Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particle board Australia Testing

Academic literature on the topic 'Particle board Australia Testing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Particle board Australia Testing"

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Nuamsrinuan, Nisakorn, Patcharin Naemchanthara, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Fabrication and Characterization of Particle Board from Coffee Husk Waste." Applied Mechanics and Materials 891 (May 2019): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.891.111.

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The purpose of this research was to fabricate the particle board from the coffee husk. The coffee husk from Chumphon province of Thailand was collected, prepared and separated into four groups such as outer husk, inner husk, the mixture of inner and outer husk and husk from the milling process. The coffee husk particle sheet was formed by the compression molding with the heater. Then the coffee husk particle sheets were the mechanical properties testing. The results showed the coffee husk particle sheet from milling process pass the Thai industrial standard (TIS.876/2547). However, the results of swelling and water absorption indicated that all the coffee husk sheet were not passed the TIS.876/2547. The effect of coffee husk particle size on mechanical properties was clarified. The coffee husk particle sheet from the particle size of 2, 4 and 6 mm was mechanical testing and follow TIS.876/2547. The coffee particle size of 2 mm showed the passing the standard. Moreover, the effect of isocyanate adhesive on mechanical properties was investigated. The weight percentage range of isocyanate adhesive on coffee husk from 7 to 13 %wt was carried out. The weight percentage of 9, 11 and 13 showed according to TIS.876/2547. From the experiment indicated that the coffee husk could be applied to the wood particle board industrial.
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Meldayanoor, Meldayanoor, Arifin Arifin, and Rusuminto Syahyuniar. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik Polyprophylene (PP) dan Sekam Padi Menjadi Papan Partikel." Jurnal Teknologi Agro-Industri 4, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34128/jtai.v4i2.55.

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ABSTRACT The need for board materials continues to increase, therefore the need for new innovations in the form of utilization of plastic waste and rice husks are used as raw material for making particle board where the waste plastic as adhesive and rice husk as filler. The purpose of this research is to know the physical properties such as density, moisture content, and water absorption in order to determine the exact formulation on the particle board that meets the quality standard. SNI 03-2015-2016 quality standard is used as a reference comparison of the results of testing stages of research starting from the processing of raw materials plastick and chaff into sebuk, mixing, and formation of particle board until the testing phase. Elements of particle board formation are rice husks and polyprophylene plastics as adhesives made with Plastic compositions: 40%: 60% 50%: 50% and 40%: 40%: husks. In testing the physical properties of the results showed that the right composition is 60%: 40% because it has results with a particle density of 0.83 g /cm3, a water content of 4.87%, and a water absorption of 10.67%. It is the best result of some predefined compositions and meets the quality standard of SNI 03-2015-2016 Keywords: From The board particles, polyprophylene plastic, chaff rice
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Azhari, T. I. Nasution, and Rossy Nurhasanah. "Performance testing of the thermal conductivity measuring equipment on particle board isolators." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012087.

