Academic literature on the topic 'Particle emissions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Particle emissions"
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Kontkanen, Jenni, Chenjuan Deng, Yueyun Fu, Lubna Dada, Ying Zhou, Jing Cai, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, et al. "Size-resolved particle number emissions in Beijing determined from measured particle size distributions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 11329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11329-2020.
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Abstract. The climate and air quality effects of aerosol particles depend on the number and size of the particles. In urban environments, a large fraction of aerosol particles originates from anthropogenic emissions. To evaluate the effects of different pollution sources on air quality, knowledge of size distributions of particle number emissions is needed. Here we introduce a novel method for determining size-resolved particle number emissions, based on measured particle size distributions. We apply our method to data measured in Beijing, China, to determine the number size distribution of emitted particles in a diameter range from 2 to 1000 nm. The observed particle number emissions are dominated by emissions of particles smaller than 30 nm. Our results suggest that traffic is the major source of particle number emissions with the highest emissions observed for particles around 10 nm during rush hours. At sizes below 6 nm, clustering of atmospheric vapors contributes to calculated emissions. The comparison between our calculated emissions and those estimated with an integrated assessment model GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) shows that our method yields clearly higher particle emissions at sizes below 60 nm, but at sizes above that the two methods agree well. Overall, our method is proven to be a useful tool for gaining new knowledge of the size distributions of particle number emissions in urban environments and for validating emission inventories and models. In the future, the method will be developed by modeling the transport of particles from different sources to obtain more accurate estimates of particle number emissions.
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Karjalainen, Panu, Hilkka Timonen, Erkka Saukko, Heino Kuuluvainen, Sanna Saarikoski, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Timo Murtonen, et al. "Time-resolved characterization of primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 13 (July 14, 2016): 8559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8559-2016.
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Abstract. Changes in vehicle emission reduction technologies significantly affect traffic-related emissions in urban areas. In many densely populated areas the amount of traffic is increasing, keeping the emission level high or even increasing. To understand the health effects of traffic-related emissions, both primary (direct) particulate emission and secondary particle formation (from gaseous precursors in the exhaust emissions) need to be characterized. In this study, we used a comprehensive set of measurements to characterize both primary and secondary particulate emissions of a Euro 5 level gasoline passenger car. Our aerosol particle study covers the whole process chain in emission formation, from the tailpipe to the atmosphere, and also takes into account differences in driving patterns. We observed that, in mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times higher than the amount of primary particles. The formation, composition, number and mass of secondary particles was significantly affected by driving patterns and engine conditions. The highest gaseous and particulate emissions were observed at the beginning of the test cycle when the performance of the engine and the catalyst was below optimal. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in primary emissions; however, also the primary particle population had an influence.
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Jasiński, Remigiusz. "Analysis of Particle Emissions from a Jet Engine including Conditions of Afterburner Use." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 7696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207696.
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Particle emissions from aircraft engines are mainly related to the emission of particles with very small diameters. The phenomena of the formation of particles in various operating conditions of turbine engines are known. However, it is difficult to find the results of research on the use of the afterburner in the literature. Increased aviation activity within military airports and situations such as air shows are associated with a very intense emission of particles, and pose a direct threat to human health. This article presents an analysis of particulate matter emissions from a military aircraft engine, with particular emphasis on operation with an afterburner. The parameters of the emission of particles determined were: PM Number Emissions Index (EIN), Particle Number Emissions Intensity (EN), PM Mass Emission Index (EIM), PM Mass Emission Intensity (EM), Differential Particle Number Emission Index, Differential Particle Volume Emission Index, and Differential Particle Mass Emission Index. The value of EIN for the afterburner use was the lowest among the whole operation range of the engine and was equal to 1.3 × 1015 particles per kilogram. The use of an afterburner resulted in a sharp increase in the EIM coefficient, which reached 670 mg/kg. Despite a very large increase in fuel consumption, the EIM coefficient turned out to be over 60 times greater than in the case of 100% engine thrust.
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Paasonen, Pauli, Kaarle Kupiainen, Zbigniew Klimont, Antoon Visschedijk, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, and Markus Amann. "Continental anthropogenic primary particle number emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 11 (June 6, 2016): 6823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016.
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Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particle number concentrations impact our climate and health in ways different from those of aerosol mass concentrations. However, the global, current and future anthropogenic particle number emissions and their size distributions are so far poorly known. In this article, we present the implementation of particle number emission factors and the related size distributions in the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas–Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) model. This implementation allows for global estimates of particle number emissions under different future scenarios, consistent with emissions of other pollutants and greenhouse gases. In addition to determining the general particulate number emissions, we also describe a method to estimate the number size distributions of the emitted black carbon particles. The first results show that the sources dominating the particle number emissions are different to those dominating the mass emissions. The major global number source is road traffic, followed by residential combustion of biofuels and coal (especially in China, India and Africa), coke production (Russia and China), and industrial combustion and processes. The size distributions of emitted particles differ across the world, depending on the main sources: in regions dominated by traffic and industry, the number size distribution of emissions peaks in diameters range from 20 to 50 nm, whereas in regions with intensive biofuel combustion and/or agricultural waste burning, the emissions of particles with diameters around 100 nm are dominant. In the baseline (current legislation) scenario, the particle number emissions in Europe, Northern and Southern Americas, Australia, and China decrease until 2030, whereas especially for India, a strong increase is estimated. The results of this study provide input for modelling of the future changes in aerosol–cloud interactions as well as particle number related adverse health effects, e.g. in response to tightening emission regulations. However, there are significant uncertainties in these current emission estimates and the key actions for decreasing the uncertainties are pointed out.
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Wang, Dawei, Hai Guo, and Congrong He. "An investigation on particle emission from a new laser printer using an environmental chamber." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 8 (August 18, 2016): 1144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16665160.
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In this study, emissions of ultrafine particles from a new laser printer were evaluated as a function of toner coverage, number of pages printed, fuser temperature and cartridge rotation during different printing orders. Eight combinations of printing jobs were specifically designed to represent eight printing orders. The toner coverage was found to be an important factor affecting particle emissions from the printer. The printing job without toner coverage (0%) acted as a cleaning process, which would tentatively reduce particle emissions in the next job. Particles generated in printing job with toner coverage (5%) could superimpose onto those emitted from the next job, leading to higher particle number emission in the next job than the previous one. Apart from toner coverage, cartridge rotation was an important factor enhancing particle emissions. Cartridge in rotation mode with/without toner coverage could both cause particle emissions and high fuser temperature. The relationship between the particle emission and the temperature of the fuser unit was very strong ( r2 = 0.96). The regression relationship satisfied a positive power law-rise equation. We also found that ventilation for a long period, printing with no cartridge rotation, and/or printing blank pages before toner page printing could reduce particle emissions.
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Feißel, Toni, Florian Büchner, Miles Kunze, Jonas Rost, Valentin Ivanov, Klaus Augsburg, David Hesse, and Sebastian Gramstat. "Methodology for Virtual Prediction of Vehicle-Related Particle Emissions and Their Influence on Ambient PM10 in an Urban Environment." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111924.
