Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particle

Academic literature on the topic 'Particle'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Particle"

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Baktybekov, K. "PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH INDIVIDUALLY BIASED PARTICLES FOR RELIABLE AND ROBUST MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 17, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020no2/128-137.

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Efficient power control techniques are an integral part of photovoltaic system design. One of the means of managing power delivery is regulating the duty cycle of the DC to DC converter by various algorithms to operate only at points where power is maximum power point. Search has to be done as fast as possible to minimize power loss, especially under dynamically changing irradiance. The challenge of the task is the nonlinear behavior of the PV system under partial shading conditions. Depending on the size and structure of the photovoltaic panels, PSC creates an immense amount of possible P-V curves with numerous local maximums - requiring an intelligent algorithm for determining the optimal operating point. Existing benchmark maximum power point tracking algorithms cannot handle multiple peaks, and in this paper, we offer an adaptation of particle swarm optimization for the specific task.
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Kan, Hiroyuki, Hideya Nakamura, and Satoru Watano. "Effect of particle wettability on particle-particle adhesion of colliding particles through droplet." Powder Technology 302 (November 2016): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.066.

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Lin, J. H., and K. C. Chang. "Particle Dispersion Simulation in Turbulent Flow Due to Particle-Particle and Particle-Wall Collisions." Journal of Mechanics 32, no. 2 (August 19, 2015): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2015.63.

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AbstractSimulation of the 3-D, fully developed turbulent channel flows laden with various mass loading ratios of particles is made using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach in which the carrier-fluid flow field is solved with a low-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence model while the deterministic Lagrangian method together with binary-collision hard-sphere model is applied for the solution of particle motion. Effects of inter-particle collisions and particle-wall collisions under different extents of wall roughness on particle dispersion are addressed in the study. A cost-effective searching algorithm of collision pair among particles is developed. It is found that the effects of inter-particle collisions on particle dispersion cannot be negligible when the ratio of the mean free time of particle to the mean particle relaxation time of particle is less or equal to O(10). In addition, the wall roughness extent plays an important role in the simulation of particle-wall collisions particularly for cases with small mass loading ratios.
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Orozco, Luisa Fernanda, Jean-Yves Delenne, Philippe Sornay, and Farhang Radjai. "Effect of particle shape on particle breakage inside rotating cylinders." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124907002.

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We study the influence of particle shape on the evolution of particle breakage process taking place inside rotating cylinders. Extensive particle dynamics simulations taking into account the dynamics of the granular flow, particle breakage, and polygonal particle shapes were carried out. We find that the rate of particle breakage is faster in samples composed of initially rounder particles. The analysis of the active flowing layer thickness suggests that for samples composed of rounder particles a relatively lower dilatancy and higher connectivity lead to a less curved free surface profile. As a result, rounder particles rolling down the free surface have a higher mobility and thus higher velocities. In consequence, the faster breakage observed for rounder initial particles is due to the larger particles kinetic energy at the toe of the flow.
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Wu, Z., W. Birmili, L. Poulain, M. Merkel, B. Fahlbusch, D. van Pinxteren, H. Herrmann, and A. Wiedensohler. "Particle hygroscopicity during atmospheric new particle formation events: implications for the chemical species contributing to particle growth." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 5 (May 3, 2012): 11415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-11415-2012.

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Abstract. This study examines the hygroscopicity of newly formed particles (smaller than 50 nm in particle mobility diameter) during two atmospheric new particle formation events with and without clear growth process at mid-level mountain range in Central Germany based on HCCT field campaign. Particle hygroscopicity measurements show that the particle soluble fractions at the end of event for two events are, respectively 60% (45 nm particles for the event with clear growth) and 20% (30 nm particles for the event without clear growth), stressing that non-soluble organic compounds may play a key role in particle growth during new particle formation event. Such significant difference in particle hygroscopicity also suggests that the chemical species responsible for nucleation particle growth are considerably different between the two selected NPF events. During both events, the hygroscopicity of newly formed particles decreased with particle growth, indicating that more less-hygroscopic compounds contribute to the subsequent condensation in contrast to the earlier stage. Sulfuric acid was considered to be responsible of the NPF event and represent the highly hygroscopic compounds. However, calculation demonstrated that sulfuric acid condensation failed to fully explain the observed soluble fraction in the nucleation mode particles. Therefore, we hypothesize that some water-soluble matters may explain the missing soluble fraction.
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Delvosalle, C., and J. Vanderschuren. "Gas-to-particle and particle-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds of large particles." Chemical Engineering Science 40, no. 5 (1985): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(85)85030-2.

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von Gladiss, Anselm, Matthias Graeser, Kerstin Lüdtke-Buzug, and Thorsten M. Buzug. "Contribution of brownian rotation and particle assembly polarisation to the particle response in magnetic particle spectrometry." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0074.