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Abstract We investigated the value of thermal conductivity of particle board using a tool designed with the principle of converting electrical energy into heat energy by varying temperatures. This study aims to determine the value of thermal conductivity of oil certain particle board and to what extent it can function as a thermal insulation material and to determine the performance of the thermal conductivity test equipment. The size of this tool is 10 mm of thickness, 65 mm of width, 140 mm of length and 40 mm of height, which is equipped with the function of measuring the conductivity value of the material. The average error value of the temperature sensor compared to the standard thermocouple is 0.8%. By entering the value of the area and thickness of the sample, the average conductivity value of the composite material is 0,028 W/m°C. The low material conductivity value will be used as a building construction material. The data show that the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of this tool are very good for testing the conductivity of a material.
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Mirza, Hendra, Muhammad Faisal Mahdie, and Gusti Ahmad Rahmat Thamrin. "SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI SERBUK GERGAJIAN KAYU SENGON LAUT (Paraserianthes falcataria) MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT PVAC." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 3, no. 5 (November 29, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v3i5.2536.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of the particle board of sengon wood powder (Paraserianthes falcataria) using PVAC adhesives and to analyze the suitability of wood as raw material for particle board. The method used is physical properties testing in the form of testing water content and density as well as testing mechanical properties in the form of flexural strength (MoE) and fracture firmness (MoR). The physical properties of the particle board with the addition of different adhesives between 1.0.54-1.0.63 grams each treatment did not significantly affect the value of water content. Overall average water content reaches less than 14% that has met SNI, each treatment has no significant effect on the density value, the density value meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) with SNI requirements for particle board density of 0.4-0.9 gr / cm3 (low density), the average modulus of elasticity (MoE) produced had a very significant effect and fulfilled the SNI for particle board min 20400 kgf / cm2 in A2 treatment, but did not meet the standards in A1 and A3 treatments, the average value of fracture constancy (MoR) for each treatment has a very significant effect and according to the standards set SNI min 82 kgf / cm2 already meets the standard in A2 treatment with a ratio between powder and adhesive 1: 0.58 while it does not meet the standard in treatment A1 , and A3. The suitability of Sengon wood powder (Paraserianthes falcataria) to the physical and mechanical properties of the particle board in the form of water content, density, flexural strength (MoE) and fracture firmness (MoR) for each given treatment is appropriate because most have met the Standard Indonesian National (SNI).Keywords: Particle Board, Physical Properties, Mechanical Properties
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Xin, Shu Ying, Yong Cui, Min Xu, and Jian Li. "Technological Properties of Poplar Particle/Waste Rubber Powder Composites." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.602.

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The hot-pressing technology for the poplar particle /waste rubber powder composites was studied using the poplar particle and waste rubber powder as raw materials. Effects of waste rubber powder content, hot-pressing time, hot-pressing temperature, resin content and board density were analyzed. The hot-pressing technology was better than molding technology. The optimal technological parameters of hot-pressing technology were obtained as board density0.8g/cm³, resin content3%, hot-pressing temperature160°C, hot-pressing time 7min , waste rubber powder content 30%. The testing results showed that the mechanical performances of the poplar particle /waste rubber powder composites made by the hot-pressing technology could achieve the Chinese National Standard for particle board.
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BIELACZYC, Piotr, Andrzej SZCZOTKA, Piotr PAJDOWSKI, and Joseph WOODBURN. "Development of vehicle exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s new emission testing laboratory." Combustion Engines 144, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117117.

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Legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption is one of the strongest drivers of development in automobile design. Emissions standards in the European Union (EU), USA and Japan determine not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in a new, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber. This paper presents BOSMAL’s new M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with the Euro 5 & 6 and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling and analysis and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner light duty road vehicles. A recently-installed particle number counting system is described in the context of European Union legislation on the emission of particle matter from CI and SI vehicles. The laboratory permits BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development and construction of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.
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Nurdin, Hendri, Yolli Fernanda, and Meisuri Handayani. "Analysis of Tensile Strength the Fiber Bagasse Particles Board with Resin Adhesives." Teknomekanik 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/tm.v1i1.172.

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Development of the material be in the form of Particles it is possible to do so it can be an alternative to wood. Particle board is an engineered material that utilizes waste bagasse after sugar cane extraction process as an amplifier and as an adhesive used resin. Particle boards that have been produced, generally using wood powder, while the use of wood has been limited and diminished due to difficulty getting it. So the need for development in engineering the main material particle board in the form of wood powder and replace it with waste bagasse. The particle board manufacturing process is carried out by forging (compacting) between the mixture of sugarcane pulp particles and the BQTN 157 Resin adhesive. Percentage of mixed usage 50: 50 based on the fraction of weight and volume. In obtaining the mechanical properties carried out by tensile testing. From this research, the average particle pull strength is 1.81 MPa, strain 13,52% and elasticity 0,013 GPa. In obtaining particle board as an engineering material that has good ability influenced many things such as particle (mesh) raw material, adhesive use, mixed composition, the process of forging. From the characteristics of the test results obtained so that the particle board of the bagasse with resin adhesive is very possible to replace the type of particle board made from raw wood powder.
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Rayment, GE. "Soil analysis: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 8 (1993): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9931015.

