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1
Avrin, J. S. "ALONGSIDE THE STANDARD MODEL: UNIFICATION VIA GEOMETRY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 916–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01008485.
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A geometrical model (GM) featuring a visualizable reduction of the elementary particles and interactions down to common elements has been developed. As a consequence, a taxonomy of particles and various interactions emerge, all in consonance with the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. However, the GM goes well beyond the SM, incorporating a number of fundamental phenomena and issues for which the latter has no explanation. Since the GMs largely diagramatic development cannot be displayed in this brief paper, only a summary of its conceptual basis and consequences is presented herein.
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FUKUYAMA, TAKESHI. "SEARCHING FOR NEW PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL IN ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 27, no. 16 (June 17, 2012): 1230015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x12300153.
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This is a theoretical review of exploration of new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) in the electric dipole moment (EDM) in elementary particles, atoms and molecule. EDM is a very important CP violating phenomenon and sensitive to new physics. Starting with the estimations of EDM of quarks–leptons in SM, we explore new signals beyond SM. However, these works drive us to wider frontiers where we search fundamental physics using atoms and molecules and vice versa. Paramagnetic atoms and molecules have great enhancement factor on electron EDM. Diamagnetic atoms and molecules are very sensitive to nuclear P and T odd processes. Thus EDM becomes the keyword not only of New Physics but also of unprecedented fruitful collaborations among particle, atomic and molecular physics. This review intends to help such collaborations over a wide range of physicists.
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Trifyllis, Lampros. "The Higgs di-photon decay in the standard model effective field theory." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 17, no. 1, spec.issue (2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct1901089t.
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Starting from the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics, we assume that new physics effects can be encoded in higher-dimensional operators added in the SM Lagrangian. The resulting theory, the SM Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), is then used for high-accuracy phenomenological studies. Through this paper, the di-photon decay of the Higgs boson is used as a sample of a concrete calculation in the SMEFT framework.
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Díaz Cruz, L. "The Higgs profile in the standard model and beyond." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 5 Sept-Oct (September 2, 2019): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.419.
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We present a review of Higgs physics in the SM and beyond, including the tests of the Higgs boson properties that have been performed at LHC and have permitted to delineate its profile. After presenting the essential features of the BEH mechanism, and its implementation in the SM, we discuss how the Higgs mass limits developed over the years. These constraints in turn helped to classify the Higgs phenomenology (decays and production mechanisms), which provided the right direction to search for the Higgs particle, an enterprise that culminated with its discovery at LHC. So far, the constraints on the couplings of the Higgs particle, point towards a SM interpretation. However, the SM has open ends that suggest the need to look for extensions of the model. We discuss in general the connection of the Higgs sector with some new physics (e.g. supersymmetry, flavor and Dark matter), with special focus on a more flavored Higgs sector. Thus is realized in the most general 2HDM, and its textured version, which we study in general, and for its various limits, which contain distinctive flavor-violating signals that could be searched at current and future colliders.
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Khlopov, Maxim Yu. "Removing the conspiracy of BSM physics and BSM cosmology." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 13 (October 2019): 1941012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819410128.
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The standard model (SM) of elementary particles finds no contradictions in the experimental data, but appeals to extensions for solutions of its internal problems and physical basis of the modern cosmology. The latter is based on inflationary models with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy that involves Physics beyond the standard model (BSM) of elementary particles. However, studies of the BSM physical basis of the modern cosmology inevitably reveals additional particle model-dependent cosmological consequences that go beyond the modern standard cosmological model. The mutual relationship of the BSM particle physics basis of the modern cosmology and the nontrivial features of the corresponding cosmological scenario are the subject of this paper.
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Ströher, Hans, Sebastian M. Schmidt, Paolo Lenisa, and Jörg Pretz. "Precision Storage Rings for Electric Dipole Moment Searches: A Tool En Route to Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model." Particles 6, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles6010020.
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Electric Dipole Moments (EDM) of particles (leptons, nucleons, and light nuclei) are currently deemed one of the best indicators for new physics, i.e., phenomena which lie outside the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics—so-called physics “Beyond-the-Standard-Model” (BSM). Since EDMs of the SM are vanishingly small, a finite permanent EDM would indicate charge-parity (CP) symmetry violation in addition to the well-known sources of the SM, and could explain the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, while an oscillating EDM would hint at a possible Dark Matter (DM) field comprising axions or axion-like particles (ALPs). A new approach exploiting polarized charged particles (proton, deuteron, 3He) in precision storage rings offers the prospect to push current experimental EDM upper limits significantly further, including the possibility of an EDM discovery. In this paper, we describe the scientific background and the steps towards the realization of a precision storage ring, which will make such measurements possible.
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GREEN, DAN. ""REDISCOVERING" THE STANDARD MODEL AT CMS." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 05 (February 20, 2011): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311035134.
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began 7 TeV C.M. energy operation in April, 2010. The CMS experiment immediately analyzed the earliest data taken in order to "rediscover" the Standard Model (SM) of high energy physics. By the late summer, all SM particles were observed and CMS began to search for physics beyond the SM and beyond the present limits set at the Fermilab Tevatron. The first LHC run ended in Dec., 2010 with a total integrated luminosity of about 45 pb-1 delivered to the experiments.
