Journal articles on the topic 'Particle Inhalation Technology'
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1
Dorato, Michael A., and Ronald K. Wolff. "Inhalation Exposure Technology, Dosimetry, and Regulatory Issues." Toxicologic Pathology 19, no. 4_part_1 (November 1991): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623391019004-106.
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Inhalation toxicology technology has provided the scientific community with important advances in studies of inhaled toxicants. These advances include new and more efficient exposure systems (e.g., flow-past nose-only exposure systems), and improved approaches to inhalation chamber environmental control (e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality). Practical problems and approaches to testing and operating inhalation exposure systems and the advantages and disadvantages of the major inhalation exposure types (e.g., whole-body, nose-only) are discussed. Important aspects of study design, such as high level particulate exposures resulting in large lung burdens (e.g., ≥2 mg/g of lung), slowed pulmonary clearance rates, and nonspecific toxicity are considered, along with practical issues of comparative dosimetry. Regulatory guidelines have continued to present challenges in designing and conducting acute, subchronic, and chronic inhalation studies. The important regulatory issue of performing acute inhalation toxicity studies at high aerosol concentrations and “respirable” particle size distribution is discussed.
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Varghese Vadakkan, Mithun, and G. S. Vinod Kumar. "Advancements in Devices and Particle Engineering in Dry Powder Inhalation Technology." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 16, no. 18 (April 29, 2016): 1990–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160215154938.
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Nayak, Smita, Priyanka Ghugare, and Bhaskar Vaidhun. "EVALUATION OF AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DRUGS USED IN INHALATION THERAPY: A CONCISE REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.579.
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Most of the inhalation products in the market use metered dose inhaler (MDI) technology or dry powder inhaler (DPI) technology. MDIs use propellant to deliver desired dose of liquid formulation in aerosol form. DPI contains active in fine particulate form embedded onto an inert carrier. In both cases, amount of drug dispensed from the device reaching the lungs is dependent upon drug product characteristics as well as formulation-device relationship. Hence, in addition to particle size, aerodynamic distribution of the drug upon delivery by the device plays an important role in determining amount of drug reaching the lungs. Therefore particle size characterization is an important tool in determining the extent of drug delivery from the metered dose inhaler. Aerodynamic particle size distribution is frequently determined by use of cascade impactors and data so generated is accepted by regulatory agencies as a tool for predicting efficacy of MDIs and DPIs. This review discusses principle and working of cascade impactors. Additionally, the review also examines the role of laser diffraction technique in estimating size of dispersed particles.
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Misik, Ondrej, Milan Maly, Ondrej Cejpek, and Frantisek Lizal. "Characterization of Aerosol Nebulized by Aerogen Solo Mesh Nebulizer." MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032801006.
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Nebulizers are commonly used devices for inhalation treatment of various disorders. There are three main categories of medical nebulization technology: jet nebulizers, ultrasound nebulizer, and mesh nebulizer. The mesh nebulizers seem to be very promising since this technology should be able to produce aerosol with precisely determined particle size and is easy to use as well [1]. Aerosol generated from the mesh nebulizer Aerogen Solo was measured in this work. Particle size distribution with a mass median of aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was determined by two different methods.
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Bell, David C., Lenore C. Rainey, and John B. Vander Sande. "High Resolution Microanalysis of Particles from the Human Lung." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015324.
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Every time we take a breath, we are inhaling the results of twentieth century combustion technology. Combustion processes generally produce a multitude of soot and other sub micron sized particulates. The human lungs, via the process of cilia movement expel most of these particles; others are broken down with the aid of macrophage agents. These macrophages absorb particles and incorporate the constitute elements into our bodies. These elements maybe expelled, or they may remain in the body and accumulate over time, as is the case with certain heavy metals. Limited prior research on ‘single-particle’ interaction with lung or bronchial tissue has been conducted. Related research has focused on the statistical significance of soot inhalation on the lung tissue of rodents and primates [1]. Using the methods of single particle examination, founded by previous research into single particle source allocation [2], the examination particles of from human lung and bronchial tissues was performed.Research on the particle characterization shown here is based on the application of an innovative method developed at MIT, which utilized high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
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Pacławski, Adam, Jakub Szlęk, Renata Jachowicz, Stefano Giovagnoli, Barbara Wiśniowska, Sebastian Polak, Natalia Czub, and Aleksander Mendyk. "Evolutionary Algorithms in Modeling Aerodynamic Properties of Spray-Dried Microparticulate Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 7109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207109.
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Spray drying is a single step process in which solutions or dispersions are converted into dry particles. It is widely used in pharmaceutical technology to produce inhalable particles. Dry particle behavior during inhalation, described as the emitted dose (ED) and fine particle fraction (FPF), is determined in vitro by standardized procedures. A large number of factors influencing the spray drying process and particle interaction makes it difficult to predict the final product properties in advance. This work presents the development of predictive models based on experimental data obtained by aerodynamic assessment of respirable dry powders. Developed models were tested according to the 10-fold cross-validation procedure and yielded good predictive ability. Both models were characterized by normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) below 8.50% and coefficient of determination (R2) above 0.90. Moreover, models were analyzed to establish a relationship between spray drying process parameters and the final product quality measures. Presented work describes the strategy of implementing the evolutionary algorithms in empirical model’s development. Obtained models can be applied as an expert system during pharmaceutical formulation development. The models have the potential for product optimization and a knowledge extraction to improve final quality of the drug.
