Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particle-based method

Academic literature on the topic 'Particle-based method'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Particle-based method"

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Fair, Rebecca, Xiaohu Guo, and Tao Cui. "Particle sorting for the projection based particle method." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 109 (December 2019): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2019.07.022.

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SÖDERSTEN, Axel, Takuya MATSUNAGA, Seiichi KOSHIZUKA, Tomoyuki HOSAKA, and Eiji ISHII. "Adaptive resizing-based multi-resolution particle method." Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (2022): 21–00309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/mej.21-00309.

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Qian, Chen, and Keiichiro Yasuda. "Particle Swarm Optimization Based Global Descent Method." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.20472.

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Liu, Ce, Baotong Li, Qingfang Liu, Jun Hong, and Kaitai Li. "A novel implicit meshless particle method: NURBS-based particle hydrodynamics (NBPH)." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 406 (March 2023): 115895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2023.115895.

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Tabrizi-Zarringhabaei, Saman, Reza Goli Ejlali, Mikaeil Yousefzadeh Fard, and Sayyedjavad Sayyedfattahi. "AN IMAGE-BASED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PSD) OF FINE-GRAINED SOIL." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 34, no. 3 (2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2019.3.9.

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Shuan-Jun Song, Shuan-Jun Song, Cheng-Hong Qiu Shuan-Jun Song, Long-Guang Peng Cheng-Hong Qiu, and Sheng Hu Long-Guang Peng. "An Assembly Line Multi-Station Assembly Sequence Planning Method Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." 電腦學刊 33, no. 1 (February 2022): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992022023301011.

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<p>Aiming at the problem that the existing assembly sequence planning methods are difficult to meet the multi-station assembly requirements of assembly line, an assembly sequence planning method of assembly line considering the constraints of station sequence and station capability is proposed. The multi-station assembly sequence model is established to describe the allocation scheme and assembly sequence of parts. The conditions and generating rules of feasible assembly sequence are given. The assembly time variance of each station is used as the fitness function, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is designed. Taking an engineering vehicle assembly as an example, the optimal integration solution of multi-station assembly sequence and job assignment is obtained by using this algorithm, and the validity of the model is verified.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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Zhang, Jingxiu, Zhiwei Zhang, and Longfei Hou. "Detection of Particle Concentration and Particle Size Based on Aerodynamic Particle Size Spectrometer." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4152186.

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In order to solve the problem of the continuous online monitoring of the fixed pollution source emission particles, on the basis of the advantages and disadvantages of the comprehensive analysis of the extinction method, the β-ray absorption method, the micro-oscillating balance method, the charge transfer method, and the light scattering method, the particle size distribution and concentration optical detection system based on aerodynamic particle size spectrometer is designed according to the Mie light scattering principle. A high-performance aerodynamic particle size spectrometer is designed using a single-wavelength method to measure the concentration of particulate matter, and the equipment and the detection system are used in the continuous monitoring of particulate matter emitted by thermal power plants and compared with the ES632 equipment. Through the system test, the results show that compared with the ES632 equipment performance, the lowest concentration measured by the design of aerodynamic particle size spectrometer equipment can reach 0.1 mg/m3 with a measurement accuracy of 0.01 mg/m3. Compared with the ES632 equipment, the measurement concentration value is 8% higher, which meets the test requirements.
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Tian, Tian. "Detecting Particle Clusters in Particle-Fluid Systems by a Density Based Method." Communications in Computational Physics 26, no. 5 (June 2019): 1617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.2019.js60.09.

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QIU Jiatao, 邱家涛, 李玉山 LI Yushan, 王彩玲 WANG Cailing, and 刘洋 LIU Yang. "An Integral Histogrambased Particle Filtering Tracking Method." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 40, no. 11 (2011): 1761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20114011.1761.

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WANG, Na. "Folded Airbag Simulation Based on Corpuscular Particle Method." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 51, no. 12 (2015): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2015.12.120.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle-based method"

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Shahadat, Sharif. "Improving a Particle Swarm Optimization-based Clustering Method." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2357.