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Gorkavenko, V. M. "Search for Hidden Particles in Intensity Frontier Experiment SHiP." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 8 (September 18, 2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.8.689.
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Despite the undeniable success of the Standard Model of particle physics (SM), there are some phenomena (neutrino oscillations, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, dark matter, etc.) that SM cannot explain. This phenomena indicate that the SM have to be modified. Most likely, there are new particles beyond the SM. There are many experiments to search for new physics that can be can divided into two types: energy and intensity frontiers. In experiments of the first type, one tries to directly produce and detect new heavy particles. In experiments of the second type, one tries to directly produce and detect new light particles that feebly interact with SM particles. The future intensity frontier SHiP experiment (Search for Hidden Particles) at the CERN SPS is discussed. Its advantages and technical characteristics are given.
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Chen, Kai-Feng, and Reza Goldouzian. "Tests of Charge–Parity Symmetry and Lepton Flavor Conservation in the Top Quark Sector." Universe 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9020062.
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The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is the most general renormalizable theory which is built on a few general principles and fundamental symmetries with the given particle content. However, multiple symmetries are not built into the model and are simply consequences of renormalizabilty, gauge invariance, and particle content of the theory. It is crucial to test the validity of these types of symmetries and related conservation laws experimentally. The CERN LHC provides the highest sensitivity for testing the SM symmetries at high energy scales involving heavy particles such as the top quark. In this article, we are going to review the recent experimental searches of charge–parity and charged-lepton flavor violation in the top quark sector.
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ORESTANO, DOMIZIA. "SEARCH FOR THE STANDARD MODEL HIGGS BOSON WITH THE ATLAS DETECTOR." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 07 (June 2013): 1330015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813300152.
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This document presents a brief overview of some of the experimental techniques employed by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the search for the Higgs boson predicted by the standard model (SM) of particle physics. The data and the statistical analyses that allowed in July 2012, only few days before this presentation at the Marcel Grossman Meeting, to firmly establish the observation of a new particle are described. The additional studies needed to check the consistency between the newly discovered particle and the Higgs boson are also discussed.
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Chen, Xin. "Basic Introduction to Detectors of the Large Hadron Collider." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2381, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2381/1/012075.
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Abstract Particle physics is intended to explore the microscopic world, to be more specific, to understand the physical laws of particles. So far, the Standard Model (SM) is the best theory we have to explain particle properties and their behaviors. Such great success attributes to the data acquired from experiments in particle physics. These experiments not only provide evidence about the correctness of the SM but also reveal the limitations and what may be beyond the SM. Since microscopic phenomena cannot be observed by human eyes, it is necessary to use special instruments to do these experiments, and one of them is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This review shall introduce the basic information of the LHC and focus on the basic structure and principles of the detectors used in two experiment projects of the LHC.
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Vizgin, Vladimir P. "Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Standard Model in Elementary Particles Physics and the History of Its Creation." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 3 (2020): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057348.
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The article соnsiders the socio-cultural aspects of the standard model (SM) in elementary particle physics and history of its creation. SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its elaboration covers a twenty-year period: from 1954 (the concept of gauge fields by C. Yang and R. Mills) to the early 1970s., when the construction of renormalized quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory wеre completed. The socio-cultural aspects of SM are explored on the basis of a quasi-empirical approach, by studying the texts of its creators and participants in the relevant events. We note also the important role of such an “external” factor as large-scale state projects on the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, which provided personnel and financial support for fundamental research in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics (the implementation of thermonuclear projects took place just in the 1950s, and most of the theorists associated with the creation of SM were simultaneously the main developers of thermonuclear weapons, especially in the USSR). The formation of SM is considered as a competition between two research programs (paradigms) – gauge-field and phenomenological, associated with the rejection of the field concept. The split of the scientific community of physicists associated with this competition is going on during this period. It’s accompanied by a kind of “negotiations”, which in the early 1970s lead to the triumph of the gauge field program and the restoration of the unity of the scientific community. The norms and rules of the scientific ethos played the regulatory role in this process. The scientific-realistic position of the metaphysical attitudes of the majority of theorists and their negative attitude to the concepts of philosophical relativism and social construction of scientific knowledge are emphasized. Some features of the history of SM creation are also noted, such as the positive role of aesthetic judgments; “scientific-school” form of research (in the USSR), its pros and cons; a connection to historical-scientific “drama of ideas” with “dramas of people” who made a wrong choice and (or) “missed their opportunities”.
13
GOLDFAIN, ERVIN. "FEIGENBAUM ATTRACTOR AND THE GENERATION STRUCTURE OF PARTICLE PHYSICS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, no. 03 (March 2008): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127408020756.
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The standard model (SM) for high-energy physics describes fundamental interactions between subatomic particles down to a distance scale on the order of 10-18 m. Despite its widespread acceptance, SM operates with a large number of arbitrary parameters whose physical origin is presently unknown. Our work suggests that the generation structure of at least some SM parameters stems from the chaotic regime of renormalization group flow. Invoking the universal route to chaos in systems of nonlinear differential equations, we argue that the hierarchical pattern of parameters amounts to a series of scaling ratios depending on the Feigenbaum constant. Leading order predictions are shown to agree reasonably well with experimental data.
