Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particles size

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Particles size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Particles size"

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Pan, Lei, Sean Golden, Shoeleh Assemi, Marc Freddy Sime, Xuming Wang, Yuesheng Gao, and Jan Miller. "Characterization of Particle Size and Composition of Respirable Coal Mine Dust." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030276.

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Respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) particles, particularly the nano-sized fraction (<1 μm) of the RCMD if present, can cause severe lung diseases in coal miners. Characterization of both the particle size and chemical composition of such RCMD particles remains a work in progress, in particular, with respect to the nano-sized fraction of RCMD. In this work, various methods were surveyed and used to obtain both the size and chemical composition of RCMD particles, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (S-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AsFIFFF). It was found that the micron-sized fraction (>1 μm) of RCMD particles collected at the miner location, from an underground coal mine, contained more coal particles, while those collected at the bolter location contained more rock dust particles. Two image processing procedures were developed to determine the size of individual RCMD particles. The particle size distribution (PSD) results showed that a significant amount (~80% by number) of nano-sized particles were present in the RCMD sample collected in an underground coal mine. The presence of nano-sized RCMD particles was confirmed by bulk sample analysis, using both DLS and AsFIFFF. The mode particle size at the peak frequency of the size distribution was found to be 300–400 nm, which was consistent with the result obtained from SEM analysis. The chemical composition data of the nano-sized RCMD showed that not only diesel particles, but also both coal and rock dust particles were present in the nano-sized fraction of the RCMD. The presence of the nano-sized fraction of RCMD particles may be site and location dependent, and a detailed analysis of the entire size range of RCMD particles in different underground coal mines is needed.
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Kontkanen, Jenni, Chenjuan Deng, Yueyun Fu, Lubna Dada, Ying Zhou, Jing Cai, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, et al. "Size-resolved particle number emissions in Beijing determined from measured particle size distributions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 11329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11329-2020.

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Abstract. The climate and air quality effects of aerosol particles depend on the number and size of the particles. In urban environments, a large fraction of aerosol particles originates from anthropogenic emissions. To evaluate the effects of different pollution sources on air quality, knowledge of size distributions of particle number emissions is needed. Here we introduce a novel method for determining size-resolved particle number emissions, based on measured particle size distributions. We apply our method to data measured in Beijing, China, to determine the number size distribution of emitted particles in a diameter range from 2 to 1000 nm. The observed particle number emissions are dominated by emissions of particles smaller than 30 nm. Our results suggest that traffic is the major source of particle number emissions with the highest emissions observed for particles around 10 nm during rush hours. At sizes below 6 nm, clustering of atmospheric vapors contributes to calculated emissions. The comparison between our calculated emissions and those estimated with an integrated assessment model GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) shows that our method yields clearly higher particle emissions at sizes below 60 nm, but at sizes above that the two methods agree well. Overall, our method is proven to be a useful tool for gaining new knowledge of the size distributions of particle number emissions in urban environments and for validating emission inventories and models. In the future, the method will be developed by modeling the transport of particles from different sources to obtain more accurate estimates of particle number emissions.
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Friedman, B., A. Zelenyuk, J. Beránek, G. Kulkarni, M. Pekour, A. G. Hallar, I. B. McCubbin, J. A. Thornton, and D. J. Cziczo. "Aerosol measurements at a high elevation site: composition, size, and cloud condensation nuclei activity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2013): 18277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-18277-2013.

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Abstract. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, single particle composition and size distributions at a high-elevation research site from March 2011 are presented. The temporal evolution of detailed single particle composition is compared with changes in CCN activation on four days, two of which include new particle formation and growth events. Sulfate-containing particles dominated the single particle composition by number; biomass burning particles, sea salt particles, and particles containing organic components also were present. CCN activation largely followed the behavior of the sulfate-containing particle types; biomass burning particle types also likely contained hygroscopic material that impacted CCN activation. Newly formed particles also may contribute to CCN activation at higher supersaturation conditions. Derived aerosol hygroscopicity parameters from the size distribution and CCN concentration measurements are within the range of previous reports of remote continental kappa values.
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Friedman, B., A. Zelenyuk, J. Beranek, G. Kulkarni, M. Pekour, A. Gannet Hallar, I. B. McCubbin, J. A. Thornton, and D. J. Cziczo. "Aerosol measurements at a high-elevation site: composition, size, and cloud condensation nuclei activity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 23 (December 9, 2013): 11839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11839-2013.

