fine inorganic particulate matter (PM). Fine PM is responsible for initiating ash deposition and corrosion on heat exchanger surfaces. PM emission also causes significant adverse impact to human health and environment. Despite the research progress made in this area in the past two decades, there are still significant research gaps in developing credible PM sampling method and understanding on formation/emission of inorganic PM during the combustion of biomass and/or coal.The present study aims to carry out a systematic study to obtain a thorough understanding on the emission of inorganic PM during the combustion of biomass, biochar and coal. The specific objectives of this research are to: (1) investigate the effect of sampling temperature on the properties of PM with a size less than 10μm (PM10) produced from pulverized mallee biomass combustion, then develop a proper sampling method for PM produced from the combustion of solid fuels (e.g. biomass and coal); (2) examine the emission behavior and characteristics of PM10 produced from pulverized biochar combustion, in order to provide useful data for the design of biochar-based combustion systems; (3) assess the importance and provide direct experimental evidences on the contribution of volatiles combustion to the emission of PM with a size less than 1.0μm (PM1), and to give insights into fundamental understanding on fine PM formation/emission during biomass combustion; and (4) reveal the significant roles of inherent fine included mineral particles in the emission of PM10 during pulverized coal combustion, and propose essential guideline for coal selection on its potential in fine inorganic PM emission during combustion. These objectives have been successfully achieved in this PhD study.Firstly, sampling temperature is found to influence significantly on the properties of PM10 collected from the combustion of pulverized mallee biomass. Although the yield of PM1 as well as the mass of its dominant elements (e.g. Na, K and Cl) in PM1 remain constant, the mass-based particle size distribution (PSD) of PM1 and elemental-mass-based PSDs of Na, K and Cl in PM1 shift to a larger size at a lower sampling temperature, apparently due to particulate coagulation. However, increasing sampling temperature reduces PM loss due to gravitational settling deposition, leading to an increase in the yields of the PM in a size range of 1.0 – 10 μm (PM1-10) and its dominant elements such as Mg and Ca. Both the yields of PM1-10 and the mass of Mg and Ca in PM1-10 reach constant values at sampling temperatures close to the flue gas temperature (115oC). The sampling temperatures at which drastic shifts in PSD and elemental-mass-based PSDs of PM10 take place correlate well with the SO3 dew points of the flue gas. Therefore, the sampling temperature of PM should be above the flue gas acid dew point to prevent the condensation of acid gas and furthermore be kept close to or same as the flue gas temperature in order to suppress particulate coagulation and gravitational settling deposition. Based on this important finding, a proper PM sampling method is therefore developed.Secondly, the PSD of PM10 from raw biomass combustion has a bimodal size distribution while the PSDs of PM10 from the combustion biochars generally show a unimodal distribution. Most of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEM species, mainly Na, K, Mg and Ca) are retained in the biochar during pyrolysis. However, the combustion of biochars leads to a significant reduction in the emission of PM1 (and the mass of Na, K and Cl in PM1) that dominantly consists of particles smaller than 0.1 μm (PM0.1) in comparison to biomass combustion, apparently because of the removal of volatiles and Cl from the raw biomass during pyrolysis for biochars preparation. The results imply that the combustion of volatiles (including the released inorganic species), which is particularly important during biomass combustion, is mainly responsible for PM1 emission. Meanwhile, a considerable increase in the emission of PM1-10 (and the mass of Mg and Ca in PM1-10) is also evident during biochar combustion, most likely as a result of more porous structure and increased ash loading of biochars.Thirdly, a novel two-stage pyrolysis/combustion system is therefore designed to obtain the direct experimental evidence on the contribution of volatiles combustion to PM emission. The combustion of Na-, K- and Cl-containing volatiles, which are produced in situ from the fast pyrolysis of mallee biomass, contributes substantially to PM1 emission. The PM1 yield from volatiles combustion is 77.4 – 89.3% of total PM1 collected from the combustion of both volatiles and char. Oppositely, 97.5 – 99.7% of the yields of total PM1-10 are from char combustion. An increase in pyrolysis temperature leads to an increase in the PM0.1 yields and the mass of Na, K and Cl in PM0.1 from volatiles combustion, as results of enhanced volatilization of Na, K and Cl during pyrolysis. The mass-based PSDs of PM10 and elemental-mass-based PSDs of Na, K, and Cl (which are dominantly contained in PM1) from volatiles combustion generally show a unimodal distribution with a fine mode range from ~0.022 to ~0.043 μm. The mass-based PSDs of PM10 and elemental-mass-based PSDs of Mg and Ca (which are dominantly contained in PM1-10) from char combustion also generally show a unimodal distribution but with a coarse mode of ~6.8 μm. The results clearly demonstrate that the combustion of volatiles (therefore Na, K and Cl included) produced in situ from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is a key mechanism responsible for PM1 emission.Finally, a density-separated coal sample, with a specific gravity of 1.4 – 1.6, is prepared from Collie coal. As expected, the data of computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) analysis on the coal show that mineral matter in the coal is of included nature, of which ~90% are fine mineral particles <10 μm. The PM10 collected from the combustion of coal and char samples dominantly contains PM1-10, while the yields of PM1 are limited. PM1-10 contains mainly refractory species, including Si, Al, Fe, Mg and Ca. The data also show that PM1 from char combustion consists of two major fractions with different chemical composition, i.e., PM0.1 and PM in a size range of 0.1 – 1 μm (PM0.1-1). PM0.1 dominantly contains volatile elements (such as Na, K, P and S) and also some refractory elements (e.g. Fe and Si) but PM0.1-1 is mainly composed of refractory elements (Al, Fe, and Si). The vast existence of aluminosilicates in PM0.1-1 indicates the significant roles of fine included kaolinite and/or Al-silicates particles in the emission of PM1 from char combustion. Furthermore, the significant roles of inherent fine included mineral particles in PM1-10 emission during the combustion of coal and char are clearly evidenced via the identification of the presence of abundant individual but partially-molten quartz ash particles in PM1-10.

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Bonifacio, Henry F. "Particulate matter emissions from commercial beef cattle feedlots in Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2325.

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Ushakov, Sergey. "Particulate matter emission characteristics from diesel engines operating on conventional and alternative marine fuels." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20042.

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The awareness of adverse health effects associated with diesel aerosol emissions has generated a great public and academic interest in studying various aerosol-producing sources. While automotive industry has achieved significant progress in controlling and reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions, there was only a very limited attention paid to ship transport, i.e. to marine diesel engines (MDE). Nowadays, shipping is one of the biggest contributors of PM emissions to the atmosphere, although is still lacking attention from PM legislators and diesels aerosol researchers. This thesis is focused on measurement and characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines (both marine and heavy-duty) operating on conventional and alternative marine fuels. Different PM emission characteristics such as particle size distributions, total and nanoparticle concentrations, PM mass and particle morphology were measured and analysed in current thesis. The observed significant differences in PM results between 2-stroke and 4-stroke marine diesel engines indicate the importance of engine technology, while pronounced contribution of heavy fuel oil’s ash fraction (in contrast to MGO) to solid PM reveals the importance of considering the fuel factor. In addition, PM characteristics from marine diesel engines were found to be different from that of heavy-duty engine, but a certain, somewhat surprising, agreement between results for 4- stroke MDE and 4-stroke heavy-duty engine was also observed. Particle morphology analysis confirmed the three main origins (sources) of particulates: fuel, lubrication oil and mechanical wear of moving cylinder parts. The sole effect of high sulphur level in marine fuels was studies using a sulphur-doping of a reference low-sulphur MGO up to 4% S by mass. The contribution of sulphur to PM mass appeared to be more pronounced than is known from automotive engine studies. The homogeneous nucleation of sulphur and HC compounds was observed only at very low load conditions, while heterogeneous nucleation, i.e. condensation on the surface of existing solid particles, was found to be the dominating mechanism and can be associated with a rather low turbulence level in a primary porous tube diluter and availability of considerable amount of solid nucleus. As volatile particles are very sensitive to dilution parameters and in order to obtain repeatable and reproducible results, the effects of primary dilution ratio (PDR) and primary dilution air temperature (PDT) were studied. Both these parameters showed no effect on solid carbonaceous particles formed inside the engine cylinders, and at the same time were vital for semivolatile HC and sulphur compounds. Increase in PDR reduces the partial pressure of volatile compounds, and hence their tendency to nucleate; too low PDR should be avoided as water condensation can occur leading to some deceptive results. Increasing PDT results in increased saturation vapour pressure of volatile compounds, which is also suppressing nucleation. Effect of filter media on the results of gravimetric PM analysis was studied and no filter type was found overwhelmingly superior due to various positive and/or negative artifacts associated with each filter type. The environmental benefits in terms of gaseous, smoke and PM emissions of fish oil (FO) biofuel and GTL synthetic fuel as alternatives to conventional MGO were investigated. A fairly good ignition and combustion properties together with excellent emission characteristics were observed in case of FO, which although requires some additional testing of its rheological and cold temperature properties and oxidation stability. GTL fuel showed reduction in PM mass, smoke and all gaseous emissions except THC, which together with registered particle number concentration showed a visible increase. This can be associated with possible higher incidence of wall-wetting by GTL fuel as its volumetric flow rates were increased to compensate for lower fuel density (lower volumetric energy content). Injection system tuning/modification or shift to common rail injection system can be proposed for reduction of gaseous (especially THC) and PM emissions even further.