14
Ma, Jian-Ping. "Chapter 1 Physics Goal of BES-III." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, supp01 (May 2009): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09046412.
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The Standard Model (SM) has been successful at describing all relevant experimental phenomena and, thus, has been generally accepted as the fundamental theory of elementary particle physics. Despite its success, the SM leaves many unanswered questions. These can be classified into two main categories: one for subjects related to possible new physics at unexplored energy scales and the other for nonperturbertive physics, mostly related to Quantum Chromodynamics…
15
Feng, Jonathan L., Felix Kling, Mary Hall Reno, Juan Rojo, Dennis Soldin, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Jamie Boyd, et al. "The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 50, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 030501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac865e.
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Abstract High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF’s physics potential.
16
Castro, Nuno Filipe, and Kirill Skovpen. "Flavour-Changing Neutral Scalar Interactions of the Top Quark." Universe 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8110609.
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A study of the top-quark interactions via flavour-changing neutral current (FCNC) processes provides an intriguing connection between the heaviest elementary particle of the standard model (SM) of particle physics and the new scalar bosons that are predicted in several notable SM extensions. The production cross sections of the processes with top-scalar FCNC interactions can be significantly enhanced to the observable level at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The present review summarises the latest experimental results on the study of the top-quark interactions with the Higgs boson via an FCNC and describes several promising directions to look for new scalar particles.
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Adam, Apriadi Salim, Akmal Ferdiyan, and Mirza Satriawan. "A New Left-Right Symmetry Model." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (January 16, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3090783.
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We propose a new L-R symmetry model where the L-R symmetry transformation reverses both the L-R chirality and the local quantum number. We add to the model a global quantum number F whose value is one for fermions (minus one for antifermion) and vanishes for bosons. For each standard model (SM) particle, we have the corresponding L-R dual particle whose mass is very large and which should have decayed at the current low energy level. Due to the global quantum number F, there is no Majorana neutrino in the model but a Dirac seesaw mechanism can still occur and the usual three active neutrino oscillation can still be realized. We add two leptoquarks and their L-R duals, for generating the baryon number asymmetry and for facilitating the decay of the L-R dual particles. The decay of the L-R dual particles will produce a large entropy to the SM sector and give a mechanism for avoiding the big bang nucleosynthesis constraint.
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Alvarez, Pedro D., Mauricio Valenzuela, and Jorge Zanelli. "Role of gravity in particle physics: A unified approach." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 11 (August 2020): 2041012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820410126.
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General Relativity (GR) and the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics are two enormously successful frameworks for our understanding the fundamental laws of nature. However, these theoretical schemes are widely disconnected, logically independent and unrelated in scope. Yet, GR and SM at some point must intersect, producing claims about phenomena that should be reconciled. Be it as it may, both schemes share a common basic ground: symmetry under local Lorentz transformations. Here, we will focus on the consequences of assuming this feature from the beginning to combine geometry, matter fields and gauge interactions. We give a rough description of how this could be instrumental for the construction of a unified scheme of gravitation and particle physics.
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Cavin, Robert Greg, and Carlos A. Colombetti. "Supernatural Resurrection and its Incompatibility with the Standard Model of Particle Physics." Socio-Historical Examination of Religion and Ministry 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33929/sherm.2021.vol3.no2.04.
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In response to Stephen Davis’s criticism of our previous essay, we revisit and defend our arguments that the Resurrection hypothesis is logically incompatible with the Standard Model of particle physics—and thus is maximally implausible—and that it cannot explain the sensory experiences of the Risen Jesus attributed to various witnesses in the New Testament—and thus has low explanatory power. We also review Davis’s reply, noting that he evades our arguments, misstates their conclusions, and distracts the reader with irrelevancies regarding, e.g., what natural laws are, what a miracle is, and how “naturalism” and “supernaturalism” differ as worldviews. Contrary to what Davis claims (even in his abstract), we do not argue that “if the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) is true, then the resurrection of Jesus did not occur and physical things can only causally interact with other physical things.” Davis distorts our claims and criticizes straw men of his own creation.
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Greco, Mario. "Physics potential and motivations for a muon collider." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 18 (June 29, 2016): 1630028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16300283.
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The discovery of the Higgs particle is demanding a detailed knowledge of the properties of this fundamental component of the Standard Model. From the available data however, it cannot be concluded yet that we have found the SM Higgs boson and not one of the scalars postulated within the possible extensions of the SM. It is shown that a Higgs factory through a muon collider is particularly appropriate for precision studies of the properties of this particle. However sizable QED radiative effects — of order of 50% — must be carefully taken into account for a precise measurement of the leptonic and total widths of the Higgs particle. The results presented here are mainly based on a recent work in collaboration of Tao Han and Zhen Liu.
21
Gary, J. William. "New results on low energy exclusive hadronic final states from BABAR." EPJ Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817204002.
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The 3.6 standard deviation discrepancy between the standard model (SM) prediction for the muon anomalous magnetic moment gμ - 2 and the corresponding experimental measurement is one of the most persistent and intriguing potential signals in particle physics for physics beyond the SM. The largest uncertainty in the SM prediction for gμ - 2 arises from the uncertainty in the measured low energy inclusive e+e- → hadrons cross section. New results from the BABAR experiment at SLAC for the e+e- → π+ π- π0 π0 and e+e- → KK ππ cross sections are presented that significantly reduce this uncertainty. New BABAR results for other low energy exclusive hadronic processes are also discussed.