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AbstractThe spectrometry of super-paramagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles is a central tool for characterising particles that are used in Magnetic Particle Imaging. In Magnetic Particle Imaging, nanoparticles are excited by a magnetic field and the particle response is measured. Until now, the influence of the trajectory sequence on the dynamic particle relaxation has not been scoped. With a multi-dimensional Magnetic Particle Spectrometer, analysing the behaviour of different trajectories on the particles becomes possible. In this paper, the contribution of Brownian rotation and assembly polarisation on the particle signal is being analysed.
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Schiepel, D., S. Herzog, R. Barta, and C. Wagner. "A Probabilistic Particle Tracking Framework For High Particle Densities." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 20 (July 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.20th.43.

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A framework for particle tracking velocimetry at high particle densities (HD-PTV) based on a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is presented. This new approach is validated by tracking synthetic particles generated for a generalized turbulent pipe flow defining the ground truth. For a step size per time step of δS = 14 px and a particles per pixel (ppp) density of 0.09 the framework tracks about 90% of the ground truth particles (percentage of matched particles, pmp) already after 9 time steps without generating any ghost particles. For a lower step size of δS = 7 px, corresponding to a higher temporal resolution of the flow, and the lowest investigated particle density ppp = 0.02 a constant pmp close to 100% is reported. A decrease on pmp to 80% is found for the highest ppp = 0,11 - corresponding to about 45000 particles in total. Increasing the step size per time step to δS = 14 px results in a similar sloping curve and pmp that are generally 5% lower compared to the lower step size. The approach is further successfully applied to a well-known experimental tracking problem, i.e. particle tracking in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection, for which the motion of about 28500 particles is tracked. With track lengths up to 250 times steps the occuring structures and velocities are investigated and agree well with previous studies based on tomographic particle image velocimetry using the same data. Thus, it is concluded that the presented HD-PTV framework is an appropriate tool for the flow analysis even at high particle densities.
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Kim, S., S. H. Cho, and H. Park. "Effects of particle size distribution on the cake formation in crossflow microfiltration." Water Supply 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0077.

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In crossflow microfiltration, the tendency of particle deposition of polydisperse suspensions has been established experimentally and compared with that of monodisperse suspensions. The mass transfers of particles are different according to size in polydisperse suspensions. The most particles, which deposit to membrane surface without clogging pore in microfiltration, are much larger than 0.1 μm. Among these particles, smaller particles are easier to deposit than larger particles because of shear-induced diffusion and particle deposition depends on the size distribution of small particles. Effective particle diameter is introduced as a representative particle size which can reflect the diffusivity of each particle according to size and it describes the tendency of particle deposition very well in polydisperse suspensions. The effect of effective particle diameter is larger than that of feed concentration. The most important factor affecting particle deposition of polydisperse suspensions is effective particle diameter. The results of our research suggest that the effective particle diameter can be an important factor which can represent the potential for cake formation.
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Qing, Yun, Zhenfeng Qiu, Yi Tang, Wenjie Deng, Xujin Zhang, Jilun Miu, and Shaoxian Song. "Effects of the Particle Shape and Size on the Single-Particle Breakage Strength." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (December 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3386025.

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The strength and deformation of a soil foundation are related to the strength of each particle. Maybe the shape affects the strength of a particle. In this study, single-particle breakage tests were conducted on limestone particles of different sizes to analyze the influence of limestone particle shapes on the particle crushing strength. The results showed that 90 percent of limestone particle shapes were oblate spherical, subspherical, and long spherical particles randomly selected from the soil foundation. The single-particle breakage test results showed that the characteristic stress of limestone particles increases with the increased particle size. The crushing strength of limestone particles increased with the increase in particle size. There was a significant size effect on the single-particle compressive strength. The relationship between the characteristic strength and the particle size can be fitted by a power exponential formulation of four types of limestone particle shapes. The more irregular the particle shape, the smaller the Weibull modulus (m) and the power index and the more obvious the particle strength size effect.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle"

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Mönckedieck, Mathias [Verfasser]. "Particle-particle interactions between tailored mannitol carrier particles and drug particles for inhalation / Mathias Mönckedieck." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118500180/34.

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Ko, Lawrence Ching Leung. "Particle stimulated nucleation : deformation around particles." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/particle-stimulated-nucleation-deformation-around-particles(723ed7d0-21ea-43d5-bba7-22dab5226668).html.

