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Journal articles on the topic 'Particle charging'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Huang, He, Xiao Zhang, Xue Xiao, and Song Ye. "Influence of negative corona discharge on the Zeta potential of diesel particles." Science Progress 103, no. 3 (July 2020): 003685042094616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420946164.

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Electrical agglomeration as a pretreatment means can reduce the exhaust particle number concentration of diesel engine. The charge of particle is an important factor affecting the coagulation process. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to study the charging characteristic of diesel particles. Zeta potential for diesel particle was used to represent the charged state and the charge of particles could be calculated according to the value of Zeta potential. Influences of various factors on the charge of particle were investigated by changing the charged voltage, internal temperature of charging zone, and the load of engine. Experimental results show that the increase of charged voltage can improve the charge and the absolute value of diesel particles. With increase of charging zone temperature, corona inception voltage declines and the charge of particle increases. The load of engine has a positive effect on the charge of particles which reaches its peak at full load.

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2

Cao, Huiying, Baichao An, Yong Wang, Kun Zhou, and Naiyan Lu. "Investigation of Surfactant AOT Mediated Charging of PS Particles Dispersed in Aqueous Solutions." Coatings 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080471.

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Nano/submicron particles can be activated by surfactants and aggregate at the air-water interface to generate and stabilize foams. Such systems have been applied extensively in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries. Studying particle charging behavior in a particle/surfactant/water system is a fundamental way to understand the activation of the particle surface. This paper presents an investigation of the charging behavior of polystyrene (PS) particles dispersed in aqueous solutions of the surfactant sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT). The results showed that zeta potential of PS was related to the AOT concentration with two different concentration regions. Below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the charging of PS particles was effected by AOT ions; while above the CMC, it came from both AOT ions and AOT micelles. This behavior was different from that observed for PS in aqueous salt solutions. Additionally, the particle concentration and size were found to affect the zeta potential differently in the two AOT concentration regions. By analyzing these results, the charging mechanism of the PS/AOT/water system was revealed to be preferential adsorption. In summary, the study disclosed the internal connection between the PS charging in aqueous AOT solution and the activation of PS particles, as well as their influence to foam formation and stability.

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3

Han, Chun, Qun Zhou, Jiawei Hu, Cai Liang, Xiaoping Chen, and Jiliang Ma. "The charging characteristics of particle–particle contact." Journal of Electrostatics 112 (July 2021): 103582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2021.103582.

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4

Landauer, Johann, and Petra Foerst. "Influence of Particle Charge and Size Distribution on Triboelectric Separation—New Evidence Revealed by In Situ Particle Size Measurements." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060381.

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Triboelectric charging is a potentially suitable tool for separating fine dry powders, but the charging process is not yet completely understood. Although physical descriptions of triboelectric charging have been proposed, these proposals generally assume the standard conditions of particles and surfaces without considering dispersity. To better understand the influence of particle charge on particle size distribution, we determined the in situ particle size in a protein–starch mixture injected into a separation chamber. The particle size distribution of the mixture was determined near the electrodes at different distances from the separation chamber inlet. The particle size decreased along both electrodes, indicating a higher protein than starch content near the electrodes. Moreover, the height distribution of the powder deposition and protein content along the electrodes were determined in further experiments, and the minimum charge of a particle that ensures its separation in a given region of the separation chamber was determined in a computational fluid dynamics simulation. According to the results, the charge on the particles is distributed and apparently independent of particle size.

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5

Grosshans, Holger, and Miltiadis V. Papalexandris. "Direct numerical simulation of triboelectric charging in particle-laden turbulent channel flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 818 (April 5, 2017): 465–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.157.

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The electrification of particles embedded in a turbulent flow may cause hazards such as spark discharges but is also exploited in several industrial applications. Nonetheless, due to its complexity and sensitivity to the initial conditions, the process of build-up of particle charge is currently not well understood. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, we performed fully resolved numerical simulations of particle charging. More specifically, our study concerned the charging process of particles dispersed in a turbulent channel flow at a friction Reynolds number of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$. Emphasis was placed on the analysis of the interplay between the different physical mechanisms underlying particle electrification, such as fluid turbulence, particle dynamics and particle collisions. Further, we investigated the influence of some important physical parameters. According to our simulations the charge build-up depends strongly on the particle Stokes number, $Stk$. In particular, at small Stokes numbers, $Stk=0.2$, the turbopheretic drift inhibits particle charging. By contrast, at moderate Stokes numbers, $Stk=2$, and low particle number densities, the electric charge builds up but cannot escape the viscous sublayer due to limited particle migration. However, in the case of high particle number densities, the charge is transported away from the wall via inter-particle charge diffusion. A further increase to $Stk=20$ leads to strong charging and particle-bound charge transport towards the bulk of the channel.