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Rose, Luigi Delle, Oliver Fischer, and A. Hammad. "Prospects for heavy scalar searches at the LHeC." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 23 (August 20, 2019): 1950127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501276.
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In this paper, we study the prospects of the proposed Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) in the search for heavy neutral scalar particles. We consider a minimal model with one additional complex scalar singlet that interacts with the Standard Model (SM) via mixing with the Higgs doublet, giving rise to an SM-like Higgs boson [Formula: see text] and a heavy scalar particle [Formula: see text]. Both scalar particles are produced via vector boson fusion and can be tested via their decays into pairs of SM particles, analogously to the SM Higgs boson. Using multivariate techniques, we show that the LHeC is sensitive to [Formula: see text] with masses between 200 and 800 GeV down to scalar mixing of [Formula: see text].
23
Tang, Yong. "Interacting dark matter and dark radiation." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 15 (April 11, 2017): 1740006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317400065.
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We give a brief review on the interacting Dark Matter (iDM) scenario and its effects on cosmology and particle physics. If DM candidates can have strong self-interactions or interactions with other relativistic particles, we can refer them generally as iDM. IDM is an interesting possibility that is motivated both theoretically and observationally. The relativistic particles could belong to Standard Model (SM), such as photons and neutrinos, or be dark radiation (DR) in new physics. The resulting perturbed Boltzmann equations are concisely discussed and illustrations on matter power spectrum are given.
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Li, De-Sheng. "Pati-Salam Model in Curved Space-Time from Square Root Lorentz Manifold." Physical Science & Biophysics Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/psbj-16000186.
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There is a ( ) ( ) 4' 4 UU × -bundle on four-dimensional square root Lorentz manifold. Then a Pati-Salam model in curved space-time (Lagrangian) and a gravity theory (Lagrangian) are constructed on square root Lorentz manifold based on self-parallel transportation principle. An explicit formulation of Sheaf quantization on this square root Lorentz manifold is shown. Sheaf quantization is based on superposition principle and construct a linear Sheaf space in curved space-time. The transition amplitude in path integral quantization is given which is consistent with Sheaf quantization. All particles and fields in Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and Einstein gravity are found in square root metric and the connections of bundle. The interactions between particles/fields are described by Lagrangian explicitly. There are few new physics in this model. The gravity theory is Einstein-Cartan kind with torsion. There are new particles, right handed neutrinos, dark photon, Fiona, c X ± and 01212 ** ,, ,, Y YY YY
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Dorokhov, A. E., A. E. Radzhabov, and A. S. Zhevlakov. "Past, present and future of the muon g-2." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 39 (January 2015): 1560107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515601076.
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The electron and muon anomalous magnetic moments (AMM) are measured in experiments and studied in the Standard Model (SM) with the highest precision accessible in particle physics. The comparison of the measured quantity with the SM prediction for the electron AMM provides the best determination of the fine structure constant. The muon AMM is more sensitive to the appearance of New Physics effects and, at present, there appears to be a three- to four-standard deviation between the SM and experiment. The lepton AMMs are pure relativistic quantum correction effects and therefore test the foundations of relativistic quantum field theory in general, and of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and SM in particular, with highest sensitivity. Special attention is paid to the studies of the hadronic contributions to the muon AMM which constitute the main source of theoretical uncertainties of the SM.
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Kurup, A. "Muon to electron conversion: how to find an electron in a muon haystack." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1924 (August 13, 2010): 3645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0058.
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The standard model (SM) of particle physics describes how the Universe works at a fundamental level. Even though this theory has proven to be very successful over the past 50 years, we know it is incomplete. Many theories that go beyond the SM predict the occurrence of certain processes that are forbidden by the SM, such as muon to electron conversion. This paper will briefly review the history of muon to electron conversion and focus on the high-precision experiments currently being proposed, COMET (Coherent Muon to Electron Transition) and Mu2e, and a next-generation experiment, PRISM. The PRISM experiment intends to use a novel type of accelerator called a fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerator. There has recently been renewed interest in FFAGs for the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider, and because they have applications in many areas outside of particle physics, such as energy production and cancer therapy. The synergies between these particle physics experiments and other applications will also be discussed.
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GREEN, DANIEL. "THE SEARCH FOR, AND DISCOVERY OF, THE HIGGS BOSON AT CMS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 02 (January 20, 2013): 1330003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13300032.
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The Higgs field was first proposed almost 50 years ago. Twenty years ago the tools needed to discover the Higgs boson, the large hadron collider and the CMS and ATLAS experiments, were initiated. Data taking was begun in 2010 and culminated in the announcement of the discovery of a "Higgs-like" boson on 4 July 2012. This discovery completes the Standard Model (SM) of high energy physics, if it is indeed the hypothesized SM Higgs particle. Future data taking will explore the properties of the new 125 GeV particle to see if it has all the attributes of an SM Higgs and to explore the mechanism that maintains its "low" mass.