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Suric Mihic, Marija, Ivan Beslic, Silvije Davila, Gordana Marovic, Luka Pavelić, and Jasminka Sencar. "ESTIMATION OF AIRBORNE 106RU ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION FROM TOTAL BETA ACTIVITY OF PM10 PARTICLE FRACTIONS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 4 (May 2020): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa067.
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Abstract Airborne radioruthenium, as a result of an accidental release, presents a risk for occupational and public exposure. In fall 2017, a detection of 106Ru was reported by the European atmospheric radioactive contamination monitoring networks. We investigated the daily specific total beta activity of PM10 particle fractions samples. The presented method enables indirect determination of airborne 106Ru activity concentration from total beta activity, in case 106Ru was confirmed as single excess radiological pollutant. This allows for daily measurements and time-resolved 106Ru activity concentration data. We estimated the indicative committed effective dose due to 106Ru inhalation for the Croatian population during the exposure period. Although the estimated dose value of ~169.7 nSv, for ~6-d duration of ruthenium air pollution, was very low, it was ~40 times higher than the value for Hinh from inhalation of other radionuclides (90Sr + 137Cs + 40K + 7Be).
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El-Ansary, A., and S. Al-Daihan. "On the Toxicity of Therapeutically Used Nanoparticles: An Overview." Journal of Toxicology 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/754810.
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Human beings have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles throughout their evolutionary stages, and such exposures have increased dramatically over the last century. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology will result in new sources of this exposure, through inhalation, ingestion, and injection. Although nanomaterials are currently being widely used in modern technology, there is a serious lack of information concerning the human health and environmental implications of manufactured nanomaterials. Since these are relatively new particles, it is necessary to investigate their toxicological behavior. The objective of this review was to trace the cellular response to nanosized particle exposure. Therapeutic application of selected nanoparticles together with their range of toxic doses was also reviewed. Effect of therapeutically used nanoparticles on cell membrane, mitochondrial function, prooxidant/antioxidant status, enzyme leakage, DNA, and other biochemical endpoints was elucidated. This paper highlights the need for caution during the use and disposal of such manufactured nanomaterials to prevent unintended environmental impacts.
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Lavorini, Federico, Christer Janson, Fulvio Braido, Georgios Stratelis, and Anders Løkke. "What to consider before prescribing inhaled medications: a pragmatic approach for evaluating the current inhaler landscape." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 13 (January 2019): 175346661988453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466619884532.
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Inhaled therapies are the cornerstone of treatment in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and there are a multitude of devices available. There is, however, a distinct lack of evidence-based guidance for healthcare providers on how to choose an appropriate inhaler. This review aims to summarise recent updates on topics related to inhaler choice, and to offer practical considerations for healthcare providers regarding currently marketed devices. The importance of choosing the right inhaler for the right patient is discussed, and the relative merits of dry powder inhalers, pressurised metered dose inhalers, breath-actuated pressurised metered dose inhalers, spacers and soft mist inhalers are considered. Compiling the latest studies in the devices therapy area, this review focuses on the most common types of handling errors, as well as the comparative rates of incorrect inhalation technique between devices. The impact of device-specific handling errors on inhaler performance is also discussed, and the characteristics that can impair optimal drug delivery, such as inhalation flow rate, inhalation volume and particle size, are compared between devices. The impact of patient perceptions, behaviours and problems with inhalation technique is analysed, and the need for appropriate patient education is also highlighted. The continued development of technology in inhaler design and the need to standardise study assessment, endpoints and patient populations are identified as future research needs. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Xiao, Kai, Qingyue Wang, Yichun Lin, Weiqian Wang, Senlin Lu, and Shinich Yonemochi. "Approval Research for Carcinogen Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) Emitted from Residential Coal Combustion in High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas of China." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071254.
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The incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer is the highest in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, China. The mechanisms of the high lung incidence remain unclear, necessitating further study. However, the particle size distribution characteristics of HULIS emitted from residential coal combustion (RCC) have not been studied in Xuanwei. In this study, six kinds of residential coal were collected. Size-resolved particles emitted from the coal were sampled by using a burning system, which was simulated according to RCC made in our laboratory. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ion, water-soluble potentially toxic metals (WSPTMs), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and HULIS-C (referred to as HULIS containing carbon contents) in the different size-segregated particulate matter (PM) samples were determined for health risk assessments by inhalation of PM. In our study, the ratio of HULIS-Cx to WSOCx values in RCC particles were 32.73–63.76% (average 53.85 ± 12.12%) for PM2.0 and 33.91–82.67% (average 57.06 ± 17.32%) for PM2.0~7.0, respectively. The carcinogenic risks of WSPTMs for both children and adults exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10−6, indicating that we should pay more attention to these WSPTMs). Exploring the HULIS content and particle size distribution of the particulate matter produced by household coal combustion provides a new perspective and evidence for revealing the high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China.
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Xu, Pengcheng, Chongmiao Zhang, Xiao Mou, and Xiaochang C. Wang. "Bioaerosol in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant: concentration, size distribution, and health risk assessment." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 8 (September 2, 2020): 1547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.416.