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This paper reviews most aspects of soil analysis, with particular emphasis on soil chemical testing in Australia. Water quality, sample contamination, and the effects of soil drying, soil storage, and particle size are recognised as important components in the laboratory preparation of soil samples for analysis. The subsequent effects of choice of soil to solution ratio, leaching v. equilibration, soil shaking equipment, and the choice of extracting and digesting solutions are reviewed with examples.The review includes an overview of key chemical soil tests including pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, phosphate, sulfur, exchangeable cations, and cation exchange capacity. There is an examination of field v. laboratory tests and comment on analytical quality assurance. The recent release of the Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods and the emerging activities of the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis Council should ensure the direction of soil testing in Australia remains positive.
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Vanerek, Jan, Dagmar Palovcikova, and Ester Helanová. "Durability Evaluation of Wood Based Board Materials against Brown-Rot Fungi Effect." Advanced Materials Research 923 (April 2014): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.923.3.

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The aim of the experiment was to determine the durability of wood based board materials against wood-rot fungi (Serpula lacrymans) effect. The particle boards, oriented strands boards and plywood as the testing materials were chosen. The spruce solid wood as the reference testing material was selected due to the fact that is most common timber species in the Central European region. The testing samples were exposed to wood-rot fungi and in the individual time periods the weight loss (declaring the deterioration process) and mechanical properties (static bending strength and tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board) was investigated. It was found that the deterioration of board materials in a very small weight decreases (up to 1.0%) leads to a significant decrease of their strength properties.
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Stearnes, Grace, Cassandra B. Nichols, Lyn Schofield, Sarah O'Sullivan, Nicholas Pachter, and Paul A. Cohen. "Uptake of testing for germline BRCA mutations in patients with non-mucinous epithelial ovarian cancers in Western Australia: a comparison of different genetic counseling methods." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-000389.

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IntroductionPatients with non-mucinous epithelial tubo-ovarian cancers should be referred for genetic testing because approximately 15% will carry an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. However, referral rates for genetic testing remain low. For patients who carry a BRCA mutation, failure to refer for genetic testing results in missed opportunities for therapy and prevention of future cancers in the patient and at-risk relatives. In Western Australia between July 2013 and June 2015, 40.6% of patients with non-mucinous epithelial tubo-ovarian cancers discussed at a statewide gynecologic oncology tumor board were referred for genetic testing. Our objective was to investigate the proportion of patients with non-mucinous epithelial tubo-ovarian cancers in Western Australia referred for BRCA1/2 testing from July 2015 to December 2017, following the introduction of mainstreaming and tele-counseling. A secondary aim was to compare the uptake of genetic testing between different genetic counseling modalities.MethodsRetrospective case series. All patients with high-grade non-mucinous epithelial tubo-ovarian cancers discussed at the weekly Western Australian gynecologic oncology tumor board meeting, between July 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017, and those referred for BRCA mutation testing, were ascertained.ResultsA total of 343 women were eligible for referral; 63 patients were excluded, leaving 280 patients for analysis. 220/280 patients were referred for genetic testing (78.6%). There were no differences in uptake of genetic testing by mode of genetic counseling.DiscussionA significant increase in referrals of eligible patients for genetic testing was observed in 2015–2017 compared with 2013–2014. Although there were no differences in uptake of genetic testing by mode of counseling, mainstreaming and tele-counseling provide alternative options for patients that may lead to higher uptake of genetic testing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle board Australia Testing"

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Taylor, Jack Arnold 1926. "The structural use of particleboard." Monash University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7722.

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Casey, Linda J. "Changes in wood-flake properties in relation to heat, moisture, and pressure during flakeboard manufacture." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101369.

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In an attempt to relate different pressing parameters to changes in test flake properties, eight hot-press cycles were used in the manufacture of 24 flakeboard panels, with 2 levels each of platen temperature, initial mat moisture content, and press closing time. Temperature and gas pressure occurring at the face and core of the mat, along with platen pressure, were recorded throughout the press cycles. Data is presented graphically as a function of press time. Face and core equilibrium moisture content conditions throughout the press cycle were estimated for each panel based on corresponding temperature and gas pressure information. Time-integral data on temperature, gas pressure, and platen pressure were determined. Simple linear regressions were performed in an attempt to relate the actual test flake environment to changes in properties. Two hundred and fifty yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) test flakes were consolidated within the face and core of flakeboard mats and recovered. Their individual pre- and post-pressing thickness and specific dynamic bending modulus values were determined and compared with respect to changes in pressing parameters. Platen temperature, initial mat moisture content, and test flake location within the mat were all involved in significant two-way interactions in their effects on flake properties.
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Books on the topic "Particle board Australia Testing"

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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Rowell, Roger M. Strength tests on acetylated aspen flakeboards exposed to a brown-rot fungus. [Madison, WI: Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.