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Abstract. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, single particle composition and size distributions at a high-elevation research site from March 2011 are presented. The temporal evolution of detailed single particle composition is compared with changes in CCN activation on four days, two of which include new particle formation and growth events. Sulfate-containing particles dominated the single particle composition by number; biomass burning particles, sea salt particles, and particles containing organic components were also present. CCN activation largely followed the behavior of the sulfate-containing particle types; biomass burning particle types also likely contained hygroscopic material that impacted CCN activation. Newly formed particles also may contribute to CCN activation at higher supersaturation conditions. Derived aerosol hygroscopicity parameters from the size distribution and CCN concentration measurements are within the range of previous reports of remote continental kappa values.
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Davies, P., and J. Popplewell. "Particle size analysis of micrometre-sized particles using magnetic liquids." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 20, no. 11 (November 14, 1987): 1540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/20/11/028.

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Zhang, Lin, Guang Hui Min, Hua Shun Yu, Hong Mei Chen, and Gang Feng. "The Size and Morphology of Fine CaB6 Powder Synthesized by Nanometer CaCO3 as Reactant." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.369.

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Based on the CaCO3-B4C-C system to prepare calcium hexaboride (CaB6) powder, the influence of B4C size on the CaB6 powder was investigated in this paper, in which micro-sized B4C in various size and nano-sized CaCO3 were as main raw materials. XRD and SEM were used to characterize the phase pattern, size and morphology of CaB6 powder particles respectively. Laser particle size analyzer was employed to determine the size distribution of CaB6 particles. It was found that the size of B4C had a dominant effect on the size and distribution of CaB6 powder particles. When B4C particles were much coarser than CaCO3, the CaB6 synthesized appeared as aggregates which size relied on B4C, however, the size of every CaB6 particle was determined by CaCO3. When B4C particles size was fine to several microns, the CaB6 particles synthesized were dispersive and the size of them has great relation to B4C. Synthesis models were also established to describe various reaction processes.
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Rastello, Marie, Fabrice Rastello, Hervé Bellot, Frédéric Ousset, François Dufour, and Lorenz Meier. "Size of snow particles in a powder-snow avalanche." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 201 (2011): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311795306637.

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AbstractLittle quantitative information is available concerning the size of ice particles in the turbulent clouds of powder-snow avalanches. To quantify particle size distributions, we have developed an experimental device that collects particles in real-scale powder avalanches. The device was placed on the concrete bunker of the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne avalanche dynamics test site. On 31 January 2003, a large powder-snow avalanche struck the bunker and we were able to collect particle samples. The collected particles have been photographed and the pictures digitized. An image analysis tool allows us to determine an equivalent particle radius. The captured particles have a geometric mean of 0.16 mm; the largest particles were 0.8 mm in size and the smallest particles 0.03 mm.
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Chatain, Mélodie, Raphaël Alvarez, Aurélien Ustache, Emmanuel Rivière, Olivier Favez, and Cyril Pallares. "Simultaneous Roadside and Urban Background Measurements of Submicron Aerosol Number Concentration and Size Distribution (in the Range 20–800 nm), along with Chemical Composition in Strasbourg, France." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010071.

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The adverse health impact of particles and ultrafine particles (UFP) is proven, highlighting the need of measuring the particle number concentration (PNC) dominated by UFP. So far, PNC had never been measured in the Strasbourg urban area (France). The present study on particle size distribution and PNC measurements by an UFP-3031 analyzer was conducted during winter 2019 on a background and a roadside multi-instrumented sites (Black Carbon, chemical speciation, particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter—PM10 mass). This paper shows significantly higher particle number concentrations of particles below 100 nm at the traffic site compared to the background site. The presence of a road axis thus mainly influences UFP, contrary to larger particles whose levels are more homogeneous over the agglomeration. During the measurement period, the nature of the particles (particle size contribution and chemical composition) was different between periods of high PM10 mass concentrations and periods of high PNC. High PM10 mass concentrations were associated with a high contribution of particles larger than 100 nm but they did not show specific chemical signature. On the other hand, during the periods with high PNC, the chemical composition was modified with an increase of the primary carbonaceous fraction compared to the periods with low PNC, but there was then no clear change in size distribution. Overall, this study illustrates that PM10 mass concentrations were barely representative of UFP and PNC variations, confirming that the monitoring of the latter metrics is necessary to better evaluate the particles toxicity, knowing that this toxicity also depends on the particle’s chemical composition.
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Rajkovic, V., D. Bozic, M. Popovic, and M. T. Jovanovic. "The influence of powder particle size on properties of Cu-Al2O3 composites." Science of Sintering 41, no. 2 (2009): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0902185r.