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This thesis discusses clustering related works with emphasis on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) principles. Specifically, we review in detail the PSO clustering algorithm proposed by Van Der Merwe & Engelbrecht, the particle swarm clustering (PSC) algorithm proposed by Cohen & de Castro, Szabo’s modified PSC (mPSC), and Georgieva & Engelbrecht’s Cooperative-Multi-Population PSO (CMPSO). In this thesis, an improvement over Van Der Merwe & Engelbrecht’s PSO clustering has been proposed and tested for standard datasets. The improvements observed in those experiments vary from slight to moderate, both in terms of minimizing the cost function, and in terms of run time.
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NAKAMURA, FABIO ISSAO. "FLUID INTERACTIVE ANIMATION BASED ON PARTICLE SYSTEM USING SPH METHOD." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10087@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo investigativo sobre animação de fluidos utilizando sistemas de partículas. Baseado nas propostas apresentadas por Muller et al., esta dissertação objetiva investigar e compreender o uso do método Lagrangeano baseado em partículas, conhecido como Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), para simulação de fluidos. A validação do método foi feita através da implementação de uma biblioteca capaz de animar fluidos a taxas interativas. Para testar a eficácia e eficiência do método, a biblioteca desenvolvida permite a instanciação de diferentes configurações, incluindo o tratamento de colisões do fluido com obstáculos, o tratamento da interação entre dois fluidos distintos e o tratamento de forças externas exercidas pelo usuário via um mecanismo de interação.
This work investigates the use of particle-based system for fluid animation. Based on proposals presented by Müller et al., the goal of this dissertation is to investigate and fully understand the use of a Lagrangian method known as Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for fluid simulations. A library has been implemented in order to validate the method for fluid animation at interactive rate. To demonstrate the method effectiveness and efficiency, the resulting library allows the instantiation of different configurations, including the treatment of fluid-obstacle collisions, interaction between two distinct fluids, and fluid-user interaction.
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Zhu, Ting. "Color-Based Fingertip Tracking Using Modified Dynamic Model Particle Filtering Method." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306863054.

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Ramli, Muhammad Zahir Bin. "A particle based method for flow simulations in hydrodynamics and hydroelasticity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/412639/.

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Seakeeping analysis involving violent flows is still quite challenging because the conventional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches are not effective for such flow simulations. Different techniques and numerical tools are required to obtain approximate solutions. This research aims to apply Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), a fully Lagrangian meshless method to investigate the behaviour of ships in realistic waves. SPH has been used in a wide variety of hydrodynamic problems overcoming the limitation of finite volume or element type methods. This makes it a suitable alternative for simulating a range of hydrodynamic problems, especially those involving severe flow discontinuities, such as deformable boundary, wave breaking and fluid fragmentation, around complex hull shapes. The main goal of this research is to investigate the possibility of implementing SPH in 3-dimensional problems for the seakeeping analysis of ships treated as rigid and flexible bodies operating in reasonably rough seas. The outcomes of the research will focus on predicting wave-induced motions, distortions and loads with particular references to response in waves of reasonably large amplitude. The initial work deals with modifying standard Incompressible SPH (ISPH) formulation in generating free surface waves. It was observed that the kernel summation of standard ISPH formulation is not sufficiently accurate in obtaining the velocity and pressure fields. Therefore, a range of solutions were proposed to improve the prediction and the following were considered: i) employing collision control, ii) shifting technique to maintain uniform particle distribution, iii) improving the accuracy of gradient estimations up to 2nd order with kernel renormalization technique, iv) applying an artificial free surface viscosity and v) adapting new arc method for accurate free surface recognition. In addition, the weakly compressible SPH (WCSPH) from DualSPHysics was also applied to similar problems. It was found that WCSPH performed better in accuracy and was then adopted further in the analysis of hydrodynamic and hydroelasticity. The research studies were extended to investigate 2-D problems of radiation, diffraction and wave-induced motion. Comparisons were made with available potential flow solutions, numerical results and experimental data. Overall, a satisfactory agreement has been achieved in determining i) added mass and damping coefficients and ii) responses of fixed and floating body in waves. Convergence studies were carried out for particle density influences, as well as sensitivity and stability of implemented parameters. In the extension of the model to 3-D framework, both cases of floating rigid and flexible barges in regular waves were modelled. For this particular case, vertical bending moment (VBM) was obtained using the one-way coupling approach. Comparisons to two other numerical methods and experimental data in the prediction of RAOs, motion responses and vertical bending moments have shown consistent performance of WCSPH. Finally, the success of WCSPH was highlighted by solving the hydrodynamic coefficients for a 3-D flexible structure oscillating in rigid body motions of heave and pitch, as well as 2-node and 3-node of distortion modes.
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Zhang, Hao. "Numerical investigation of particle-fluid interaction system based on discrete element method." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284833.