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Sangameswaran, Sivaramakrishnan. "Evaluation of Productivity, Consumption, and Uncontrolled Total Particulate Matter Emission Factors of Recyclable Abrasives." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/390.

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Dry abrasive blasting is a commonly used surface preparation operation by many process industries to clean up metallic surfaces and achieve surface finishes suitable for future adhesion. Abrasives used in this process can be recyclable or expendable. This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of three recyclable abrasives: garnet, barshot and steel grit/shot in terms of productivity (area cleaned per unit time), consumption (amount of abrasive used per unit area cleaned) and uncontrolled total particulate matter (TPM) emission factors (in terms of mass of pollutant emitted per unit area cleaned and mass of pollutant emitted per unit mass of abrasive consumed). Though there have been various attempts in the past to evaluate the performance of these abrasives, there has not been a streamlined approach to evaluate these parameters in the commonly used range of process conditions, or to identify and model the influences of key process variables on these performance parameters. The first step in this study was to evaluate the performance of these three abrasives in blasting painted steel panels under enclosed blasting conditions and using USEPA recommended protocols. The second step was to model the influences of blast pressure and abrasive feed rate, two most critical parameters on productivity, consumption and emission factors. Two and three dimensional models were obtained using multiple linear regression techniques to express productivity, consumption and TPM emission factors in terms of blast pressure and abrasive feed rate. Barshot was found to have high productivities over all and steel grit/shot demonstrated the least emission potential at almost all of the tested pressure and feed rate conditions. The data will help fill the gaps in literature currently available for dry abrasive blasting performance. The models obtained will help industries, the research community and the regulatory agencies to make accurate estimates of the performance parameters. Estimating productivity and consumption will help industries identify best management practices by optimizing the process conditions to achieve high productivity and low consumption rates. Emission factor determination will help in reducing the emissions to the atmosphere by choosing process conditions corresponding to minimum emissions. The performance parameters once optimized can result in reduction in material, labor, energy, emission and disposal costs, lower resource utilization and hence reduction in overall life cycle costs of dry abrasive process. The developed models will help industries in making environmentally preferable purchases thereby promoting source reduction options. PM emissions estimated using the models presented here will aid studies on health risk associated with inhalation of atmospheric PM.

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Rahimi, Kord Sofla Maryam. "High efficiency nanocellulose filters for diesel particulate matter with acetylation to improve hydrophobicity." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116886/3/Maryam%20Rahimi%20Kord%20Sofla%20Thesis.pdf.

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In spite of progressively tightening emissions standards, there is still significant concern that ultrafine particles are harming human health. Although ultrafine particles do not contribute much to the total mass of particulate matter emitted from the engine, they contribute greatly to the total number of particles. One of the most effective methods for removing diesel particulate matter is disposable diesel particulate filters. These filters are made from synthetic fibres such as fibreglass and polypropylene which are not environmentally friendly. Also, these kinds of filters have a short life and should be replaced every shift which results in a high cost for using these filters. The main focus of this study was to give a summary of how nanocellulose can be an effective material for filtration. Nanocellulose has a very large surface area, which significantly increases the probability of aerosol particle deposition on fibre surfaces and thereby should improve filter efficiency.

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Li, Yi. "Ash cenosphere formation, fragmentation and its contribution to particulate matter emission during solid fuels combustion." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/101.

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Electricity generated from stationary coal-fired power stations has been playing an important role in powering the global economy and is projected to continue its key role in the foreseeable future. However, substantial quantities of fly ash are produced from coal-fired power stations as solid wastes every year, not only exerting significant pressure on waste management but also having adversely impacts on environment. Therefore, there has been considerable R&D to develop technologies for minimizing these adverse impacts of fly ash via various routes e.g. fly ash utilisation.Ash cenospheres are light-weight, thin-walled and hollow ash particles as part of the fly ash produced from solid fuels combustion. These light-weight ash particles are considered to be valuable materials for manufacturing various value-added products. Since almost half a century ago, substantial R&D was conducted to characterize ash cenospheres and understand their formation mechanisms during the combustion of pulverised solid fuels e.g. coal. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanisms responsible for ash cenosphere formation during pulverized solid fuels combustion are still largely unclear.Therefore, the research program in this PhD study aims to carry out a systematic investigation on ash cenosphere formation, fragmentation behaviour and its contribution to ash and particulate matter formation during solid fuels combustion. The specific objectives are to 1) investigate the possible formation mechanisms of ash cenospheres via characterizing the properties of ash cenospheres collected from a coal-fired power station; 2) reveal the fundamental formation mechanism of ash cenospheres during solid fuels combustion using pyrite as a model fuel; and 3) demonstrate the phenomenon of ash cenosphere fragmentation during solid fuel combustion and provide direct experimental evidence on its role in ash and particulate matter formation during solid fuels combustion.To accomplish these objectives, ash cenosphere samples were collected from a coal-fired power station. A systematic experimental program was also designed and conducted in a DTF system under various conditions using pyrite as a model fuel. The ash cenosphere samples and ash samples collected from laboratory experiments (including ashes collected in the cyclone and PM10 collected by a DLPT) were characterized by various analytical methods. The specific objectives have been successfully achieved in this PhD study.Firstly, the characterization of narrow size-fractioned ash cenospheres collected from a coal-fired power station indicates that SiO2/Al2O3 ratio decreases with the increase of ash cenosphere size, accompanied with an increase in the sum of TiO2 and Fe2O3 contents. The gas products locked inside various ash cenosphere size fractions are dominantly CO2 and some N2. The average gas pressure decreases from 0.227 atm to 0.172 atm (NTP) as particle size increases from 63−75 μm to 150−250 μm. Thermomechanical analysis further shows that ash cenospheres of different size fractions do not melt at 1600 °C, suggesting that these ash cenospheres from coal-fired power station are impossible to be formed at temperatures < 1600 °C.Ash chemistry of individual cenospheres indicates that the optimum particle temperature for cenosphere formation is ~1640 – 1800 °C. Under these conditions, molten ash droplets can be formed and grow by trapping a certain amount of gas generated within the ash droplets. The growth of cenosphere precursors is governed by the wide range of viscosity of molten cenosphere precursors together with the force of surface tension, which is demonstrated to be inversely proportional to the viscosity of molten droplets, producing ash cenospheres with various wall thicknesses. The data also appear to suggest that apart form Fe2O3, TiO2 may play a role in the formation of ash cenospheres during pulverized coal combustion.Secondly, a systematic experimental program was designed to fundamentally investigate the formation mechanism of ash cenosphere during solid fuels combustion in a drop-tube furnace (gas temperature: 530 – 1100 C; residence time: 1.1 s) using pulverized pyrite (38-45 μm) as a model fuel. The results show that the formation of ash cenosphere commences at a furnace temperature as low as 580 °C. At furnace temperatures 600 C, ash products of pyrite combustion consist of dominantly large ash cenospheres (up to 130 μm in diameter) with thin shells (1−3 μm) and ash cenosphere fragments of various sizes. An increase in furnace temperature leads to enhanced ash cenosphere fragmentation. The presence of O2 is found to be essential to the formation of molten Fe-S-O droplets. The sulphur oxides gaseous products produced within the droplets inflate to form cenospheric precursors, followed by further oxidation and resolidification transforms these cenospheric Fe-S-O precursors into final ash cenospheres that also experience fragmentation and contain dominantly iron oxides.Thirdly, a set of experiments were also carried out to combust pulverised pyrite at 600 C in the drop-tube furnace system but at various residence times (0.4, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 s). Substantial amounts of PM10 (dominantly PM1-10 and also some PM1) are produced during the combustion of pulverised pyrite. The PSDs of PM10 have a bimodal distribution, i.e. a fine mode with a mode diameter of 0.26 μm and a coarse mode with mode diameters from 4.4 μm to 6.8 μm. At 0.4 s residence time, the production of ash cenospheres is limited. As the residence time increases, the formation of complete ash cenospheres and their fragments increases substantially, suggesting the enhanced fragmentation of ash cenospheres. As a result, there is a substantial increase in the yield of PM10 at a longer residence time (e.g. 1.1 s). Therefore, the results in this study provide direct experimental evidences to demonstrate the important role of ash cenosphere fragmentation in PM10 formation.Overall, the present study provides original and new insights into the formation mechanism of ash cenospheres during solid fuels combustion using pulverized pyrite as a model fuel. As the first time in the field, it clarifies the role of ash cenosphere fragmentation and its significant contribution to particulate matter emission. The characteristics of ash cenospheres of various size fractions also provide essential insights into ash cenosphere formation during pulverized coal combustion. Most importantly, the research methodology taken in this PhD study, particularly the design of the systematic experimental program using pyrite as a model fuel provides a simple (but not simpler) solid fuel combustion system for investigating complicated thermochemical process of ash cenosphere formation. This approach makes it possible to thoroughly understand the fundamental formation mechanism of ash cenosphere during solid fuels combustion.