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As a result of rising environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are subject to increasing criticism. The air pollution in urban areas is especially linked to health risks. The connection between vehicle-related particle emissions and ambient air quality is highly complex. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the influence of different vehicle-related sources such as exhaust particles, brake wear and tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on ambient particulate matter (PM). In a first step, particle measurements were conducted based on field trials with an instrumented vehicle to determine the main influence parameters for each emission source. Afterwards, a simplified approach for a qualitative prediction of vehicle-related particle emissions is derived. In a next step, a virtual inner-city scenario is set up. This includes a vehicle simulation environment for predicting the local emission hot spots as well as a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) to account for particle dispersion in the environment. This methodology allows for the investigation of emissions pathways from the point of generation up to the point of their emission potential.
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Ahlm, L., J. Julin, C. Fountoukis, S. N. Pandis, and I. Riipinen. "Particle number concentrations over Europe in 2030: the role of emissions and new particle formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 4 (April 3, 2013): 8769–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-8769-2013.
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Abstract. The aerosol particle number concentration is a key parameter when estimating impacts of aerosol particles on climate and human health. We use a three-dimensional chemical transport model with detailed microphysics, PMCAMx-UF, to simulate particle number concentrations over Europe in the year 2030, by applying emission scenarios for trace gases and primary aerosols. The scenarios are based on expected changes in anthropogenic emissions of sulphur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, and primary aerosol particles with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) focusing on a photochemically active period. For the baseline scenario, which represents a best estimate of the evolution of anthropogenic emissions in Europe, PMCAMx-UF predicts that the total particle number concentration (Ntot) will decrease by 30–70% between 2008 and 2030. The number concentration of particles larger than 100 nm (N100), a proxy for cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, is predicted to decrease by 40–70% during the same period. The predicted decrease in Ntot is mainly a result of reduced new particle formation due to the expected reduction in SO2 emissions, whereas the predicted decrease in N100 is a result of both decreasing condensational growth and reduced primary aerosol emissions. For larger emission reductions, PMCAMx-UF predicts reductions of 60–80% in both Ntot and N100 over Europe. Sensitivity tests reveal that a reduction in SO2 emissions is far more efficient than any other emission reduction investigated, in reducing Ntot. For N100, emission reductions of both SO2 and PM2.5 contribute significantly to the reduced concentration, even though SO2 plays the dominant role once more. The impact of SO2 for both new particle formation and growth over Europe may be expected to be somewhat higher during the simulated period with high photochemical activity than during times of the year with less incoming solar radiation. The predicted reductions in both Ntot and N100 between 2008 and 2030 in this study will likely reduce both the aerosol direct and indirect effects, and limit the damaging effects of aerosol particles on human health in Europe.
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Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Tero Lahde, and Rainer Vogt. "Brake Wear Particle Emissions of a Passenger Car Measured on a Chassis Dynamometer." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090556.
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Brake wear emissions with a special focus on particle number (PN) concentrations were investigated during a chassis dynamometer measurement campaign. A recently developed, well-characterized, measurement approach was applied to measure brake particles in a semi-closed vehicle setup. Implementation of multiple particle measurement devices allowed for simultaneous measurement of volatile and solid particles. Estimated PN emission factors for volatile and solid particles differed by up to three orders of magnitude with an estimated average solid particle emission factor of 3∙109 # km−1 brake−1 over a representative on-road brake cycle. Unrealistic high brake temperatures may occur and need to be ruled out by comparison with on-road temperature measurements. PN emissions are strongly temperature dependent and this may lead to its overestimation. A high variability for PN emissions was found when volatile particles were not removed. Volatiles were observed under high temperature conditions only which are not representative of normal driving conditions. The coefficient of variation for PN emissions was 1.3 without catalytic stripper and 0.11 with catalytic stripper. Investigation of non-braking sections confirmed that particles may be generated at the brake even if no brakes are applied. These “off-brake-event” emissions contribute up to about 30% to the total brake PM10 emission.
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Ahlm, L., J. Julin, C. Fountoukis, S. N. Pandis, and I. Riipinen. "Particle number concentrations over Europe in 2030: the role of emissions and new particle formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 20 (October 22, 2013): 10271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10271-2013.
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Abstract. The aerosol particle number concentration is a key parameter when estimating impacts of aerosol particles on climate and human health. We use a three-dimensional chemical transport model with detailed microphysics, PMCAMx-UF, to simulate particle number concentrations over Europe in the year 2030, by applying emission scenarios for trace gases and primary aerosols. The scenarios are based on expected changes in anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, and primary aerosol particles with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) focusing on a photochemically active period, and the implications for other seasons are discussed. For the baseline scenario, which represents a best estimate of the evolution of anthropogenic emissions in Europe, PMCAMx-UF predicts that the total particle number concentration (Ntot) will decrease by 30–70% between 2008 and 2030. The number concentration of particles larger than 100 nm (N100), a proxy for cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, is predicted to decrease by 40–70% during the same period. The predicted decrease in Ntot is mainly a result of reduced new particle formation due to the expected reduction in SO2 emissions, whereas the predicted decrease in N100 is a result of both decreasing condensational growth and reduced primary aerosol emissions. For larger emission reductions, PMCAMx-UF predicts reductions of 60–80% in both Ntot and N100 over Europe. Sensitivity tests reveal that a reduction in SO2 emissions is far more efficient than any other emission reduction investigated, in reducing Ntot. For N100, emission reductions of both SO2 and PM2.5 contribute significantly to the reduced concentration, even though SO2 plays the dominant role once more. The impact of SO2 for both new particle formation and growth over Europe may be expected to be somewhat higher during the simulated period with high photochemical activity than during times of the year with less incoming solar radiation. The predicted reductions in both Ntot and N100 between 2008 and 2030 in this study will likely reduce both the aerosol direct and indirect effects, and limit the damaging effects of aerosol particles on human health in Europe.
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Gramstat, Sebastian, Thilo Mertens, Robert Waninger, and Dmytro Lugovyy. "Impacts on Brake Particle Emission Testing." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101132.
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The presented article picks out brake particle emission testing as a central theme. Those emissions are part of the so-called non-exhaust emissions, which play an increasing role for particle emissions from transportation. The authors propose a laboratory test setup by using a brake dynamometer and a constant volume sampling approach to determine the emissions in regard to the particle number concentration. Several impacts were investigated while the same test cycle (novel worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (novel-WLTP)) was applied. In a first item, the importance of the bedding process was investigated and it is shown that friction couples without bedding emit much more particles. Furthermore, the efforts for reaching a bedded friction state are discussed. Additionally, the impact of brake lining compositions is investigated and shows that NAO concepts own crucial advantages in terms of brake particle emissions. Another impact, the vehicle weight and inertia, respectively, shows how important lightweight measures and brake cooling improvements are. Finally, the role of the load profile is discussed, which shows the importance of driving parameters like vehicle speed and reservoir dynamics. The authors show that, under urban driving conditions, extreme low particle emissions are detected. Furthermore, it is explained that off-brake emissions can play a relevant role in regard to brake particle emissions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle emissions"
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Johnson, Lynne Alison. "Modelling particle emissions from traffic flows." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.
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Wardoyo, Arinto Yudi. "Biomass burning : particle emissions, characteristics, and airborne measurements." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16492/1/Arinto_Wardoyo_Thesis.pdf.
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Biomass burning started to attract attention since the last decade because of its impacts on the atmosphere and the environmental air quality, as well as significant potential effects on human health and global climate change. Knowledge of particle emission characteristics from biomass burning is crucially important for the quantitative assessment of the potential impacts. This thesis presents the results of study aimed towards comprehensive characterization of particle emissions from biomass burning. The study was conducted both under controlled laboratory conditions, to quantify the particle size distribution and emission factors by taking into account various factors which may affect the particle characteristics, and in the field, to investigate biomass burning processes in the real life situations and to examine vertical profile of particles in the atmosphere.