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6

Schriefl, Mario Anton, Matthias Longin, and Alexander Bergmann. "Charging-Based PN Sensing of Automotive Exhaust Particles." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (January 3, 2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130805.

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Mobile measurement of particle number concentration (PN) in the exhaust of motor vehicles has recently become an integral part of emission legislation. Charge-based sensing techniques for the examination of PN, like Diffusion Charging (DC), represent a promising alternative to condensational particle counters (CPCs) as established PN sensors, because they enable to build robust, compact and energy efficient systems. However, due to the charging process, particle properties like size and morphology have a big impact on the sensor’s PN response. For particles of different size and shape we experimentally investigated those impacts using own-built charging-based sensors. The PN response of the DC sensor showed desired behavior for compact NaCl particles, but less satisfying behavior for combustion aerosol standard (CAST) particles, which is a widely used test aerosol for automotive applications. With a photoelectric charger, the PN response of CAST particles was significantly better.

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7

GRIMANI, CATIA. "IMPLICATIONS OF GALACTIC AND SOLAR PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD INTERFEROMETERS FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION IN SPACE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 01 (January 2013): 1341006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827181341006x.

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Test-mass charging due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) represents one of the major sources of noise for missions devoted to gravitational wave detection in space. Particle detectors on board future space interferometers will help in monitoring the test-mass charging process. Variations and fluctuations of GCRs and evolution of SEP events of different intensities are discussed here for the correlation of SEP radiation monitor observations and particle fluxes charging the test masses. We consider the performance of the radiation monitors designed for the LISA Pathfinder mission for the results presented in this work. We point out that in addition to the primary use of test-mass charging monitoring, particle detectors on board space interferometers will naturally provide SEP observations at different intervals in heliolongitude and distances from Earth for space weather applications.

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8

Fillipov, A. V. "Particle charging in ?hot? aerosols." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 28, no. 2 (1987): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00918711.

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9

Sun, Jixing, Sibo Song, Xiyu Li, Yunlong Lv, Jiayi Ren, Fan Ding, and Changwang Guo. "Restraining Surface Charge Accumulation and Enhancing Surface Flashover Voltage through Dielectric Coating." Coatings 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070750.

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A conductive metallic particle in a gas-insulated metal-enclosed system can charge through conduction or induction and move between electrodes or on insulating surfaces, which may lead to breakdown and flashover. The charge on the metallic particle and the charging time vary depending on the spatial electric field intensity, the particle shape, and the electrode surface coating. The charged metallic particle can move between the electrodes under the influence of the spatial electric field, and it can discharge and become electrically conductive when colliding with the electrodes, thus changing its charge. This process and its factors are mainly affected by the coating condition of the colliding electrode. In addition, the interface characteristics affect the particle when it is near the insulator. The charge transition process also changes due to the electric field strength and the particle charging state. This paper explores the impact of the coating material on particle charging characteristics, movement, and discharge. Particle charging, movement, and charge transfer in DC, AC, and superimposed electric fields are summarized. Furthermore, the effects of conductive particles on discharge characteristics are compared between coated and bare electrodes. The reviewed studies demonstrate that the coating can effectively reduce particle charge and thus the probability of discharge. The presented research results can provide theoretical support and data for studying charge transfer theory and design optimization in a gas-insulated system.

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10

Niu, Liyong, and Di Zhang. "Charging Guidance of Electric Taxis Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/354952.