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Tornehed, Petter. "Particulate Emissions Associated with Diesel Engine Oil Consumption." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Maskinelement, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25880.

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Particulate emissions from diesel engines have been a key issue for diesel engine developers in recent decades. Their work has succeeded in reducing the exhaust particles from the combustion of fuel, which has led to increasing interest in the contribution of particulates from lubrication oil. When discussing oil-related particulate emissions, hydrocarbon particles are customarily referred to. This thesis uses a broader definition, in which oil-related particulate emissions are modelled not only by the hydrocarbons, but also include the ash, carbons, and sulphate oil particulate emissions. The model developed in the project uses input data as oil consumption and oil ash content combined with tuning parameters, such as the oil ash transfer rate (ash emissions divided by oil consumption and oil ash content). Controlled engine tests have been performed to verify assumptions and fill knowledge gaps. The model can be applied to a variety of diesel engines, although the tuning factors might have to be reset. For example, introducing diesel particulate filters would dramatically reduce the oil ash emissions, since oil ash would accumulate in the filter. Oil consumption has played a central role in the present research. The modelling results indicate that special attention should be paid to oil consumption under running conditions with a low in-cylinder temperature, since the oil survival rate is high there. Under low-load and motoring conditions, hydrocarbons proved to be the main contributor to oil-related particulate emissions. At high engine load, oil ash emissions were the largest contributor to oil-related particulate emissions.
QC 20101103

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Price, Jacqueline Elaine. "Back-calculating emission rates for ammonia and particulate matter from area sources using dispersion modeling." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1270.

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Engineering directly impacts current and future regulatory policy decisions. The foundation of air pollution control and air pollution dispersion modeling lies in the math, chemistry, and physics of the environment. Therefore, regulatory decision making must rely upon sound science and engineering as the core of appropriate policy making (objective analysis in lieu of subjective opinion). This research evaluated particulate matter and ammonia concentration data as well as two modeling methods, a backward Lagrangian stochastic model and a Gaussian plume dispersion model. This analysis assessed the uncertainty surrounding each sampling procedure in order to gain a better understanding of the uncertainty in the final emission rate calculation (a basis for federal regulation), and it assessed the differences between emission rates generated using two different dispersion models. First, this research evaluated the uncertainty encompassing the gravimetric sampling of particulate matter and the passive ammonia sampling technique at an animal feeding operation. Future research will be to further determine the wind velocity profile as well as determining the vertical temperature gradient during the modeling time period. This information will help quantify the uncertainty of the meteorological model inputs into the dispersion model, which will aid in understanding the propagated uncertainty in the dispersion modeling outputs. Next, an evaluation of the emission rates generated by both the Industrial Source Complex (Gaussian) model and the WindTrax (backward-Lagrangian stochastic) model revealed that the calculated emission concentrations from each model using the average emission rate generated by the model are extremely close in value. However, the average emission rates calculated by the models vary by a factor of 10. This is extremely troubling. In conclusion, current and future sources are regulated based on emission rate data from previous time periods. Emission factors are published for regulation of various sources, and these emission factors are derived based upon back-calculated model emission rates and site management practices. Thus, this factor of 10 ratio in the emission rates could prove troubling in terms of regulation if the model that the emission rate is back-calculated from is not used as the model to predict a future downwind pollutant concentration.

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Kasumba, John. "Organic Chemical Characterization Of Primary And Secondary Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/358.

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Biodiesel use and production has significantly increased in the United States and in other parts of the world in the past decade. This change is driven by energy security and global climate legislation mandating reductions in the use of petroleum-based diesel. Recent air quality research has shown that emission of some pollutants such as CO, particulate matter (PM), SO2, hydrocarbons, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is greatly reduced with biodiesel. However, studies have also shown that some unregulated emissions, such as gas-phase carbonyls, are increased with biodiesel combustion. Very limited research has been done to investigate the particle-phase carbonyl and quinone emissions from biodiesel combustion. Also, very limited studies have investigated the ozone oxidation of biodiesel exhaust PM. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are found in high abundance in biodiesel exhaust PM. The presence of these FAMEs in biodiesel exhaust PM can potentially alter the kinetics of the reactions between ozone and particle-phase PAHs. In this study, an Armfield CM-12 automotive light-duty diesel engine operated on a transient drive cycle was used to generate PM from various waste vegetable oil (WVO) and soybean biodiesel blends (containing 0%, (B00), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 50% (B50), and 100% (B100) biodiesel by volume). The primary PM emissions were sampled using Teflon-coated fiberfilm filters. Laboratory PAHs, FAMEs, and B20 exhaust PM were exposed to ~0.4 ppm ozone for time periods ranging from 0-24 hours in order to study the effect of FAMEs and biodiesel exhaust PM on the ozonolysis of PAHs. Organic chemical analysis of samples was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PAHs, carbonyls, FAMEs, and n-alkanes were quantified in the exhaust PM of petrodiesel, WVO and soybean fuel blends. The emission rates of the total PAHs in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.006-0.071 ng/µg (5-51%) compared to B00, while the emission rates for the FAMEs increased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. The emission rates of the total n-alkanes in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.5-21.3 ng/µg (4-86%) compared to B00 exhaust PM. The total emission rates of the aliphatic aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust PM (B10, B20, B50, and B100) increased by 0.019-2.485 ng/µg (36-4800%) compared to petrodiesel. The emission rates of the total aromatic aldehydes, total aromatic ketones, and total quinones all generally decreased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the pseudo-first order ozone reaction rate constants of all the PAHs decreased by 1.2-8 times in the presence of the FAMEs. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were the only PAHs detected in the B20 exhaust PM, and their ozone reaction rate constants were about 4 times lower than those obtained when the PAHs alone were exposed to ozone. The findings of this study indicate that there are both positive and negative effects to emissions associated with biodiesel use in light-duty diesel engines operating on transient drive cycle.

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Chen, Xujun. "Pyrolysis and Combustion of Phosphorus containing Solid Fuels: Char Structure, Char Reactivity and Particulate Matter Emission." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/76484.

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This thesis first reports a new method for quantifying phosphorus (P) with various forms in solid fuels. Based on this method, P transformation during pyrolysis was then investigated. In situ volatiles with distinctly-different chemistry during volatile−char interactions could significantly affect char structure, reactivity and particulate matter (PM) emission during combustion of P-containing solid fuels. Water vapors are also found to substantially influence PM emission during combustion of volatiles and char from P-containing solid fuels.

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Buser, Michael Dean. "Errors associated with particulate matter measurements on rural sources: appropriate basis for regulating cotton gins." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/197.