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Inert gas atomized prealloyed copper powder containing 2 wt.% Al (average particle size ? 30 ?m) and a mixture consisting of copper (average particle sizes ? 15 ?m and 30 ?m) and 4 wt.% of commercial Al2O3 powder particles (average particle size ? 0.75 ?m) were milled separately in a high-energy planetary ball mill up to 20 h in air. Milling was performed in order to strengthen the copper matrix by grain size refinement and Al2O3 particles. Milling in air of prealloyed copper powder promoted formation of finely dispersed nano-sized Al2O3 particles by internal oxidation. On the other side, composite powders with commercial micro-sized Al2O3 particles were obtained by mechanical alloying. Following milling, powders were treated in hydrogen at 400 0C for 1h in order to eliminate copper oxides formed on their surface during milling. Hot-pressing (800 0C for 3 h in argon at pressure of 35 MPa) was used for compaction of milled powders. Hot-pressed composite compacts processed from 5 and 20 h milled powders were additionally subjected to high temperature exposure (800?C for 1 and 5h in argon) in order to examine their thermal stability. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of different size of starting powders, the grain size refinement and different size of Al2O3 particles on strengthening, thermal stability and electrical conductivity of copper-based composites.
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Reddington, C. L., K. S. Carslaw, D. V. Spracklen, M. G. Frontoso, L. Collins, J. Merikanto, A. Minikin, et al. "Primary versus secondary contributions to particle number concentrations in the European boundary layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 23 (December 5, 2011): 12007–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12007-2011.

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Abstract. It is important to understand the relative contribution of primary and secondary particles to regional and global aerosol so that models can attribute aerosol radiative forcing to different sources. In large-scale models, there is considerable uncertainty associated with treatments of particle formation (nucleation) in the boundary layer (BL) and in the size distribution of emitted primary particles, leading to uncertainties in predicted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Here we quantify how primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation influence size-resolved particle number concentrations in the BL using a global aerosol microphysics model and aircraft and ground site observations made during the May 2008 campaign of the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI). We tested four different parameterisations for BL nucleation and two assumptions for the emission size distribution of anthropogenic and wildfire carbonaceous particles. When we emit carbonaceous particles at small sizes (as recommended by the Aerosol Intercomparison project, AEROCOM), the spatial distributions of campaign-mean number concentrations of particles with diameter >50 nm (N50) and >100 nm (N100) were well captured by the model (R2≥0.8) and the normalised mean bias (NMB) was also small (−18% for N50 and −1% for N100). Emission of carbonaceous particles at larger sizes, which we consider to be more realistic for low spatial resolution global models, results in equally good correlation but larger bias (R2≥0.8, NMB = −52% and −29%), which could be partly but not entirely compensated by BL nucleation. Within the uncertainty of the observations and accounting for the uncertainty in the size of emitted primary particles, BL nucleation makes a statistically significant contribution to CCN-sized particles at less than a quarter of the ground sites. Our results show that a major source of uncertainty in CCN-sized particles in polluted European air is the emitted size of primary carbonaceous particles. New information is required not just from direct observations, but also to determine the "effective emission size" and composition of primary particles appropriate for different resolution models.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particles size"

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Xiang, Yanqiao. "Capillary Liquid Chromatography Using Micro Size Particles." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd531.pdf.

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Hunt, Eden Meyer. "The formation of nanosized metallic particles in oxide substrates via ion implantation-induced reduction." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19415.

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Williams, Melvyn John. "Quantum size effects in colloidal copper." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239140.

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Lynch, James Andrew. "A study of smoke aging examining changes in smoke particulate size." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0510104-194400/.