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Electric taxis are playing an important role in the application of electric vehicles. The actual operational data of electric taxis in Shenzhen, China, is analyzed, and, in allusion to the unbalanced time availability of the charging station equipment, the electric taxis charging guidance system is proposed basing on the charging station information and vehicle information. An electric taxis charging guidance model is established and guides the charging based on the positions of taxis and charging stations with adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization. The simulation is based on the actual data of Shenzhen charging stations, and the results show that electric taxis can be evenly distributed to the appropriate charging stations according to the charging pile numbers in charging stations after the charging guidance. The even distribution among the charging stations in the area will be achieved and the utilization of charging equipment will be improved, so the proposed charging guidance method is verified to be feasible. The improved utilization of charging equipment can save public charging infrastructure resources greatly.

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11

Sippola, Petteri, Jari Kolehmainen, Ali Ozel, Xiaoyu Liu, Pentti Saarenrinne, and Sankaran Sundaresan. "Experimental and numerical study of wall layer development in a tribocharged fluidized bed." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 849 (June 26, 2018): 860–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.412.

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The effects of triboelectricity in a small-scale fluidized bed of polyethylene particles were investigated by imaging the particle layer in the vicinity of the column wall and by measuring the pressure drop across the bed. The average charge on the particles was altered by changing the relative humidity of the gas. A triboelectric charging model coupled with a computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model was utilized to simulate gas–particle flow in the bed. The electrostatic forces were evaluated based on a particle–particle particle–mesh method, accounting for the surface charge on the insulating walls. It was found that simulations with fixed and uniform charge distribution among the particles capture remarkably well both the agglomeration of the particles on the wall and the associated decrease in the pressure drop across the bed. With a dynamic tribocharging model, the charging rate had to be accelerated to render the computations affordable. Such simulations with an artificial acceleration significantly over-predict charge segregation and the wall becomes rapidly sheeted with a single layer of strongly charged particles.

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12

Liu, Benjamin, David Pui, Warren Kinstley, and Wayne Fisher. "Aerosol Charging and Neutralization and Electrostatic Discharge in Clean Rooms." Journal of the IEST 30, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.30.2.wx17682658p58871.

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This paper describes the role of electrical charge on particle transport and deposition and the neutralization of particle electrostatic charge by ionized air. The level of electrical charge on airborne particles and the rate of charge neutralization by bipolar ions have been reviewed and the effect of charge on particle deposition on semiconductor waters discussed. Finally, the use of high voltage ionizers for electrostatic control in clean rooms is discussed.

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13

RESENDES, D. P., R. BINGHAM, A. GUERREIO, and V. N. TSYTOVICH. "New low-frequency waves and negative mass instability in dusty plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 69, no. 5 (September 9, 2003): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377803002228.

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Low-frequency dusty plasma waves with frequencies much smaller than the frequency of charging collisions of plasma particles with dust particles are considered, taking into account elastic and charging collisions of plasma particles with dust and with neutrals. The usual dust sound waves with an upper frequency equal to the dust plasma frequency are found to be present only for wavelengths much smaller than the plasma particle effective mean free path due to the effective collision frequency. The effective collision frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the charging frequency and the frequency of particle momentum losses, involving processes due to elastic plasma particle–dust collisions, and collisions with neutrals. It is shown that when the wavelength of the wave is much larger than the mean free path for effective collisions the properties of the waves are different from those previously considered. A negative mass instability is found in this domain of frequencies when the effective mean free path of ions is larger than the effective mean free path of electrons. In the absence of neutrals this appears to be possible only if the temperature of ions exceeds the electron temperature. This can occur in laboratory experiments and space plasmas but not in plasma-etching experiments. In the absence of instability a new dust oscillation, a dust charging mode, is found the frequency of which is almost constant over a certain range of wavenumbers. It is inversely proportional to the dust mass and charging frequency of the dust. A new dust electron sound wave is found for frequencies less than the frequency of the dust charging mode. The velocity of the dust electron sound wave is determined by the electron temperature but not the ion temperatures, as for the usual dust sound waves, with the electron temperature exceeding the ion temperature substantially.

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14

RESENDES, D. P., R. BINGHAM, S. MOTA, and V. N. TSYTOVICH. "New low-frequency waves and negative mass instability in dusty plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 6 (August 18, 2010): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237781000036x.