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This thesis focuses on the numerical investigation of the particle-fluid systems based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The whole thesis consists of three parts, in each part we have coupled the DEM with different schemes/solvers on the fluid phase. In the first part, we have coupled DEM with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) to study the particle-laden turbulent flow. The effect of collisions on the particle behavior in fully developed turbulent flow in a straight square duct was numerically investigated. Three sizes of particles were considered with diameters equal to 50 µm, 100 µm and 500 µm. Firstly, the particle transportation by turbulent flow was studied in the absence of the gravitational effect. Then, the particle deposition was studied under the effect of the wall-normal gravity force in which the influence of collisions on the particle resuspension rate and the final stage of particle distribution on the duct floor were discussed, respectively. In the second part, we have coupled DEM with Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) to study the particle sedimentation in Newtonian laminar flow. A novel combined LBM-IBM-DEM scheme was presented with its application to model the sedimentation of two dimensional circular particles in incompressible Newtonian flows. Case studies of single sphere settling in a cavity, and two particles settling in a channel were carried out, the velocity characteristics of the particle during settling and near the bottom were examined. At last, a numerical example of sedimentation involving 504 particles was finally presented to demonstrate the capability of the combined scheme. Furthermore, a Particulate Immersed Boundary Method (PIBM) for simulating the fluid-particle multiphase flow was presented and assessed in both two and three-dimensional applications. Compared with the conventional IBM, dozens of times speedup in two-dimensional simulation and hundreds of times in three-dimensional simulation can be expected under the same particle and mesh number. Numerical simulations of particle sedimentation in the Newtonian flows were conducted based on a combined LBM - PIBM - DEM showing that the PIBM could capture the feature of the particulate flows in fluid and was indeed a promising scheme for the solution of the fluid-particle interaction problems. In the last part, we have coupled DEM with averaged Navier-Stokes equations (NS) to study the particle transportation and wear process on the pipe wall. A case of pneumatic conveying was utilized to demonstrate the capability of the coupling model. The concrete pumping process was then simulated, where the hydraulic pressure and velocity distribution of the fluid phase were obtained. The frequency of the particles impacting on the bended pipe was monitored, a new time average collision intensity model based on impact force was proposed to investigate the wear process of the elbow. The location of maximum erosive wear damage in elbow was predicted. Furthermore, the influences of slurry velocity, bend orientation and angle of elbow on the puncture point location were discussed.
Esta tesis se centra en la investigación numérica de sistemas partícula-líquido basado en la técnica Discrete Element Method (DEM). La tesis consta de tres partes, en cada una de las cuales se ha acoplado el método DEM con diferentes esquemas/solucionadores en la fase fluida. En la primera parte, hemos acoplado los métodos DEM con Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) para estudiar casos de "particle-laden turbulent flow". Se investigó numéricamente el efecto de las colisiones en el comportamiento de las partículas en el flujo turbulento completamente desarrollado en un conducto cuadrado recto. Tres tamaños de partículas se consideraron con diámetros de 50, 100 y 500 micrometros. En primer lugar, el transporte de partículas por el flujo turbulento se estudió en la ausencia del efecto gravitacional. Entonces, la deposición de partículas se estudió bajo el efecto de la fuerza de gravedad normal a la pared, en el que se discutieron la influencia de la tasa de colisiones en re-suspensión de las partículas y la fase final de la distribución de partículas en el suelo del conducto, respectivamente. En la segunda parte, se ha acoplado los métodos DEM con Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) para estudiar la sedimentación de partículas en flujo laminar newtoniano. Un nuevo metodo combinado LBM-IBM-DEM se presentó y ha sido aplicado para modelar la sedimentación de dos partículas circulares bi-dimensionales en flujos Newtonianos incompresibles. Se estudiaron casos de sedimentación en una cavidad de una sola esfera, y sedimentación de dos partículas en un canal, las características de la velocidad de la partícula durante la sedimentación y cerca de la base fueron también examinados. En el último caso, un ejemplo numérico de sedimentación de 504 partículas fue finalmente presentado para demostrar la capacidad del método combinado. Además, se ha presentado un método "Particulate Immersed Boundary Method" (PIBM) para la simulación de flujos multifásicos partícula-fluido y ha sido evaluado en dos y tres dimensiones. En comparación con el método IBM convencional, se puede esperar con el mismo número de partículas y de malla un SpeedUp docenas de veces superior en la simulación bidimensional y cientos de veces en la simulación en tres dimensiones. Se llevaron a cabo simulaciones numéricas de la sedimentación de partículas en los flujos newtonianos basados en una combinación LBM - PIBM - DEM, mostrando que el PIBM podría capturar las características de los flujos de partículas en el líquido y fue en efecto un esquema prometedor para la solución de problemas de interacción fluido-partícula. En la última parte, se ha acoplado el método DEM con las ecuaciones promediadas de Navier-Stokes (NS) para estudiar el transporte de partículas y el proceso de desgaste en la pared de una tubería. Se utilizó un caso de transporte neumático para demostrar la capacidad del modelo acoplado. Entonces se simuló el proceso de bombeo de hormigón, de donde se obtuvo la presión hidráulica y la distribución de la velocidad de la fase fluida. Se monitoreó la frecuencia de impacto de las partículas en la tubería doblada, se propuso un nuevo modelo de intensidad de colisión promediado en tiempo para investigar el proceso de desgaste del codo basado en la fuerza de impacto. Se predijo la ubicación del daño máximo desgaste por erosión en el codo. Además, se examinaron las influencias de la velocidad de pulpa, la orientación y el ángulo de curvatura del codo en la ubicación del punto de punción.
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Kulasegaram, S. "Development of particle based meshless method with applications in metal forming simulations." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637828.