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Second phase particles play an important role in the recrystallization of aluminium alloys. They give rise to high level of local lattice misorientation around the particle, in particle deformation zone (PDZ) during processing. These can act as potent nucleation sites for new recrystallized grains in a process known as particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). This mechanism is essential to produce material with a more random texture and small grain size, which helps e.g. ductility and formability. A new HRDIC technique is used here in combination with EBSD to investigate the evolution of deformation structures by linking the local deformation (by Digital Image Correlation, DIC) to the lattice orientation before and after deformation by EBSD measurements and compared with the CPFEM predictions. The results show that strain is very heterogeneous during deformation and concentrates mainly in slip bands. The spacing between these bands is affected by several factors: applied strain, crystallographic orientation and the existence of small dispersoids. Thus, the relationship between the strain, particle size and rotation in the deformation zone is much more complex than predicted by existing models.
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Petrosky, Brian Joseph. "Particle Image Velocimetry Applications of Fluorescent Dye-Doped Particles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52983.

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Laser flare can often be a major issue in particle image velocimetry (PIV) involving solid boundaries in a flow or a gas-liquid interface. The use of fluorescent light from dye-doped particles has been demonstrated in water applications, but reproducing the technique in an airflow is more difficult due to particle size constraints and safety concerns. The following thesis is formatted in a hybrid manuscript style, including a full paper presenting the applications of fluorescent Kiton Red 620 (KR620)-doped polystyrene latex microspheres in PIV. These particles used are small and monodisperse, with a mean diameter of 0.87 μm. The KR620 dye exhibits much lower toxicity than other common fluorescent dyes, and would be safe to use in large flow facilities. The first sections present a general introduction followed by a validation experiment using a standard PIV setup in a free jet. This work was the first to demonstrate PIV using fluorescent KR620-doped microspheres in an airflow, and results from the experiment were compared to similar data taken using standard PIV techniques. For the free jet results, Mie-scattered and fluorescent PIV were compared and showed average velocities within 3% of each other at the nozzle exit. Based on the PIV validation requirements used, this was deemed to be more of an indication of nozzle unsteadiness rather than an error or bias in the data. Furthermore, fluorescent PIV data obtained vector validation rates over 98%, well above the standard threshold of 95%. The journal article expands on the introductory work and analyzes testing scenarios where fluorescent PIV allows for velocity measurements much closer to a solid surface than standard, Mie-scattered PIV. The fluorescent signal from the particles is measured on average to be 320 ± 10 times weaker than the Mie scattering signal from the particles. This fluorescence-to-Mie ratio was found to be nonuniform, with the typical signal ratio for a single particle expected to fall between 120 and 870. This reduction in signal is counterbalanced by greatly enhanced contrast via optical rejection of the incident laser wavelength. Fluorescent PIV with these particles is shown to eliminate laser flare near surfaces, in one case leading to 63 times fewer spurious velocity vectors than an optimized Mie scattering implementation in a region more than 5 mm from an angled surface. In the appendix, a brief summary of an experiment to characterize the temperature sensitivity of the KR620 dye is included. This experiment concluded that the KR620 particles did not exhibit sufficient temperature sensitivity to warrant further investigation at the time.
Master of Science
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Kelley, John Joseph. "Controlling Gold Nanoparticle Assembly through Particle-Particle and Particle-Surface Interactions." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1533083850424849.

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Mossuz, Laurence. "Etude de la production et de la désintégration semi-électronique de particules charmées dans les diffusions inélastiques de neutrinos." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10087.

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Cette these presente une etude de la production et de la desintegration semi-electronique des particules charmees dans la diffusion profondement inelastique de neutrinos mu. L'analyse est basee sur l'ensemble des evenements mu- e+, selectionnes a partir des donnees enregistrees par l'experience nomad dans le faisceau de neutrinos du cern au cours de l'annee 1995. Afin de reduire drastiquement le bruit de fond des evenements mu- e+, nous avons elabore une premiere selection sur les donnees. Puis, une etude d'evenements neutrinos simules dans nomad nous a permis de controler la qualite de la simulation, et d'affiner la selection sur les donnees. Nous avons mesure un signal charme mu- e+. Le nombre total de candidats mu- e+, ainsi que ses distributions cinematiques sont sensibles a la structure interne du nucleon. Par comparaison des distributions cinematiques du signal extrait sur les donnees et des evenements charmes simules, nous avons mesure le contenu en quarks etranges du nucleon. La these comporte une partie instrumentale principalement sur le detecteur a rayonnement de transition (drt), qui contribue a l'identification des electrons dans l'experience. Cependant, pour utiliser au mieux ses capacites de discrimination l'uniformite de la reponse de l'ensemble de ses elements est necessaire. Ce travail a permis d'une part de mesurer et d'ajuster l'uniformite du drt sur l'ensemble de la surface de ses 9 plans, et d'autre part d'etre a meme de controler en permanence cette uniformite au cours de la prise de donnees.
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Rydefalk, Staffan. "Particle Measurements Using Fluctuations in the Regular Transmittance of Light Through a Particle Dispersion : Concentration and Particles size - Theory, Measurement Principles and Applications for Pulp and Paper Production." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10639.