To simulate different environmental conditions, a new technique has been developed for investigating particle emissions from biomass burning in the laboratory. As biomass burning may occur in a field at various wind speeds and burning rates, the technique was designed to allow adjustment of the flow rates of the air introduced into the chamber, in order to control burning under different conditions. In addition, the technique design has enabled alteration of the high particle concentrations, allowing conducting measurements with the instrumentations that had the upper concentration limits exciding the concentrations characteristic to the biomass burning.
The technique was applied to characterize particle emissions from burning of several tree species common to Australian forests. The aerosol particles were characterized in terms of size distribution and emission factors, such as PM2.5 particle mass emission factor and particle number emission factor, under various burning conditions. The characteristics of particles over a range of burning phases (e.g., ignition, flaming, and smoldering) were also investigated. The results showed that particle characteristics depend on the type of tree, part of tree, and the burning rate.
In particular, fast burning of the wood samples produced particles with the CMD of 60 nm during the ignition phase and 30 nm for the rest of the burning process. Slow burning of the wood samples produced large particles with the CMD of 120 nm, 60 nm and 40 nm for the ignition, flaming and smoldering phases, respectively. The CMD of particles emitted by burning the leaves and branches was found to be 50 nm for the flaming phase and 30 nm for the smoldering phase, under fast burning conditions. Under slow burning conditions, the CMD of particles was found to be between 100 to 200 nm for the ignition and flaming phase, and 50 nm for the smoldering phase.
For fast burning, the average particle number emission factors were between 3.3 to 5.7 x 1015 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 6.9 x 1015 particles/kg for leaves and branches. The PM2.5 emission factors were between 140 to 210 mg/kg for wood and 450 to 4700 mg/kg for leaves and branches. For slow burning conditions, the average particle number emission factors were between 2.8 to 44.8 x 1013 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 9.3 x 1013 particles/kg for leaves and branches, and the PM2.5 emissions factors were between 120 to 480 mg/kg for wood and 3300 to 4900 mg/kg for leaves and branches.
The field measurements were conducted to investigate particle emissions from biomass burning in the Northern Territory of Australia over dry seasons. The results of field studies revealed that diameters of particles in ambient air emissions were within the size range observed during laboratory investigations. The laboratory measurements found that the particles released during the controlled burning were of a diameter between 30 and 210 nm, depending on the burning conditions. Under fast burning conditions, smaller particles were produced with a diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm, whilst larger particles, with a diameter between 60 nm and 210 nm, were produced during slow burning. The airborne field measurements of biomass particles found that most of the particles measured under the boundary layer had a CMD of (83 ± 13) nm during the early dry season (EDS), and (127 ± 6) nm during the late dry season (LDS). The characteristics of ambient particles were found to be significantly different at the EDS and the LDS due to several factors including moisture content of vegetation, location of fires related to the flight paths, intensity of fires, and burned areas. Specifically, the investigations of the vertical profiles of particles in the atmosphere have revealed significant differences in the particle properties during early dry season and late dry season. The characteristics of particle size distribution played a significant role in these differences.
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Wardoyo, Arinto Yudi. "Biomass burning : particle emissions, characteristics, and airborne measurements." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16492/.
Full textAbstract:
Biomass burning started to attract attention since the last decade because of its impacts on the atmosphere and the environmental air quality, as well as significant potential effects on human health and global climate change. Knowledge of particle emission characteristics from biomass burning is crucially important for the quantitative assessment of the potential impacts. This thesis presents the results of study aimed towards comprehensive characterization of particle emissions from biomass burning. The study was conducted both under controlled laboratory conditions, to quantify the particle size distribution and emission factors by taking into account various factors which may affect the particle characteristics, and in the field, to investigate biomass burning processes in the real life situations and to examine vertical profile of particles in the atmosphere. To simulate different environmental conditions, a new technique has been developed for investigating particle emissions from biomass burning in the laboratory. As biomass burning may occur in a field at various wind speeds and burning rates, the technique was designed to allow adjustment of the flow rates of the air introduced into the chamber, in order to control burning under different conditions. In addition, the technique design has enabled alteration of the high particle concentrations, allowing conducting measurements with the instrumentations that had the upper concentration limits exciding the concentrations characteristic to the biomass burning. The technique was applied to characterize particle emissions from burning of several tree species common to Australian forests. The aerosol particles were characterized in terms of size distribution and emission factors, such as PM2.5 particle mass emission factor and particle number emission factor, under various burning conditions. The characteristics of particles over a range of burning phases (e.g., ignition, flaming, and smoldering) were also investigated. The results showed that particle characteristics depend on the type of tree, part of tree, and the burning rate. In particular, fast burning of the wood samples produced particles with the CMD of 60 nm during the ignition phase and 30 nm for the rest of the burning process. Slow burning of the wood samples produced large particles with the CMD of 120 nm, 60 nm and 40 nm for the ignition, flaming and smoldering phases, respectively. The CMD of particles emitted by burning the leaves and branches was found to be 50 nm for the flaming phase and 30 nm for the smoldering phase, under fast burning conditions. Under slow burning conditions, the CMD of particles was found to be between 100 to 200 nm for the ignition and flaming phase, and 50 nm for the smoldering phase. For fast burning, the average particle number emission factors were between 3.3 to 5.7 x 1015 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 6.9 x 1015 particles/kg for leaves and branches. The PM2.5 emission factors were between 140 to 210 mg/kg for wood and 450 to 4700 mg/kg for leaves and branches. For slow burning conditions, the average particle number emission factors were between 2.8 to 44.8 x 1013 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 9.3 x 1013 particles/kg for leaves and branches, and the PM2.5 emissions factors were between 120 to 480 mg/kg for wood and 3300 to 4900 mg/kg for leaves and branches. The field measurements were conducted to investigate particle emissions from biomass burning in the Northern Territory of Australia over dry seasons. The results of field studies revealed that diameters of particles in ambient air emissions were within the size range observed during laboratory investigations. The laboratory measurements found that the particles released during the controlled burning were of a diameter between 30 and 210 nm, depending on the burning conditions. Under fast burning conditions, smaller particles were produced with a diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm, whilst larger particles, with a diameter between 60 nm and 210 nm, were produced during slow burning. The airborne field measurements of biomass particles found that most of the particles measured under the boundary layer had a CMD of (83 ± 13) nm during the early dry season (EDS), and (127 ± 6) nm during the late dry season (LDS). The characteristics of ambient particles were found to be significantly different at the EDS and the LDS due to several factors including moisture content of vegetation, location of fires related to the flight paths, intensity of fires, and burned areas. Specifically, the investigations of the vertical profiles of particles in the atmosphere have revealed significant differences in the particle properties during early dry season and late dry season. The characteristics of particle size distribution played a significant role in these differences.
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Johansson, Petter. "Oil-related Particle Emissions from Diesel Engines." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Maskinkonstruktion, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9287.
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Wang, Lina. "Quantification of particle emission characteristics and development of an emission model for use in transport microenvironments affected by traffic emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46912/1/Lina_Wang_Thesis.pdf.