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Schaap, Allison Schaap. "Transport and size-separation of airborne particles in a microchannel for continuous particle monitoring." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30230.

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Microfluidics research and development has emerged as a novel and promising tool for the development of sensors and actuators. However, one area in which microfluidics has been only minimally employed is in the handling of airborne particles, or aerosols. The real-time monitoring of aerosols is important for protecting human health and earth’s environment. The small size of microchannels, coupled with the opportunity to integrate sensing technologies, suggests them as a promising tool for the next generation of aerosol sensors. To that end, this thesis presents a microfluidics-based system for the size-separation of aerosols. Specifically, centrifugal force is exerted on each particle as it travels around a curved microchannel, resulting in the particle occupying a size-dependent lateral position in the channel. The behaviours of aerosols in a microchannel are examined, including the effects of flow focusing, the diffusion of airborne particles in a channel, and the centrifugal and viscous forces exerted on particles in a curved microchannel. Mathematical descriptions and computer simulations of these effects are developed to model these effects. Straight and curved microchannels were fabricated and each of these effects was measured experimentally, and compared to the models. Various combinations of airborne particles between 0.2 µm and 3.2 µm were successfully separated by size. A prototype optical particle detector was built and tested for its suitability as a candidate for integration with the microchannel particle separator. This represents the first approach in which aerosols have been separated by centrifugal forces in a microchannel, and one of very few approaches that have been used for any kind of size-based separation of airborne particles in microchannels. The small footprint and potential for integration offered by microsystem fabrication technology make it a desirable avenue of pursuit for the development of small, portable particulate monitors. The results presented here confirm that this approach to size-separation is a feasible option for a future microsystem based size-selective particulate monitor.
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Crawford, Russell J., and n/a. "Particle size, hydrophobicity and flotation response." Swinburne University of Technology, 1986. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070828.150946.

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Quartz particles of various discrete particle size ranges have been methylated to varying known mounts using trimethylchlorosilane and their flotation behaviour has been assessed in a modification of the Hallimond tube. For each particle size there is a definite degree of. surface coverage below which the particles do not float. A 'flotation domain' is identified which shorvs that both coarse (-100pm) and fine (-10pm) particles require a greater degree of surface coverage to initiate flotation than do intermediate (-40pm) particles. Water contact angles have been measured on quartz plates and powders which have been methylated (under the same conditions) with trimethylchlorosilane. Both advancing and receding water contact angles measured on quartz plates as a function of degree of surface methylationare in good agreement with the angles predicted by the Cassie equation. Advancing water contact angles measured on quartz particles as a function of degree of surface methylation are also in good agreement with angles predicted by the Cassie equation up to surface coverages of'about 70%. The angles measured at higher surface coverages are less than those anticipated by the Cassie equation. The flotation behaviour of the particles has been compared with that predicted by existing flotation theories. It has been shown that coarse particle behaviour is predicted by the kinetic theory of flotation proposed by Schulze. Fine particle behaviour, however, only qualitatively agrees with Scheludko's theory of fine particle behaviour. Calculated induction times, in conjunction with observed flotation behaviour, indicate that the bubble-particle attachment process is most efficient for particles of about 38pm in diameter ander the set experimental conditions used in this study. Flotation rate trials were performed for three particle size ranges and rate constants were evaluated for the various degrees of surface coverage. It was found that the dependence of rate constant on particle size is essentially linear.
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Zheng, Feng. "Thermophoretic force measurements of spherical and non-spherical particles /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9874.

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Doychev, Todor [Verfasser]. "The dynamics of finite-size settling particles / Todor Doychev." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2015. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.

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Scalon, Joao Domingos. "Spatial and size distributions of particles in composite materials." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284351.

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Chatterjee, Arpita. "Size-Dependant Separation of Multiple Particles in Spiral Microchannels." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1312480517.

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Books on the topic "Particles size"

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Particle size analysis: Classification and sedimentation methods. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994.

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Particle size measurement. 5th ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Allen, Terence. Particle size measurement. 4th ed. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.

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Klimpel, Richard R. Instructional module on introduction to the principles of size reduction of particles by mechanical means. Gainsville, FL: NSF Engineering Research Center for Particle Science & Technology, 1997.

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Riley, James B. Laser diffraction particle sizing: Sampling and inversion. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987.