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Abstract An investigation on bioaerosol in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Xi'an, China, was conducted to understand the characteristics of bioaerosol released from wastewater and sludge treatment facilities because the bioaerosols may pose a threat to human health. Using the Andersen impactor sampler collection and colony-counting method, bioaerosol concentrations and size distributions were detected. The risk quotient method was used to evaluate the health risks associated with inhalation of bioaerosol for WWTP staff, based on the average daily dose rates of exposure. The health risk in relation to Legionella pneumophila was quantitatively calculated using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), based on the assumption of the percentage. The maximum concentration of airborne bacteria (3,767 ± 280 colony forming units (CFU)/m3) and fungi (8,775 ± 406 CFU/m3) occurred from the aerated grit chamber and sludge thickening house, respectively, which all exceeded 500 CFU/m3 as the acceptable guideline proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The particle size of airborne bacteria was mainly distributed in the first three stages (>3.3 µm), while that of airborne fungi was from the second to the fourth stage (2.1–7.0 µm). The hazard index exposure to bioaerosol for adult males and females by inhalation were higher than 1. The proportion of L. pneumophila should be strictly controlled below 10−8, based on the QMRA approach.
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Cunningham, Seán M., and David A. Tanner. "A Review: The Prospect of Inhaled Insulin Therapy via Vibrating Mesh Technology to Treat Diabetes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165795.
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Background: Inhaled insulin has proven to be viable and, in some aspects, a more effective alternative to subcutaneous insulin. Past and present insulin inhaler devices have not found clinical or commercial success. Insulin inhalers create a dry powder or soft mist insulin aerosol, which does not provide the required uniform particle size or aerosol volume for deep lung deposition. Methods: The primary focus of this review is to investigate the potential treatment of diabetes with a wet insulin aerosol. Vibrating mesh nebulisers allow the passive inhalation of a fine wet mist aerosol for the administration of drugs to the pulmonary system in higher volumes than other small-volume nebulisers. Results: At present, there is a significant focus on vibrating mesh nebulisers from the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries for the systemic administration of pharmaceuticals for non-traditional applications such as vaccines or the treatment of diabetes. Systemic drug administration using vibrating mesh nebulisers leads to faster-acting pharmaceuticals with a reduction in drug latency. Conclusions: Systemic conditions such as diabetes, require the innovative development of custom vibrating mesh devices to provide the desired flow rates and droplet size for effective inhaled insulin administration.
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Oti, Victor B. "Nanoparticles and Its Implications in HIV/AIDS Therapy." Current Drug Discovery Technologies 17, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570163816666190620111652.
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The use of Antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV/ AIDS patients has enormously increased their life spans with serious disadvantages. The virus infection still remains a public health problem worldwide with no cure and vaccine for the viral agent until now. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS is an emerging technology of the 21st century. NPs are solid and colloid particles with 10 nm to <1000 nm size range; although, less than 200 nm is the recommended size for nanomedical usage. There are NPs with therapeutic capabilities such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers and nanocapsules. The particle enters the body mainly via oral intake, direct injection and inhalation. It has been proven to have potentials of advancing the prevention and treatment of the viral agent. Certain NPs have been shown to have selftherapeutic activity for the virus in vitro. Strategies that are novel are emerging which can be used to improve nanotechnology, such as genetic treatment and immunotherapy. In this review, nanoparticles, the types and its characteristics in drug delivery were discussed. The light was furthermore shed on its implications in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.
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Acosta, Maria F., Priya Muralidharan, Carissa L. Grijalva, Michael D. Abrahamson, Don Hayes, Jeffrey R. Fineman, Stephen M. Black, and Heidi M. Mansour. "Advanced therapeutic inhalation aerosols of a Nrf2 activator and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor for targeted pulmonary drug delivery in pulmonary hypertension: design, characterization, aerosolization, in vitro 2D/3D human lung cell cultures, and in vivo efficacy." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 15 (January 2021): 175346662199824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466621998245.
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Inhalable nanostructured microparticles of simvastatin, a Nrf2 activator and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, were rationally designed for targeted pulmonary delivery as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Advanced particle engineering design technology was employed to develop inhalable dry powders using different dilute feed concentrations and spray drying pump rates. Several analytical techniques were used comprehensively to characterize the physicochemical properties of the resulting powders. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize particle morphology (shape), surface structure, size, and size distribution. Karl Fischer titration (KFT) was employed to quantify the residual water content in the powders. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used to determine crystallinity. Hot-stage microscopy (HSM) under cross-polarizing lens was used to observe the presence or absence of birefringence characteristic of crystallinity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to quantify thermotropic phase behavior. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the molecular fingerprint of simvastatin powders before and after particle engineering design. In vitro aerosol dispersion performance was performed with three different Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved human DPI devices. Cell viability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were demonstrated using different in vitro human pulmonary cell two and three-dimensional models at the air–liquid interface, and in vivo safety in healthy rats by inhalation. Efficacy was demonstrated in the in vivo lamb model of PH. Four different inhalable powders of simvastatin were successfully produced. They possessed nanostructured surfaces and were in the inhalable size range. Simvastatin retained its crystallinity following particle engineering design. The more dilute feed concentration spray dried at the lower pump rate produced the smallest particles. All powders successfully aerosolized with all three DPI human devices. Inhaled simvastatin as an aerosol restored the endothelial function in the shunt lamb model of PH, as demonstrated by the reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Srimok, B., and M. S. Yim. "Examining the importance of the particle size effect in inhalation dose assessment for short-term radiological events." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 147, no. 3 (December 14, 2010): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq488.
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Thakkar, Vaishali, Ekta Pandey, Tosha Pandya, Purvi Shah, Asha Patel, Roma Trivedi, Mukesh Gohel, Lalji Baldaniya, and Tejal Gandhi. "Formulation of Dry Powder Inhaler of Anti-tuberculous Drugs Using Spray Drying Technique and Optimization Using 23 Level Factorial Design Approach." Current Drug Therapy 14, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190104114209.