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Standardization, International Organization for. Cement-bonded particleboards--boards of Portland or equivalent cement reinforced with fibrous wood particles =: Panneaux de particules à liant ciment--panneaux en ciment Portland ou équivalent renforcé par des particules fibreuses de bois. [Geneva, Switzerland]: The Organization, 1987.

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Farrell, Patrick James. Effects of processing parameters on the performance of flakeboard made from Douglas fir juvenile wood. 1992.

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L, Link Carol, and United States Forest Service, eds. Tensile and compressive MOE of flakeboards. [Madison, Wis.?: U.S. Forest Service, 1988.

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Co, Morrison-Knudsen Forest Products, Canadian Forestry Service, Alberta Forest Service, and Canada-Alberta Forest Resource Development Agreement., eds. Ring flaked maxi-chips: The manufacture, testing and evaluation of composite board made from Alberta woods. Edmonton, Alta: Canadian Forestry Service, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Particle board Australia Testing"

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Barbu, Marius C., Jörg Hasener, and Gregor Bernardy. "Modern Testing of Wood-Based Panels, Process Control, and Modeling." In Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology, 90–130. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4554-7.ch003.

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The fast development of the wood-based panels industry during the last decades resulted in a substantially increased production capacity of manufacturing lines. The utilization of advanced manufacturing systems created a large output of different panel types with a production of more than 1,000 m3 per day on at least 300 days within a year. Therefore, it is important to take into account the new requirements for an on-line control of the manufacturing process. Only on-line Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technologies are able to survey, detect, and forecast the quality of the raw materials, level of production parameters, and development of the panel properties. Main parameters like moisture content, resination level, mat area weight, thickness, and density profile influence the final properties of the panels. For over a decade there has been no other choice to control these and other process parameters than NDT methods using microwave (water content), IR (moisture and color), X-ray (mat and board area weight and density profile), ultrasound (blisters or density variation), etc. The determination of the effective resin content on the wood particle or the density, temperature, and moisture development during the hot pressing are further requirements for the future production units. The on-line measurement of free formaldehyde remaining after resin curing and other volatile substances from wood and resin seems to be a further subject of major interest. The intelligent implementation and integration, use, and understanding of on-line NDT methods in wood panel manufacturing is a big challenge that includes a better understanding of the overall process and its limits, an updated state of the art of knowledge, as well as an open and continuous dialog between the equipment producers, board manufactures, and users that could be another important key for the development of an environmentally friendly modern wood-based panel industry in the world.
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Purdon, James. "The Meaning of Monte Bello." In Cold War Legacies. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474409483.003.0005.

