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Keil, Charles. "Participatory Discrepancies and the Power of Music." Cultural Anthropology 2, no. 3 (August 1987): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1987.2.3.02a00010.
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Keil, Charles. "The Theory of Participatory Discrepancies: A Progress Report." Ethnomusicology 39, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852198.
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Butterfield, Matthew. "Participatory Discrepancies and the Perception of Beats in Jazz." Music Perception 27, no. 3 (February 1, 2010): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2010.27.3.157.
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A POPULAR THEORY HOLDS THAT "SWING" STEMS specifically from asynchronous timing between bass and drums in their shared articulation of the beat, a phenomenon Charles Keil has dubbed "participatory discrepancies" (PDs; Keil, 1987). The "push and pull" between these instruments purportedly generates a "productive tension" thought to drive the groove with energy. This paper presents the results of two experiments on the perception of PDs. Experiment 1 employed synthetic recordings of a conventional swing groove in which the onset asynchronies between bass and drums were varied. Participants used three listening strategies to perceive the asynchrony and its purported effects. Experiment 2 employed recordings of professional jazz musicians and tested for the effects of learning in the perception of PDs. Little evidence emerged from either experiment in support of the PD framework. An alternative proposal drawn from metric entrainment theory explains the effects of PDs as more limited and local than previously thought.
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Sanjek, Roger. "Worth Holding Onto: the participatory discrepancies of political activism." City Society 14, no. 1 (January 2002): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.2002.14.1.103.
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McElfish, Pearl Anna, Britni L. Ayers, Rachel S. Purvis, Christopher R. Long, Ka’imi Sinclair, Monica Esquivel, and Susan C. Steelman. "Best practices for community-engaged participatory research with Pacific Islander communities in the USA and USAPI: protocol for a scoping review." BMJ Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): e019653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019653.
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IntroductionCommunity-based participatory research is a partnership approach to research that seeks to equally involve community members, organisational representatives and academic partners throughout the research process in a coequal and mutually beneficial partnership. To date, no published article has synthesised the best practices for community-based participatory research practices with Pacific Islanders.Methods and analysisThe reviewers will examine studies’ titles, abstracts and full text, comparing eligibility to address discrepancies. For each eligible study, data extraction will be executed by two reviewers and one confirmation coder, comparing extracted data to address any discrepancies. Eligible data will be synthesised and reported in a narrative review assessing coverage and gaps in existing literature related to community-based participatory research with Pacific Islanders.Discussion and disseminationThe purpose of this review is to identify best practices used when conducting community-based participatory research with Pacific Islanders; it will also extrapolate where the gaps are in the existing literature. This will be the first scoping review on community-based participatory research with Pacific Islanders. To facilitate dissemination, the results of this scoping review will be submitted for publication to a peer-reviewed journal, presented at conferences and shared with community-based participatory research stakeholders.
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Progler, J. A. "Searching for Swing: Participatory Discrepancies in the Jazz Rhythm Section." Ethnomusicology 39, no. 1 (1995): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852199.
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Cowdery, James R., Dane L. Harwood, James Kippen, Michele Kisliuk, David Locke, Eddie S. Meadows, Leonard B. Meyer, et al. "[The Theory of Participatory Discrepancies: A Progress Report; Searching for Swing: Participatory Discrepancies in the Jazz Rhythm Section; Rhythm as Duration of Sounds in "Tumba Francesa"]: Responses." Ethnomusicology 39, no. 1 (1995): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852201.
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Keil, Charles, and J. A. Progler. "[The Theory of Participatory Discrepancies: A Progress Report; Searching for Swing: Participatory Discrepancies in the Jazz Rhythm Section; Rhythm as Duration of Sounds in "Tumba Francesa"]: Rejoinders." Ethnomusicology 39, no. 1 (1995): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852202.
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Gaunt, Kyra D. "Got Rhythm?: difficult encounters in theory and practice and other participatory discrepancies in music." City Society 14, no. 1 (January 2002): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.2002.14.1.119.
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Wallin, Ida, Julia Carlsson, and Hans Peter Hansen. "Envisioning future forested landscapes in Sweden – Revealing local-national discrepancies through participatory action research." Forest Policy and Economics 73 (December 2016): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.07.010.
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Garau, Enrica, Josep Vila-Subiros, Josep Pueyo-Ros, and Anna Ribas Palom. "Where Do Ecosystem Services Come From? Assessing and Mapping Stakeholder Perceptions on Water Ecosystem Services in the Muga River Basin (Catalonia, Spain)." Land 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100385.