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Background: Targeting anti-tubercular therapeutics to alveolar macrophages using microparticles technology mainly focuses on increasing local concentrations of therapeutics and potentially reducing the frequency of dosing requirements. Rifampicin (RIF), Ofloxacin (OFX) and Ethambutol (ETH) combination show synergism. Objective: In light of the above facts, the focus of the present study was to develop and characterize novel Dry powder Inhaler formulation incorporating novel drug combination as a pulmonary delivery for the effective eradication of Tuberculosis. Method: Biodegradable microparticles containing RIF, OFX and ETH were prepared by a spray drying technique using PLGA polymer through the critical process as well as polymer attributes were screened and optimized using 23 factorial design. The identified critical process parameters (CPP’s) viz. Inlet temperature, Aspiration rate, and feed rate were selected as independent variables while percentage yield, percentage entrapment efficiency, and particle size were selected as a response. The formulated microparticles were evaluated for particle size, drug-polymer compatibility study, aerodynamic behavior, morphology, particle size distribution, crystallinity, residual solvent content, in-vitro drug release study, and stability study. Results: By choosing the optimum spray drying conditions maximum yield of 73%, entrapment efficiency of 86% and particle size of 1.4 μm was attained of the optimized batch. Thus the results revealed that spherical microparticles are suitable for inhalation and sustained release for 12 h. Conclusion: The successful formulation and evaluation of dry powder could be used as an enhanced therapeutic alternative of the standard oral anti-tubercular regimen, rescuing oral dosing, shortening drug regimen and limiting toxicity. This will ultimately improve patient compliance and diminish the prevalence of MDR resistance.
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Valentin, J. "Doses to the Embryo and Fetus from Intakes of Radionuclides by the Mother." Annals of the ICRP 31, no. 1-3 (March 2001): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6453(01)00022-7.
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In its Publications 56, 67, 69, 71, and 72, ICRP has provided age-specific biokinetic models and, using those models, compiled dose coefficients (doses per unit intake) for intakes of radionuclides by members of the public. Committed effective doses for the inhalation or ingestion of radionuclides by workers who are occupationally exposed were given in Publication 68 based on the most recent dosimetric and biokinetic models for adults. Additionally, a compilation of dose coefficients for both workers and members of the public has been issued on a CD-ROM. The present report complements that series by addressing doses to the embryo/fetus after intakes of radionuclides by a female member of the public or a female worker, before or during pregnancy. Ingestion and inhalation of selected radionuclides of the 31 elements for which age-dependent biokinetic models were provided in the previous reports are considered. These elements are H, C, S, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Se, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Ag, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ce, Pb, Po, Ra, Th, U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm. New biokinetic and dosimetric models for calculating doses to the developing embryo and fetus are developed and used in conjunction with the models for infants, children, and adults presented in the previous reports. The models used take account of transfer of radionuclides across the placenta, distribution and retention of radionuclides in fetal tissues, growth of the fetus, and photon irradiation from radionuclides in the placenta and maternal tissues. Human and animal data are used as available in the development of these models. Intake scenarios comprising single or continuous maternal intakes are taken into account in the compilation of effective dose coefficients following ingestion or inhalation of the radionuclides considered. A CD-ROM with more comprehensive information on doses from inhalation of different particle sizes, tissue doses, and doses at various times after birth has been developed concurrently with the report and will be available shortly. The report does not consider doses to the offspring due to intakes of radionuclides in maternal milk and external irradiation from the mother's body after birth. The radiation sensitivity of the offspring is not discussed.
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Xiroudaki, Styliani, Aurélie Schoubben, Stefano Giovagnoli, and Dimitrios M. Rekkas. "Dry Powder Inhalers in the Digitalization Era: Current Status and Future Perspectives." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091455.
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During the last decades, the term “drug delivery systems” (DDSs) has almost fully replaced previously used terms, such as “dosage forms”, in an attempt to emphasize the importance of the drug carrier in ensuring the claimed safety and effectiveness of the product. However, particularly in the case of delivery devices, the term “system”, which by definition implies a profound knowledge of each single part and their interactions, is not always fully justified when using the DDS term. Within this context, dry powder inhalers (DPIs), as systems to deliver drugs via inhalation to the lungs, require a deep understanding of the complex formulation–device–patient interplay. As of now and despite the progress made in particle engineering and devices design, DPIs’ clinical performance is limited by variable patients’ breathing patterns. To circumvent this pitfall, next-generation DPIs should ideally adapt to the different respiratory capacity of individuals across age, health conditions, and other related factors. In this context, the recent wave of digitalization in the health care and industrial sectors may drive DPI technology towards addressing a personalized device–formulation–patient liaison. In this review, evolving technologies are explored and analyzed to outline the progress made as well as the gaps to fill to align novel DPIs technologies with the systems theory approach.
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Ellis, Samuel L., Kate A. Gemperline, and Satish K. Garg. "Review of Phase 2 Studies Utilizing the AIR® Particle Technology in the Delivery of Human Insulin Inhalation Powder Versus Subcutaneous Regular or Lispro Insulin in Subjects with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes." Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 9, s1 (June 2007): S—48—S—56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2007.0219.
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Bhattacharyya, Sayani, and Bharani S Sogali. "INHALATION THERAPY - APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.24117.