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The regular transmittance of light or similar radiation through a flowing suspension of particles fluctuates because of the random occurrence of particles in the beam.In the work presented here, a theory for this fluctuating behaviour with the emphasison dispersions of mm-length slender cylindrical particles having circular crosssections is given. The particles in question are wood pulp fibres, which as a first approximation are considered to have a cylinder shape. Four possible measurementprinciples are described theoretically and experimentally. The four principles are for the measurement of concentration, length distribution characterized as lengthclasses, mean length, and mean width. The usefulness in industrial process monitoring of two of these principles is exemplified with pulp measurements. In order to estimate model errors, numerical simulations were used. Although other techniques such as image analysis may compete, the technique presented here is attractive because of the simplicity of the measurement device used.
QC 20100806
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Deng, Mao [Verfasser]. "Micro-Structure of Functional Particles and Particle Systems / Mao Deng." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073868400/34.

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Bronk, Lawrence Fernando. "Particle detector optimization via particle flow algorithms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44465.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 51).
Using the the SLIC simulator software and the org.lcsim reconstruction framework package, the performance of Mat Charles' NonTrivialPfa.java PFA for several different detector variations was found by determining the mass resolution for a given detector geometry. The variations tested included the layering of the hadronic calorimeter, the radius of the calorimeter, the interaction material utilized in the hadronic calorimeter and the type of read-out used in the calorimeter. Based on the performance of the PFA for the different variations, the optimal detector specifications for use with the PFA were discovered. The optimal detector was found to use scintillator as the sensitive layer and steel as the interaction material in the hadronic calorimeter. A general trend in increased performance with more layering was also observed for the calorimeter. Also illuminated in the study was the discovery of unexpected performance for radius variations.
by Lawrence Fernando Bronk.
S.B.
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Boskovic, Lucija. "Influence of Submicron Particle Shape on Behaviour during Filtration and Separation Processes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366111.

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Filtration is the most efficient method of aerosol monitoring and control. A number of theories (Bradley, 1932); (Hamaker, 1937); (Johnson et al., 1971); (Wang and Kasper, 1991); (Dahneke, 1995); (Wall et al., 1990) have been developed to describe the particle interaction with surface of a filter and to estimate the probability of the particle adhesion onto a surface. A range of the particle, filter and process parameters could contribute to the strength of the adhesion. Some of them are: hardness and cross-sectional shape of the fiber, smoothness of either the fiber or particle, air humidity, the effect of particle shape and many others. Obviously, the particle size (and correspondingly the surface area) also plays a crucial role in the bouncing processes. However, despite its importance in the research field the detailed mechanisms of the particle-fiber collision and possibility for the particle to bounce or to be re-entrained have not been fully explored. Therefore, there is a need for a theoretical and experimental knowledge concerning the influence of particle bouncing on filtration and separation processes. Although, some work on the effect of particle shape on filtration process has been done, there is still need for further research regarding the influence of motion of the particles of different shape along a fiber...
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Mokkapati, Srinivas Praveen. "Simulation of particle agglomeration using dissipative particle dynamics." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1149.

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Books on the topic "Particle"

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Gerson, Goldhaber, ed. The experimental foundations of particle physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Allen, Terence. Particle size measurement. 4th ed. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.

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Particle size measurement. 5th ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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N, Stanley-Wood, Lines R. W, and Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Particle Characterisation Group. Conference, eds. Particle size analysis. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992.

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library, Wiley online, ed. Elementary particle physics: Quantum field theory and particles. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010.

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1939-, Provder Theodore, Texter J, American Chemical Society. Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Particle sizing and characterization. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2004.

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B, Liu M., ed. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: A meshfree particle method. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2003.

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1942-, Shaw G., ed. Particle physics. 2nd ed. Chichester, England: J. Wiley, 1997.

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1942-, Shaw G., ed. Particle physics. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2008.

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Lévy, Maurice, Jean-Louis Basdevant, Maurice Jacob, David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, and Raymond Gastmans, eds. Particle Physics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0977-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "Particle"

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Hanagaki, Kazunori, Junichi Tanaka, Makoto Tomoto, and Yuji Yamazaki. "Particle Identification." In Experimental Techniques in Modern High-Energy Physics, 69–114. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56931-2_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss the method of particle identification, which is also called object identification because what we reconstruct or identify is usually not a particle but an object such as a charged particle trajectory, a jet that is a cluster of many particles, missing transverse energy and so on.
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Michaelides, Efstathios E., Martin Sommerfeld, and Berend van Wachem. "Particle-Particle Interactions." In Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles, Third Edition, 163–203. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003089278-6.

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Otto, Thomas. "Risks and Hazards of Particle Accelerator Technologies." In Safety for Particle Accelerators, 5–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57031-6_2.