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AbstractLow-frequency dusty plasma waves with frequencies much smaller than the frequency of charging collisions of plasma particles with dust particles are considered taking into account elastic and charging collisions of plasma particles with dust and neutrals. The usual dust sound waves with an upper frequency equal to the dust plasma frequency are found to be present only for wavelengths much smaller than the plasma particle effective mean free path due to the effective collision frequency. The effectice collision frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the charging frequency and the frequency of particle momentum losses, involving processes due to elastic plasma particle–dust collisions and collisions with neutrals. It is shown that when the wavelength of the wave is much larger than the mean free path for effective collisions, the properties of the waves are different from those considered previously. A negative mass instability is found in this domain of frequencies when the effective mean free path of ions is larger than the effective mean free path of electrons. In the absence of neutrals, this appears to be possible only if the temperature of ions exceeds the electron temperature. This can occur in laboratory experiments and space plasmas but not in plasma-etching experiments. In the absence of instability, a new dust oscillation, a dust charging mode, is found, whose frequency is almost constant over a certain range of wave numbers. It is inversely proportional to the dust mass and charging frequency of the dust. A new dust electron sound wave is found for frequencies less than the frequency of the dust charging mode. The velocity of the dust electron sound wave is determined by the electron temperature but not the ion temperature, as for the usual dust sound waves, with the electron temperature substantially exceeding the ion temperature.

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15

Matsoukas, Themis, and Marc Russell. "Particle charging in low‐pressure plasmas." Journal of Applied Physics 77, no. 9 (May 1995): 4285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359451.

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16

O'Hara, David B., J. Sidney Clements, Wright C. Finney, and Robert H. Davis. "Aerosol particle charging by free electrons." Journal of Aerosol Science 20, no. 3 (January 1989): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(89)90007-4.

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17

Matsoukas, Themis. "Charge distributions in bipolar particle charging." Journal of Aerosol Science 25, no. 4 (June 1994): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)90001-9.

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18

Ponto, Benjamin S., and John C. Berg. "Clay particle charging in apolar media." Applied Clay Science 161 (September 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.016.

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19

Kolehmainen, Jari, Ali Ozel, and Sankaran Sundaresan. "Eulerian modelling of gas–solid flows with triboelectric charging." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 848 (June 5, 2018): 340–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.361.

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Particles subjected to flow are known to acquire electrostatic charges through repeated contacts with each other and with other surfaces. These charges alter gas–particle flow behaviour at different scales. In this work, we present a continuum framework for analysing the interplay between tribocharging and the flow of a monodisperse assembly of particles characterized by a single effective work function. Specifically, we have derived the continuum, kinetic theory transport equations for gas–particle flow and local-averaged charge on particles directly from the Boltzmann equation. We also derive the auxiliary conditions to capture tribocharging at bounding conducting walls. The resulting two-fluid model with tribocharging and boundary conditions has then been validated against results from discrete element simulations that have been specially designed to probe specific terms in the models.

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20

Miloch, W. J., H. L. Pécseli, and J. Trulsen. "Numerical simulations of the charging of dust particles by contact with hot plasmas." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 14, no. 5 (September 4, 2007): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-14-575-2007.

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Abstract. Charging of individual dust particles in contact with hot plasmas is studied by numerical methods. The dust particle is treated as a rigid solid body, composed by either perfectly insulating or conducting material. The collisionless plasma, consisting of electrons and singly charged ions, is simulated by Particle-in-Cell methods in two spatial dimensions. It is demonstrated that the surface conditions, i.e. roughness, of the dust particles are significant for the charging. In a streaming plasma, a dust grain develops an electric dipole moment which varies systematically with the relative plasma flow. The strength and direction of this dipole moment depends critically on the material. We observe also Langmuir oscillations excited in the vicinity of the particles, and analyze the spatial variation of their spectral distribution.

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21

Zhang, Jian Ping, Ai Xi Zhou, Yu Ying Du, Helen Wu, Jian Xing Ren, and Dan Mei Hu. "Influences of Gas Velocity and Particle Distribution on PM10 Collection in Wire-Plate ESP under Diffusion Charging Mechanisms." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1399.