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Vehicle emitted particles are of significant concern based on their potential to influence local air quality and human health. Transport microenvironments usually contain higher vehicle emission concentrations compared to other environments, and people spend a substantial amount of time in these microenvironments when commuting. Currently there is limited scientific knowledge on particle concentration, passenger exposure and the distribution of vehicle emissions in transport microenvironments, partially due to the fact that the instrumentation required to conduct such measurements is not available in many research centres. Information on passenger waiting time and location in such microenvironments has also not been investigated, which makes it difficult to evaluate a passenger’s spatial-temporal exposure to vehicle emissions. Furthermore, current emission models are incapable of rapidly predicting emission distribution, given the complexity of variations in emission rates that result from changes in driving conditions, as well as the time spent in driving condition within the transport microenvironment.
In order to address these scientific gaps in knowledge, this work conducted, for the first time, a comprehensive statistical analysis of experimental data, along with multi-parameter assessment, exposure evaluation and comparison, and emission model development and application, in relation to traffic interrupted transport microenvironments. The work aimed to quantify and characterise particle emissions and human exposure in the transport microenvironments, with bus stations and a pedestrian crossing identified as suitable research locations representing a typical transport microenvironment.
Firstly, two bus stations in Brisbane, Australia, with different designs, were selected to conduct measurements of particle number size distributions, particle number and PM2.5 concentrations during two different seasons. Simultaneous traffic and meteorological parameters were also monitored, aiming to quantify particle characteristics and investigate the impact of bus flow rate, station design and meteorological conditions on particle characteristics at stations. The results showed higher concentrations of PN20-30 at the station situated in an open area (open station), which is likely to be attributed to the lower average daily temperature compared to the station with a canyon structure (canyon station). During precipitation events, it was found that particle number concentration in the size range 25-250 nm decreased greatly, and that the average daily reduction in PM2.5 concentration on rainy days compared to fine days was 44.2 % and 22.6 % at the open and canyon station, respectively. The effect of ambient wind speeds on particle number concentrations was also examined, and no relationship was found between particle number concentration and wind speed for the entire measurement period. In addition, 33 pairs of average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations were calculated and identified at the two stations, during the same time of a day, and with the same ambient wind speeds and precipitation conditions. The results of a paired t-test showed that the average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations at the two stations were not significantly different at the 5% confidence level (t = 0.06, p = 0.96), which indicates that the different station designs were not a crucial factor for influencing PN7-3000 concentrations.
A further assessment of passenger exposure to bus emissions on a platform was evaluated at another bus station in Brisbane, Australia. The sampling was conducted over seven weekdays to investigate spatial-temporal variations in size-fractionated particle number and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as human exposure on the platform. For the whole day, the average PN13-800 concentration was 1.3 x 104 and 1.0 x 104 particle/cm3 at the centre and end of the platform, respectively, of which PN50-100 accounted for the largest proportion to the total count. Furthermore, the contribution of exposure at the bus station to the overall daily exposure was assessed using two assumed scenarios of a school student and an office worker. It was found that, although the daily time fraction (the percentage of time spend at a location in a whole day) at the station was only 0.8 %, the daily exposure fractions (the percentage of exposures at a location accounting for the daily exposure) at the station were 2.7% and 2.8 % for exposure to PN13-800 and 2.7% and 3.5% for exposure to PM2.5 for the school student and the office worker, respectively. A new parameter, “exposure intensity” (the ratio of daily exposure fraction and the daily time fraction) was also defined and calculated at the station, with values of 3.3 and 3.4 for exposure to PN13-880, and 3.3 and 4.2 for exposure to PM2.5, for the school student and the office worker, respectively.
In order to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations and define the emission distribution in further dispersion models for traffic interrupted transport microenvironments, a composite line source emission (CLSE) model was developed to specifically quantify exposure levels and describe the spatial variability of vehicle emissions in traffic interrupted microenvironments. This model took into account the complexity of vehicle movements in the queue, as well as different emission rates relevant to various driving conditions (cruise, decelerate, idle and accelerate), and it utilised multi-representative segments to capture the accurate emission distribution for real vehicle flow. This model does not only helped to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations, but it also helped to define the emission source distribution of the disrupted steady flow for further dispersion modelling. The model then was applied to estimate particle number emissions at a bidirectional bus station used by diesel and compressed natural gas fuelled buses. It was found that the acceleration distance was of critical importance when estimating particle number emission, since the highest emissions occurred in sections where most of the buses were accelerating and no significant increases were observed at locations where they idled. It was also shown that emissions at the front end of the platform were 43 times greater than at the rear of the platform.
The CLSE model was also applied at a signalled pedestrian crossing, in order to assess increased particle number emissions from motor vehicles when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. The CLSE model was used to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses including 1 car travelling in 1 direction (/1 direction), 14 cars / 1 direction, 1 bus / 1 direction, 28 cars / 2 directions, 24 cars and 2 buses / 2 directions, and 20 cars and 4 buses / 2 directions. It was found that the total emissions produced during stopping on a red signal were significantly higher than when the traffic moved at a steady speed. Overall, total emissions due to the interruption of the traffic increased by a factor of 13, 11, 45, 11, 41, and 43 for the above 6 cases, respectively.
In summary, this PhD thesis presents the results of a comprehensive study on particle number and mass concentration, together with particle size distribution, in a bus station transport microenvironment, influenced by bus flow rates, meteorological conditions and station design. Passenger spatial-temporal exposure to bus emitted particles was also assessed according to waiting time and location along the platform, as well as the contribution of exposure at the bus station to overall daily exposure. Due to the complexity of the interrupted traffic flow within the transport microenvironments, a unique CLSE model was also developed, which is capable of quantifying emission levels at critical locations within the transport microenvironment, for the purpose of evaluating passenger exposure and conducting simulations of vehicle emission dispersion. The application of the CLSE model at a pedestrian crossing also proved its applicability and simplicity for use in a real-world transport microenvironment.
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Vicente, Ana Margarida Proença. "Characterisation of gas and particle emissions from wildfires." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10424.