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Agricultural operations across the United States are encountering difficulties complying with current air pollution regulations for particulate matter (PM). PM is currently regulated in terms of particle diameters less than or equal to a nominal 10 μm (PM10); however, current legislation is underway to regulate PM with diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The goals of this research were to determine the biases and uncertainties associated with current PM10 and PM2.5 sampling methods and to determine the extent to which these errors may impact the determination of cotton gin emission factors. Ideally, PM samplers would produce an accurate measure of the pollutant indicator; for instance, a PM10 sampler would produce an accurate measure of PM less than or equal to 10 μm. However, samplers are not perfect and errors are introduced because of the established tolerances associated with sampler performance characteristics and the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics. Results of this research indicated that a source emitting PM characterized by a mass median diameter (MMD) of 20 μm and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.5 could be forced to comply with a 3.2 and 14 times more stringent regulation of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, than a source emitting PM characterized by a MMD of 10 μm and a GSD of 1.5. These estimates are based on both sources emitting the same concentrations of true PM or concentrations corresponding to the particle diameters less than the size of interest. Various methods were used to estimate the true PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors associated with cotton gin exhausts and the extent to which the sampler errors impacted the PM regulation. Results from this research indicated that current cotton gin emission factors could be over-estimated by about 40%. This over-estimation is a consequence of the relatively large PM associated with cotton gin exhausts. These PM sampling errors are contributing to the misappropriation of source emissions in State Implementation Plans, essentially forcing Air Pollution Regulatory Agencies to require additional controls on sources that may be incorrectly classified has high emitters.

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Guo, Li. "Measurement and control of particulate emissions from cattle feedlots in Kansas." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8549.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Ronaldo G. Maghirang
Emissions of particulate matter (PM) are an increasing concern for large open beef cattle feedlots. Research is needed to develop science-based information on PM emissions and abatement measures for mitigating those emissions. This research was conducted to (1) measure PM concentrations emitted from large cattle feedlots, (2) compare different samplers for measuring concentrations of PM with equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10), (3) evaluate the relative effectiveness of pen surface treatments in reducing PM10 emissions, and (4) predict PM control efficiency of vegetative barriers. Concentrations of PM with equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5), PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) upwind and downwind of two large cattle feedlots (KS1, KS2) in Kansas were measured with gravimetric samplers. The downwind and net concentrations generally decreased with increasing water content (WC) of the pen surface; for effective control of PM emissions from feedlots, it appears that pen surface WC should be at least 20% (wet basis). Three types of samplers for measuring PM10 concentrations in feedlots KS1 and KS2 were compared: Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance™ (TEOM), high-volume (HV), and low-volume (LV) PM10 samplers. Measured PM10 concentration was generally largest with the TEOM PM10 sampler and smallest with the LV PM10 sampler. A laboratory apparatus was developed for measuring the PM10 emission potential of pen surfaces as affected by surface treatments. The apparatus was equipped with a simulated pen surface, mock cattle hooves that moved horizontally across the pen surface, and PM10 samplers that collected emitted PM10. Of the surface treatments evaluated, application of water (6.4 mm) and hay (723 g/m2) exhibited the greatest percentage reduction in PM10 emission potential (69% and 77%, respectively) compared with the untreated manure layer. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to predict airflow and particle collection by a row of trees (2.2 m high × 1.6 m wide). Predicted particle collection efficiencies generally agreed with published data and ranged from less than 1% for 0.875-µm particles to approximately 32% for 15-µm particles.

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Weimer, Silke. "Particle emission of traffic and wood combustion and its impact on spatial distributions of submicron particulate matter /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17995.

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20

Feng, Chao. "Particulate Matter Emission during the Combustion of Bio-oil Based Biofuels under Conditions Pertinent to Stationary Applications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/69321.

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This thesis investigates the particulate matter emission from the combustion of various bio-oil-based biofuels, including bio-oil, bio-oil/biochar slurry, and crude-glycerol-containing biofuel mixtures, through a lab-scaled drop-tube furnace system at 1400 °C under various conditions pertinent to stationary applications. The emission characteristics and mechanisms were discussed and benchmarked against conventional solid fuels. The related influences from different combustion conditions and synergies between different fuel components were also studied. The corresponding trace element emission was also reported.

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21

Kambham, Kalpalatha. "Performance and Total PM Emission Factor Evaluation of Expendable Abrasives." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/385.

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Dry abrasive blasting is one of the most widely used methods of surface preparation. Air emissions from this process include particulate matter (PM) and metals. Spent abrasive generated from this process may be hazardous in nature. With increasing concern on health effects due to silica emissions from sand, use of alternative materials is suggested by health and regulatory agencies. The objective of this research was to evaluate performance of expendable abrasives and determine PM emission factors. Dry abrasive blasting was performed in an enclosed chamber and total PM samples were collected. Three commonly used expendable abrasives, coal slag, copper slag and specialty sand, were used to evaluate cleaner alternatives. Blast pressure and abrasive feed rate, two important process conditions were varied to study their effect on performance of an abrasive. Productivity, consumption and emission factors (performance parameters) were calculated and their variation with pressure and feed rate was evaluated. Two dimensional and three dimensional predicted models were developed to estimate the performance at intermediate blast pressure and feed rate conditions. Performance of the three abrasives was compared with respect to emission potential, productivity and consumption. Emission factors developed in this research will help in accurate estimation of total PM emissions and to select cleaner abrasives and optimum process conditions that will results in minimum emissions and reduced health risk. The productivity and consumption models will help is estimating life cycle costs including material cost, equipment cost, energy cost, labor costs, waste disposal cost, and compliance costs. Consumption models will also help in determining the quantity of spent abrasive generated, identify abrasives with lower material consumption, and identify process conditions that generate minimum spent abrasives. In addition, these models will help industries in making environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP), which results in pollution prevention and cost reduction.

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22

Penumalla, Venkata Pavan Kumar. "Laboratory Experiments on the Emissions from Different Biodiesel Blends in Comparison to B20 and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1301593542.

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23

Wagner, Susanne [Verfasser], and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Zeddies. "Costs and benefits of ammonia and particulate matter emission abatement and interactions with greenhouse gas emissions in German agriculture / Susanne Wagner ; Betreuer: Jürgen Zeddies." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2017. http://d-nb.info/113726294X/34.

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24

Jones, Derek. "Evaluation of Arrayed-Field Concentration Measurements and U. S. EPA-Regulatory Models for the Determination of Mixed-source Particulate Matter Emissions." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/156.

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With the continued population growth and the blurring of the urban and rural interface, air quality impacts associated with agricultural particle-producing processes are becoming increasingly important. There is a lack of emission rate data from these source types and no prescribed measurement technique available to the agricultural and regulatory communities. One technique that has shown promise is combining field measurements with inverse modeling. This approach was used herein to examine particulate emissions from an almond harvesting operation, a cotton ginning facility, and comparative emissions from conservation versus conventional tillage practices. EPAapproved models ISCST3 and AERMOD were used with AirMetrics samplers. With error representing the standard deviation for all values, for ISCST3, the almond harvesting operation found PM10 emissions for shaking were 3.4 kilograms per hectare; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for sweeping were 0.81 ± 0.76, 4.8 ± 3.7, and 7.5 ± 5.1 kg ha-1, respectively; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for pickup were 1.7 ± 1.5, 6.1 ± iii 1.9, and 10.3 ± 3.8 kg ha-1, respectively. Using AERMOD, the almond harvesting operation found PM10 emissions for shaking were 4.4 kg ha-1; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for sweeping were 1.3 ± 1.5, 8.3 ± 9.4, and 27.0 ± 41.2 kg ha-1, respectively; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for pickup were 2.7 ± 1.3, 15.7 ± 14.1, and 42.3 ± 20.7 kg ha-1, respectively. PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions from the cotton gin were determined to be 1.7 ± 1.4, 14.3 ± 17.0, and 27.9 ± 41.1 g s-1 using ISCST3 and 0.9 ± 0.9, 10.5 ± 18.8, and 43.0 ± 79.9 g s-1 using AERMOD, respectively. ISCST3 emission rates for the combined tillage operations for PM2.5, PM10, and TSP were 0.15 ± 0.24, 0.44 ± 0.17, and 1.4 kg acre-1, while AERMOD rates were 0.17 ± 0.27, 0.66 ± 0.25, and 2.1 kg acre-1, respectively. ISCST3 emissions for the conventional tillage operations for PM2.5, PM10, and TSP were 0.47 ± 2.1, 1.1 ± 0.23, and 3.4 kg acre-1, and the AERMOD rates were 0.18 ± 0.26, 1.2 ± 0.24, and 5.1 kg acre-1, respectively.

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張兆發 and Siu-fat Eric Cheung. "Investigation of graphite furnace capacitively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry for the determination of metals and silica in water andair particulate matter." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222353.

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Cheung, Siu-fat Eric. "Investigation of graphite furnace capacitively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry for the determination of metals and silica in water and air particulate matter /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21583821.