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Jenni, Peter. "Early physics results." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1961 (February 28, 2012): 933–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0463.
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For the past year, experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have started exploring physics at the high-energy frontier. Thanks to the superb turn-on of the LHC, a rich harvest of initial physics results have already been obtained by the two general-purpose experiments A Toroidal LHC Apparatus (ATLAS) and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), which are the subject of this report. The initial data have allowed a test, at the highest collision energies ever reached in a laboratory, of the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles, and to make early searches Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Significant results have already been obtained in the search for the Higgs boson, which would establish the postulated electro-weak symmetry breaking mechanism in the SM, as well as for BSM physics such as Supersymmetry (SUSY), heavy new particles, quark compositeness and others. The important, and successful, SM physics measurements are giving confidence that the experiments are in good shape for their journey into the uncharted territory of new physics anticipated at the LHC.
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Li, Hui, Jian-Bin Chen, and Li-Li Xing. "Exotic particle mass spectrum of the BLMSSM." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 06 (February 28, 2018): 1850034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318500347.
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To explain the matter–antimatter asymmetry, a supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (SM) is proposed where baryon and lepton numbers are local-gauged (BLMSSM), and exotic superfields are introduced when gauge group is enlarged to [Formula: see text]. Owing to the consistency of the SM prediction and the observation of large hadron collider (LHC), the parameter space that related to the masses of new particles is stringently constrained. By diagonalizing the mass-squared matrices for neutral scalar sectors and the mass-squared matrices for exotic quarks, we obtain the mass of these particles, then present the contour plot of mass varying from different parameters with some assumptions, so the constraints on model parameter can be obtained with different lower limits of particle mass.
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Natori, Hiroaki. "COMET, an Experiment to Search for mu-e Conversion in a Nuclear Field." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (January 2018): 1860065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600650.
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Charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) process is predicted to be out of experimental reach by the Standard Model of elementary particle physics (SM). However, many models of the new physics beyond the SM predicts that it is just below the current experimental limit. COMET searches for one of the CLFV process, mu-e conversion in a nuclear field, improving the sensitivity by a factor of approximately [Formula: see text] for Phase-I and [Formula: see text] for Phase-II experiment from a past experiment.
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Corradetti, Daniele. "Complexification of the Exceptional Jordan Algebra and Its Application to Particle Physics." Journal of Geometry and Symmetry in Physics 61 (November 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/jgsp-61-2021-1-16.
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Recent papers contributed revitalizing the study of the exceptional Jordan algebra $\mathfrak{h}_{3}(\mathbb{O})$ in its relations with the true Standard Model gauge group $\mathrm{G}_{SM}$. The absence of complex representations of $\mathrm{F}_{4}$ does not allow $\Aut\left(\mathfrak{h}_{3}(\mathbb{O})\right)$ to be a candidate for any Grand Unified Theories, but the automorphisms of the complexification of this algebra, i.e., $\mathfrak{h}_{3}^{\mathbb{C}}(\mathbb{O})$, are isomorphic to the compact form of $\mathrm{E}_{6}$ and similar constructions lead to the gauge group of the minimal left-right symmetric extension of the Standard Model.
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Auriemma, Giulio. "CP VIOLATIONS (AND MORE) AFTER THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LHCB." Acta Polytechnica 53, A (December 18, 2013): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0528.
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The most interesting cosmological open problems, baryon asymmetry, dark matter, inflation and dark energy, are not explained by the standard model of particle physics (SM). The final<br />goal of the Large Hadron Collider an experimental verification of the SM in the Higgs sector, and also a search for evidence of new physics beyond it. In this paper we will report some of the results obtained in 2010 and 2011, from the LHCb experiment dedicated to the study of CP violations and rare decays of heavy quarks.
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DREWES, MARCO. "THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF RIGHT HANDED NEUTRINOS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 08 (August 2013): 1330019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313300191.
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Neutrinos are the only particles in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics that have only been observed with left handed chirality to date. If right handed (RH) neutrinos exist, they could be responsible for several phenomena that have no explanation within the SM, including neutrino oscillations, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, dark matter (DM) and dark radiation (DR). After a pedagogical introduction, we review recent progress in the phenomenology of RH neutrinos. We in particular discuss the mass ranges suggested by hints for neutrino oscillation anomalies and DR (eV), sterile neutrino DM scenarios (keV) and experimentally testable theories of baryogenesis (GeV to TeV). We summarize constraints from theoretical considerations, laboratory experiments, astrophysics and cosmology for each of these.
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Yock, Philip. "Testable hypotheses by Isaac Newton on particle physics." Physics Essays 33, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-33.2.149.
Full textAbstract:
Three hundred years ago, Isaac Newton published a number of hypotheses on the structure of matter, which were ahead of their time by some two centuries. Speculations were made by Newton that may now be interpreted as precursors to fundamental elements of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. General features of the layered structure of matter that is now known to exist in the form of nucleons, nuclei, atoms, molecules, and macromolecules were successfully predicted, and hypotheses on self-similarity, simplicity, and purpose were made. In this essay, Newton’s hypotheses are examined in the light of current understanding of matter at the subnucleonic scale. It is found that his hypotheses of self-similarity, simplicity, and purpose raise questions for the quarks and gluons of the current Standard Model (SM), but that various precursors to the SM are more compliant. Experimental tests of the precursors using the Large Hadron Collider and the proposed Large Hadron Electron Collider at CERN are described that could resolve the situation. In addition, it is suggested that Newton’s hypotheses could serve as the basis for the formulation of one or more “postulates of particle physics” comparable to the postulates on which Einstein based his theories of relativity a century ago.