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Doutoramento em Ciências e Engenharia do AmbienteOs incêndios florestais são uma importante fonte de emissão de compostos gasosos e de aerossóis. Em Portugal, onde a maioria dos incêndios ocorre no norte e centro do país, os incêndios destroem todos os anos milhares de hectares, com importantes perdas em termos económicos, de vidas humanas e qualidade ambiental. As emissões podem alterar consideravelmente a química da atmosfera, degradar a qualidade do ar e alterar o clima. Contudo, a informação sobre as caraterísticas das emissões dos incêndios florestais nos países do Mediterrâneo é limitada. Tanto a nível nacional como internacional, existe um interesse crescente na elaboração de inventários de emissões e de regulamentos sobre as emissões de carbono para a atmosfera. Do ponto de vista atmosférico da monitorização atmosférica, os incêndios são considerados um desafio, dada a sua variabilidade temporal e espacial, sendo de esperar um aumento da sua frequência, dimensão e severidade, e também porque as estimativas de emissões dependem das caraterísticas dos biocombustíveis e da fase de combustão. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e caraterizar as emissões de gases e aerossóis de alguns dos mais representativos incêndios florestais que ocorreram no centro de Portugal nos verões de 2009 e de 2010. Efetuou-se a colheita de amostras de gases e de duas frações de partículas (PM2.5 e PM2.5-10) nas plumas de fumo em sacos Tedlar e em filtros de quartzo acoplados a um amostrador de elevado volume, respetivamente. Os hidrocarbonetos totais (THC) e óxidos de carbono (CO e CO2) nas amostras gasosas foram analisados em instrumentos automáticos de ionização de chama e detetores não dispersivos de infravermelhos, respetivamente. Para algumas amostras, foram também quantificados alguns compostos de carbonilo após reamostragem do gás dos sacos Tedlar em cartuchos de sílica gel revestidos com 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina (DNPH), seguida de análise por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução. Nas partículas, analisou-se o carbono orgânico e elementar (técnica termo-óptica), iões solúveis em água (cromatografia iónica) e elementos (espectrometria de massa com plasma acoplado por indução ou análise instrumental por ativação com neutrões). A especiação orgânica foi obtida por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa após extração com recurso a vários solventes e separação dos extratos orgânicos em diversas classes de diferentes polaridades através do fracionamento com sílica gel. Os fatores de emissão do CO e do CO2 situaram-se nas gamas 52-482 e 822-1690 g kg-1 (base seca), mostrando, respetivamente, correlação negativa e positiva com a eficiência de combustão. Os fatores de emissão dos THC apresentaram valores mais elevados durante a fase de combustão latente sem chama, oscilando entre 0.33 e 334 g kg-1 (base seca). O composto orgânico volátil oxigenado mais abundante foi o acetaldeído com fatores de emissão que variaram desde 1.0 até 3.2 g kg-1 (base seca), seguido pelo formaldeído e o propionaldeído. Observou-se que as emissões destes compostos são promovidas durante a fase de combustão latente sem chama. Os fatores de emissão de PM2.5 e PM10 registaram valores entre 0.50-68 e 0.86-72 g kg-1 (base seca), respetivamente. A emissão de partículas finas e grosseiras é também promovida em condições de combustão lenta. As PM2.5 representaram cerca de 90% da massa de partículas PM10. A fração carbonosa das partículas amostradas em qualquer dos incêndios foi claramente dominada pelo carbono orgânico. Foi obtida uma ampla gama de rácios entre o carbono orgânico e o carbono elementar, dependendo das condições de combustão. Contudo, todos os rácios refletiram uma maior proporção de carbono orgânico em relação ao carbono elementar, típica das emissões de queima de biomassa. Os iões solúveis em água obtidos nas partículas da pluma de fumo contribuíram com valores até 3.9% da massa de partículas PM2.5 e 2.8% da massa de partículas de PM2.5-10. O potássio contribuiu com valores até 15 g mg-1 PM2.5 e 22 g mg-1 PM2.5-10, embora em massa absoluta estivesse maioritariamente presente nas partículas finas. Os rácios entre potássio e carbono elementar e entre potássio e carbono orgânico obtidos nas partículas da pluma de fumo enquadram-se na gama de valores relatados na literatura para emissões de queima de biomassa. Os elementos detetados nas amostras representaram, em média, valores até 1.2% e 12% da massa de PM2.5 e PM2.5-10, respetivamente. Partículas resultantes de uma combustão mais completa (valores elevados de CO2 e baixos de CO) foram caraterizadas por um elevado teor de constituintes inorgânicos e um menor conteúdo de matéria orgânica. Observou-se que a matéria orgânica particulada é composta principalmente por componentes fenólicos e produtos derivados, séries de compostos homólogos (alcanos, alcenos, ácidos alcanóicos e alcanóis), açúcares, biomarcadores esteróides e terpenóides, e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos. O reteno, um biomarcador das emissões da queima de coníferas, foi o hidrocarboneto aromático dominante nas amostras das plumas de fumo amostradas durante a campanha que decorreu em 2009, devido ao predomínio de amostras colhidas em incêndios em florestas de pinheiros. O principal açúcar anidro, e sempre um dos compostos mais abundantes, foi o levoglucosano. O rácio levoglucosano/OC obtido nas partículas das plumas de fumo, em média, registaram valores desde 5.8 a 23 mg g-1 OC. Os rácios levoglucosano/manosano e levoglucosano/(manosano+galactosano) revelaram o predomínio de amostras provenientes da queima de coníferas. Tendo em conta que a estimativa das emissões dos incêndios florestais requer um conhecimento de fatores de emissão apropriados para cada biocombustível, a base de dados abrangente obtida neste estudo é potencialmente útil para atualizar os inventários de emissões. Tem vindo a ser observado que a fase de combustão latente sem chama, a qual pode ocorrer simultaneamente com a fase de chama e durar várias horas ou dias, pode contribuir para uma quantidade considerável de poluentes atmosféricos, pelo que os fatores de emissão correspondentes devem ser considerados no cálculo das emissões globais de incêndios florestais. Devido à falta de informação detalhada sobre perfis químicos de emissão, a base de dados obtida neste estudo pode também ser útil para a aplicação de modelos no recetor no sul da Europa.
Wildfires are an importante emission source of gaseous compounds and aerosol particles. In Portugal, where most fire events occur in northern and central areas of the country, wildfires destroy every year thousands of hectares, with important losses in terms of economic disruptions, human lives and environmental quality. Emissions can substantially perturb atmospheric chemistry, degrade air quality and alter weather and climate. However, limited data exist on the emission characteristics from this source in Mediterranean countries. At both national and international levels, there is an increasing focus on the establishment of emission inventories and regulations of regional carbon emissions to the atmosphere. From the standpoint of atmospherically-based carbon monitoring programs, fires are challenging because they tend to be extremely variable in intensity, space and time, they are expected to increase in number and severity in the future, and because emission estimates depend on biofuel characteristics and combustion phase. The aim of this study was to quantify and characterise the emissions of trace gases and aerosol particles from some of the most representative wildfires that occurred in central Portugal during the summers of 2009 and 2010. Gases and particles of two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) were collected from the smoke plumes in Tedlar bags and on quartz filters mounted on a high volume sampler, respectively. The gaseous compounds were subsequently analised for total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon oxides (CO and CO2) in automatic instruments with flame ionisation and non-dispersive infrared detectors, respectively. For some smoke samples, carbonyls were also quantified after drawing air from the Tedlar bags through cartridges containing silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) reagent and followed by analysis by high performace liquid chromatography. Particles were analysed for organic and elemental carbon (thermal-optical technique), water-soluble ions (ion chromatography) and trace elements (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or instrumental neutron activation analysis). The organic speciation was obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry after multi-solvent extraction and separation of the organic extracts into several classes of different polarities by flash chromatography on silica gel. The CO and CO2 emission factors were in the ranges 52-482 and 822-1690 g kg-1 (dry basis), showing, respectively, negative and positive correlations with the combustion efficiency. The THC emission factors were higher during smouldering conditions with values ranging between 0.33 and 334 g kg-1 (dry basis). The most abundant oxygenated volatile organic compound measured was acetaldehyde with emission factors ranging from 1.0 to 3.2 g kg-1 (dry basis), followed by formaldehyde and propionaldehyde. The emission of these compounds were enhanced during the smouldering phase. PM2.5 and PM10 emission factors were in the ranges 0.50-68 and 0.86-72 g kg-1 (dry basis), respectively. The emission of fine and coarse particles was promoted by smouldering combustion conditions. PM2.5 particles contributed to around 90% of the PM10 mass. The carbonaceous fraction of smoke particulate samples from any of the fires was clearly dominated by organic carbon. A wide range of organic carbon-to-elemental carbon concentration ratios was obtained, depending on the combustion conditions. However, all the ratios reflected a much higher proportion of organic carbon in relation to elemental carbon, typical of biomass burning emissions. The water-soluble ions obtained in smoke particles contributed with values up to 3.9% of the PM2.5 and 2.8% of the PM2.5-10 particles. Potassium contributed up to 15 g mg-1 PM2.5 and 22 g mg-1 PM2.5-10, although in absolute mass it was overwhelmingly present in fine particles. The potassium-to-elemental carbon and potassium-to-organic carbon ratios obtained in smoke particles were in accordance with those reported in the literature for biomass burning sources. Trace elements detected in smoke samples represented, on average, up to 1.2% and 12% of the PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 mass, respectively. Particles from a more complete combustion (higher CO2 and lower CO values) were characterised by a higher content of inorganic constituents and a lower organic content. The particulate organic matter was mainly composed of phenolic compounds and their alteration products, homologous series (n-alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols), sugar constituents, steroid and terpenoid biomarkers, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Retene, a biomarker of softwood smoke, was the dominant aromatic hydrocarbon in smoke samples collected during the 2009 campaign, due to a predominance of samples from wildfires in pine forests. The major anhydrosugar, and always one of the most abundant compounds, was levoglucosan. The levoglucosan/OC ratio obtained in the smoke particles, on average, ranged from 5.8 to 23 mg g-1 OC. The levoglucosan-to-mannosan and the levoglucosan-to-mannosan plus galactosan ratios determined reveal a predominance of samples from softwood combustion. Since estimation of wildfire emissions requires knowledge of fuel-appropriate emissions factors, the comprehensive database obtained in this study is potentially useful to update the current emission inventories. It has been observed that the smouldering phase, which can occur simultaneously with the flaming front and continue for several hours to days, may contribute to significant amounts of atmospheric pollutants and the corresponding emission factors should be considered when calculating the global wildfire emissions. Due to the lack of detailed emission profiles, the databases obtained in this study can also be very helpful for receptor modelling in southern Europe.