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27

Filomeno, Marcio, Josemaria Heracles, Vidal Aramburu, Carlos Raymundo, and Javier M. Moguerza. "Model for monitoring socioenvironmental conflicts in relation to the emission of particulate matter in the prehauling phase of a surface mine in Peru." Springer Verlag, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656292.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
This research will focus on proposing a model based on surveys conducted among people of the affected area. The questions were classified by indicators and variables selected to generate solutions to reduce social conflicts, which arise due to the emission of the particulate matter generated in the area before hauling tasks. Particulate matter is produced by hydraulic shovels, which load mineralized material and discharge it to a dump truck in mining operations. This survey was conducted among people who are specifically located in the Huari region. A study of the Social Conflict Monitoring Model (MMCS) tool was executed. It is used for recording, monitoring, and controlling this type of social conflicts, so that mining operations will not be affected in the short or long term. In addition, this model will help in discovering the opinions and/or comments when they are informed on a new method, which decreases generated particulate matter.

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28

Calvet, Sanz Salvador. "Experimental studies on gas and dust emissions to the atmosphere in rabbit and broiler buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8304.

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La contaminación atmosférica originada por la producción animal intensiva afecta al medio ambiente global, a la salud de las personas y al bienestar de los animales de la propia granja. Se trata de una problemática de creciente interés en países en los que, como en el caso de España, se ha investigado poco hasta el momento. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en la medición experimental de concentraciones y emisiones de gases (amoniaco, metano, óxido nitroso y dióxido de carbono) y partículas (PM10) en granjas de pollos de cebo y de conejos, principalmente en clima mediterráneo, analizando los factores que afectan a dichas emisiones. Para ello, la tesis se compone de cinco trabajos de investigación diferenciados, aunque estrechamente relacionados entre sí. En primer lugar, se estudia en detalle la metodología empleada para medir las emisiones, basado en un balance en el que las variables son la concentración de gases y el flujo de ventilación; por otra parte, se desarrolla un procedimiento para el análisis de la incertidumbre cuyo objetivo es obtener indicadores de la calidad de los resultados. En segundo lugar, se aborda la medición del flujo de ventilación en granjas comerciales mediante el desarrollo de un circuito para la adquisición de información sobre el funcionamiento de los ventiladores. Posteriormente, y en aplicación de los dos anteriores estudios, se determinan las emisiones de gases en dos granjas comerciales de conejos y una de pollos en el litoral mediterráneo español, obteniendo resultados muy útiles para la mejora del inventario nacional de emisiones. Finalmente, se ha cuantificado la influencia de la actividad de los pollos de engorde en las emisiones de partículas y de gases, y se ha evaluado la aplicabilidad de un método para la determinación indirecta de la ventilación basado en el balance de dióxido de carbono. Los resultados obtenidos en estos experimentos y en los correspondientes análisis contribuyen al conocimiento general acerca de las emisiones
Calvet Sanz, S. (2008). Experimental studies on gas and dust emissions to the atmosphere in rabbit and broiler buildings [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8304
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Söderberg, Benjamin. "Simulation of air quality in underground train stations." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288490.

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Particulate matter (PM) is a widespread air pollutant of microscopic particles that are suspended in the atmosphere. There is high concentration of PM in underground train stations and tunnels. The concentration of particulate matter (PM10) measured in Stockholm’s metro varies significantly between day and nighttime traffic of trains. Emission factors are a representative value of a pollutant released into the atmosphere. These factors can be expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit distance, volume, or weight. In this document it is expressed as the amount of energy used to produce a unit weight. Such factor expresses estimation of emissions from train wheel-rail contact and brake. Simulation of particulate matter using IDA tunnel was conducted to evaluate and predict particulate matter (PM10) concentration levels. Previous measured data of PM10 from Mariatorget’s platform (performed by SLB analysis) was used for the validation of the simulation model. These data were collected during winter and summer periods. It was then used as fundamental reference to simulate and calibrate emission factors. Important parameters of the tunnel, platform and trains that were used in traffic were imported. There are ventilation shafts on each end of the platform. These ventilation shafts are open fully during summer and closed during winter periods. Thus, two case scenarios, winter and summer were investigated. The results obtained were later evaluated and analysed. Sensitivity analysis was made to test the effect of ventilation shaft’s openings on emission factors. The results from winter case study showed that emission factors are 0.57 g/kWh from wheel-rail contact and 0.031 g/kWh from brakes. Emission factors from wheel-rail contact give 70% of the measured PM10 concentration whereas brakes give 30% of PM10 concentrations. Results obtained from summer case study showed that emission factors are 0.61 g/kWh and 0.05 g/kWh from wheel-rail contact as well as from brakes, respectively.
Partiklar är en utbredd luftföroreningar av mikroskopiska partiklar som finns i luften. Det finns höga halter av PM (particulate matter) i underjordiska tågstationer och tunnlar. Partikelhalten (PM10) som är uppmätt i Stockholms tunnelbana varierar betydligt mellan dag- och natttågtrafik. Emissionsfaktorn är ett representativt värde för mängden partiklar som släpps ut i atmosfären. Dessa faktorer kan uttryckas som massan av partikel per enhetsavstånd, volym eller vikt. I detta dokument uttrycks detta som den mängd energi som går åt för att producera enhetsviktspartiklar. Faktorn uttrycker en uppskattning av partikelemissioner från hjul-rälskontakt och broms. Simulering har genomfördes i IDA tunnel för att utvärdera och förutsäga partikelhalten på tågplattformar. Tidigare uppmätta data under vinter och sommar från Mariatorgets plattform (utförd av SLB-analys) användes för validering av simuleringsmodellen. Detta användes sedan som grundläggande referens för att simulera och kalibrera emissionsfaktorer. Viktiga parametrar för tunneln, plattformen och tågen som användes i trafiken är inhämtade och evaluerade. Ventilationsschakt finns i varje ände av plattformen. Dessa ventilationsschakt är öppna under sommaren och stängda under vinterperioden. Således undersöktes två scenarier, vinter- och sommarfall. De erhållna resultaten utvärderades och analyserades senare. Känslighetsanalys gjordes för att testa effekten på emissionsfaktorerna av ventilationsschaktens öppningsgrad. Resultaten från vinterfallstudien visade att emissionsfaktorerna är 0,57 g/kWh från hjul-rälkontaktoch 0,03 g/kWh från bromsarna. Emissionsfaktorn från hjul-rälkontakten ger 70 % av den uppmätta PM10 koncentrationen, medan bromsarna ger 30 %. Resultaten från sommarfallstudien visade att emissionsfaktorerna är 0,61 g/kWh och 0,05 g/kWh från hjul-rälkontakten och bromsarna, respektive.

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Abdullahi, Lami Karimatu. "Characterisation of particulate matter emissions from cooking." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7397/.

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Cooking fume have been found to be a significant component of ambient particulate matter and also to contribute to high concentrations of aerosol indoors. A linkage of individual exposure to cooking emissions with adverse health effects has been found and thus has led to the need for further understand the composition of this source of particulate matter. This study was concerned with gaining further insights into the chemical composition of aerosol generated from typical styles of cooking and the understanding of trends of the formation of particles among different culinary methods. Cooking source profile for African, Chinese, Western and Indian styles was obtained in a specially designed laboratory based kitchen. These profiles were used as input in a Chemical Mass Balance model where ambient data collected in Birmingham, UK were analysed in order to apportion the quantity of organic matter from cooking sources in the location sampled. It was found that cooking generated a significant mass of aerosol with the particle sizes largely within the respirable size range. The Chinese style of cooking was found to generate the highest concentration of particles with PM mass of 21.61µg/m3. The source profile from cooking obtained from the study were found to correlate well with each other with Indian and Western profiles exhibiting the highest correlation. When used for the CMB model runs, these two profiles provided the best output with the model runs apportioning 16% of the Organic Carbon to be from cooking, with traffic, wood smoke and soil debris contributing 44%, 18% and 24% respectively.

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Kantor, Tomáš. "Elektrostatický odlučovač pro domovní spalovací zařízení spalující dřevní paliva." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417771.

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Master thesis deals with design of electrostatic precipitator for domestic wood-burning appliances. In the opening chapters, principles of electrostatic precipitation are described and a study of existing electrostatic precipitators for domestic combustion devices is made. In the practical part of the thesis, a mathematical model of electrostatic precipitator was created. Based on the mathematical model, electrostatic precipitator was designed and its performance parameters predicted.

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32

Babaie, Meisam. "Reduction of diesel engine exhaust emissions using non-thermal plasma technology." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81593/1/Meisam_Babaie_Thesis.pdf.