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Finite element formulations dealing with geometric and material non-linearities have been well developed and a significant amount of work has been accomplished for the numerical simulation of metal forming processes. Nevertheless, standard finite element approaches can be sometimes ineffective in handling bulk material deformation owing to severe mesh distortion or mesh entanglement. In the past, some finite element methods such as the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method have been introduced to allow continuous remeshing during computation. Though rather effective in handling large deformation and keeping track of moving boundaries, these methods required extensive computational effort. In this thesis an attempt is made to address the aforementioned problems by using particle based Lagrangian techniques in the numerical simulation of large deformation metal forming processes. For this purpose a particle method called Corrected Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (CSPH) is considered in the present work. CSPH method is developed from Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) techniques which originated twenty years ago. Like most of the particle methods the CSPH also requires no explicit mesh for the computation and therefore avoids mesh direction difficulties in large deformation analysis. In addition, CSPH can achieve similar order of accuracy as any other modern mesh-less methods while retaining the simplicity of the original SPH technique. The simplicity and robustness of SPH method are demonstrated in the first few chapters of this thesis. As a first step of the present research, the SPH method is studied for evaluating its consistency, accuracy and other characteristics. As a consequence of these analyses various correction procedures are introduced in the original SPH method to enhance its performance. The resulting method is referred to here as the Corrected SPH technique. The CSPH is then used to formulate the viscoplastic forming problems with the aid of flow formulation technique.
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Sarakini, Timon. "Image-based characterization of small papermakting particles - method development and particle classification." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181778.

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Ahlman, Björn. "Coarse-Graining Fields in Particle-Based Soil Models." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173534.