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Petzold, Andreas. "Particle emissions from aviation : microphysics, chemistry, and climate impact /." Köln : DLR, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015380591&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hitchins, Jane. "Dispersion of particles from vehicle emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Mazaheri, Mandana. "Investigation into submicrometer particle and gaseous emissions from airport ground running procedures." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/29183/1/Mandana_Mazaheri_Citation.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Emissions from airport operations are of significant concern because of their potential impact on local air quality and human health. The currently limited scientific knowledge of aircraft emissions is an important issue worldwide, when considering air pollution associated with airport operation, and this is especially so for ultrafine particles. This limited knowledge is due to scientific complexities associated with measuring aircraft emissions during normal operations on the ground. In particular this type of research has required the development of novel sampling techniques which must take into account aircraft plume dispersion and dilution as well as the various particle dynamics that can affect the measurements of the aircraft engine plume from an operational aircraft.
In order to address this scientific problem, a novel mobile emission measurement method called the Plume Capture and Analysis System (PCAS), was developed and tested. The PCAS permits the capture and analysis of aircraft exhaust during ground level operations including landing, taxiing, takeoff and idle. The PCAS uses a sampling bag to temporarily store a sample, providing sufficient time to utilize sensitive but slow instrumental techniques to be employed to measure gas and particle emissions simultaneously and to record detailed particle size distributions. The challenges in relation to the development of the technique include complexities associated with the assessment of the various particle loss and deposition mechanisms which are active during storage in the PCAS. Laboratory based assessment of the method showed that the bag sampling technique can be used to accurately measure particle emissions (e.g. particle number, mass and size distribution) from a moving aircraft or vehicle.
Further assessment of the sensitivity of PCAS results to distance from the source and plume concentration was conducted in the airfield with taxiing aircraft. The results showed that the PCAS is a robust method capable of capturing the plume in only 10 seconds. The PCAS is able to account for aircraft plume dispersion and dilution at distances of 60 to 180 meters downwind of moving a aircraft along with particle deposition loss mechanisms during the measurements. Characterization of the plume in terms of particle number, mass (PM2.5), gaseous emissions and particle size distribution takes only 5 minutes allowing large numbers of tests to be completed in a short time. The results were broadly consistent and compared well with the available data.
Comprehensive measurements and analyses of the aircraft plumes during various modes of the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle (e.g. idle, taxi, landing and takeoff) were conducted at Brisbane Airport (BNE). Gaseous (NOx, CO2) emission factors, particle number and mass (PM2.5) emission factors and size distributions were determined for a range of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, as a function of aircraft type and engine thrust level. The scientific complexities including the analysis of the often multimodal particle size distributions to describe the contributions of different particle source processes during the various stages of aircraft operation were addressed through comprehensive data analysis and interpretation.
The measurement results were used to develop an inventory of aircraft emissions at BNE, including all modes of the aircraft LTO cycle and ground running procedures (GRP). Measurements of the actual duration of aircraft activity in each mode of operation (time-in-mode) and compiling a comprehensive matrix of gas and particle emission rates as a function of aircraft type and engine thrust level for real world situations was crucial for developing the inventory. The significance of the resulting matrix of emission rates in this study lies in the estimate it provides of the annual particle emissions due to aircraft operations, especially in terms of particle number.
In summary, this PhD thesis presents for the first time a comprehensive study of the particle and NOx emission factors and rates along with the particle size distributions from aircraft operations and provides a basis for estimating such emissions at other airports. This is a significant addition to the scientific knowledge in terms of particle emissions from aircraft operations, since the standard particle number emissions rates are not currently available for aircraft activities.
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Mazaheri, Mandana. "Investigation into submicrometer particle and gaseous emissions from airport ground running procedures." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29183/.
Full textAbstract:
Emissions from airport operations are of significant concern because of their potential impact on local air quality and human health. The currently limited scientific knowledge of aircraft emissions is an important issue worldwide, when considering air pollution associated with airport operation, and this is especially so for ultrafine particles. This limited knowledge is due to scientific complexities associated with measuring aircraft emissions during normal operations on the ground. In particular this type of research has required the development of novel sampling techniques which must take into account aircraft plume dispersion and dilution as well as the various particle dynamics that can affect the measurements of the aircraft engine plume from an operational aircraft.
In order to address this scientific problem, a novel mobile emission measurement method called the Plume Capture and Analysis System (PCAS), was developed and tested. The PCAS permits the capture and analysis of aircraft exhaust during ground level operations including landing, taxiing, takeoff and idle. The PCAS uses a sampling bag to temporarily store a sample, providing sufficient time to utilize sensitive but slow instrumental techniques to be employed to measure gas and particle emissions simultaneously and to record detailed particle size distributions. The challenges in relation to the development of the technique include complexities associated with the assessment of the various particle loss and deposition mechanisms which are active during storage in the PCAS. Laboratory based assessment of the method showed that the bag sampling technique can be used to accurately measure particle emissions (e.g. particle number, mass and size distribution) from a moving aircraft or vehicle.
Further assessment of the sensitivity of PCAS results to distance from the source and plume concentration was conducted in the airfield with taxiing aircraft. The results showed that the PCAS is a robust method capable of capturing the plume in only 10 seconds. The PCAS is able to account for aircraft plume dispersion and dilution at distances of 60 to 180 meters downwind of moving a aircraft along with particle deposition loss mechanisms during the measurements. Characterization of the plume in terms of particle number, mass (PM2.5), gaseous emissions and particle size distribution takes only 5 minutes allowing large numbers of tests to be completed in a short time. The results were broadly consistent and compared well with the available data.