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To study the PM10 collection in a wire-plate ESP, a numerical model was built and performed by FLUENT software. Deutsch-Anderson Equation was subsequently applied to collection efficiency calculation. The numerical results under different gas velocities at inlet and particle distributions indicate that the collection efficiency of PM10 increases with a decrease in gas velocity, and that the increment of grade efficiency will become bigger if particle diameter gets smaller. By comparing with a decrease in gas velocity, diffusion charging mechanism is found to be valuable for PM10 in aspect of collection. As two parameters of Rosin-Rammler distribution decrease, grade efficiency will increase, especially for fine particles, and a larger positive effect the diffusion charging mechanism will have on collection efficiency, but overall efficiency will decrease. Finally, the effect of particle distributions on grade efficiency is much smaller than that of diffusion charging mechanism or the gas velocity at inlet.

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22

Toth, Joseph R., Siddharth Rajupet, Henry Squire, Blaire Volbers, Jùn Zhou, Xie Li, R. Mohan Sankaran, and Daniel J. Lacks. "Electrostatic charging of wind-blown dust and implications on dust transport." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199902011.

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It is well known that electric fields occur in wind-blown dust, due to the triboelectric charging of particles as they collide. Triboelectric charging, or contact electrification, is a poorly understood and complex phenomenon. It is especially important in granular systems, as the high surface-to-volume ratio can lead to the build-up of large amounts of charge. A particularly surprising effect, which is important in dust systems, is that charge transfer occurs in systems of a single composition, such that there is a particle-size dependent polarity of the particles. Here, we use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to elucidate the electrostatic charging that occurs during dust storms, and the effects of this electrostatic charging on dust transport. We create laboratory-scale wind-blown dust systems, and study the electrostatic charging. We find that larger particles tend to charge positive and to stay at or near the sand bed, while smaller particles tend to charge negative and get lofted to higher elevations. This self-segregating of charged particles would lead to electric fields within a dust storm. Our results show that electric fields then increase the dust transport by more easily lofting charged particles.

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23

Laakso, L., S. Gagné, T. Petäjä, A. Hirsikko, P. P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, and V. M. Kerminen. "Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 5 (February 27, 2007): 1333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1333-2007.

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Abstract. The importance of ion-induced nucleation in the lower atmosphere has been discussed for a long time. In this article we describe a new instrumental setup – Ion-DMPS – which can be used to detect contribution of ion-induced nucleation on atmospheric new particle formation events. The device measures positively and negatively charged particles with and without a bipolar charger. The ratio between "charger off" to "charger on" describes the charging state of aerosol particle population with respect to equilibrium. Values above one represent more charges than in an equilibrium (overcharged state), and values below unity stand for undercharged situation, when there is less charges in the particles than in the equilibrium. We performed several laboratory experiments to test the operation of the instrument. After the laboratory tests, we used the device to observe particle size distributions during atmospheric new particle formation in a boreal forest. We found that some of the events were clearly dominated by neutral nucleation but in some cases also ion-induced nucleation contributed to the new particle formation. We also found that negative and positive ions (charged particles) behaved in a different manner, days with negative overcharging were more frequent than days with positive overcharging.

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24

Tan, Z. C., and A. S. Wexler. "Fine particle counting with aerodynamic particle focusing and corona charging." Atmospheric Environment 41, no. 25 (August 2007): 5271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.070.

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25

Jensen, Eric J., and Gary E. Thomas. "Charging of mesospheric particles: Implications for electron density and particle coagulation." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. D10 (1991): 18603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jd01966.

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26

Kobayashi, Motoyoshi, Frédéric Juillerat, Paolo Galletto, Paul Bowen, and Michal Borkovec. "Aggregation and Charging of Colloidal Silica Particles: Effect of Particle Size." Langmuir 21, no. 13 (June 2005): 5761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la046829z.

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27

He, Yuanping, Zhaolin Gu, Weizhen Lu, Liyuan Zhang, Tomoaki Okuda, Kentaro Fujioka, Hui Luo, and Chuck Wah Yu. "Atmospheric humidity and particle charging state on agglomeration of aerosol particles." Atmospheric Environment 197 (January 2019): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.035.

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28

Tang, Zhe Ci, Chun Lin Guo, Peng Xin Hou, Yu Bo Fan, and Dong Ming Jia. "Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Location Based on Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1355.

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In order to determine the layout of electric car charging stations, a model for optimizing charging stations location is developed after charging-demand districts are divided, the number of electric vehicles and the center of each charging district are ready. This model takes the minimization of electric vehicles charging stations total cost which includes initial fixed investment costs, operating costs and charging costs as the objective function, some related constraints which include service radius, capacity of charging station etc. are considered. Particle swarm optimization based on hybridization is proposed to solve this problem. The example verifies feasibility of this method.