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Vizgin, Vl P. "METAPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE STANDARD MODEL OF THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES PHYSICS AND THE HISTORY OF ITS CREATION." Metafizika, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2020-3-39-56.
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Metaphysical aspects of the standard model (SM) of the modern elementary particles theory are considered. This article briefly views a history of the formation of the SM (from fundamental paper of C. Yang and R. Mills (1954) to the completion of electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics in the early 1970s). Three groups of the interrelated metaphysical aspects are discussed: local gauge symmetry’s structure of the theory, problem of the truth and reality and the role of the metaphysical factors in the construction of the theory. Scientific-realistic nature of the SM creator’s metaphysical views are emphasized. A. Einstein’s model of the theory’s construction (with “Einstein’s arc”), E. Wigner’s three layer scheme of the structure and the development of the scientific knowledge (with the symmetry principles as a main layer) and S.I. Vavilov’s “mistakability” сonception of the scientific knowledge development are proposed for the study of the metaphysical factors and their role in the formation of the SM.
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Ma, Ernest. "The many guises of a neutral fermion singlet." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 08 (March 7, 2017): 1730007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317300075.
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The addition of a neutral fermion singlet to the Standard Model (SM) of particle interactions leads to many diverse possibilities. It is not necessarily a right-handed neutrino. I discuss many of the simplest and most interesting scenarios of possible new physics with this approach. In particular, I propose the possible spontaneous breaking of baryon number, resulting in the massless “sakharon”.
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Lagouri, Theodota. "Review on Higgs hidden-dark sector physics." Physica Scripta 97, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 024001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac42a6.
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Abstract The Standard Model (SM), while extremely powerful as a description of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, does not provide a natural candidate to explain Dark Matter (DM). Theoretical as well as experimental motivation exists for the existence of a hidden or dark sector of phenomena that couples either weakly or in a special way to SM fields. Hidden sector or dark sector states appear in many extensions to SM to provide a particular candidate DM in the universe or to explain astrophysical observations. If there is such a family of Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) particles and interactions, they may be accessible experimentally at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and at future High Energy Colliders. In this paper, the main focus is given on selected searches conducted at LHC experiments related to Higgs Hidden-Dark Sector Physics. The current constraints and future prospects of these studies are summarized.
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Todorov, Ivan. "Octonion Internal Space Algebra for the Standard Model." Universe 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9050222.
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This paper surveys recent progress in our search for an appropriate internal space algebra for the standard model (SM) of particle physics. After a brief review of the existing approaches, we start with the Clifford algebras involving operators of left multiplication by octonions. A central role is played by a distinguished complex structure that implements the splitting of the octonions O=C⊕C3, which reflect the lepton-quark symmetry. Such a complex structure on the 32-dimensional space S of Cℓ10 Majorana spinors is generated by the Cℓ6(⊂Cℓ10) volume form, ω6=γ1⋯γ6, and is left invariant by the Pati–Salam subgroup of Spin(10), GPS=Spin(4)×Spin(6)/Z2. While the Spin(10) invariant volume form ω10=γ1…γ10 of Cℓ10 is known to split S on a complex basis into left and right chiral (semi)spinors, P=12(1−iω6) is interpreted as the projector on the 16-dimensional particle subspace (which annihilates the antiparticles).The standard model gauge group appears as the subgroup of GPS that preserves the sterile neutrino (which is identified with the Fock vacuum). The Z2-graded internal space algebra A is then included in the projected tensor product A⊂PCℓ10P=Cℓ4⊗Cℓ60. The Higgs field appears as the scalar term of a superconnection, an element of the odd part Cℓ41 of the first factor. The fact that the projection of Cℓ10 only involves the even part Cℓ60 of the second factor guarantees that the color symmetry remains unbroken. As an application, we express the ratio mHmW of the Higgs to the W boson masses in terms of the cosine of the theoretical Weinberg angle.
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Verma, Surender. "Theoretical and Phenomenological Status of Neutrino Physics: A Brief Review." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/385968.
Full textAbstract:
We present an overview of recent progress in the theoretical and phenomenological studies of neutrino masses, lepton avor mixing, and CP violation. Firstly, We discuss the status of neutrino mass with in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Then the possible ways in which neutrino mass terms can be included in the SM are discussed. The inclusion of new physics beyond the SM inevitably brings new parameters which are not constrained by the present experimental data on neutrino masses and mixing angles and, thus, are free parameters of the theory. We, also, discuss various theoretically motivated phenomenological approaches which can be used to reduce the number of free parameters and, thus, provide an excellent tool to understand the underlying physics of neutrino masses and mixings. Current experimental constraints on the neutrino mass spectrum and the lepton avor mixing parameters, including the recent observation of nonzeroθ13, have been summarized. Finally, We discuss the renewed interest in the possible existence of one or more sterile neutrinos and their phenomenology.