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Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising candidate for controlling engine exhaust emissions. Plasma is known as the fourth state of matter, where both electrons and positive ions co-exist. Both gaseous and particle emissions of diesel exhaust undergo chemical changes when they are exposed to plasma. In this project diesel particulate matter (DPM) mitigation from the actual diesel exhaust by using NTP technology has been studied. The effect of plasma, not only on PM mass but also on PM size distribution, physico-chemical structure of PM and PM removal mechanisms, has been investigated. It was found that NTP technology can significantly reduce both PM mass and number. However, under some circumstances particles can be formed by nucleation. Energy required to create the plasma with the current technology is higher than the benchmark set by the commonly used by the automotive industry. Further research will enable the mechanism of particle creation and energy consumption to be optimised.

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33

Micallef, Alfred. "Concentrations and vertical profiles of airborne particulate matter." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285453.

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34

Hamm, Lee Bradford. "Engineering analysis of fugitive particulate matter emissions from cattle feedyards." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3240.

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An engineering analysis of the fugitive particulate matter emissions from a feedyard is not simple. The presence of an evening dust peak in concentration measurements downwind of a feedyard complicates the calculation of an average 24-h emission flux for the feedyard. The evening dust peak is a recurring event that occurs during evening hours when particulate matter concentration measurements increase and decrease dramatically during a short period of time. The concentrations measured during the evening can be up to 8 times the concentrations measured throughout the rest of the day. There is a perception that these concentration increases are due to increases in cattle activity as the temperature decreases during the evening. The purpose of Objective 1 of this research was to quantify the changes in concentrations based on changes in meteorological conditions and/or cattle activity. Using ISCST3, a Gaussian-based EPAapproved dispersion model used to predict concentrations downwind of the feedyard , the results of this work indicate that up to 80% of the increase in concentrations can be attributed to changes in meteorological conditions (wind speed, stability class, and mixing height.)The total fugitive particulate matter emissions on a cattle feedyard are due to two sources: unpaved roads (vehicle traffic) and pen surfaces (cattle activity). Objective 2 of this research was to quantify the mass fraction of the concentration measurements that was due to unpaved road emissions (vehicle traffic). A recent finding by Wanjura et al. (2004) reported that as much as 80% of the concentrations measured after a rain event were due to unpaved road emissions. An engineering analysis of the potential of the unpaved road emissions versus the total feedyard emissions using ISCST3 suggests that it is possible for 70 to 80% of the concentration measurements to be attributed to unpaved road emissions. The purpose of Objective 3 was to demonstrate the science used by ISCST3 to predict concentrations downwind of an area source. Results from this study indicate that the ISCST3 model utilizes a form of the Gaussian line source algorithm to predict concentrations downwind of an area source.

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Pritchard, Joseph James. "The effects of secondary air injection on particulate matter emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87963.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-71).
An experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of secondary air injection (SAI) on particulate matter (PM) emissions. SAI was developed to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and has been shown to be effective as a strategy to reduce HC emissions at cold-start. In general, cold-start emissions have become an increasingly important problem due to new, more stringent vehicle emissions regulations. Direct-injection, spark-ignition (DISI) engines, which emit high levels of PM, are growing in popularity because of their fuel efficiency improvements. Meeting PM emissions becomes a more difficult task due to more stringent standards and the greater adoption of DISI engines. This study seeks to investigate the potential use of SAI to reduce PM emissions in the exhaust system. Engine based experiments were conducted using a 2.0 L, turbocharged, DISI General Motors LNF engine. The engine was outfitted with a secondary air injection system and several thermocouples to measure exhaust stream temperature. A TSI Model 3934 Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) was used to measure particle emissions at various engine operating conditions and secondary air rates. PM reductions were observed for the engine conditions and SAI flow rates that were tested. The maximum particle number reduction achieved was 80%. Particle number and particle volume reduction were observed to correlate well with exhaust enthalpy release.
by Joseph James Pritchard.
S.M.

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Cambra, López María. "Control of particulate matter emissions from poultry and pig houses." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8501.

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Los alojamientos ganaderos, especialmente avícolas y porcinos, son una fuente importante de material particulado ("particulate matter", PM). Las concentraciones elevadas de PM en el ambiente pueden afectar a la salud de las personas y animales, así como al medio ambiente. La mejor manera de reducir las emisiones de PM de los alojamientos ganaderos es evitar que éste se genere y así, controlando el PM en origen, no sólo se pueden reducir las emisiones, sino también mejorar la calidad del aire en el interior de los alojamientos ganaderos. Por otra parte, para evaluar la posible exposición al PM por un lado, y para desarrollar medidas para reducirlo, por otro, es necesario conocer la morfología y composición de las partículas. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta tesis fue identificar y caracterizar el origen del PM en diferentes sistemas de alojamientos ganaderos y evaluar técnicas de reducción de dicho PM en relación con otros contaminantes. La tesis está compuesta por cuatro trabajos de investigación y una revisión previa, sobre el estado de la cuestión del PM en los sistemas de producción ganaderos, que establece el marco del trabajo experimental. En primer lugar, se muestrearon fuentes conocidas de PM en alojamientos ganaderos que fueron aerosolizadas experimentalmente en un generador de polvo de laboratorio para recoger muestras de PM fino y grueso. Estas muestras fueron analizadas posteriormente mediante: i) microscopía electrónica de barrido con un espectrómetro de rayos X para obtener una caracterización morfológica y química detallada de las fuentes; ii) mediante un contador óptico de partículas para obtener la distribución por tamaños de cada fuente. En segundo lugar, se investigaron las características más adecuadas de las partículas para distinguir entre las distintas fuentes en base a la caracterización de las mismas anteriormente obtenida y a las características morfológicas obtenidas con análisis digital de imagen. En su conjunto, se puede concluir de manera genérica que los resultados presentados en esta tesis contribuyen a proporcionar unas herramientas básicas que permitirán diseñar unas medidas de reducción de PM en origen mejores y más eficientes y, paralelamente, a predecir su funcionamiento.
Cambra López, M. (2010). Control of particulate matter emissions from poultry and pig houses [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8501
Palancia

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Braisher, Michael. "Particular matter : Emissions measurements form engines and vehicles." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531954.

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38

Xu, Fan. "Experimental research on particulate matter emissions from gasoline direct injection engines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:308fc929-a747-4793-8d90-1d5bf81fae5d.

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As the legislation on vehicle emissions is becoming more and more stringent, increasing attention has been paid to the fine particles emitted by diesel and gasoline vehicles. The high number emission of fine particles has been shown to have a large impact on the atmospheric environment and human health. Researchers have shown that gasoline engines, especially Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines, tend to emit large amounts of small size particles compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI) gasoline engines and diesel engines fitted with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs). As a result, the particle number emissions of GDI engines will be restricted by the EU6 legislation. The particulate emission level of GDI engines means that they would face some challenges in meeting the EU6 requirement. This thesis undertakes research in the following area. Firstly, the filtration efficiencies of glass fibre filters were quantified using a Cambustion Differential Mobility Spectrometer 500 (DMS500) to see if all of the particles from the sampled gas can be collected by the filters. Secondly, various valve timings and different injection modes such as double injection with a second injection after compression, single early injection and split early injection were implemented to measure the Particulate Matter (PM) emissions and combustion characteristics of a GDI engine under warm-up operating conditions. Thirdly, the techniques for removing volatile particles were investigated using a catalytic Volatile Particle Remover (VPR) and an Evaporation Tube (ET) with hot air dilution under various test conditions. The results show that for the glass fibre filters tested here, the transmission efficiencies of the particles are very low, indicating that PM sampling using fibre filters is an effective method of studying the particulate emissions from the engine. Particle number emissions using double injection with injection after compression were much higher than those with single injection during the intake stroke. Under 1200 rpm, 110 Nm cold engine operation, no reduction effect on PM emissions was shown by using split intake injection to further facilitate homogeneous mixture formation compared with single intake injection. Valve timings showed moderate effects on particulate emissions. Properly adjusted timing for exhaust valve closure led to reduced particulate emissions by a factor of about 2 and the combustion characteristics were not adversely affected much. The VPR temperature and exhaust residence time did not show much effect on the catalytic VPR performance once the mass flow rate of exhaust was above 0.09 g/s. Generally, the transmission efficiencies of the VPR follow the trends of the scaled PMP counting efficiency specification. Hot air dilution is effective in reducing the small size particles. At 23 nm, the transmission efficiencies are within the error range of the PMP specification. The catalytic VPR and the Evaporation Tube were all found to be effective in reducing the particle number of small size (nucleation mode) particles. Both systems have some particle loss mainly due to the physical effects of diffusion and thermophoresis. Until now, GDI engines have not been optimised for reducing particulate emissions as the focus has been on gaseous emissions and fuel economy. With careful re-optimisation of the catalyst light-off and engine calibration (especially for transients) then there is scope for GDI engines to meet forthcoming emissions legislation.