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Size enlargement by agglomeration. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley, 1991.

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Pietsch, Wolfgang. Size enlargement by agglomeration. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Books on Demand, 1998.

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Trilateral Symposium on Particuology (1988 Beijing, China). Particuology '88: Proceedings, Trilateral Symposium on Particuology, Beijing, People's Republic of China, September 5 to 9, 1988. Edited by Jinbo Genji 1929-, Beddow John Keith, Kuo Mu-sun, and Chinese Society of Particuology. Beijing: Science Press, 1988.

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The shape of powder-particle outlines. Taunton, Somerset, England: Research Studies Press Ltd., 1993.

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Dynamics, Von Karman Institute for Fluid. Optical diagnostics of particles & droplets: January 25-29, 1999. Rhode St. Genese, Belgium: von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Particles size"

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Stock, Ruth S., and W. Harmon Ray. "Measuring Particle Size Distribution of Latex Particles Using Dynamic Light Scattering." In Particle Size Distribution, 105–14. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0332.ch007.

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Allen, Terence. "Interaction between particles and fluids in a gravitational field." In Particle Size Measurement, 249–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0417-0_7.

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Kourti, T., A. Penlidis, J. F. MacGregor, and A. E. Hamielec. "Measuring Particle Size Distribution of Latex Particles in the Submicrometer Range Using Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Turbidity Spectra." In Particle Size Distribution, 242–55. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0332.ch017.

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Goerke, A., M. Feser, H. Palm, C. P. Schulz, and I. V. Hertel. "Spectroscopy of size-selected sodium clusters." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 137–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_31.

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van Ruitenbeek, J. M. "Orbital magnetism in finite size systems." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 247–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_60.

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Sadhal, S. S., P. S. Ayyaswamy, and J. N. Chung. "Shape and Size of Fluid Particles." In Transport Phenomena with Drops and Bubbles, 17–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4022-8_2.

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Vostrikov, A. A., V. P. Gilyova, and D. Yu Dubov. "Cluster size effect on electron-induced luminescence." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 655–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_157.

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Fritsche, H. G., T. Mittelbach, E. Mueller, and W. Vogelsberger. "Particle size effects of clusters and crystallites." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 807–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_193.

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Homann, Holger. "Modeling and Simulation of Finite-Size Particles in Turbulence." In Collective Dynamics of Particles, 39–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51226-6_2.

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Hale, Robert C., Meredith E. Seeley, Ashley E. King, and Lehuan H. Yu. "Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation." In Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 17–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_2.

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AbstractApproaches for the collection and analysis of plastic debris in environmental matrices are rapidly evolving. Such plastics span a continuum of sizes, encompassing large (macro-), medium (micro-, typically defined as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm), and smaller (nano-) plastics. All are of environmental relevance. Particle sizes are dynamic. Large plastics may fragment over time, while smaller particles may agglomerate in the field. The diverse morphologies (fragment, fiber, sphere) and chemical compositions of microplastics further complicate their characterization. Fibers are of growing interest and present particular analytical challenges due to their narrow profiles. Compositional classes of emerging concern include tire wear, paint chips, semisynthetics (e.g., rayon), and bioplastics. Plastics commonly contain chemical additives and fillers, which may alter their toxicological potency, behavior (e.g., buoyancy), or detector response (e.g., yield fluorescence) during analysis. Field sampling methods often focus on >20 μm and even >300 μm sized particles and will thus not capture smaller microplastics (which may be most abundant and bioavailable). Analysis of a limited subgroup (selected polymer types, particle sizes, or shapes) of microplastics, while often operationally necessary, can result in an underestimation of actual sample content. These shortcomings complicate calls for toxicological studies of microplastics to be based on “environmentally relevant concentrations.” Sample matrices of interest include water (including wastewater, ice, snow), sediment (soil, dust, wastewater sludge), air, and biota. Properties of the environment, and of the particles themselves, may concentrate plastic debris in select zones (e.g., gyres, shorelines, polar ice, wastewater sludge). Sampling designs should consider such patchy distributions. Episodic releases due to weather and anthropogenic discharges should also be considered. While water grab samples and sieving are commonplace, novel techniques for microplastic isolation, such as continuous flow centrifugation, show promise. The abundance of nonplastic particulates (e.g., clay, detritus, biological material) in samples interferes with microplastic detection and characterization. Their removal is typically accomplished using a combination of gravity separation and oxidative digestion (including strong bases, peroxide, enzymes); unfortunately, aggressive treatments may damage more labile plastics. Microscope-based infrared or Raman detection is often applied to provide polymer chemistry and morphological data for individual microplastic particles. However, the sheer number of particles in many samples presents logistical hurdles. In response, instruments have been developed that employ detector arrays and rapid scanning lasers. The addition of dyes to stain particulates may facilitate spectroscopic detection of some polymer types. Most researchers provide microplastic data in the form of the abundances of polymer types within particle size, polymer, and morphology classes. Polymer mass data in samples remain rare but are essential to elucidating fate. Rather than characterizing individual particles in samples, solvent extraction (following initial sample prep, such as sediment size class sorting), combined with techniques such as thermoanalysis (e.g., pyrolysis), has been used to generate microplastic mass data. However, this may obviate the acquisition of individual particle morphology and compositional information. Alternatively, some techniques (e.g., electron and atomic force microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry) are adept at providing highly detailed data on the size, morphology, composition, and surface chemistry of select particles. Ultimately, the analyst must select the approach best suited for their study goals. Robust quality control elements are also critical to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the sampling and analysis techniques. Further, improved efforts are required to assess and control possible sample contamination due to the ubiquitous distribution of microplastics, especially in indoor environments where samples are processed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Particles size"