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Camus, G. M., D. J. Duquette, and N. S. Stoloff. "Effect of an oxide dispersion on the hydrogen embrittlement of a Ni3Al base alloy." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 5 (May 1990): 950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.0950.

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The susceptibility of a hot isostatically pressed Ni3AI, Cr, Zr alloy to hydrogen embrittlement has been studied. The base alloy and a second alloy containing 5 vol. % Y2O3 particles were tested by cathodically charging with hydrogen prior to or simultaneously with tensile testing. Embrittlement of both alloys was noted under both charging conditions, but was much more severe for simultaneous charging. Intergranular fracture due to hydrogen was noted in the base alloy, while the dispersoid-containing alloy failed along prior particle boundaries. The results are explained by a dislocation transport mechanism in which hydrogen is delivered to interior fracture sites by mobile dislocations. Much greater penetration of hydrogen is achieved under simultaneous charging conditions.

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30

Kim, Yong-ha, Sotira Yiacoumi, Athanasios Nenes, and Costas Tsouris. "Charging and coagulation of radioactive and nonradioactive particles in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (March 16, 2016): 3449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3449-2016.

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Abstract. Charging and coagulation influence one another and impact the particle charge and size distributions in the atmosphere. However, few investigations to date have focused on the coagulation kinetics of atmospheric particles accumulating charge. This study presents three approaches to include mutual effects of charging and coagulation on the microphysical evolution of atmospheric particles such as radioactive particles. The first approach employs ion balance, charge balance, and a bivariate population balance model (PBM) to comprehensively calculate both charge accumulation and coagulation rates of particles. The second approach involves a much simpler description of charging, and uses a monovariate PBM and subsequent effects of charge on particle coagulation. The third approach is further simplified assuming that particles instantaneously reach their steady-state charge distributions. It is found that compared to the other two approaches, the first approach can accurately predict time-dependent changes in the size and charge distributions of particles over a wide size range covering from the free molecule to continuum regimes. The other two approaches can reliably predict both charge accumulation and coagulation rates for particles larger than about 0.04 micrometers and atmospherically relevant conditions. These approaches are applied to investigate coagulation kinetics of particles accumulating charge in a radioactive neutralizer, the urban atmosphere, and an atmospheric system containing radioactive particles. Limitations of the approaches are discussed.

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Kim, Y. H., S. Yiacoumi, A. Nenes, and C. Tsouris. "Charging and coagulation of radioactive and nonradioactive particles in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (September 3, 2015): 23795–840. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-23795-2015.

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Abstract. Charging and coagulation influence one another and impact the particle charge and size distributions in the atmosphere. However, few investigations to date have focused on the coagulation kinetics of atmospheric particles accumulating charge. This study presents three approaches to include mutual effects of charging and coagulation on the microphysical evolution of atmospheric particles such as radioactive particles. The first approach employs ion balance, charge balance, and a bivariate population balance model (PBM) to comprehensively calculate both charge accumulation and coagulation rates of particles. The second approach involves a much simpler description of charging, and uses a monovariate PBM and subsequent effects of charge on particle coagulation. The third approach is further simplified assuming that particles instantaneously reach their steady-state charge distributions. It is found that compared to the other two approaches, the first approach can accurately predict time-dependent changes in the size and charge distributions of particles over a wide size range covering from the free molecule to continuum regimes. The other two approaches can reliably predict both charge accumulation and coagulation rates for particles larger than about 40 nm and atmospherically relevant conditions. These approaches are applied to investigate coagulation kinetics of particles accumulating charge in a radioactive neutralizer, the urban atmosphere, and a radioactive plume. Limitations of the approaches are discussed.

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32

Liu, Shao-Xun, Ya-Fu Zhou, Yan-Liang Liu, Jing Lian, and Li-Jian Huang. "A Method for Battery Health Estimation Based on Charging Time Segment." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092612.