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Hung, Pham Q. "Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking with a Heavy Fermion in Light of Recent LHC Results." Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/359302.
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The recent announcement of a discovery of a possible Higgs-like particle—its spin and parity are yet to be determined—at the LHC with a mass of 126 GeV necessitates a fresh look at the nature of the electroweak symmetry breaking, in particular if this newly-discovered particle will turn out to have the quantum numbers of a Standard Model Higgs boson. Even if it were a 0+scalar with the properties expected for a SM Higgs boson, there is still the quintessential hierarchy problem that one has to deal with and which, by itself, suggests a new physics energy scale around 1 TeV. This paper presents a minireview of one possible scenario: the formation of a fermion-antifermion condensate coming from a very heavy fourth generation, carrying the quantum number of the SM Higgs field, and thus breaking the electroweak symmetry.
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Matute, Ernesto A. "Presymmetry in the Standard Model with adulterated Dirac neutrinos." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 31 (September 14, 2015): 1550160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315501606.
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Recently we proposed a model for light Dirac neutrinos in which two right-handed (RH) neutrinos per generation are added to the particles of the Standard Model (SM), implemented with the symmetry of fermionic contents. The ordinary one is decoupled via the high scale type-I seesaw mechanism, while the extra pairs off with its left-handed (LH) partner. The symmetry of lepton and quark contents was merely used as a guideline to the choice of parameters because it is not a proper symmetry. Here we argue that the underlying symmetry to take for this correspondence is presymmetry, the hidden electroweak symmetry of the SM extended with RH neutrinos defined by transformations which exchange lepton and quark bare states with the same electroweak charges and no Majorana mass terms in the underlying Lagrangian. It gives a topological character to fractional charges, relates the number of families to the number of quark colors, and now guarantees the great disparity between the couplings of the two RH neutrinos. Thus, Dirac neutrinos with extremely small masses appear as natural predictions of presymmetry, satisfying the ’t Hooft’s naturalness conditions in the extended seesaw where the extra RH neutrinos serve to adulterate the mass properties in the low scale effective theory, which retains without extensions the gauge and Higgs sectors of the SM. However, the high energy threshold for the seesaw implies new physics to stabilize the quantum corrections to the Higgs boson mass in agreement with the naturalness requirement.
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Chowdhury, Talal Ahmed, and Shaikh Saad. "Non-Abelian vector dark matter and lepton g-2." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2021, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/10/014.
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Abstract The mystery of dark matter remains an unsettled problem of particle physics. On top of that, experiments show a persistent contention of the muon anomalous magnetic moment (AMM) relative to the Standard Model (SM) prediction. In this work, we consider the possibility of extending the SM with a non-Abelian gauge symmetry SU(2) X , under which SM leptons transform non-trivially. SM leptons receive corrections to their AMMs of right order via one-loop processes mediated by beyond SM (BSM) fermions required to cancel anomalies, and BSM gauge bosons that play the role of dark matter. We show that simultaneous explanation of the muon AMM along with reproducing correct relic abundance allows rather a narrow range of 0.5–2 TeV dark matter mass, consistent with current experimental constraints. However, a concurrent description that also includes electron AMM is challenging in this set-up.
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Zhao, Minggang. "New Physics Beryond the SM at BESIII." EPJ Web of Conferences 212 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921206004.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous astrophysical observations strongly suggest the existence of Dark Matter, which provides a hint of dark sector physics. There could exist many dark candidates predicted by theories BSM, such as dark photons and invisible things, that communicate with the Standard Model sector. The masses and decay modes of these particles are expected to be accessible at the BESIII experiment which is the only currently running tau-charm factory with the largest threshold charm samples and some other unique datasets. We have recently performed searches of dark photons and invisible things in several decay modes. Besides, FCNC processes, BNV/LNV processes are also investigated. This talk will summarize the recent results at BESIII on these searches for new physics BSM.
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Vizgin, Vladimir P. "“Comedy of mistakes” and “drama of humans”: on the domestic contribution to the creation of The Standard Model of elemantary particle in physics." Science management: theory and practice 2, no. 3 (2020): 196–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2020.2.3.11.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores domestic contribution to the creation of The Standard Model (SM). SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its development covers a twenty-year period – from 1954 (the concept of non-Abelian Yang-Mills gauge fields) to the early 1970s, when the construction of renormalizable quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory was completed. The reasons for the difficult perception of the Yang-Mills gauge field concept in the USSR are analyzed, associated primarily with the problem of “zero-charge” in quantum electrodynamics, and then in field theories of strong and weak interactions. This result, obtained by the leaders of the outstanding Russian scientific schools of theoretical physics, L. D. Landau, I. Ya. Pomeranchuk and their students, led to the rejection of the majority of Soviet physicists from field theory and to their transition to the position of a non-field phenomenological program (based on the S-matrix theory) in the construction of the theory of elementary particles.