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Smith, Barton L., Zachary E. Humes, and Angela Minichiello. "Particle Size Classification Through Aerodynamic Jet Vectoring." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37267.

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An experimental and numerical demonstration of a new, non-contact particle sorting technique called Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting (AVPS) is presented. AVPS uses secondary blowing and suction control flows to sharply turn a 2D, particle-laden jet. As the jet is turned, particles present in the flow experience a resultant force, dependent upon their size and due to the combined effects of pressure, inertia, and drag. Since the balance of these forces determines the particle’s trajectory, turning the flow leads to a separation of particles downstream. This simple, low-pressure-drop sorting technique classifies particles with less risk of damage or contamination than currently available sorting devices. AVPS is experimentally demonstrated using a rectangular air jet. Particle size are measured using the Shadowgraphy method. Numerical simulations are performed using the commercial CFD solver FLUENT to calculate the 2D turbulent vectored jet flow field using a RANS approach. Examination of the mean and the standard deviation of measured and computed particle trajectories is used to determine the range of particle sizes that can be effectively sorted using AVPS. Our results indicate that while vectoring can be achieved with smaller control flow rates when blowing and suction are used together, fluctuations in the velocity field are much smaller when suction only is used. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the jet flow can be vectored 90 with pure suction and 180 using a new geometry that allows for modification of the blowing angle on the fly. Using pure suction, particles from 10–40 micron and 2.5 times the density of water have been sorted to an accuracy of 1.5 micrometers. Sorting of heavy particles such as these is accomplished at very low speeds, reducing the tendency of damage to the particles. Lighter particles are sorted at higher speeds. Also using pure suction, particles from 5–40 μm and 0.6 times the density of water were sorted to an accuracy of 6.6 μm.
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Yu, Kuahai, and Danesh Tafti. "Size and Temperature Dependent Deposition Model of Micro-Sized Sand Particles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63792.

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Sand ingestion and deposition in gas turbine engine components can lead to several operational hazards. This paper discusses a physics based model for modeling the impact and deposition of sand particles. The collision model divides the impact process into three stages, the elastic stage, the elastic-plastic stage, and full plastic stage. The recovery stage is assumed to be fully elastic. The contact force, contact radius and work of contact force are conformed to the Hertzian theory, using “Young’s modulus similarity” rule to predict the recovery displacement. The adhesion loss in the recovery stage is considered using Dunn’s model, which describes the adhesion force as an idealized line force with the contact radius. The validation case of steel spherical particle impact on a glass surface with the maximum Stokes number of 10000, shows that the adhesion model with elastoplastic impact model describes the experimental result well. When the Stokes number is less than 12, the particle deposits on the surface. Sand properties are characterized by size and temperature dependencies. Model predictions for particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 50 micron, impact velocities up to 80 m/s, and temperatures above 1300 K are given and discussed. It is shown that both size and temperature have an effect on the deposition characteristics.
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Mignerey, Alice C. "System Size and Energy Dependence of Elliptic Flow." In PARTICLES AND NUCLEI: Seventeenth Internatinal Conference on Particles and Nuclei. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2220212.