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In soil, where trees and crops grow, heavy vehicles shear and compact the soil, leading to reduced plant growth and diminished nutrient recycling. Computer simulations offer the possibility to improve the understanding of these undesired phenomena. In this thesis, soils were modelled as large collections of contacting spherical particles using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the physics engine AGX Dynamics, and these entities were analyzed. In the first part of the thesis, soils, which were considered to be continua, were subjected to various controlled deformations and fields for quantities such as stress and strain were visualized using coarse graining (CG). These fields were then compared against analytical solutions. The main goal of the thesis was to evaluate the usefulness, accuracy, and precision of this plotting technique when applied to DEM-soils. The general behaviour of most fields agreed well with analytical or expected behaviour. Moreover, the fields presented valuable information about phenomena in the soils. Relative errors varied from 1.2 to 27 %. The errors were believed to arise chiefly from non-uniform displacement (due to the inherent granularity in the technique), and unintended uneven particle distribution. The most prominent drawback with the technique was found to be the unreliability of the plots near the boundaries. This is significant, since the behaviour of a soil at the surface where it is in contact with e.g. a vehicle tyre is of interest. In the second part of the thesis, a vehicle traversed a soil and fields were visualized using the same technique. Following a limited analysis, it was found that the stress in the soil can be crudely approximated as the stress in a linear elastic solid.
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Tilki, Umut. "Imitation Of Human Body Poses And Hand Gestures Using A Particle Based Fluidics Method." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615140/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, a new approach is developed, avoiding the correspondence problem caused by the difference in embodiment between imitator and demonstrator in imitation learning. In our work, the imitator is a fluidic system of dynamics totally different than the imitatee, which is a human performing hand gestures and human body postures. The fluidic system is composed of fluid particles, which are used for the discretization of the problem domain. In this work, we demonstrate the fluidics formation control so as to imitate by observation initially given human body poses and hand gestures. Our fluidic formation control is based on setting suitable parameters of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which is a particle based Lagrangian method, according to imitation learning. In the controller part, we developed three approaches: In the first one, we used Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for training of the input-output pairs on the fluidic imitation system. We extracted shape based feature vectors for human hand gestures as inputs of the system and for output we took the fluid dynamics parameters. In the second approach, we employed the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method for human hand gesture and human body pose classification and imitation. Lastly, we developed a region based controller which assigns the fluid parameters according to the human body poses and hand gestures. In this controller, our algorithm determines the best fitting ellipses on human body regions and human hand finger positions and maps ellipse parameters to the fluid parameters. The fluid parameters adjusted by the fluidics imitation controller are body force (f), density, stiffness coefficient and velocity of particles (V) so as to lead formations of fluidic swarms to human body poses and hand gestures.
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Velmurugan, Rajbabu. "Implementation Strategies for Particle Filter based Target Tracking." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14611.

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This thesis contributes new algorithms and implementations for particle filter-based target tracking. From an algorithmic perspective, modifications that improve a batch-based acoustic direction-of-arrival (DOA), multi-target, particle filter tracker are presented. The main improvements are reduced execution time and increased robustness to target maneuvers. The key feature of the batch-based tracker is an image template-matching approach that handles data association and clutter in measurements. The particle filter tracker is compared to an extended Kalman filter~(EKF) and a Laplacian filter and is shown to perform better for maneuvering targets. Using an approach similar to the acoustic tracker, a radar range-only tracker is also developed. This includes developing the state update and observation models, and proving observability for a batch of range measurements. From an implementation perspective, this thesis provides new low-power and real-time implementations for particle filters. First, to achieve a very low-power implementation, two mixed-mode implementation strategies that use analog and digital components are developed. The mixed-mode implementations use analog, multiple-input translinear element (MITE) networks to realize nonlinear functions. The power dissipated in the mixed-mode implementation of a particle filter-based, bearings-only tracker is compared to a digital implementation that uses the CORDIC algorithm to realize the nonlinear functions. The mixed-mode method that uses predominantly analog components is shown to provide a factor of twenty improvement in power savings compared to a digital implementation. Next, real-time implementation strategies for the batch-based acoustic DOA tracker are developed. The characteristics of the digital implementation of the tracker are quantified using digital signal processor (DSP) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations. The FPGA implementation uses a soft-core or hard-core processor to implement the Newton search in the particle proposal stage. A MITE implementation of the nonlinear DOA update function in the tracker is also presented.
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Books on the topic "Particle-based method"

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Oñate, Eugenio, and Roger Owen, eds. Particle-Based Methods. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0735-1.

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Oñate, Eugenio. Particle-Based Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011.

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service), ScienceDirect (Online, ed. Single molecule tools: Super-resolution, particle tracking, multiparameter and force based methods. San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2010.

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Material Point Method: A Continuum-Based Particle Method for Extreme Loading Cases. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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Liu, Yan, Xiong Zhang, and Zhen Chen. Material Point Method: A Continuum-Based Particle Method for Extreme Loading Cases. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2016.

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Bao, Yun, Carl Chiarella, and Boda Kang. Particle Filters for Markov-Switching Stochastic Volatility Models. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.9.

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This chapter proposes an auxiliary particle filter algorithm for inference in regime switching stochastic volatility models in which the regime state is governed by a first-order Markov chain. It proposes an ongoing updated Dirichlet distribution to estimate the transition probabilities of the Markov chain in the auxiliary particle filter. A simulation-based algorithm is presented for the method that demonstrates the ability to estimate a class of models in which the probability that the system state transits from one regime to a different regime is relatively high. The methodology is implemented in order to analyze a real-time series, namely, the foreign exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the South Korean won.
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Owen, Roger, and Eugenio Oñate. Particle-Based Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. Ingramcontent, 2013.