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Lagouri, Theodota. "Review on Higgs Hidden–Dark Sector Physics at High-Energy Colliders." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071299.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of a hidden or dark sector of phenomena that relates either weakly or in a particular way to Standard Model (SM) fields has theoretical as well as experimental support. Many extensions of SM use hidden or dark sector states to propose a specific candidate for dark matter (DM) in the universe or to explain astrophysical findings. If such a family of Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) particles and interactions exists, it is possible that they will be discovered experimentally at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC, √s≅14 TeV) and future High Energy Colliders. The primary emphasis is on a few examples of searches undertaken at the LHC that are relevant to Higgs Hidden–Dark Sector Physics. These studies’ existing constraints and prospects are also reported.
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Dubovyk, Ievgen, Johann Usovitsch, and Krzysztof Grzanka. "Toward Three-Loop Feynman Massive Diagram Calculations." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13060975.
Full textAbstract:
There are many methods of searching for traces of the so-called new physics in particle physics. One of them, and the main focus of this paper, is athe study of the Z-boson decay in e+e− collisions. An improvement in the precision of calculations of the Standard Model (SM) electroweak pseudo-observables, such as scattering asymmetries, effective weak mixing angles, and decay widths, related to the Z-boson will meet severe experimental requirements at the planned e+e− colliders and will increase the chance to detect non-standard effects in experimental analysis. To reach this goal, one has to calculate the next order of perturbative SM theory, namely three-loop Feynman integrals. We discuss the complexity of the problem, as well as the methods crucial for completing three-loop calculations. We show several numerical solutions for some three-loop Feynman integrals using sector decomposition, Mellin–Barnes (MB), and differential equation methods.
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Torri, Marco Danilo Claudio. "Neutrino Oscillations and Lorentz Invariance Violation." Universe 6, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6030037.
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This work explores the possibility of resorting to neutrino phenomenology to detect evidence of new physics, caused by the residual signals of the supposed quantum structure of spacetime. In particular, this work investigates the effects on neutrino oscillations and mass hierarchy detection, predicted by models that violate Lorentz invariance, preserving the spacetime isotropy and homogeneity. Neutrino physics is the ideal environment where conducting the search for new “exotic” physics, since the oscillation phenomenon is not included in the original formulation of the minimal Standard Model (SM) of particles. The confirmed observation of the neutrino oscillation phenomenon is, therefore, the first example of physics beyond the SM and can indicate the necessity to resort to new theoretical models. In this work, the hypothesis that the supposed Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) perturbations can influence the oscillation pattern is investigated. LIV theories are indeed constructed assuming modified kinematics, caused by the interaction of massive particles with the spacetime background. This means that the dispersion relations are modified, so it appears natural to search for effects caused by LIV in physical phenomena governed by masses, as in the case of neutrino oscillations. In addition, the neutrino oscillation phenomenon is interesting since there are three different mass eigenstates and in a LIV scenario, which preserves isotropy, at least two different species of particle must interact.
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Boos, Eduard, and Igor Volobuev. "The specificity of the interactions of electroweak gauge bosons coming from extra dimensions." International Journal of Modern Physics A 36, no. 07 (March 10, 2021): 2150050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x21500500.
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We discuss the specificity of the interactions of the electroweak gauge boson excitations in models with warped extra dimensions and the Standard Model fields living in the bulk. In particular, we show that the couplings of the gauge boson excitations [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] to the SM gauge bosons treated as the zero modes of the 5D gauge fields are either exactly equal to zero or very much suppressed. In the former case, the three-particle and four-particle interaction Lagrangians of the SM gauge bosons and their lowest excitations are found explicitly. Meanwhile, the couplings of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] to the SM fermions are nonzero allowing for their production and decays. These are the characteristic features of the gauge boson excitations in models with warped extra dimensions, which distinguish them from the gauge boson excitations in other models beyond the SM.
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Chang, Ngee-Pong. "Yang–Mills gauge theory and the Higgs boson family." Modern Physics Letters A 31, no. 05 (February 5, 2016): 1630006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732316300068.
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The gauge symmetry principles of the Yang–Mills field of 1954 provide the solid rock foundation for the Standard Model of particle physics. To give masses to the quarks and leptons, however, SM calls on the solitary Higgs field using a set of mysterious complex Yukawa coupling matrices. We enrich the SM by reducing the Yukawa coupling matrices to a single Yukawa coupling constant, and endowing it with a family of Higgs fields that are degenerate in mass. The recent experimental discovery of the Higgs resonance at 125.09 ± 0.21 GeV does not preclude this possibility. Instead, it presents an opportunity to explore the interference effects in background events at the LHC. We present a study based on the maximally symmetric Higgs potential in a leading hierarchy scenario.
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Chaudhuri, Arnab, Maxim Yu Khlopov, and Shiladitya Porey. "Particle Dark Matter Density and Entropy Production in the Early Universe." Symmetry 14, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020271.
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Dark Matter (DM) density is reduced if entropy production takes place after DM particles abundance is frozen out in the early universe. We study a possibility of such reduction due to entropy production in the electroweak phase transition (EWPT). We compare scenarios of entropy production in the standard model (SM) and its simplest extension, the two-Higgs doublet model (2HDM). Assuming the EWPT is of second order in the SM scenario and the first order in the 2HDM, we calculate the entropy release in these scenarios and the corresponding dilution of preexisting DM density in the early universe. We find the effect of dilution in EWPT significant for confrontation with observations of any form of possible DM (including primordial black holes (PBHs)), which is frozen out, decoupled, frozen in, or formed before EWPT.