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The problem of low accuracy and low convenience in the existing state of health (SOH) estimation method for vehicle lithium-ion batteries has become one of the important problems in the electric vehicle field. This paper proposes an improved cuckoo search particle filter (ICS-PF) algorithm based on a charging time segment from equal voltage data to estimate battery health status. Appropriate voltage ranges of charging time segments are selected according to the battery charging law, and in the meantime, the charging time segments are collected as a health indicator to establish the corresponding relationship with battery capacity attenuation value. An improved cuckoo search particle filter algorithm based on the traditional particle filter (PF) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is proposed by enhancing the search step size and discovery probability to estimate the capacity attenuation. The estimation result shows that this method is superior to the traditional particle filter and cuckoo search particle filter (CS-PF) method, as the maximum estimation error is less than 2%.

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33

Mohr, Martin, and Heinz Burtscher. "Photoelectric aerosol charging at high particle concentrations." Journal of Aerosol Science 28, no. 4 (June 1997): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(96)00454-5.

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Guzdar, P. N., A. S. Sharma, and S. K. Guharay. "Charging of substrates irradiated by particle beams." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 22 (December 1997): 3302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120319.

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Dumitran, L. M., O. Blejan, P. V. Notingher, A. Samuila, and L. Dascalescu. "Particle Charging in Combined Corona-Electrostatic Fields." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 44, no. 5 (September 2008): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2008.2002935.

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Bronold, F. X., H. Fehske, H. Kersten, and H. Deutsch. "Towards a Microscopic Theory of Particle Charging." Contributions to Plasma Physics 49, no. 4-5 (June 2009): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.200910028.

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Lacks, Daniel J., and R. Mohan Sankaran. "Triboelectric charging in single-component particle systems." Particulate Science and Technology 34, no. 1 (May 11, 2015): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2015.1043676.

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KUBOTA, Kenya, and Masato SAEKI. "541 Particle dynamics simulations of triboelectric charging." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2012 (2012): _541–1_—_541–7_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2012._541-1_.

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Suslov, A. V., L. A. Lyalin, and K. I. Semionov. "Thermoemissional charging of a spherical sedimentary particle." Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (September 1995): S321—S322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)97068-p.

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Mohr, M., and H. Burtscher. "Investigation of particle separation using photoelectric charging." Journal of Aerosol Science 27 (September 1996): S189—S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(96)00167-x.

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Bologa, M. K., V. L. Solomyanchuk, A. B. Berkov, and S. V. Siutkin. "Particle motion and charging with electrodynamic fluidization." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 5, no. 4 (July 1992): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(92)90034-3.

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Mio, Hiroshi, Yoichi Narita, Kaoru Nakano, and Seiji Nomura. "Validation of the Burden Distribution of the 1/3-Scale of a Blast Furnace Simulated by the Discrete Element Method." Processes 8, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010006.

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The objective of this paper was to develop a prediction tool for the burden distribution in a charging process of a bell-less-type blast furnace using the discrete element method (DEM). The particle behavior on the rotating chute and on the burden surface was modeled, and the burden distribution was analyzed. Furthermore, the measurements of the burden distribution in a 1/3-scale experimental blast furnace were performed to validate the simulated results. Particle size segregation occurred during conveying to the experimental blast furnace. The smaller particles were initially discharged followed by the larger ones later. This result was used as an input in the simulation. The burden profile simulated using DEM was similar to the experimental one. The terrace was found at the burden surface subsequent to ore-charging, and its simulated position simulated agreed with that of the experimental result. The surface angle of the ore layer was mostly similar. The simulated ore to coke mass ratio (O/C) distribution in the radial direction and the mean particle diameter distribution correlated with the experimental results very well. It can be concluded that this method of particle simulation of the bell-less charging process is highly reliable in the prediction of the burden distribution in a blast furnace.

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SODHA, MAHENDRA SINGH, AMRIT DIXIT, and GYAN PRAKASH. "Effect of electric field emission on charging of dust particles in a plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 2 (July 17, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990183.

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AbstractThe authors have considered the charging of spherical particles in a plasma, taking into account the electric field emission of electrons from the dust particles and the change in the electron/ion densities in the plasma. The dependence of the charge of a particle and electron/ion densities on the radius and number of dust particles and the density of electrons/ions and the temperature in the undisturbed plasma has been studied numerically without and with the inclusion of the electric field emission of electrons from the particles. It is seen that both the electric field emission and the electron/ion kinetics significantly affect the charging process.