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Owen, Roger, and Eugenio Oñate. Particle-Based Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer, 2011.

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(Editor), Piotr Bretikopf, and Antonio Huerta (Editor), eds. Meshfree & Particle Based Approaches in Computational Mechanics. ISTE Publishing Company, 2004.

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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Long-range forces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0006.

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A wide variety of special techniques for handling long-range forces are explained in this chapter. This includes the traditional Ewald sum, and the particle-mesh methods that use a discrete Fourier transform. A number of techniques based on spherical truncation such as the Wolf method, the isotropic periodic sum and the reaction field are also considered. Techniques for larger systems such as the fast-multipole method, the multilevel summation approach, and the direct solution of Maxwell’s equations, are explained. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are reviewed, and a number of methods for tackling long-range forces in inhomogeneous systems, particularly in a slab geometry, are presented.
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Book chapters on the topic "Particle-based method"

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Idelsohn, S. R., M. Mier-Torrecilla, J. Marti, and E. Oñate. "The Particle Finite Element Method for Multi-Fluid Flows." In Particle-Based Methods, 135–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0735-1_5.

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Oñate, E., S. R. Idelsohn, M. A. Celigueta, R. Rossi, J. Marti, J. M. Carbonell, P. Ryzhakov, and B. Suárez. "Advances in the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) for Solving Coupled Problems in Engineering." In Particle-Based Methods, 1–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0735-1_1.

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Mikki, Said M., and Ahmed A. Kishk. "The Classical Particle Swarm Optimization Method." In Particle Swarm Optimization: A Physics-Based Approach, 7–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01704-9_2.

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Hojny, Marcin. "Spatial Solutions Based on the Particle Method." In Modeling Steel Deformation in the Semi-Solid State, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40863-7_5.

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Veenhuis, Christian B. "A Set-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Method." In Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN X, 971–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_96.

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Mikki, Said M., and Ahmed A. Kishk. "Boundary Conditions for the Particle Swarm Optimization Method." In Particle Swarm Optimization: A Physics-Based Approach, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01704-9_4.

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Wang, Wenfei, Rui Zhao, Lili Jia, Yu Cai, and Lin Mei. "Optimized Tracking Method Using GPU Based Particle Filter." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 584–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31968-6_69.

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Kakuda, Kazuhiko, Wataru Okaniwa, and Shinichiro Miura. "Droplet-Falling Impact Simulations by Particle-Based Method." In Computational and Experimental Simulations in Engineering, 223–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27053-7_21.

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Djerou, Leila, Naceur Khelil, and Mohamed Batouche. "Numerical Integration Method Based on Particle Swarm Optimization." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 221–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21515-5_26.

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Chifu, V., R. Bonta, E. St Chifu, I. Salomie, and D. Moldovan. "Particle Swarm Optimization Based Method for Personalized Menu Recommendations." In International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology; 12th - 15th October 2016, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 232–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52875-5_50.

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Conference papers on the topic "Particle-based method"

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Dembele, Jean Marie, and Christophe Cambier. "Improving Lagrangian methods: toward an agent-particle based method." In 2nd International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques. ICST, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.simutools2009.5658.

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Dou, James, Lu Chen, Rakesh Nayyar, and Stewart Aitchison. "A microfluidic based optical particle detection method." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Robert J. Nordstrom and Gerard L. Coté. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.905049.

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Idelsohn, S. "The P-DNS method: a particle-based approach to solve turbulent fluid flows." In 7th edition of the International Conference on Particle-based Methods. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/particles.2021.036.

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Li, Xin, Wenjie Chen, and Zengguang Shang. "A video tracking method based on Niche Particle Swarm Algorithm-Particle Filter." In 2012 10th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2012.6359384.

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Stubbig, L., and R. Lichtenheldt. "Optimizing the Shape of Planetary Rover Wheels using the Discrete Element Method and Bayesian Optimization." In 7th edition of the International Conference on Particle-based Methods. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/particles.2021.024.

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Steidel, S., J. Jahnke, X. Chang, A. Becker, and C. Vrettos. "Triaxial compression and direct shear tests in the parametrization of soil modeled via the Discrete Element Method." In 7th edition of the International Conference on Particle-based Methods. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/particles.2021.013.