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Inhalation therapy is an effective way for local and systemic delivery of miscellaneous drugs for pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases. The inhalation therapy aims to target specific cells or regions of the lung, bypassing the lung’s clearance mechanisms and thereby providing high retention of the drug for longer periods. It helps in improved penetration of intravenously administered antibiotics into lung parenchymal tissue and bronchial secretions, and as a result, their potential systemic toxicity is reduced when given over prolonged periods of time. The advancement in device technology supports the development of more efficient therapy in the form of delivering finer particles into the lung in large doses. Therefore, meticulous daily management of lung disease, together with prompt, aggressive treatment of exacerbations can be achieved through inhalation to preserve lung function. This review summarizes the features of inhalation delivery devices, their advantages and limitations, challenges in formulation and brief description of novel technologies currently marketed.
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Simukokoa, Humphrey. "Options for COVID-19 therapeutics: Aerosolized inhalation antibody-conjugated Nano particles." Biotechnology Kiosk 2, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37756/bk.20.2.8.1.
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The world is currently faced with a very serious crisis to deal with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19) pandemic which started in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread throughout the world, wreaking havoc in many countries. Several efforts are being made to control the spread of the disease around the world and to find a cure or vaccine. As researchers frantically endeavor to identify remedies for covid19, there is the need to identify therapies that offer the quickest, safest actions and remedies that are relatively cheap. We propose the use of aerosolized inhalation antibody conjugated nanoparticles for the treatment of covid-19. It is hypothesized in this proposal that the conjugation of nanoparticles with antibodies and delivering the antibody-nanoparticle conjugate as an aerosol via the respiratory tract would provide the quickest and possibly more efficient and relatively cheap remedy against covid-19. The advantage of the inhalation route for delivering antibody conjugated nanoparticles is that since the medication is delivered directly to the affected site, higher doses will be delivered to the site with reduced systemic toxicity and reduced adverse effects on gaseous exchange. Our hypothesis is based on the current knowledge and observations in the areas of monoclonal antibody technology, advances in nanotechnology and Nano medicine as well as advances in inhalation therapeutics.
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Mishra, Rosaline, Rama Prajith, Rajeswari Pradhan Rout, Jalaluddin Sriamirullah, and Balwinder Kaur Sapra. "EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON INHALATION DOSES DUE TO RADON AND THORON PROGENY IN A TEST CHAMBER." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 3 (May 2020): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa054.
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Abstract Inhalation doses due to radon and thoron are predominantly due to the inhalation of progeny of Radon and Thoron. The progeny/decay-products of radon and thoron are particulates unlike their parent gas and exhibit different physical properties like attachment to the aerosols and deposition on different surfaces. All these properties in turn depend on the environmental conditions such as air velocity, aerosol concentration, attachment rate, etc. The role of air velocity on deposition on surfaces decides the progeny particles left in the air for inhalation. Therefore, in the present work, we have studied the effect of air velocity on the inhalation dose due to radon and thoron progeny at the centre of a 0.5-m3 calibration chamber as well as on all surfaces. Hence, the studies were carried out at different air velocities, and inhalation doses were measured using deposition-based direct radon and thoron progeny sensors.
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Vadakkan, Mithun Varghese, and G. S. Vinod Kumar. "Cryo-crystallization under a partial anti-solvent environment as a facile technology for dry powder inhalation development." RSC Advances 5, no. 89 (2015): 73020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06544e.
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Jeon, In Kyu, Abdul Qudoos, Hyunseok Lee, and Hong Gi Kim. "Effect of PVA/PVAc Based Polymer Coating on Dust Reduction in Playground." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073144.
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Dust exposure is a serious threat to human health due to dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion. Children are more vulnerable to dust than adults as a result of high rates of unintentional, or deliberate, ingestion and inhalation of dust. In this study, dust reduction in the playground due to coating of the soil particles with a PVA/PVAc-based solution was investigated. Soil particles were coated with varying amounts of coating solution and the samples were examined for various parameters e.g., specific density, moisture content, liquid and plastic limits, permeability, dust generation due to wind effect and human activity. The results demonstrated that coated soil samples showed improved permeability characteristics and reduced dust generation. These characteristics were improved by increased content of coating solution.
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Anderson, William B., D. George Dixon, and Colin I. Mayfield. "Estimation of endotoxin inhalation from shower and humidifier exposure reveals potential risk to human health." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 4 (May 1, 2007): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.043.
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This paper investigates potential exposure to endotoxin in drinking water through the inhalation of aerosols generated by showers and humidifiers. Adverse health effects attributable to the inhalation of airborne endotoxin in various occupational settings are summarized, as are controlled laboratory inhalation studies. Data from investigations estimating aerosolization of particulate matter by showers and humidifiers provide a basis for similar analyses with endotoxin, which like minerals in water, is nonvolatile. A theoretical assessment of the inhalation of aerosolized endotoxin showed that while the likelihood of an acute response while showering is minimal, the same is not true for humidifiers. Ultrasonic and impeller (cool mist) humidifiers efficiently produce large numbers of respirable particles. It is predicted that airway inflammation can occur if humidifier reservoirs are filled with tap water, sometimes even at typical drinking-water distribution-system endotoxin concentrations. Higher endotoxin levels occasionally found in drinking water (>1,000 EU/ml) are very likely to induce symptoms such as chills and fever if used as humidifier feed water. While it is unlikely that treated drinking water would contain extremely high endotoxin levels occasionally observed in cyanobacterial blooms (>35,000 EU/ml), the potential for serious acute health consequences exist if used in humidifiers.