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Landauer, Johann, and Petra Foerst. "Influence of Particle Contact Number on Triboelectric Separation Selectivity." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100716.

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Triboelectric separation is a promising technology to separate fine powders. To enable triboelectric separation for its application in industry, the impact of the process and product parameters must be examined. In this study, with regards to different wall materials in the charging step (PTFE, POM, PE, PVC, and PMMA), the influence of the powder composition of a binary starch-protein mixture with a protein content of 15 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 45 wt.% was studied. By increasing the protein content in the feed, the separation selectivity increased. No dependency of the empirical triboelectric series was determined for all powder compositions. The variation in the protein content of the initial powder and turbulent flow profiles results in a variation in the contact number of particles calculated. An increase in the contact number of particles leads to an increase in the protein content separated on the cathode, whereas the protein content on the anode is only slightly affected. These findings underpin the assumption that particle-particle interaction plays a decisive role in triboelectric charging of fine powders.

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Wu, Tiezhou, Cuicui Zhou, Zhe Yan, Huigang Peng, and Linzhang Wu. "Application of PID optimization control strategy based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for battery charging system." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 4 (May 17, 2020): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa020.

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Abstract The battery charging process has nonlinear and hysteresis properties. PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) control is a conventional control method used in the battery charging process. The control effect is determined by the PID control parameters ${K}_p$, ${K}_i$ and ${K}_d$. The traditional PID parameter setting method is difficult to give the appropriate parameters, which affects the battery charging efficiency. In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to optimize the PID parameters. Aiming at the defects of basic PSO, such as slow convergence speed, low convergence precision and easy to be premature, a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed, and the optimized PID parameters are applied to the battery charging control system. Also, the experimental results show that the battery charging process possesses better dynamic performance and the charging efficiency of the battery has increased from 86.44% to 91.47%, and the charging temperature rise has dropped by 1°C.

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Zevenhoven, C. A. P. "Uni-polar field charging of particles: effects of particle conductivity and rotation." Journal of Electrostatics 46, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3886(98)00054-0.

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Adachi, Motoaki, Kikuo Okuyama, Hiroyuki Kozuru, Yasuo Kousaka, and David Y. H. Pui. "Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles Under High Particle/Ion Concentration Ratios." Aerosol Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (January 1989): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786828908959307.

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Oh, Hyuncheol, Hyungho Park, and Sangsoo Kim. "Effects of Particle Shape on the Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Nonspherical Particles." Aerosol Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (November 2004): 1045–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/027868290883324.

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Unger, L., D. Boulaud, and J. P. Borra. "Unipolar field charging of particles by electrical discharge: effect of particle shape." Journal of Aerosol Science 35, no. 8 (August 2004): 965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.01.006.

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Tian, Ruihuan, Jian Wu, Jinxiu Ma, Yonggan Liang, Hui Li, Chengxun Yuan, Yongyuan Jiang, and Zhongxiang Zhou. "Research on small-scale structures of ice particle density and electron density in the mesopause region." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 6 (December 5, 2019): 1079–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1079-2019.

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Abstract. The formation of ice particle density irregularities with a meter scale in the mesopause region is explored in this paper by developing a growth and motion model of ice particles based on the motion equation of a variable mass object. The growth of particles by water vapor adsorption and the action of gravity and the neutral drag force on particles are considered in the model. The evolution of the radius, velocity, and number density of ice particles is then investigated by solving the growth and motion model numerically. For certain nucleus radii, it is found that the velocity of particles can be reversed at a particular height, leading to a local gathering of particles near the boundary layer, which then forms small-scale ice particle density structures. The spatial scale of the density structures can be affected by vertical wind speed, water vapor density, and altitude, and it remains stable as long as these environmental parameters do not change. The influence of the stable small-scale structures on electron and ion density is further calculated by a charging model, which considers the production, loss, and transport of electrons and ions, along with dynamic particle charging processes. Results show that the electron density is anti-correlated to the charged ice particle density and ion density for particles with radii of 11 nm or less due to plasma attachment by particles and plasma diffusion. This finding is in accordance with most rocket observations. The small-scale electron density structures created by small-scale ice particle density irregularities can produce the polar mesosphere summer echo (PMSE) phenomenon.

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