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Wu, Songzhou, Pengfei Li, Fengshen Zhao, and Yuanpei Yang. "FastSLAM Method Based on Gaussian Particle Swarm Optimization." In 2nd International Forum on Management, Education and Information Technology Application (IFMEITA 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifmeita-17.2018.66.

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Jung, Sohyeon, and Wonbin Hong. "Machine Learning based Sub-wavelength Particle Detection Method." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf35879.2020.9330105.

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Chang, Yuanzhang, Kai Bao, Jian Zhu, and Enhua Wu. "High viscosity fluid simulation using particle-based method." In 2011 IEEE International Symposium on VR Innovation (ISVRI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isvri.2011.5759632.

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Chang, Yuanzhang, Kai Bao, Youquan Liu, Jian Zhu, and Enhua Wu. "A particle-based method for viscoelastic fluids animation." In the 16th ACM Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1643928.1643954.

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Reports on the topic "Particle-based method"

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Tran, Linhbao, and H. S. Udaykumar. A Particle-Level-Set Based Sharp Interface Cartesian Grid Method for Impact, Penetration, and Void Collapse. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416946.

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Zhang, Xingyu, Matteo Ciantia, Jonathan Knappett, and Anthony Leung. Micromechanical study of potential scale effects in small-scale modelling of sinker tree roots. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001235.

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When testing an 1:N geotechnical structure in the centrifuge, it is desirable to choose a large scale factor (N) that can fit the small-scale model in a model container and avoid unwanted boundary effects, however, this in turn may cause scale effects when the structure is overscaled. This is more significant when it comes to small-scale modelling of sinker root-soil interaction, where root-particle size ratio is much lower. In this study the Distinct Element Method (DEM) is used to investigate this problem. The sinker root of a model root system under axial loading was analysed, with both upward and downward behaviour compared with the Finite Element Method (FEM), where the soil is modelled as a continuum in which case particle-size effects are not taken into consideration. Based on the scaling law, with the same prototype scale and particle size distribution, different scale factors/g-levels were applied to quantify effects of the ratio of root diameter (𝑑𝑟) to mean particle size (𝐷50) on the root rootsoil interaction.
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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffrey Roesler, M. Ley, Shinhyu Kang, Loren Emerson, Zane Lloyd, Braden Boyd, and Marllon Cook. High-volume Fly Ash Concrete for Pavements Findings: Volume 1. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-030.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) has improved durability and sustainability properties at a lower cost than conventional concrete, but its early-age properties like strength gain, setting time, and air entrainment can present challenges for application to concrete pavements. This research report helps with the implementation of HVFAC for pavement applications by providing guidelines for HVFAC mix design, testing protocols, and new tools for better quality control of HVFAC properties. Calorimeter tests were performed to evaluate the effects of fly ash sources, cement–fly ash interactions, chemical admixtures, and limestone replacement on the setting times and hydration reaction of HVFAC. To better target the initial air-entraining agent dosage for HVFAC, a calibration curve between air-entraining dosage for achieving 6% air content and fly ash foam index test has been developed. Further, a digital foam index test was developed to make this test more consistent across different labs and operators. For a more rapid prediction of hardened HVFAC properties, such as compressive strength, resistivity, and diffusion coefficient, an oxide-based particle model was developed. An HVFAC field test section was also constructed to demonstrate the implementation of a noncontact ultrasonic device for determining the final set time and ideal time to initiate saw cutting. Additionally, a maturity method was successfully implemented that estimates the in-place compressive strength of HVFAC through wireless thermal sensors. An HVFAC mix design procedure using the tools developed in this project such as the calorimeter test, foam index test, and particle-based model was proposed to assist engineers in implementing HVFAC pavements.
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Sparks, Paul, Jesse Sherburn, William Heard, and Brett Williams. Penetration modeling of ultra‐high performance concrete using multiscale meshfree methods. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41963.