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Fisher, John W., Suresh A. Pisharody, and Martin A. Abraham. "Particle Size Effect on Supercritical Water Oxidation- Wheat Straw Particles." In International Conference on Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/951739.

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Coban, Haluk Sinan, Quan Sun, Bora Cetin, and Junxing Zheng. "Particle Size Characteristics of Unconventionally Large Aggregate Particles by Stereophotography." In Geo-Congress 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482803.020.

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Fontani, Daniela, Franco Francini, Paola Sansoni, David Jafrancesco, and Luca Mercatelli. "Particles size measurement by spectrophotometric method." In Optical Metrology, edited by Wolfgang Osten, Christophe Gorecki, and Erik L. Novak. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.725877.

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Ma, Binjian, and Debjyoti Banerjee. "Predicting Particle Size Distribution in Nanofluid Synthesis." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-5048.

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Wet chemistry approaches have been widely used to synthesize nanoparticle suspensions with different size and shape. Controlling particle size is crucial for tailoring the properties of the nanofluid. In this study, we simulated the particle size growth during a thermal-chemical nanofluid synthesis routine. The simulation was based on the population balance model for aggregation kinetics, which is coupled with thermal decomposition, nucleation and crystal growth kinetics. The simulation result revealed a typical burst nucleation mechanism towards self-assembly of supersaturated monomers in the nanoparticle formation process and the shift from monodispersed particles to polydispersed particles by the particle-particle coagulation.
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Chen, Zhijian, Andrzej Przekwas, and Mahesh Athavale. "Physics Based Simulation of Large Size Particle Transport in Biomedical Applications." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75216.

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In biomedical microdevices and medical applications there is a need to analyze fluid transport of solid structures with sizes comparable to channel dimensions. Examples include manipulation of biological cells in microfluidic devices or transport of thrombin particles in blood vessels. Computational modeling of such macroparticles is very difficult when the particle size is bigger than the size of the computational control volume (mesh element). In performing such simulations, conventional Lagrangian model of micro particles is not suitable since this approach doesn’t account particle’s volume blockage of the supporting Eulerian computational mesh. Other approaches such as deforming mesh or volume of fluid are either impractical of computationally very intensive or limited to structured meshes. We have developed a ‘macroparticle’ methodology where the large particle is represented as a large cluster of smaller particles (marker particles) that is “embedded” on a background computational grid. The macroparticle is then represented by blocking the cells in the background mesh that are overlapped by individual micro-particles. The discrete surface of the macroparticle is represented by partially or fully blocked cells of the background computational mesh. The translation /rotation/deformation motion of the macroparticle is calculated using a 6-DOF model with fluid pressure and shear forces acting on the particle surface used as forces and moments in calculating macroparticle position, velocity, acceleration and rotation. The size of the background grid determines the accuracy of the particle shape definition and the flow solution. The relevant physics and chemical conservation laws for each macroparticle are solved in a coupled, iterative method with the equation systems governing the background fluid domain. This methodology has been successfully used for simulations of macroparticle-laden fluids in micro channels in biochips. As an application of this novel method, we have applied this technology to simulate a moving clot in blood flow and process of clot mechanical dissolution (thrombolysis).
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Xu, Hongzhou, Kevin Liu, and Michael Fox. "Turbine Nozzle Insert Clogging With Seeded Medium Size Particles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14522.