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Reductions in water availability and increasing rainfall variability are generating a narrative of growing competition for water in the Mediterranean basin. In this article, we explore the distribution and importance of water resources in the Muga River Basin (Catalonia, Spain) based on key stakeholders’ perceptions. We performed a sociocultural evaluation of the main water ecosystem services in the region through stakeholder interviews and participatory mapping. The basin was generally perceived as a hotspot of ecosystem services, but we detected varying opinions and considerable differences in the perceptions of importance and spatial distribution of water ecosystem services. These discrepancies were linked to the varying levels of stakeholders’ dependence on water. Our findings are important for contributing to correct water planning and management in the river basin, which is a complex water social system marked by conflicts between different stakeholder groups vying for the same resource. This complex situation requires bottom-up strategies to create transparent, participatory decision-making models.
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Germiquet, Nicole. "A re-contextualisation of Charles Keil's theory of participatory discrepancies in the music of the Presbyterian Church of Mozambique." Journal of the Musical Arts in Africa 10, no. 1 (December 2013): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18121004.2013.846984.
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Hugaerts, Ine, Jeroen Scheerder, Kobe Helsen, Joris Corthouts, Erik Thibaut, and Thomas Könecke. "Sustainability in Participatory Sports Events: The Development of a Research Instrument and Empirical Insights." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 6034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116034.
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The United Nations (UN) considers sports as an important enabler of sustainable development. The popular and fast-growing Participatory Sports Event (PSE) sector can play an important role in this regard, however, research that measures and reports sustainability in PSEs is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to construct and validate a research instrument based on the UN’s sustainable development goals, and to examine sustainability in PSEs. To this end, an online survey was administered among a representative sample of 303 PSE organisers, located in Flanders, Belgium. A confirmatory factor analysis affirmed the social, economic and environmental dimensions of the instrument and provided evidence for its validity and reliability. The results reveal significant discrepancies between the three dimensions, with a noticeable lower score for environmental sustainability compared to social and economic sustainability. Furthermore, challenges are highlighted in the field of the civil society sector and in walking sports events. The findings also indicate that large-sized events are more likely to be sustainable. The current study can act as a foundation for future research on sustainability in PSEs and can assist PSE organisers and policymakers to increase the sustainability-related performance of the sector.
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Baleige, Anna, Mathilde Guernut, and Frédéric Denis. "Trans Expertise and the Revision and Translation of ICD-11: An Analysis of Available French Data from a Trans Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 11983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911983.
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Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals’ depsychopathologization in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) faces systemic discriminations built-in epistemic pipelines. Based on an analysis of unexploited data from ICD-11 and the French translation process, this article addresses power issues in participatory research and systemic discrimination within a socio-cultural context. We used a peer-driven participatory approach to conduct qualitative analyses of the French version of the ICD based on contributions from 72 TGD participants in the French study for ICD-11. The results highlight a major incongruence between participants’ propositions and the final official translation. Alternative terms were proposed and discussed by participants in regard to usage and concepts, but also encompassed participation and perceived futility of maintaining pathologization. We found discrepancies in the French publication and translation processes, respectively on gender categorization and back translation. These results question the relevance and implementation of ICD-11 for TGD communities and highlight failures at all three stages of the official French translation. Power issues have an impact on knowledge production and, while mechanisms vary, all relate to epistemic injustice. Involving TGD communities in all stages of medical knowledge production processes would reduce transphobic biases. Individuals with personal stakes involved in politicized research areas appear all the more necessary today.
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Gerardi, Guadalupe. "Interrogating Monstrosity and the Grotesque in Griselda Gambaro’s Nada que ver and Nada que ver con otra historia." Latin American Literary Review 49, no. 99 (September 9, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26824/lalr.311.
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This article examines the use of the grotesque in Griselda Gambaro’s play, Nada que ver, and her novel Nada que ver con otra historia. The discussion first establishes key intertextual connections between Gambaro’s work and other literary and theatrical antecedents, to then focus in detail on Gambaro’s own use of the grotesque. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the grotesque acts as a differentiating trope built around discrepancies between the dictatorial state and the monstrous. This contrast is epitomised at one extreme through the allusions to Onganía’s regime in Argentina and, at the other, through a man-made creature that has a leading role in both texts. This article argues that, in Gambaro’s work, the grotesque constitutes a new value of embodiment, subverting and generating new practices of visibility which allow for participatory spectatorship and political readings.
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Gilfoyle, Meghan, Anne MacFarlane, and Jon Salsberg. "Conceptualising, operationalising and measuring trust in participatory health research networks: a scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e038840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038840.