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Zaytsev, A. A., M. A. Kharitonov, V. A. Chernetsov, and E. V. Kryukov. "Current possibilities for nebulizer therapy." Medical Council, no. 15 (December 8, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-15-106-111.
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This article discusses the main aspects of the nebulizer therapy used to treat respiratory diseases. The basic principle of operation of all types of nebulizers is based on the generation of aerosol containing particles comprising an active substance. Currently, there are three types of nebulizers: jet, or compressor (which uses the energy of a gas jet), ultrasonic (which uses oscillation energy of the piezoelectric element) and membrane (Mesh nebulizers). The jet nebulizers are the most common, because they have affordable cost, are easy to use, however, using this type of nebulizers is accompanied by quite large losses of the drug (more than 50%), and they are quite noisy due to the compressor. Among the advantages of ultrasonic nebulizers are virtually silent operation, fast aerosol production and shorter inhalation times compared to compressor devices, small size and weight, and operation from the batteries. However, one of the most important disadvantages of ultrasonic nebulizers is the limited range of drugs that can be used for inhalation, which significantly limits their use in pulmonological practice. In particular, they are not suitable for inhalation of suspensions (glucocorticosteroids) due to the impossibility of homogeneous nebulization, in addition, part of the GCS molecules are destroyed by ultrasound. In recent years, the greatest prospects have been associated with the use of a new generation of nebulizers created using the so-called Vibrating Mesh Technology. Membrane nebulizers have a number of advantages compared to the compressor and ultrasonic devices. Among them are a small residual volume, noiseless operation, high mobility due to the small size, weight and ability to operate using battery.
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Yao, Wenchuo, Daniel L. Gallagher, Linsey C. Marr, and Andrea M. Dietrich. "Emission of iron and aluminum oxide particles from ultrasonic humidifiers and potential for inhalation." Water Research 164 (November 2019): 114899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114899.
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Sedlák, A. "MEAN VALUE OF LET FOR ONCOGENIC EFFECTS OF RADON AND ITS PROGENY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 2-3 (December 2019): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz194.
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Abstract The topic of the article is to define the average value of linear energy transfer (LET) for carcinogenic effects of radon progeny. The microdosimetric model of boundary specific energy is used. It follows that the effect at high LET should decrease approximately with the third power of LET. This is verified by the analysis of the relationship between radiation effects ratio and LET in published experiments with oncogenic transformation of mammalian cells irradiated with the monoenergetic alpha particles. If these cells are exposed with the radon irradiator, our analysis leads us to conclude that the oncogenic effect of radon progeny is comparable to that of alpha particles with a LET of 75 keV/μm. It is about a quarter lower than the LET value, where the effect of the monoenergetic alpha particles reaches its maximum level. Some implications for lung cancer due to radon inhalation may also be carefully examined.
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Škrkal, Jan, Radim Možnar, Miroslav Kajan, and Karin Fantínová. "EXPOSURE OF THE BIOGAS STATION OPERATORS WORKING WITH CONTAMINATED BIOMASS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 2-3 (November 7, 2019): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz227.
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Abstract The article deals with evaluation of irradiation of an operator of a 1 MW biogas station (BGS), processing silage plant biomass contaminated by 137Cs and 134Cs. External irradiation and internal irradiation by the means of aerosol particles inhalation were considered. For calculation of the external irradiation, a BGS model was created in the MCNP. The calculated total committed effective doses received by the operator during annual handling of biomass contaminated by 1 kBq per kg of 137Cs or 134Cs were 34 or 69 μSv, respectively. Three scenarios of contamination were evaluated: freshly contaminated silage after model accident, silage right after the Chernobyl accident and at the current radiation situation in the Czech Republic.
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Marlow (INVITED), W. H. "Electrical Charge in Radon Daughter Deposition: A Critical Review." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080272.
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Abstract The roles that electric charges play in the various deposition processes of radon daughter atoms has been a matter of conjecture for many years. In this review, several possible effects of charge are described. The sources of cluster ions in indoor air and their attachment to aerosol particles are then considered. Since the 'background' aerosol is central to the questions of deposition, its physical behaviour is discussed in the context of charge attachment and other properties. Data from experiments on decay product neutralisation during the first few seconds after birth, room air interactions from several different types of experiments, and deposition following inhalation are then reviewed. The interpretation of these experiments is given and directions for research needed better to identify critical issues are isolated.
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Zhukovsky, Michael, Maksim Vasyanovich, and Aleksandra Onishchenko. "UNATTACHED 212PB FRACTION IN THE WORKER’S BREATHING ZONE AT HIGH THORON CONCENTRATIONS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (September 2020): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa154.
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Abstract Classical aerosol physics predicts that it is impossible to observe noticeable values of the unattached fraction of decay products of thoron at typical concentrations of aerosol particles. The experimental data have shown that the unattached fraction of the thoron decay products in a monazite storage facility is in the range 0.3–0.6. This effect is caused by local increase in air exchange near the inlet of the sampling device at high 220Rn concentrations. It was found that a dynamic shift between the unattached and attached thoron decay products is also observed in the worker’s breathing zone at a high concentration of thoron. The 212Pb unattached fraction in worker’s breathing zone was ~0.4. It demonstrates that when evaluating inhalation exposure to the products of the decay of thoron, it is necessary to take into account the increase of the 212Pb unattached fraction in the worker’s breathing zone.
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Sakoda, Akihiro, Yuu Ishimori, Norie Kanzaki, and Hiroshi Tanaka. "METHODOLOGY FOR SIMPLE SPOT MEASUREMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM EQUIVALENT RADON CONCENTRATION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 4 (October 2020): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa176.