Comprehensive measurements and analyses of the aircraft plumes during various modes of the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle (e.g. idle, taxi, landing and takeoff) were conducted at Brisbane Airport (BNE). Gaseous (NOx, CO2) emission factors, particle number and mass (PM2.5) emission factors and size distributions were determined for a range of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, as a function of aircraft type and engine thrust level. The scientific complexities including the analysis of the often multimodal particle size distributions to describe the contributions of different particle source processes during the various stages of aircraft operation were addressed through comprehensive data analysis and interpretation.
The measurement results were used to develop an inventory of aircraft emissions at BNE, including all modes of the aircraft LTO cycle and ground running procedures (GRP). Measurements of the actual duration of aircraft activity in each mode of operation (time-in-mode) and compiling a comprehensive matrix of gas and particle emission rates as a function of aircraft type and engine thrust level for real world situations was crucial for developing the inventory. The significance of the resulting matrix of emission rates in this study lies in the estimate it provides of the annual particle emissions due to aircraft operations, especially in terms of particle number.
In summary, this PhD thesis presents for the first time a comprehensive study of the particle and NOx emission factors and rates along with the particle size distributions from aircraft operations and provides a basis for estimating such emissions at other airports. This is a significant addition to the scientific knowledge in terms of particle emissions from aircraft operations, since the standard particle number emissions rates are not currently available for aircraft activities.
Books on the topic "Particle emissions"
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McKenna, J. D. Fine particle (2.5 microns) emissions: Regulations, measurement, and control. Hoboken, N. J: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
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Kakareka, Sergey, Hanna Malchykhina, Olga Krukowskaya, Katarina Yaramenka, Karin Kindbom, Ingrid Mawdsley, Stefan Åström, et al. Particle emissions in Belarus and in the Nordic countries. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2018-544.
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Rickey, June Elizabeth. The effect of altitude conditions on the particle emissions of a J85-GE-5L turbojet engine. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.
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Anderson, Bruce E. Air Force F-16 aircraft engine aerosol emissions under cruise altitude conditions. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1999.
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Cowherd, Chatten. Assessment of tire particle emissions at a representative Denver arterial paved road intersection: Final report to the Northern Front Range air quality study. Fort Collins, Colo: Colorado State University, Office of the Vice President for Research and Information Technology, 1997.
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Hasselkamp, Dietmar, Hermann Rothard, Karl-Ontjes Groeneveld, Jürgen Kemmler, Peter Varga, and Hannspeter Winter, eds. Particle Induced Electron Emission II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0038297.
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Rösler, Max, Wolfram Brauer, Jacques Devooght, Jean-Claude Dehaes, Alain Dubus, Michel Cailler, and Jean-Pierre Ganachaud, eds. Particle Induced Electron Emission I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0041376.
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Theory of particle and cluster emission. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.
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Delion, Doru S. Theory of Particle and Cluster Emission. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14406-6.
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Zilles, Anne. Emission of Radio Waves in Particle Showers. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63411-1.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Particle emissions"
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Merkisz, Jerzy, and Jacek Pielecha. "The Relationship between Particle Mass and Particle Number." In Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines, 93–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15928-7_8.
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Symonds, Jonathan. "Particle Emissions from Vehicles." In Aerosol Science, 369–92. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118682555.ch15.
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Torvela, Heikki. "Determination of Particle Size Distribution." In Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions, 51–72. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3482-4_3.
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Merkisz, Jerzy, and Jacek Pielecha. "Characteristics of Particulate Matter Considering Particle Mass and Particle Number." In Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines, 9–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15928-7_2.
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Merkisz, Jerzy, and Jacek Pielecha. "Measurements of Particle Mass and Particle Number in Real Traffic Conditions." In Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines, 69–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15928-7_7.
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Gramstat, Sebastian, R. Waninger, D. Lugovyy, M. Schröder, and Theodoros Grigoratos. "Brake particle emissions – a global challenge." In Proceedings, 649–61. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22050-1_44.
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Junkermann, Wolfgang. "Ultrafine Particle Emissions in the Mediterranean." In Atmospheric Chemistry in the Mediterranean Region, 105–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82385-6_6.
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Zereini, F., F. Alt, J. Messerschmidt, C. Wiseman, A. von Bohlen, K. Liebl, J. Müller, and W. Püttmann. "Palladium in Airborne Particulate Matter: Total Concentrations and Particle Size Distribution." In Palladium Emissions in the Environment, 397–405. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29220-9_26.
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Kumar, Abhishek. "Creating Effects with Particle Emissions and Fields/Solvers." In Beginning VFX with Autodesk Maya, 109–38. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7857-4_6.
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Yost, Michael, Arnold Steinman, and Al Lieberman. "Apparatus for Measuring Ultrafine Particle Emissions from Air Ionization Equipment." In Particles in Gases and Liquids 2, 167–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3544-1_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Particle emissions"
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Feißel, Toni, and Klaus Augsburg. "Analytical Investigation of Tire Induced Particle Emissions." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-027.
Full textAbstract:
Research and/or Engineering Question/Objective: The fine dust contribution (<10µm) of motor vehicles represents a considerable health risk for people in urban areas. Due to an increasing percentage of electric vehicles, exhaust emissions are steadily reduced. Consequently, particles from non-exhaust sources (brake, tire and road ware) are considered to be the future main vehicle related pollutant. While regenerative braking, tungsten carbide coatings and filter devices can effectively reduce brake wear emissions, there is currently no methodology available in order to reduce tire wear particles, road abrasion and resuspension. In addition, the tire is one of the main sources of environmental microplastic pollution. Although there are initial approaches to determine the emission characteristics of tire and road ware particles, there is a lack of basic understanding of the underlying physical processes. Methodology: The particle flow around the vehicle wheelhouse is dominated by highly dynamic vortex structures. The numerical flow simulation (CFD) is a well suited tool for the investigation of these processes and allows a detailed analysis of the particle-flow interaction. Within this paper, a CFD flow model of a vehicle wheelhouse is presented, which analytically describes the underlying physical effects of particle dispersion by the vehicle tire. The CFD model was applied in order to define a suitable measurement strategy for the measurement of TRW particles based on a measurement vehicle. Results: In order to develop a CFD Modell for tire-induced particle emissions, comprehensive analysis of mesh generation, geometric influencing factors and turbulence models was conducted. An essential element of the presented model is the modelling of the wheel rotation, tire-road contact and tire-profile related effects. In addition, particle models were adapted according to the physical properties of tire and road wear particles. In a second step, the CFD methodology was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system (CVS) which ensures a maximum sampling and transport efficiency for TRW particles. Limitations of this study: In general, numerical simulation requires strong simplification of the physical problem and can cover aspects of the flow and particle behavior only partially. Thus, more experiments are necessary to fully validate the CFD model. What does the paper offer that is new in the field in comparison to other works of the author: The paper offers a new CFD-based tire and road wear model including flow processes in proximity to the tire-road interface, in order to describe tire induced particle emissions. Conclusion: Within this paper a novel CFD-based methodology is presented whereby special emphasis was placed towards the modelling of tire-induced particle emissions. This model was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system that ensures a maximum sampling as well as transport efficiency for TRW particle measurement. KEYWORDS - Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRW), Particle Resuspension, Non-Exhaust-Emissions, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Constant Volume Sampling System (CVS)
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"Software-type Wave-Particle Interaction Analyzer (S-WPIA) by RPWI for JUICE: Science objectives and implementation." In Planetary Radio Emissions VIII. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/pre8s495.