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AbstractIn this section, the motivation and operation of particle accelerators are briefly introduced. Then, safety aspects of the key building blocks are treated. Magnets provide the steering forces for accelerated particles. Cryogenics provides the low temperatures required for the operation of superconducting magnets; radiofrequency technologies impart energy to accelerated particles. A byproduct of their operation is Non-ionising radiation. Another type of NIR is represented by lasers which find increasing use in accelerator applications. Finally, collimators shape the particle beams and protect sensitive elements, while dumps absorb the particles at the end of their course.
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Metral, E., G. Rumolo, and W. Herr. "Impedance and Collective Effects." In Particle Physics Reference Library, 105–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_4.

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AbstractAs the beam intensity increases, the beam can no longer be considered as a collection of non-interacting single particles: in addition to the “single-particle phenomena”, “collective effects” become significant. At low intensity a beam of charged particles moves around an accelerator under the Lorentz force produced by the “external” electromagnetic fields (from the guiding and focusing magnets, RF cavities, etc.). However, the charged particles also interact with themselves (leading to space charge effects) and with their environment, inducing charges and currents in the surrounding structures, which create electromagnetic fields called wake fields. In the ultra-relativistic limit, causality dictates that there can be no electromagnetic field in front of the beam, which explains the term “wake”. It is often useful to examine the frequency content of the wake field (a time domain quantity) by performing a Fourier transformation on it. This leads to the concept of impedance (a frequency domain quantity), which is a complex function of frequency. The charged particles can also interact with other charged particles present in the accelerator (leading to two-stream effects, and in particular to electron cloud effects in positron/hadron machines) and with the counter-rotating beam in a collider (leading to beam–beam effects). As the beam intensity increases, all these “perturbations” should be properly quantified and the motion of the charged particles will eventually still be governed by the Lorentz force but using the total electromagnetic fields, which are the sum of the external and perturbation fields. Note that in some cases a perturbative treatment is not sufficient and the problem has to be solved self consistently. These perturbations can lead to both incoherent (i.e. of a single particle) and coherent (i.e. of the centre of mass) effects, in the longitudinal and in one or both transverse directions, leading to beam quality degradation or even partial or total beam losses. Fortunately, stabilising mechanisms exist, such as Landau damping, electronic feedback systems and linear coupling between the transverse planes (as in the case of a transverse coherent instability, one plane is usually more critical than the other).
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Minty, Michiko G., and Frank Zimmermann. "Collimation." In Particle Acceleration and Detection, 141–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08581-3_6.

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AbstractParticles at large betatron amplitudes or with a large momentum error constitute what is generally referred to as a beam halo. Such particles are undesirable since they produce a background in the particle-physics detector. The background arises either when the halo particles are lost at aperture restrictions in the vicinity of the detector, producing electro-magentic shower or muons, or when they emit synchrotron radiation that is not shielded and may hit sensitive detector components. In superconducting hadron storage rings, a further concern is localized particle loss near one of the superconducting magnets, which may result in the quench of the magnet, i.e., in its transition to the normalconducting state.
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Haag, Rudolf. "Particles. Completeness of the Particle Picture." In Local Quantum Physics, 271–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61458-3_6.

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Zhang, Zhengji. "Tracer Particles and Particle Motion Equations." In LDA Application Methods, 69–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13514-9_7.

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Aldrich, Charles H. "Particle Code Simulations with Injected Particles." In Space Plasma Simulations, 131–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5454-0_10.

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Wang, Rujing, and Xiaoming Zhang. "Particle Swarm Optimization with Opposite Particles." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 633–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11579427_64.

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Martin, R. F. "Modeling particle distributions with noninteracting particles." In Space Plasmas: Coupling Between Small and Medium Scale Processes, 233–42. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm086p0233.

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Conference papers on the topic "Particle"

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Jubery, Talukder Z., Shiv G. Kapoor, and John E. Wentz. "Effect of Inter-Particle Interaction on Particle Deposition in a Cross-Flow Microfilter." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1211.

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Recent studies show that inter-particle interaction can affect particle trajectories and particle deposition causing fouling in the microfilters used for metal working fluids (MWFs). Inter-particle interaction depends on various factors: particle geometry and surface properties, membrane pore geometry and surface properties, MWF’s properties and system operating conditions, etc. A mathematical model with a Langevin equation for particle trajectory and a hard sphere model for particle deposition has been used to study the effect of particle’s size, particle’s surface zeta potential, inter-particle distance, and shape of membrane pore wall surface on particle trajectory and its deposition on membrane pore wall. The study reveals that bigger particles have a lesser tendency to be deposited on membrane pore walls than smaller particles. The shape of the membrane pore wall surface can also affect the particle deposition behavior.
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WEIZENECKER, JÜRGEN, BERNHARD GLEICH, JÜRGEN RAHMER, and JÖRN BORGERT. "PARTICLE DYNAMICS OF MONO-DOMAIN PARTICLES IN MAGNETIC PARTICLE IMAGING." In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Magnetic Particle Imaging. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814324687_0001.