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On 3 October 1952, the first successful British nuclear test was conducted near the Monte Bello islands off the coast of Australia. The test was a media event as well as a military one, reported in The Times and documented in the Ministry of Supply’s film Operation Hurricane. The Monte Bello test marked a key success for Britain’s nuclear ambitions and a new phase in its relations with the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia -- with its vast uranium deposits and remote desert proving-grounds -- became central to the production and testing of British nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, the rhetoric of commodity circulation that had characterized the films of the Empire Marketing Board and the GPO provided a model for Operation Hurricane’s images of exported military hardware put to use in the former colony. This chapter traces these networks of exchange and their representation, showing how the Commonwealth’s iconography of nuclear defence revised the Empire’s iconography of free trade. It demonstrates how the supposedly remote and marginal spaces of the Australian continent came to serve British nuclear culture as a kind of geopolitical unconscious: a false terra nullius where, paradoxically, the strategic basis of the Commonwealth’s security could be created.
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"Jones, R.A. and Peiris, R.S.A., "Load Distribution Analysis Of A Continuous Two-Span Multi-Beam Bridge Deck", ARRB (Australia Road Research Board) Proceedings, Vol. II, Part 2,1982. 16. "Distribution Of Wheel Loads On Highway Bridges", NCHRP Project 20-5, Topic 14-22, February, 1984 17. Hays, C.O. and Hackey, J.E., "Lateral Distribution Of Wheel Loads On Highway Bridges using The Finite Element Method", Structures And Materials Research Report No. 84-3, University of Florida, Department of Civil Engineering, December, 1984. 18. Newmark, N.M., Seiss, C.P. and Penman, R.R., "Studies of Slab And Beam Highway Bridges - Part I Tests Of Simple Span Right I-Beam Bridges", University of Illinois, Bulletin, March, 1946. 19 Burdette, E.G. and Goodpasture, D.W., "Full-Scale Bridge Testing - An Evaluation of Bridge Design Criteria", Final Report. The University of Tennessee, Department of Civil Engineering, Dec. 1971. 20. King, J.P.C. and Csagoly, P.F., "Field Testing of Aguasabon River Bridge in Ontario", Transportation Research Record 579, 1976. 21. Dorton, R.A., Holowka, M., and King, J.P.C., "The Conestogo River Bridge - Design and Testing", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vo). Heins, C.P., "Highway Bridge Field Tests In The United States, 1948-70', pulbic Roads, 1972. 25. Gangarao, H.V.S., "Survey Of Field And Laboratory Tests On Bridge Systems", Transportation Research Record 645, 1977." In Composite Steel Structures, 54. CRC Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286359-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Particle board Australia Testing"

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Nili Ahmadabadi, Zahra, Frédéric Laville, and Raynald Guilbault. "An Empirical Prediction Law for Quasi-Static Nail-Particle Board Penetration Resistance." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70218.

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The present study belongs to a broader investigation aiming to reduce noise emissions in nail guns. This noise reduction objective may be achieved by nail gun concept design improvements. However, modifying the tool design requires precise understanding of it dynamics. Therefore a dynamic model of the system including accurate predictions of the tribo-dynamic interactions at the wood-nail interface generating the penetration resistance forces (PRF) appears to be essential. Since different wood products possess different structural/material properties, PRF is first evaluated for various types of wood product individually. Ref. [1] develops the PRF modeling strategy and examines the nail penetration process for plywood samples. The present paper proposes an empirical model predicting PRF imposed on nails when penetrating particle board (PB) at quasi-static velocities (20–500 mm/min range). A universal testing machine (MTS) is used to drive the nails into the wood samples. Each wood sample is composed of five panels PB screwed together. The sample size is chosen to reduce the boundary influence on the penetration process and to avoid the complete perforation of the sample. To eliminate the possible acceleration influence, the penetration speed is maintained at constant amplitudes. The MTS machine measured PRF as a function of the position. The objective is to prepare a formulation predicting PRF as a function of nail position. In order to extend the prediction formula application range, the analysis reduces the studied factors to dimensionless parameters. The analysis shows that the PB fabrication process results in panels presenting three regions of different hardness modulus. As a result, at the region transitions the PRF curves show large amplitude fluctuations. This layered heterogeneity makes the development of a high precision prediction model representing various nail sizes very difficult. Nevertheless, the final model produces PRF evaluations with overall precision greater than 88% for most of the nail penetration.
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Li, Alice K., Vincent McDonell, Max Venaas, Gregor A. Waldherr, and Hai Lin. "Design and Evaluation of a Fiber Optic Sensor for Particle and Concentration Monitoring in a Contaminated Flow Rig." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91077.