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Abstract Estimation of the effective inhalation dose of short half-life radon progeny requires the quantification of radon equilibrium equivalent activity concentrations (EEC, Ceq). The aim of the present study is to develop new methodology that focuses on spot measurements to determine EEC from single gross alpha counts and determine an optimised protocol. The core of the approach is to measure alpha particles over time when the radon progeny attached to the sampling filter are significantly disintegrated. The calibration curve of single counts to EEC is theoretically deduced and validated by a comparison test. The advantage of the present method is its minimal requirements, including the use of common instruments and simple sampling, alpha counting and analysis procedures. This approach offers an option for radon practitioners working in a variety of fields, as well as the possibility for non-experts to easily measure Ceq.
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Sonvico, Fabio, Veronica Chierici, Giada Varacca, Eride Quarta, Davide D’Angelo, Ben Forbes, and Francesca Buttini. "RespiCellTM: An Innovative Dissolution Apparatus for Inhaled Products." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101541.
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To overcome some of the shortfalls of the types of dissolution testing currently used for pulmonary products, a new custom-built dissolution apparatus has been developed. For inhalation products, the main in vitro characterisation required by pharmacopoeias is the deposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in an impactor to estimate the dose delivered to the target site, i.e., the lung. Hence, the collection of the respirable dose (<5 µm) also appears to be an essential requirement for the study of the dissolution rate of particles, because it results as being a relevant parameter for the pharmacological action of the powder. In this sense, dissolution studies could become a complementary test to the routine testing of inhaled formulation delivered dose and aerodynamic performance, providing a set of data significant for product quality, efficacy and/or equivalence. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, an innovative dissolution apparatus (RespiCell™) suitable for the dissolution of the respirable fraction of API deposited on the filter of a fast screening impactor (FSI) (but also of the entire formulation if desirable) was designed at the University of Parma and tested. The purpose of the present work was to use the RespiCell dissolution apparatus to compare and discriminate the dissolution behaviour after aerosolisation of various APIs characterised by different physico-chemical properties (hydrophilic/lipophilic) and formulation strategies (excipients, mixing technology).
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Egan, A. J. Matthew, Henry D. Tazelaar, Jeffrey L. Myers, and Patrice C. Abell-Aleff. "Munchausen Syndrome Presenting as Pulmonary Talcosis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 736–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0736-mspapt.
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Abstract We describe a patient with self-induced inhalational pulmonary talcosis originally diagnosed as asthma. A 35-year-old female respiratory technologist developed severe asthma that was refractory to steroids and methotrexate. An open lung biopsy specimen showed scattered aggregates of refractile golden crystals within membranous and respiratory bronchioles. The particles ranged in size from 30 to 100 μm and were birefringent when viewed with polarized light. Following review of the lung biopsy specimen, the patient admitted to regularly inhaling large amounts of hospital baby powder. Analysis of the lung biopsy specimen and a sample of the hospital baby powder by x-ray energy dispersion showed identical spectroscopic peaks, including elemental peaks for magnesium silicate. Many patients with self-induced illness lack the picturesque symptomatology classically attributed to Munchausen syndrome. Awareness of these more subtle and varied patterns of presentation may aid in earlier recognition.
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Karahalil, B., H. Rahravi, and N. Ertas. "Examination of urinary mercury levels in dentists in Turkey." Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, no. 8 (August 2005): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht541oa.
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Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring element and its toxicity, especially in certain forms, has been known for many years. Exposure to Hg can occur in occupational and environmental settings. The toxicity of Hg compounds in dentistry has been an issue of increasing concern. Dental personnel are occupationally exposed to Hg vapor in their working environment and this exposure constitutes a potential risk to people in the dental surgery, mainly from the inhalation of Hg vapor and fine particles of amalgam. In this study, the urinary Hg excretion levels of 20 dentists and nine control subjects, matched for age, were determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometer (CV-AAS). The levels of Hg in the urine samples of the dentists was about three times higher than the control subjects (6.29±3.5 and 1.979±0.9 μg/L, respectively) (P B < 0.001). Some 90% of dentists wore both gloves and masks. Standards of hygiene (use of mask, glove and gown) may contribute to the degree of exposure. Attention to important hygiene measures, such as the avoidance of spills of Hg, cleaning of floors after such spills, ventilation and the installation of ventilation, depending on technology, should be taken into consideration. Age and smoking habits did not influence the urinary Hg excretion. Our results showed that dentists had significant exposure to Hg vapor compared to control subjects and therefore might be subject to possible adverse effects due to Hg toxicity.
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Górny, Rafał L., Krzysztof Frączek, and Dariusz R. Ropek. "Size distribution of microbial aerosols in overground and subterranean treatment chambers at health resorts." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 18, no. 2 (October 14, 2020): 1437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00559-9.