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Terminal ballistics of concrete is of extreme importance to the military and civil communities. Over the past few decades, ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) has been developed for various applications in the design of protective structures because UHPC has an enhanced ballistic resistance over conventional strength concrete. Developing predictive numerical models of UHPC subjected to penetration is critical in understanding the material's enhanced performance. This study employs the advanced fundamental concrete (AFC) model, and it runs inside the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)‐based code known as the nonlinear meshfree analysis program (NMAP). NMAP is advantageous for modeling impact and penetration problems that exhibit extreme deformation and material fragmentation. A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the UHPC. The investigation consisted of fracture toughness testing, the utilization of nondestructive microcomputed tomography analysis, and projectile penetration shots on the UHPC targets. To improve the accuracy of the model, a new scaled damage evolution law (SDEL) is employed within the microcrack informed damage model. During the homogenized macroscopic calculation, the corresponding microscopic cell needs to be dimensionally equivalent to the mesh dimension when the partial differential equation becomes ill posed and strain softening ensues. Results of numerical investigations will be compared with results of penetration experiments.
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Muzyn, Gregory J., and Sudip K. Seal. PLATO (Parallel Load Assignment Tool): A Parallel Workload Partitioner for Particle-based Methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1424432.

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Saarnio, Karri, Mika Vestenius, and Katriina Kyllönen. Attestation of conformity of particulate matter measurements (HIVATO) 2019–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361331.

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The National Reference Laboratory for Air Quality (NRL) ensures the high quality of air quality measurements in Finland by organising audits and intercomparison campaigns. In this project, the conformity of the particulate matter measurements was evaluated with a particular focus on the measurement used for calculating the average exposure index (AEI) of Finland. The representativity and applicability of the AEI measurements made at the Kallio station in Helsinki were evaluated. It was noticed that the results of the Kallio measurement represent well the average fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations and the yearly based trend of fine particles in Finland. In addition, the yearly average concentrations of fine particles have been smaller than the AEI limit value of 8.5 µg/m3, at all individual urban background stations in Finland since year 2015. The measurement results made with the PM monitor used for AEI measurement, i.e. TEOM 1405 analyser at the Kallio station, were compared to the results from the reference method that follows the standard SFS-EN 12341:2014. It was noticed that the uncertainty requirement of 25% was reached and therefore the quality of the measurement is sufficient to use it for the calculation of AEI. However, the fine particle concentrations were generally very low and therefore the requirements given in the standard SFS-EN 16450:2017 for an intercomparison against the reference method were not perfectly fulfilled. This report presents also results from intercomparison measurements made for automated continuous measurement systems (AMS). At the Virolahti station and at the Mäkelänkatu station in Helsinki, PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were compared. In Kuopio and in Lahti, intercomparison measurements were made for PM2.5 only. Based on the results from these intercomparisons, the calibration coefficients both for PM10 and PM2.5 were defined for the first time in Finland for a FIDAS 200 analyser that is a new PM monitor in the Finnish market. It was concluded that FIDAS 200 analysers can be used for the PM measurements in Finland when the calibration coefficients are applied for the data; however, one must note that the presented calibration coefficients do not fulfil the requirements given for the demonstration of equivalence (DoE). Nevertheless, these coefficients are recommended to be used until the official coefficients will be delivered from the next DoE campaign. Two AMS (SHARP 5030 and TEOM 1405) were compared to the reference method for the measurements of PM10 and PM2,5 in Virolahti and in Helsinki, respectively. It was revealed that the calibration coefficients based on the DoE in Kuopio (2014–2015) do not always fit ideally at different locations and seasons due to differences in the environmental characteristics of the measurement sites. Therefore, NRL recommends that DoE should be organised every five years and in between the DoE’s so called ongoing-intercomparison measurements should be carried out continuously. In the ongoing-intercomparison, suitability of the calibration coefficients from DoE will be verified in different locations with varying environmental characteristics. The ongoing-intercomparison campaigns should take place at one site from a half a year to one year and after that, the campaign should continue at a different location similarly. This would ensure that the influence of seasonal differences to the suitability of coefficients will be verified at each measurement site.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Arroyo, Marcos, Riccardo Rorato, Marco Previtali, and Matteo Ciantia. 2D Image-based calibration of rolling resistance in 3D discrete element models of sand. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001229.

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Contact rolling resistance is the most widely used method to incorporate particle shape effects in the discrete element method (DEM). The main reason for this is that such approach allows for using spherical particles hence offering substantial computational benefits compared to non-spherical DEM models. This paper shows how rolling resistance parameters for 3D DEM models can be easily calibrated with 2D sand grain images.
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Grumet, Rebecca, and Benjamin Raccah. Identification of Potyviral Domains Controlling Systemic Infection, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695842.bard.

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Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.
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