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Abstract Optimizing safety and efficiencies is vital to turbomachinery design in the aerospace industry. However, aircraft engines subject to ingestion of airborne particle mixtures of unknown size and concentration have undergone unpredictable malfunction and power losses. Premature damage could be caused by increased erosion rates from mixtures with abrasive material. Similarly, corrosion rates could also increase for mixtures with corrosive material. Further, ingestions with melting points below the combustion exit temperature do melt, adhere to turbine blades, and thereby produce clogs and power losses. Additional blockage could be caused by accumulation of material of fluctuating volumes on blades and vanes. Such malfunction can be prevented by providing these engine systems with an on-board sensor capable of defining the particle size and size distribution and determining instantaneous and cumulative ingestion rates. This study demonstrates the methods used in the design of a fiber optic sensor to size the ingested material and measure its distribution and concentration directly in an engine’s flow path. A high-velocity, high-temperature contamination rig has been designed and built for testing the sensor and evaluating its functionality under engine conditions. Durability tests will be conducted to determine sensor lifespan and assess feasibility of incorporation in current turbomachinery for aircraft protection. Contaminant particle distribution and flow patterns in pipe cross section were studied through laser diffraction and light scattering, to enhance understanding of changes in sensor upon particle impingement.
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Wu, Jing, Mohammad S. Alam, KM Rafidh Hassan, Jeffrey C. Suhling, and Pradeep Lall. "Investigation and Comparison of Aging Effects in SAC305 and Doped SAC+X Solders Exposed to Isothermal Aging." In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2695.

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Abstract Microstructural evolution occurs in lead free Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder joints exposed to isothermal aging. Such changes lead to degradations in the mechanical properties and creep behavior of the solder, and can result in dramatic reductions in the board level reliability of lead-free electronic assemblies subjected to aging. In our recent research, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to: (1) monitor aging induced microstructural changes occurring within fixed regions in selected lead-free solder joints, (2) create time-lapse imagery of the microstructure evolution, and (3) analyze the microstructural changes quantitatively and correlate to the observed mechanical behavior evolution. This approach has removed the limitations of many prior studies where aged and non-aged microstructures were taken from two different samples and could only be qualitatively compared. In our current study, the microstructural evolutions were observed in SAC305 (96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu) and SAC_Q (SAC+Bi) exposed to isothermal conditions at T = 100 °C and 125 °C for several different regions from several different joints. The microstructures in several fixed regions of interest were recorded after predetermined time intervals of aging, which were 1 hour (up to 270 hours) and 250 hours (up to 7000 hours) for the long-term aging samples. The aging induced changes in microstructure have been correlated with the changes in mechanical behavior measured using uniaxial tensile testing. The area and diameter of each IMC particle were tracked during the aging process using the recorded images and imaging processing software. As expected, the analysis of the evolving SAC305 and SAC+X microstructures showed a significant amount of diffusion of silver and bismuth in the beta-tin matrix during aging. In particular, Ag3Sn particles coalesced during aging leading to a decrease in the number of particles. Any bismuth in the SAC+X microstructure was observed to quickly go into solution, resulting in solid solution strengthening. This primary occurred within the beta-Sn dendrites, but also in the Ag3Sn intermetallic rich regions between dendrites. The presence of bismuth in was also found to slow the diffusion process that coarsens the Ag3Sn IMC particles. The combination solid solution strengthening and a lower diffusion rate for Ag lead to reduced aging effects in the SAC+Bi alloy relative to the SAC305 solder alloy. The SAC_Q alloy was found to have significantly better high temperature mechanical properties relative to SAC305 at all prior aging conditions. In particular, the initial modulus and ultimate tensile strength of SAC305 experienced large degradations during high temperature aging, whereas the same properties of SAC_Q changed only slightly. These changes in mechanical behavior correlated well with the observed increases in the average IMC particle diameter and decreases in the number of IMC particles. The microstructural and material property degradations were especially large for SAC305 during the initial 50 hours of aging.
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Garcia, Gregory, Ward D. Rummel, Francisco Gonzalez, and Lawrence H. Strouse. "Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of Railroad Tank Cars." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56019.