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Abstract Purpose to perform comparative analyzes of the size distributions of bacteria and fungi in the air of overground therapy chambers in Szczawnica sanatorium and subterranean inhalation chambers in Bochnia Salt Mine health resort taking into account influence of the season and presence of pathogenic species. Methods bioaerosol samples were collected using 6-stage Andersen impactor. Bacterial and fungal aerosol concentrations and size distributions were calculated and isolated microorganisms were taxonomically identified based on their morphological, biochemical, and molecular features. Results: in both treatment rooms and atmospheric (outdoor) air, the acceptable microbial pollution levels were periodically exceeded. The size distribution analyzes revealed that in the case of bacteria – emission from the patients and in the case of fungi – transport with atmospheric (outdoor) air were the major processes responsible for microbiological contamination of indoor premises. The majority of microbial particulates were present in the air of studied premises as single bacterial vegetative cells, spores and fungal conidia or (most commonly) formed small microbial or microbial-dust aggregates. This phenomenon may have a significant effect on patients’ actual exposure (especially on those treated for respiratory diseases) in terms of the dose of inhaled particles. Conclusions the microbiological quality of the air in sanatoriums and health resorts is a key factor for their therapeutic and prophylactic functions. When microbial pollution crossed the acceptable level, the measures that enable reducing undesirable contamination should be introduced, especially if large groups of patients undergo such therapy.
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Kenney, Patrick A., Benjamin K. Chan, Kaitlyn E. Kortright, Margaret Cintron, Mark Russi, Jacqueline Epright, Lorraine Lee, Thomas J. Balcezak, Nancy L. Havill, and Richard A. Martinello. "Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Decontamination of N95 Respirators for Reuse." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, February 9, 2021, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2021.48.
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Abstract Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to global shortages of N95 respirators. Reprocessing of used N95 respirators may provide a higher filtration crisis alternative, but it is unknown if effective sterilization can be achieved for a virus without impairing respirator function. We evaluated the viricidal efficacy of Bioquell vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) on contaminated N95 respirators and tested the particulate particle penetration and inhalation/exhalation resistance of respirators after multiple cycles of VHP. Methods: 3M 1870 N95 respirators (3M, St. Paul, MN) were contaminated with 3 aerosolized bacteriophages: T1, T7, and Pseudomonas phage phi-6 followed by one cycle of VHP decontamination using a BQ-50 system (Bioquell, Horsham, PA). Additionally, new and unused respirators were sent to an independent laboratory, Nelson Labs (Salt Lake City, UT), for particulate filter penetration testing and inhalation/exhalation resistance after 3 and 5 cycles of VHP. Results: A single VHP cycle resulted in complete eradication of bacteriophage from respirators (limit of detection 10 PFU). Respirators showed acceptable limits for inhalation/exhalation resistance after 3 and 5 cycles of VHP. Respirators demonstrated a filtration efficiency >99 % after 3 cycles, but fell below 95% after 5 cycles of HPV. Conclusion: Bioquell VHP demonstrated high viricidal activity for N95 respirators inoculated with aerosolized bacteriophages. Bioquell technology can be scaled for simultaneous decontamination of a large number of used but otherwise intact respirators. Reprocessing should be limited to 3 cycles due to concerns both about impact of clinical wear and tear on fit, and to decrement in filtration after 3 cycles.
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Lavorini, Federico, Massimo Pistolesi, and Omar S. Usmani. "Recent advances in capsule-based dry powder inhaler technology." Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 12 (May 22, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2017.236.
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Pulmonary drug delivery is currently the focus of accelerated research and development because of the potential to produce maximum therapeutic benefit to patients by directly targeting drug to the site of pathology in the lungs. Among the available delivery options, the dry powder inhaler (DPI) is the preferred device for the treatment of an increasingly diverse range of diseases. However, because drug delivery from a DPI involves a complex interaction between the device and the patient, the engineering development of this medical technology is proving to be a great challenge. Development of DPI systems that target the delivery of fine drug particles to the deeper airways in the lungs using a combination of improved drug formulations and enhanced delivery device technologies means that each of these factors contributes to overall performance of the aerosol system. There are a large range of devices that are currently available, or under development, for clinical use, however no individual device shows superior clinical efficacy. A major concern that is very relevant in day-to-day clinical practice is the inter- and intra-patient variability of the drug dosage delivered to the deep lungs from the inhalation devices, where the extent of variability depends on the drug formulation, the device design, and the patient’s inhalation profile. This variability may result in under-dosing of drug to the patient and potential loss of pharmacological efficacy. This article reviews recent advances in capsule-based DPI technology and the introduction of the ‘disposable’ DPI device.
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Bungadaeng, Sarasanant, Tassanee Prueksasit, and Wattasit Siriwong. "Inhalation exposure to respirable particulate matter among workers in relation to their e-waste open burning activities in Buriram Province, Thailand." Sustainable Environment Research 29, no. 1 (October 16, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-019-0030-7.
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Abstract The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5–10) particulate matter were determined directly from breathing zones of e-waste dismantling workers during the primitive open burning processes using a Personal Modular Impactor connected to a personal air sampler. The average concentration of PM2.5–10 was 441 ± 496 μg m− 3 (N = 33), and for PM2.5, the average concentration was 2774 ± 4713 μg m− 3 (N = 33). Additionally, the concentrations of PM10, which were the summation of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 concentrations, had an average concentration of 3215 ± 4858 μg m− 3 (N = 33). The average PM2.5 mass concentrations accounted for 75 ± 18% from those of PM10, suggesting that PM2.5 was the main component of particulate matter that the workers were exposed to during the burning activity. The study also found that increased amounts of burnt e-waste significantly influenced the concentrations of coarse and fine particles emitted. Moreover, the Pearson’s correlation showed a positive relationship between each type of PM mass concentrations and their own total weighted scores of activity patterns. The results indicated that the activity that most increased the exposure concentration of PM2.5 was mixing e-waste on fire. In contrast, the activities that influenced the exposure of PM2.5–10 are mechanical activities, such as compiling and sweeping of e-waste, which are processes that emit and spread larger sizes of particulate matter into the air around the working environment.