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Nasr, H., G. Ahmadi, and J. B. McLaughlin. "Effects of Particle-Particle Collisions on Particle Concentration in a Turbulent Channel Flow." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98175.

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This study is concerned with the effect of inter particle collisions on the particle concentration in turbulent duct flows. The time history of the instantaneous turbulent velocity vector was generated by the two-way coupled direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equation via a pseudospectral method. The particle equation of motion included the Stokes drag, the Saffman lift, and the gravitational forces. The effect of particles on the flow is included in the analysis via a feedback force on the grid points. Several simulations for three classes of particles (28 μm Lycopodia, 50μm glass and 70μm copper) and different mass loadings were performed, and the effect of inter particle collisions on the particle concentration was evaluated and discussed. It was found that the particle-particle collisions reduce the tendency of particles to accumulate near the wall. This might be because collisions decorrelate particles with coherent eddies which are responsible for accumulation of particles near the wall. The spatial distribution of particles at the channel centerplane was compared with the experimental results of Fessler et al. (1994). The simulation results showed that the copper and glass particles had a random distribution while Lycopodium particles showed a non-random distribution with bands of particles that were preferentially concentrated.
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Smith, Barton L., Zachary E. Humes, and Angela Minichiello. "Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98266.

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An experimental and numerical demonstration of a new, non-contact particle sorting technique called Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting (AVPS) is presented. AVPS uses secondary blowing and suction control flows to sharply turn a 2D, particle-laden jet. As the jet is turned, the inertia of particles present in the flow is balanced by a resultant force that is dependent upon their size and due to the combined effects of pressure, and drag. Since the balance of these forces determines the particle’s trajectory, turning the flow leads to a separation of particles downstream. This simple, low-pressure-drop sorting technique classifies particles with less risk of damage or contamination than currently available sorting devices. AVPS is experimentally demonstrated using a rectangular air jet. A single blower is used for the blowing and suction, thus requiring that their mass fluxes are equal. The unladen jet flow is examined using Particle Image Velocime-try. The experimental results demonstrate that while large blowing slot momentum flux is important (meaning that a smaller slot can be more effective for fixed mass flux), as the aspect ratio of the blowing slot becomes very large, the jet tends to suffer from 3-D instabilities resulting in large fluctuations in the vectoring angle (and thus a detrimental effect on sorting performance). The vectoring angle can be substantially improved introducing a modest angle in the blowing slot (toward the vectoring direction). Particle size and trajectory are measured using the Particle Shadow Imaging method. Numerical simulations are performed using a commercial CFD solver.
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Cheng, W., K. Farhang, and Y. Kwon. "On the Dynamics of Particle-Particle Interaction." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81375.

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In numerous engineering and science applications understanding the dynamic behavior of two interacting particles plays an indispensable role as it is the foundation based upon which the behavior of a large number of particles may be predicted. When two particles interact, two prominent forces of adhesion and elasticity are at work and, in some respect, in competition. This is especially true when particle-particle collision dynamics is of interest. Upon collision, two particles either develop physical bond, coalesce to form an agglomeration or rebound, each following a distinct path. A promising theory to address particle-particle collision dynamics is due to Johnson, Kendal and Roberts [1] referred to as the JKR method. However, JKR suffers from two main shortcomings in application to particle dynamics. These are (1) implicit relations between force and displacement and (2) representation of a two-particle system as a conservative system. These shortcomings were treated in [2] by first deriving a highly accurate approximate equation based on the JKR theory in which force and displacement are explicitly related and the extension of the JKR theory wherein the Kelving-Voigt viscoelastic model is used instead of the elastic model. This formulation provides an opportunity to study particle-particle collision dynamics, which is the study in the present paper.
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Zhou, Zeyu, and Bruce Hajek. "Particle Thompson Sampling with Static Particles." In 2023 57th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss56502.2023.10089653.

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Adsawinnawanawa, Ekkarat, Boontee Kruatrachue, and Kritawan Siriboon. "Enhance Particle’s Exploration of Particle Swarm Optimization With Individual Particle Mutation." In 2019 7th International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieecon45304.2019.8939047.

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Ho, Clifford K., Sean Kinahan, Jesus D. Ortega, Peter Vorobieff, Andrea Mammoli, and Vanderlei Martins. "Characterization of Particle and Heat Losses From Falling Particle Receivers." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3826.