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Chabadová, Jana, Štefan Papučík, and Radovan Nosek. "Particle emissions from biomass combustion." In XIX. THE APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND ENERGETICS 2014: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4892709.
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Mayer, A., J. Czerwinski, and M. Kasper. "Nanosize Metal Oxide Particle Emissions From Diesel- and Petrol-Engines." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60045.
Full textAbstract:
All internal combustion piston engines emit nanoparticles. Part of them are soot particles as a results of incomplete combustion of fuels, or lube oil. Another part are metal particles, most probably oxides, commonly called ash. A major source of metal particles is engine wear and corrosion. The lube oil reentraines these abraded particles into the combustion zone. There they are partially vaporized and ultrafine oxide particles formed through nucleation [1]. Other sources are metallic additives to the lube oil, or the fuel, and debris from the catalytic coatings in the exhaust-gas after-treatment. The formation process results in extremely fine particles, typically smaller than 50 nm. Thus they can intrude through the alveolar membranes directly into the human organism and can even penetrate the cell nucleus [5]. The consequent health risk necessitates a careful investigation of these emissions and effective curtailment. Substantial information is available on Diesel engine particulate emissions, [2, 3, 4] but there are almost no results for SI engines reported. Beside an example of metal oxide particles from a Diesel engine, [2], the present paper shows some preliminary results of particle mass and nanoparticle emissions of SI engines. Four SI engines were investigated: two older and two newer engines, comprising two car engines and two motorbikes. The tests were done on standard transient driving cycles, and steady-state at constant 50 km/h and idling because prior to this study high concentrations of ash were observed with Diesels during idling, [2]. All tests were done with particle samples collected from the CVS tunnel, during long operating periods, to have sufficient material for analyzing. At the steady-state points, the particle size spectra were measured and based on this the source as “ash” postulated. The results show that the older engines emit high concentrations of both soot and ash particles. The size distribution is bimodal for soot and ash particles. The newer engines’ emission results are less uniform and the concentrations are lower, as expected. Altogether, the concentrations of these ash particles in the exhaust gas of Diesel and SI-engines can be so high, that more detailed investigations are requiredy.
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Czerwinski, Jan, Markus Kurzwart, Andreas Mayer, and Pierre Comte. "Particle Emissions of Modern Handheld Machines." In SAE/JSAE 2014 Small Engine Technology Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-32-0036.
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Helo, Yusuf, Ivan Rosenberg, Andrzej Kacperek, Derek D’Souza, Lindsay MacDonald, Emma Dixon, Robert Speller, Gary Royle, and Adam Gibson. "Cerenkov optical emissions in particle radiotherapy." In Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/biomed.2014.bm4a.6.
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KEENEY, F. W., S. E. JONES, A. C. JOHNSON, P. L. HAGELSTEIN, G. HUBLER, D. B. BUEHLER, F. E. CECIL, M. R. SCOTT, and J. E. ELLSWORTH. "CHARGED-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM DEUTERIDED METALS." In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cold Fusion. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701510_0044.
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Yoon, Seung Hyun, Jin Woo Hwang, Hyun Kyu Suh, and Chang Sik Lee. "Effect of Injection Strategy on the Combustion and Exhaust Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel-Ethanol Blend in a DI Diesel Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76063.
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An experimental investigation was performed on the effect of injection strategy on the combustion, exhaust emissions characteristics and the particle size distribution in a direct-injection (DI) compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol blended fuel. The results obtained from the experiment of the particle distributions for the blended fuel are compared to that of diesel fuel. In addition to the distribution of the particles, exhaust emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and combustion characteristics under different engine operating parameters were investigated. The engine operating parameters in terms of injection timing and injection strategy were varied to investigate the combustion and emission reduction of biodiesel and ethanol blended fuel. The results show that multiple injection strategy of biodiesel-ethanol blended is beneficial to reduce NOx emissions significantly without significant increase of soot emission. In multiple injection strategy, as the first injection mass was increased, the larger size particles were increased, however total numbers of particles were reduced. Biodiesel-ethanol blended fuel reduced particle concentration of relatively large size compared to the particles concentration of ULSD. Moreover, dramatically lower NOx and soot emissions were found at the blend fueled with engine at the same injection condition.
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Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade, and Carsten Schilde. "Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester." In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.
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The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer
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Khalek, Imad A. "Characterization of Particle Size, Number, and Mass Emissions From a Diesel Powered Generator." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1533.
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Total (volatile plus solid) and solid particle size, number, and mass emitted from a 3.8 kW diesel powered generator were characterized using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) that measures the size distribution of particles, and a catalytic stripper that facilitates the measurement of solid particles. The engine was operated at a constant speed for six steady-state engine operations ranging from idle to rated power. The solid particle size distributions were mainly monomodal lognormal distributions in nature reflecting a typical soot agglomerate size distribution with a number mean diameter in the size range from 98 nm to 37 nm as the load decreases from high to low. At idle, M6, however, the solid particle distribution was bimodal in nature with a high number of solid nanoparticles in the sub-20 nm size range. It is likely that these solid particles nucleated later in the combustion process from metallic ash typically present in the lube oil. The total particle size distributions exhibited a bimodal structure only at light load, M5, engine operation, where a high number of volatile nanoparticles were observed. The rest of the operating conditions exhibited monomodal distributions although the nature of the particles was vastly different. For the medium load modes, M2, M3, and M4, the particles were mainly solid particles. For the rated power, M1, and idle, M6, modes of engine operation, significant number of volatile particles grew to a size nearing that of soot particles making the distribution monomodal, similar to that of a solid particle distribution. This shows that monomodal distributions are not necessarily solid particle but they can be strongly dominated with volatile particles if significant particle growth takes place like the case at M1, and M6. The total number and mass concentration were extremely high at engine rated power. The number concentration exceeded 1.2 billion particles per cubic centimeter and the mass exceeded 750 milligrams per cubic meter. The number concentration is more than five orders of magnitude higher than a typical ambient level concentration, and the mass concentration is more than four orders of magnitude higher. It is important to indicate, however, that if the engine power rating is lowered by 35 percent from its designated level, both particle mass and number emissions will be reduced by two orders of magnitude. By measuring total and solid particle size and number concentration of particles, one can calculate other metrics such as surface area and mass to provide detail information about particle emissions. Such information can serve as an important database where all metrics of particle emissions are captured.
Reports on the topic "Particle emissions"
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Robinson, Allen L. Measurement and Modeling of Volatile Particle Emissions from Military Aircraft. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557370.
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Ahmed, Sauda. Modeling of Ultrafine Particle Emissions and Ambient Levels for the Near Roadside Environment. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5390.
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Miller, S., and D. Laudal. Fine particulate emissions: Flue gas conditioning for improved fine particle capture in fabric filters: (Task 3. 6). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6841681.
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Jost O.L. Wendt. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/783602.
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Wendt, Jost O. L. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792067.
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Wendt, Jost O. L. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/803843.
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Jost O.L. Wendt. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809224.
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Jost O.L. Wendt. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809225.
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Wendt, Jost O. L. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809226.
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Wendt, Jost O. L. NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/795263.
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