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Abstract:
A rulemaking issued by the Department of Transportation (DOT) revises Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) to replace the hydrostatic pressure test with appropriate nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. The rule change is contained in Federal Register 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 180.509, “Requirements for inspection and test of specification tank cars,” paragraph (e) “Structural integrity inspection tests” [1]. The CFR authorizes liquid penetrant (PT), magnetic particle (MT), radiography (RT), ultrasonic (UT), and optically aided visual testing (VT) as allowable NDE methods for structural integrity inspections and tests. Other NDE methods may be allowed under special exemption issued by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Safety. Also included under the requirements of 49 CFR Part 179.7 is the need to qualify not only NDE personnel, but the procedures used to perform NDE reliably. In order to be effective, federal regulations require that the NDE methods have a proven sensitivity and reliability for finding the type and size of flaws likely to cause a tank car failure. In the early 1970s, an internationally accepted quantitative approach that assesses the probability of detection (POD) was developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Association (NASA) and was published in NASA CR-2369, February 1974 [2]. Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), under contract with the FRA, and along with industry participation, uses the NASA approach to determine the POD for various NDE methods used in the inspection of railroad tank car circumferential butt welds (girth seam welds), fillet welds, and leak test samples. The emergence of a damage tolerance approach to determine inspection intervals for an engineered structure — in this case a railroad tank car — requires the quantification of the detectable flaw size for the NDE methods used during inspection. Damage tolerance techniques have initiated an evolution in NDE understanding, methods, and requirements. National Transportation Safety Board safety recommendations R-92-21 through R-92-24 address the suggested process of performing reliable inspection of railroad tank cars based on a damage tolerance approach [3]. NDE quantification using the POD approach is a key measure of NDE effectiveness and is integral to damage tolerance requirements. TTCI, working with the FRA, Railroad Tank Car Industry and D&W Enterprises (A NDE consulting company providing expertise in the area of NDE POD), has developed baseline POD curves for the allowed NDE methods. Initial evaluations were performed on the inspection of tank car circumferential butt welds. Subsequent efforts focused on butt welds, longitudinal fillet welds and leak test samples requiring inspection under the CFR. This paper reports quantitative results obtained during this research effort that address system safety and risk analysis during handling and transportation of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials.
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Schutt, Riley R., and C. H. K. Williamson. "Unsteady Sail Dynamics due to Bodyweight motions." In SNAME 22nd Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-2016-005.

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In small sailboats, the bodyweight of the sailor is proportionately large enough to induce significant unsteady dynamics of the boat and sail. Sailors use a variety of techniques to create sail dynamics which can provide an increment in thrust, increasing the boatspeed. In this study, we experimentally investigate the unsteady aerodynamics associated with two such techniques, “upwind leech flicking" and “downwind S-turns". We employ a two-part approach. First, on-the-water experiments are carried out using a Laser class sailboat sailed by Olympic and world championship level sailors. Data collected from an on-board GPS, IMU, anemometer, and camera array is used to generate characteristic motions of the boat and sail relative to the apparent wind. Second, laboratory experiments using the characteristic motion of the sail are run in a computer-controlled 3 degree-of-freedom (X, Y, and θ) towing tank. We use water as the working fluid. Rather than directly experiment with three-dimensional sail shapes, we represent the primary effects of the sail dynamics using rapidly prototyped two-dimensional flexible sail geometries. Shapes are based on extruded draft stripes from the upper third of the sail. The laboratory experiments approximately match the key non-dimensional parameters of the on-the-water sailing conditions, including the reduced frequency and heave-to-chord ratio. Particle Image Velocimetry and force measurements are used to analyze the flow field and thrust generated by the model sail during the dynamic motions. On-the-water testing shows that the characteristic sail motion in leech flicking is a combination of periodic heave caused by the actions of the sailor and a passive twisting of the sail due to rig flexibility. The heaving sail motions are due to rotation (roll) of the rig around the longitudinal axis of the hull. This is at an angle to the apparent wind, resulting in heave that has components both perpendicular and parallel to the oncoming wind flow. This is distinct from classical aerodynamic studies with heave purely perpendicular to the incoming flow. In laboratory experiments, the characteristic flicking motion is applied to a NACA 0012 airfoil and a 2D sail, both angled at 15 deg to the flow. Lift increases and drag decreases, leading to an overall increase in resultant driving force of the boat. The beneficial effect of this dynamic motion becomes greater as the apparent wind angle increases. In the case of leech flicking, the experiments show that the formation of vortex pairs is fundamental to the augmented thrust due to heaving. The presence of S-turns, whereby the sailor changes the boats direction simultaneous with rolling the boat, generally in the downwind direction, is also associated with vortex formation and pairing, which will be described at the conference. During downwind S-turns, large amplitude heaving motions are paired with substantial rotations of the sail caused by both adjustments of the main sheet and changes in heading. Increased velocity made good downwind is measured from the on-the-water experiments, and is associated with an increase of thrust during characteristic dynamics of the airfoil or sail shape in the laboratory.
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