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Abstract Camera-based imaging methods were evaluated to quantify both particle and convective heat losses from the aperture of a high-temperature particle receiver. A bench-scale model of a field-tested on-sun particle receiver was built, and particle velocities and temperatures were recorded using the small-scale model. Particles heated to over 700 °C in a furnace were released from a slot aperture and allowed to fall through a region that was imaged by the cameras. Particle-image, particle-tracking, and image-correlation velocimetry methods were compared against one another to determine the best method to obtain particle velocities. A high-speed infrared camera was used to evaluate particle temperatures, and a model was developed to determine particle and convective heat losses. In addition, particle sampling instruments were deployed during on-sun field tests of the particle receiver to determine if small particles were being generated that can pose an inhalation hazard. Results showed that while there were some recordable emissions during the tests, the measured particle concentrations were much lower than the acceptable health standard of 15 mg/m3. Additional bench-scale tests were performed to quantify the formation of particles during continuous shaking and dropping of the particles. Continuous formation of small particles in two size ranges (< ∼1 microns and between ∼8–10 microns) were observed due to de-agglomeration and mechanical fracturing, respectively, during particle collisions.
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VIcek, J., H. Huber, H. Voggenreiter, A. Fischer, E. Lugscheider, H. Hallén, and G. Pache. "Kinetic Powder Compaction Applying the Cold Spray Process—A Study on Parameters." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0417.

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Abstract Supersonic, two-phase flow of a gas/particle mixture directed towards a substrate may enable the deposition of "cold" particles onto a "cold" substrate under certain conditions. The method is commonly known as Cold Gas Dynamic Deposition or Cold Spray. Current research shows that copper can be deposited within a wide range of parameters and velocity regimes, whereas the deposition of other materials may involve difficulties depending on the material properties and substrate characteristics. Although particle velocity is recognized as being the key factor in the deposition of particles with the cold spray process, it alone cannot describe the state of the particle prior to and during impact. A simple analysis shows that the impulse of particles with equal particle velocity and size depends significantly on its density. For common engineering metals, an interval varying by up to a factor of 5 is possible considering, for example, magnesium and molybdenum. The impact force, directly dependent on the particle's impulse, governs the pressures generated during impact. In a simplified calculation, pressure values of around 3000 MPa can be very easily determined. While the particle impulse accounts for the degree of interaction - partial or complete deformation - the particle's and the substrate's lattice structure and its capacity to deform determine the type of particle substrate interaction. Depending on these properties, the substrate, the particle or both will be deformed. Evaluating impact experiments shows distinct differences between the impacts of copper, steel and aluminum particles on aluminum and steel substrates. The paper presented may be seen as a contribution to the discussion of a theory to evaluate coating and substrate combinations prior to spraying in order to predict bonding and coating build-up or to offer guidance concerning the optimum parameter set for deposition.
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Smith, Barton L., Zachary E. Humes, and Angela Minichiello. "Particle Size Classification Through Aerodynamic Jet Vectoring." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37267.

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An experimental and numerical demonstration of a new, non-contact particle sorting technique called Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting (AVPS) is presented. AVPS uses secondary blowing and suction control flows to sharply turn a 2D, particle-laden jet. As the jet is turned, particles present in the flow experience a resultant force, dependent upon their size and due to the combined effects of pressure, inertia, and drag. Since the balance of these forces determines the particle’s trajectory, turning the flow leads to a separation of particles downstream. This simple, low-pressure-drop sorting technique classifies particles with less risk of damage or contamination than currently available sorting devices. AVPS is experimentally demonstrated using a rectangular air jet. Particle size are measured using the Shadowgraphy method. Numerical simulations are performed using the commercial CFD solver FLUENT to calculate the 2D turbulent vectored jet flow field using a RANS approach. Examination of the mean and the standard deviation of measured and computed particle trajectories is used to determine the range of particle sizes that can be effectively sorted using AVPS. Our results indicate that while vectoring can be achieved with smaller control flow rates when blowing and suction are used together, fluctuations in the velocity field are much smaller when suction only is used. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the jet flow can be vectored 90 with pure suction and 180 using a new geometry that allows for modification of the blowing angle on the fly. Using pure suction, particles from 10–40 micron and 2.5 times the density of water have been sorted to an accuracy of 1.5 micrometers. Sorting of heavy particles such as these is accomplished at very low speeds, reducing the tendency of damage to the particles. Lighter particles are sorted at higher speeds. Also using pure suction, particles from 5–40 μm and 0.6 times the density of water were sorted to an accuracy of 6.6 μm.
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Reports on the topic "Particle"

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Ali, Usman, Mamoru Kikumoto, Matteo Ciantia, and Ying Cui. Direct observation of particle kinematics in biaxial shearing test. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001233.

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Biaxial shearing tests on dual-sized, 2d particle assemblies are conducted at several confining pressures. The effect of particle angularity, an important mesoscale shape descriptor, is investigated at the macro and micro levels. Macroscopically, it is observed that assemblies composed of angular particles exhibit higher strengths and dilations. The difference observed in bulk behavior due to particle angularity can be explained reasonably by considering particle-level mechanisms. A novel 2D image analysis technique is employed to estimate particle kinematics. Particle rotation results to be a key mechanism strongly influenced by particle shape determining the overall granular behavior. Unlike circular particles, angular ones are more resistant to rotations due to stronger interlocking and consequently exhibit higher strengths.
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Trahan, Corey, Jing-Ru Cheng, and Amanda Hines. ERDC-PT : a multidimensional particle tracking model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48057.