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Abstract Gas turbine nozzle cooling often uses inserts to intentionally distribute cool air through impingement holes to hot spots, especially at leading edge regions of stage-1 nozzles. Owing to the variations of engine operation environment, inlet air filtration systems, upstream component surface coating layers, and oil/air sealing material choices, solid particles could enter the engine from outside or be generated inside from rotor rubbing, seal debris, peeled off coating layers or rusty surfaces, etc. These particles and their agglomerates can be carried by airflow to enter nozzle inserts and clog impingement holes, which may reduce cooling air significantly, resulting in severe engine failures. To reduce the risk of insert clogging, particle separation devices and filtration mesh screens have been implemented in front of nozzle inlets to prevent larger particles from entering. Therefore, designing appropriate nozzle insert hole sizes becomes very critical to let smaller particles pass through and exhaust from the nozzle exit. This experimental study focuses on finding a correlation between the impingement hole sizes of a nozzle insert and their clogged areas caused by seeded fine and medium size particles of Fe2O3 under specific pressure ratios. A nozzle insert was first chosen, and a single row of cylindrical impingement holes was machined at the leading edge of the insert. Measurements were conducted in a pressurized vessel at Reynolds numbers from 7,000 to 62,000 and pressure ratios from 1.01 to 1.10. Results indicate that insert clogging is a strong function of the hole size, particle size, and pressure ratio. The tested particles showed a bimodal distribution of fine and medium sizes, and the medium size particles played a major role in clogging holes. A clogging diagram with 3 zones (fully clogged zone, partially clogged zone, and no clogging zone) is generated from the test data, which can provide important design criteria for sizing the insert leading edge impingement holes to reduce the risk of clogging.
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Amore, P. "Finite size effects in colour superconductivity." In PARTICLES AND FIELDS: Eight Mexican Workshop. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1489764.

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Reports on the topic "Particles size"

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Ham, V. Fracture of tellurium powder particles during particle size analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6838339.

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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from IMX-104 mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42163.

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The environmental fate and transport of energetic compounds on military training ranges are largely controlled by the particle characteristics of low-order detonations. This study demonstrated a method of command detonation, field sampling, laboratory processing, and analysis techniques for characterizing low-order detonation particles from 60 mm and 81 mm mortar rounds containing the insensitive munition formulation IMX-104. Particles deposited from three rounds of each caliber were comprehensively sampled and characterized for particle size, energetic purity, and morphology. The 60 mm rounds were command-detonated low order consistently (seven low-order detonations of seven tested rounds), with con-sumption efficiencies of 62%–80% (n = 3). The 81 mm rounds detonated low order inconsistently (three low-order detonations of ten tested rounds), possibly because the rounds were sourced from manufacturing test runs. These rounds had lower consumption efficiencies of 39%–64% (n = 3). Particle-size distributions showed significant variability between munition calibers, between rounds of the same caliber, and with distance from the detonation point. The study reviewed command-detonation configurations, particle transfer losses during sampling and particle-size analysis, and variations in the energetic purity of recovered particles. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles from command detonation to analysis.
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Kerlin, M., E. Balboni, and K. Knight. Characterization, Chemistry, and Particle Size Distribution of Fallout Particles Isolated from Filter Samples. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1864128.

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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, Michael Walsh, Charles Ramsey, and Katrina Burch. Sieve stack and laser diffraction particle size analysis of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/35515.

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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.

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The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Baxter, Larry L., Christopher R. Shaddix, Christopher L. Verrill, and Richard A. Wessel. Characteristics and sources of intermediate size particles in recovery boilers : final project report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921725.

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Biglari, H., L. Chen, and R. B. White. Theory of resistive magnetohydrodynamic instabilities excited by energetic-trapped particles in large-size tokamaks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6636962.

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Hongling, Ju, Xiaobei Cheng, and Fangyang Wang. Soot Particles Generation Characteristics and Size Distribution in Diesel Engine using Improved Detail Soot Model. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-32-0030.

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Krikorian, O. H., and P. G. Curtis. Characterization of erbium oxide particles and separation into a desired size range for coating applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6368636.

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Ali, Usman, Mamoru Kikumoto, Matteo Ciantia, and Ying Cui. Direct observation of particle kinematics in biaxial shearing test. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001233.

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Biaxial shearing tests on dual-sized, 2d particle assemblies are conducted at several confining pressures. The effect of particle angularity, an important mesoscale shape descriptor, is investigated at the macro and micro levels. Macroscopically, it is observed that assemblies composed of angular particles exhibit higher strengths and dilations. The difference observed in bulk behavior due to particle angularity can be explained reasonably by considering particle-level mechanisms. A novel 2D image analysis technique is employed to estimate particle kinematics. Particle rotation results to be a key mechanism strongly influenced by particle shape determining the overall granular behavior. Unlike circular particles, angular ones are more resistant to rotations due to stronger interlocking and consequently exhibit higher strengths.
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