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Boswell, Colin R. "Atlanta automotive particulate matter exposure and evaluation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34679.

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The following thesis titled, Atlanta Automotive Particulate Matter Exposure and Evaluation, presents data obtained as a part of a joint project with Emory University, Rollin's School of Public Health. The Atlanta Commuters Exposure (ACE) Study uses both real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques for ambient aerosol concentrations. The ACE study is unique in that it will correlate the ambient aerosol concentrations with the concurrent health measurements. The primary objective of this thesis is to measure the concentration, size distribution and the chemical composition of PM2.5 inside the vehicle cabin for several commuters. The vehicles followed a scripted route along roadways in the Atlanta metropolitan region during periods of peak traffic volume, while the compact air sampling package of both real-time and time-integrated instruments recorded data. Real-time measurements for Particulate Matter (PM) were made using compact Optical Particle Counters (OPC), a Condensation Particle Counter, and a MicroAethalometer. The time-integrated measurements for Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC), particulate elemental concentrations, and speciated organics required filter collection methods. Thus a compact air-sampling package was created to combine both sets of real-time and time-integrated instruments. The following results are presented for the first four commutes. The framework for analyzing and presenting results is developed, and will be used for future commutes.

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Lagally, Christie D. "A morphological survey of particulate matter emissions from spark-ignited engines." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33754.

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Spark-ignited engines are known to produce PM composed of solid, volatile or semi-volatile particles including spheres of carbon soot formed into agglomerates, other forms of carbonaceous particles, metal particles and charred droplets of engine oil. In this thesis, detailed observation has revealed that SI PM is partly composed of fully-formed carbon nanotubes and fullerenes in addition to known particle types previously presented in the literature. The purpose of this work is to ascertain the shape and size of particulate matter being emitted by SI engines. In this thesis, PM thermophoretic sampling and transmission electron microscopy were used to collect and analyze engine soot samples, respectively. Furthermore, the operation of the thermophoretic sampling device used in engine PM sample collection was characterized to identify the sampling efficiency based on particle deposition and sampling biases based on differences in particle thermoconductivity for various forms of carbon such as turbostratic soot, crystalline carbon nanotubes and calcium. In general, the efficiency of the TPS method was roughly estimated to be 30-80% efficient based on experimental results. In this thesis, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes have been identified as being emitted from in-use, spark-ignited natural gas and gasoline burning auto-rickshaw engines tested in New Delhi, India. Emission of fullerenes and CNTs was on the order of 10% +/- 7% of the non-volatile particulate matter. Agglomerates, dense spherical particles believed to be charred engine oil, and unidentified or compound particles were also cataloged. Confirmation that nanotubes are being produced by SI engines was achieved using PM samples collected from the Ricardo Hydra laboratory test engine at the University of British Columbia, Clean Energy Research Centre. Under more controlled conditions than can be achieved sampling in-use vehicles, SI engine PM is found to be a complex collection of dense, dark (possibly charred oil) spheres, small primary particle agglomerates, small particle deposits, volatile droplets, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes and large ‘other’ particles. High resolution TEM confirmed tube-shaped particles to be fully formed multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

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41

Parker, Gavin James. "Analysis of metals in airborne particulate matter in eastern Iowa." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/7010.

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Airborne particulate matter (PM) consists of solid and liquid particles suspended in air. PM causes many negative health effects when inhaled like exacerbations of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and premature death. The health impacts of PM depend on the physical size and chemical composition of the inhaled particles. Particles less than 2.5 micrometers can penetrate the deep lung and enter the bloodstream. Understanding the composition of PM helps study human exposures and evaluate PM sources to support control and mitigation strategies. This thesis examines PM in power plant emissions, in ambient air, and in homes, with an emphasis on characterizing hazardous metals. PM emissions from the University of Iowa power plant were examined during a transition away from coal. Biomass is a renewable fuel and when used in place of or co-fired alongside coal it directly reduces emissions of fossil CO2 and PM to the atmosphere. PM emissions were examined under two scenarios: the first was a stoker boiler that fired 100% renewable energy pellets. PM and metal emissions reduced by 59 and 80% respectively despite increases to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that was attributed to emission of unburned carbon fuel. The second test was done in a circulating fluidized bed boiler firing 78% oat hulls, 17% coal, and 5% energy pellets. Decreases in PM, PAHs, and metal emissions were 32, 33, and 50%, respectively. Reductions in PM, PAHs, and metals when firing renewable fuels provide environmental advantages to local air quality while trying to eliminate the use of coal. Ambient air quality was examined downwind of the power plant. The levels of PM2.5 in Iowa City in 2016 ranged from 1.4-32.1 µg m-3 with an annual mean of 7.5 µg m-3. These levels are below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 24-hours (35 µg m-3) and the annual average (12 µg m-3). On average, the analyzed metals accounted for 10.7 ± 5.3% of PM2.5. Potassium, calcium, and zinc were the most abundant metals (averaging 250 ± 10, 170 ± 40, and 11.2 ± 0.5 ng m-3, respectively) and are associated with geological sources and biomass burning. Metals associated with fossil fuel combustion such as arsenic, lead, or vanadium were observed at low levels (averaging 0.58 ± 0.01, 1.32 ± 0.03, and 0.19 ± 0.01 ng m 3, respectively). Harmful metals were at least an order of magnitude lower than the World Health Organization’s guideline concentrations in Iowa City PM2.5. Overall, the hazardous metals in ambient PM2.5 observed in Iowa City were not at concerning levels. The work in this chapter helps provide a metal speciation profile for future studies and these measurements can be used to assess future changes in PM2.5 metal concentrations. Indoor PM collected in homes of Eastern Iowa COPD patients was characterized for its metal content. COPD patients are at higher risk of developing respiratory infections, which cause acute exacerbations of COPD—the leading cause of mortality in COPD patients—and airborne PM increases risk of infection. From the 21 homes studied 6-87 mg of indoor PM was collected over 30 days in winter. Crustal metals such as magnesium, iron, and aluminum were the most concentrated in indoor PM, having mass fractions from 3000-25,000 ng mg-1. Toxic metals like vanadium and arsenic were at lower levels from 3-65 ng mg-1. Between homes the relative abundance of metals was similar, but the absolute abundance was highly variable. Analyzing indoor PM is essential since Americans on average spend 80% of their day indoors making it a significant environment for PM exposure. This chapter provides a chemical profile for different homes when studying the impact PM has on respiratory health. This thesis also provides new measurements of the chemical composition of PM at the point of emission, in ambient air, and within homes. Advancing knowledge of PM composition in different environments is vital in understanding its impacts on human health. Improvements to local air quality with reductions to PM and metal emissions were observed when firing alternative fuels. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations in Iowa City were lower than NAAQS levels and the composition of both ambient and indoor PM was evaluated. With greater understanding of PM composition, better control strategies can be studied and employed to improve local air quality.

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George, Sam. "Investigation of lubricant oil consumption and its contribution to particulate matter emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6004.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 152 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-119).

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43

Hardin, John Wesley. "Quantification of soluble organic fraction measurement variation in diesel particulate matter emissions." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6007.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 135 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-53).

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44

MANUZON, RODERICK BEROIN. "Electrostatic Precipitation Technologies for the Mitigation of Particulate Matter Emissions from Poultry Facilities." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345562603.

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45

Win, Kaung Myat. "Emissions from realistic operation of residential wood pellets heating systems." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-29582.