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This report describes the technical engine details of the particle- and species-tracking software ERDC-PT. The development of ERDC-PT leveraged a legacy ERDC tracking model, “PT123,” developed by a civil works basic research project titled “Efficient Resolution of Complex Transport Phenomena Using Eulerian-Lagrangian Techniques” and in part by the System-Wide Water Resources Program. Given hydrodynamic velocities, ERDC-PT can track thousands of massless particles on 2D and 3D unstructured or converted structured meshes through distributed processing. At the time of this report, ERDC-PT supports triangular elements in 2D and tetrahedral elements in 3D. First-, second-, and fourth-order Runge-Kutta time integration methods are included in ERDC-PT to solve the ordinary differential equations describing the motion of particles. An element-by-element tracking algorithm is used for efficient particle tracking over the mesh. ERDC-PT tracks particles along the closed and free surface boundaries by velocity projection and stops tracking when a particle encounters the open boundary. In addition to passive particles, ERDC-PT can transport behavioral species, such as oyster larvae. This report is the first report of the series describing the technical details of the tracking engine. It details the governing equation and numerical approaching associated with ERDC-PT Version 1.0 contents.
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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from IMX-104 mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42163.

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The environmental fate and transport of energetic compounds on military training ranges are largely controlled by the particle characteristics of low-order detonations. This study demonstrated a method of command detonation, field sampling, laboratory processing, and analysis techniques for characterizing low-order detonation particles from 60 mm and 81 mm mortar rounds containing the insensitive munition formulation IMX-104. Particles deposited from three rounds of each caliber were comprehensively sampled and characterized for particle size, energetic purity, and morphology. The 60 mm rounds were command-detonated low order consistently (seven low-order detonations of seven tested rounds), with con-sumption efficiencies of 62%–80% (n = 3). The 81 mm rounds detonated low order inconsistently (three low-order detonations of ten tested rounds), possibly because the rounds were sourced from manufacturing test runs. These rounds had lower consumption efficiencies of 39%–64% (n = 3). Particle-size distributions showed significant variability between munition calibers, between rounds of the same caliber, and with distance from the detonation point. The study reviewed command-detonation configurations, particle transfer losses during sampling and particle-size analysis, and variations in the energetic purity of recovered particles. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles from command detonation to analysis.
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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45260.

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Empirical measurements of the spatial distribution, particle-size distribution, mass, morphology, and energetic composition of particles from low-order (LO) detonations are critical to accurately characterizing environ-mental impacts on military training ranges. This study demonstrated a method of generating and characterizing LO-detonation particles, previously applied to insensitive munitions, to 81 mm mortar rounds containing the conventional explosive formulation Composition B. The three sampled rounds had estimated detonation efficiencies ranging from 64% to 82% as measured by sampled residual energetic material. For all sampled rounds, energetic deposition rates were highest closer to the point of detonation; however, the mass per radial meter varied. The majority of particles (>60%), by mass, were <2 mm in size. However, the spatial distribution of the <2 mm particles from the point of detonation varied be-tween the three sampled rounds. In addition to the particle-size-distribution results, several method performance observations were made, including command-detonation configurations, sampling quality control, particle-shape influence on laser-diffraction particle-size analysis (LD-PSA), and energetic purity trends. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of Composition B LO-detonation particles from command detonation through combined analysis by LD-PSA and sieving.
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Ley, M., Zane Lloyd, Shinhyu Kang, and Dan Cook. Concrete Pavement Mixtures with High Supplementary Cementitious Materials Content: Volume 3. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-032.

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Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion, made up of particles that are collected through various methods. This by-product has been used successfully as a partial Portland cement replacement in concrete, but the performance predictions of fly ash in concrete have been difficult to predict, especially at high fly ash replacement rates. This study focuses on comparing the performance of concrete with a variety of fly ash mixtures as well as the particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash. The slump, unit weight, compressive strength, and isothermal calorimetry tests were used to measure the performance of concrete at 0%, 20%, and 40% fly ash replacement levels. The particle distribution of fly ash was measured with an automated scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the major and minor oxides from the chemical makeup of fly ash were measured for each mixture and inputted into a table. The particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash were compared to the performance of slump, unit weight, compressive strength, isothermal calorimetry, and surface electrical resistivity.
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Ham, V. Fracture of tellurium powder particles during particle size analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6838339.

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Prescott, G. H., and B. R. Steele. Particle curtain generator for optical property measurements of solid particles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6184172.

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Green, D. Particle physics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10156370.

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Nefkens, B. M. K. Particle physics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6137538.

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Galic, H., F. Lehar, and P. R. Kettle. Current experiments in particle physics - particle data group. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/469140.

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