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Emissions from residential combustion appliances vary significantly depending on the firing behaviours and combustion conditions, in addition to combustion technologies and fuel quality. Although wood pellet combustion in residential heating boilers is efficient, the combustion conditions during start-up and stop phases are not optimal and produce significantly high emissions such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon from incomplete combustion. The emissions from the start-up and stop phases of the pellet boilers are not fully taken into account in test methods for ecolabels which primarily focus on emissions during operation on full load and part load. The objective of the thesis is to investigate the emission characteristics during realistic operation of residential wood pellet boilers in order to identify when the major part of the annual emissions occur. Emissions from four residential wood pellet boilers were measured and characterized for three operating phases (start-up, steady and stop). Emissions from realistic operation of combined solar and wood pellet heating systems was continuously measured to investigate the influence of start-up and stop phases on total annual emissions. Measured emission data from the pellet devices were used to build an emission model to predict the annual emission factors from the dynamic operation of the heating system using the simulation software TRNSYS. Start-up emissions are found to vary with ignition type, supply of air and fuel, and time to complete the phase. Stop emissions are influenced by fan operation characteristics and the cleaning routine. Start-up and stop phases under realistic operation conditions contribute 80 – 95% of annual carbon monoxide (CO) emission, 60 – 90% total hydrocarbon (TOC), 10 – 20% of nitrogen oxides (NO), and 30 – 40% particles emissions. Annual emission factors from realistic operation of tested residential heating system with a top fed wood pelt boiler can be between 190 and 400 mg/MJ for the CO emissions, between 60 and 95 mg/MJ for the NO, between 6 and 25 mg/MJ for the TOC, between 30 and 116 mg/MJ for the particulate matter and between 2x1013 and 4x1013 /MJ for the number of particles. If the boiler has the cleaning sequence with compressed air such as in boiler B2, annual CO emission factor can be up to 550 mg/MJ. Average CO, TOC and particles emissions under realistic annual condition were greater than the limits values of two eco labels. These results highlight the importance of start-up and stop phases in annual emission factors (especially CO and TOC). Since a large or dominating part of the annual emissions in real operation arise from the start-up and stop sequences, test methods required by the ecolabels should take these emissions into account. In this way it will encourage the boiler manufacturers to minimize annual emissions. The annual emissions of residential pellet heating system can be reduced by optimizing the number of start-ups of the pellet boiler. It is possible to reduce up to 85% of the number of start-ups by optimizing the system design and its controller such as switching of the boiler pump after it stops, using two temperature sensors for boiler ON/OFF control, optimizing of the positions of the connections to the storage tank, increasing the mixing valve temperature in the boiler circuit and decreasing the pump flow rate. For 85 % reduction of start-ups, 75 % of CO and TOC emission factors were reduced while 13% increase in NO and 15 % increase in particle emissions was observed.

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Faghani, Ehsan. "Effect of injection strategies on particulate matter emissions from HPDI natural-gas engine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55606.

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Internal combustion engines produce emissions of NOx and particulate matter (PM). Westport Innovations Inc. has developed the pilot-ignited high-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) natural gas (NG) engine system. To ignite the natural gas, HPDI uses a small diesel pilot injection (~5% of total fuel energy), which is normally injected before the NG. Although HPDI engines produce less PM than diesel engines, further reductions of engine-out PM emissions are desired in order to meet future regulations. The goal of this project is to reduce PM from HPDI engines and study the drawbacks of the injection strategies in terms of engine performance or other emissions. This thesis proposes mechanisms for two injection strategies useful in PM reduction: Late Post Injection (LPI) and Slightly Premixed Combustion (SPC). Tests on LPI and SPC were performed in the UBC Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE). In LPI, a second natural gas injection (10-25% of total fuel mass) is injected into the cylinder later in the cycle. In SPC, more premixing of NG is achieved by injecting NG before the diesel injection and engine operating parameters are adjusted to minimize the effect on other emissions. Both of the injection strategies show significant PM reduction (over 75% on the SCRE) with small effects on other emissions and engine performance. Westport’s computational fluid dynamics package, “GOLD”, was used to help to understand the mechanisms of the new injection strategies. The PM reductions from LPI and SPC were captured by GOLD. A phenomenological model (Transient Slice Model, TSM) has been developed in this study to provide better insight into the PM reduction process, using the Hiroyasu model with a transport equation for soot. TSM results show good agreement in the prediction of pressure trace and heat release rates in most cases. Engine-out PM trends with changing engine parameters are well-captured in the TSM for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), equivalence ratio (EQR), load and natural gas (NG) flow. TSM cannot predict the effect of NG injection pressure. For the new injection strategies, TSM can predict the PM trends for LPI, relative gas-diesel timing and the SPC injection strategy.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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47

Zhang, Yihao S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Assessing the effects of ethanol addition on particulate matter emissions in GDI engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118678.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-78).
Previous research on the effects of ethanol addition on particulate matter (PM) emissions in GDI engines show diverse results. In this thesis, an overview on three major aspects, PM formation, effects of engine operating conditions, and ethanol effects, unveils the large number of factors that can simultaneously affect PM emissions from gasoline-ethanol blends in GDI engines, partially explaining the reasons for the diverse results from previous research. A further experimental work was conducted to assess three potential ethanol effects, displacement effect, evaporative cooling effect, and oxygen content effect. The displacement effect is based on PM Index (PMI) in the literature. Ethanol has very low PMI and thus very low propensity to form PM. Therefore, the addition of ethanol replaces the high-PMI components in the gasoline, lowering PM emissions. Although the PMI value incorporates species reactivity and volatility, it does not take latent heat of vaporization (HOV) into account. The high HOV of ethanol suppresses the fuel evaporation and potentially causes more liquid fuel films, which serve as sources for PM emissions. This evaporative cooling effect was assessed along with the oxygen content effect, a widely used effect in the literature to explain why ethanol lowers PM emissions. Through the method of control variables, the displacement effect and oxygen content effect were separated out and could be assessed individually. The existence of the displacement effect was confirmed. It was also found that the oxygen content effect was negligible, while the evaporative cooling effect changed PN emission significantly. The extent of the evaporative cooling effect depended on operating conditions, such as fuel injection timing, engine coolant temperature, and load.
by Yihao Zhang.
S.M.

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48

Predicala, Bernardo Z. "Characterization and modeling of concentrations and emissions of particulate matter in swine buildings /." Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Resende, Fernando. "Poluição atmosférica por emissão de material particulado: avaliação e controle nos canteiros de obras de edifícios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-09012008-173832/.

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Os canteiros de obras são causadores de diversos impactos ambientais relacionados ao grande consumo de recursos e à grande geração de poluição e incômodos que afetam toda sociedade. Dentre as fontes de poluição, está a emissão de material particulado na atmosfera, responsável por uma série de problemas respiratórios e cardíacos, danos à flora e à fauna, incômodos à vizinhança, danos ao solo, à água e à qualidade do ar, entre outros aspectos. Em vários países, os canteiros de obras são reconhecidos como uma das principais fontes de poluição por partículas. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais fontes emissoras de material particulado entre as diversas atividades de construção, as principais ferramentas de controle e prevenção de emissão e os principais métodos de monitoramento aplicáveis aos canteiros de obras de edifícios. Sua metodologia está baseada em compilação e análise de bibliografia nacional e internacional disponível.Como resultados, são identificadas as principais fontes de emissão de material particulado nas fases de demolição, movimentação de terra e serviços preliminares e serviços de construção. Mostra-se, também, que o monitoramento, associado a ações de prevenção e controle, é uma ferramenta eficaz para manutenção de níveis de emissão aceitáveis, utilizando equipamentos de custo relativamente baixo, fácil operação e implantação no canteiro de obras. Finalmente, o trabalho traz um conjunto de recomendações que podem ser utilizadas na composição de um plano de gestão para prevenção, controle e monitoramento de emissões de material particulado em canteiros de obras, a ser incorporado às práticas de gestão já em uso pela empresa construtora. O trabalho conclui que o controle de emissões nos canteiros de obras de edifícios pode ser aplicado por empresas construtoras, dentro da atual realidade brasileira.
The construction sites cause many environmental impacts related to high consumption of resources and high levels of pollutions emissions, affecting the whole society. Among these pollutions, it is the particulate matter emission in the atmosphere, responsible for heart and lung diseases, damages to animals, plants, soil, water and air quality and nuisances to neighbors. In several countries, the construction sites are recognized as one of the main sources of particle pollution. This work intends to identify the main emission sources of particulate matter among the great variety of construction activities, the main particle emissions control tools and the main monitoring methods available for building construction sites. The research is based on compilation of Brazilian and international bibliographies. As result, are identified the main sources of particulate matter emission on demolition, earthmoving and construction activities. The work presents that monitoring associated with prevention e control measures is an effective tool for maintenance of controlled emissions levels, through low cost, easy operation and easy implantation equipments. Finally, the work presents a set of recommendation to elaborate a management plan to prevent, control and monitoring particulate matters emissions in the construction sites, easily adapted to the current management practices of the contractors firms. The work concludes that the particulate matter emission control can be implanted by contractors firm within the current Brazilian reality.

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Johansson, Petter. "Oil-related Particle Emissions from Diesel Engines." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Maskinkonstruktion, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9287.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Particulate matter emission'

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