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IntroductionA participatory approach to co-creating new knowledge in health research has gained significant momentum in recent decades. This is founded on the described benefits of community-based participatory research (CBPR), such as increased relevance of research for those who must act on its findings. This has prompted researchers to better understand how CBPR functions to achieve these benefits through building sustainable research partnerships. Several studies have identified ‘trust’ as a key mechanism to achieve sustainable partnerships, which themselves constitute social networks. Although existing literature discuss trust and CBPR, or trust and social networks, preliminary searches reveal that none link all three concepts of trust, CBPR and social networks. Thus, we present our scoping review protocol to systematically review and synthesise the literature exploring how trust is conceptualised, operationalised and measured in CBPR and social networks.Methods and analysisThis protocol follows guidelines from Levac et al (Scoping studies: advancing themethodology. Implement Sci 2010;5:69), which follow the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley. This scoping review explores several electronic databases including Scopus, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and PsychINFO. Grey literature such as theses/dissertations and reports will be included. A search strategy was identified and agreed on by the team in conjunction with a research librarian. Two independent reviewers will screen articles by title and abstract, then by full text based on pre-determined exclusion/inclusion criteria. A third reviewer will arbitrate discrepancies regarding inclusions/exclusions. We plan to incorporate a thematic analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthics is not required for this review specifically. It is a component of a larger study that received ethical approval from the University of Limerick research ethics committee (#2018_05_12_EHS). Translation of results to key domains is integrated through active collaboration of stakeholders from community, health services and academic sectors. Findings will be disseminated through academic conferences, and peer review publications targeting public and patient involvement in health research.
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Freeman, Julie, and Sora Park. "Rural realities." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 9, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-03-2015-0012.
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Purpose – This article explores challenges for rural Australian local governments during the transition to high-speed broadband infrastructure. Despite the National Broadband Network’s promised ubiquitous connectivity, significant access discrepancies remain between rural and urban areas. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical findings are drawn from a full-day workshop on digital connectivity, which included participants from seven rural local governments in New South Wales, Australia. Thematic analysis of the workshop transcript was undertaken to extrapolate recurring nuances of rural digital exclusion. Findings – Rural communities face inequitable prospects for digital inclusion, and authorities confront dual issues of accommodating connected and unconnected citizens. Many areas have no or poor broadband access, and different digital engagement expectations are held by citizens and local governments. Citizens seek interactive opportunities, but rural authorities often lack the necessary resources to offer advanced participatory practices. Research limitations/implications – While this research draws from a small sample of government officials, their insights are, nonetheless, heuristically valuable in identifying connectivity issues faced in rural Australia. These issues can guide further research into other regions as well as civic experiences of digital inclusion. Practical implications – There is a need to reconceive Australia’s current policy approach to broadband. Greater rural digital inclusion may be achieved by focusing on connectivity as a public interest goal, targeting infrastructure developments to suit local contexts and implementing participatory digital government practices. Originality/value – The actions suggested would help ensure equity of digital inclusion across Australian municipal areas. Without such changes, there is a risk of rural citizens facing further marginalisation through digital exclusion.
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Fiuza Asorey, María José, Manoel Baña Castro, and Luisa Losada Puente. "BReflections on a school for all: perceptions of families and teachers regarding the culture, policy, and practice of inclusion in Galicia." Aula Abierta 50, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rifie.50.1.2021.525-534.
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This paper examines, for the first time in Galicia (Spain), the culture, policy and practice of teachers and families in six primary schools, with the aim of understanding their reality from an inclusive perspective and, subsequently, being able to establish some course of action for improvement. Within the framework of participatory, descriptive, exploratory and explanatory research, an adaptation of the Index for Inclusion (Booth & Ainscow, 2011) was applied to a sample of 158 families and 85 teachers. Although both groups advocated for an inclusive education, there were some discrepancies between the intentions and the daily reality of schools. Differences between culture and practice were probably the element that most brought those contradictions to light. Some steps towards inclusion have been taken so far, generating a debate on how to improve it in schools. That debate has been led separately by education administrators, teachers or families of students with special educational needs, but a joint analysis of the voices of all families and teachers, key agents to promote a school for all, has been left aside. It is about time new trails were blazed to stimulate reflection and allow for further progress on the path to total inclusion.
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Załęczna, Magdalena. "Public Participation in Land Use Planning and the Building of a Civil Society." Real Estate Management and Valuation 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2018-0013.
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Abstract Poland is going through the process of building social capital. The process requires citizens’ involvement in local matters. The country has created institutional instruments to foster a sense of collective responsibility for local matters, such as public consultations and debates, access to public information, referenda, and participatory budgeting. The practical use of these instruments and the slow process of building a civil society, however, pose a problem. Land use planning has a multifaceted character and is the arena for many local conflicts frequently fuelled by discrepancies between private and public interests. The participation of local communities provides an opportunity to work out socially acceptable solutions and helps identify likely sources of conflicts, as well as preventing the isolation of local authorities. It is also a necessary building block in creating a civil society. The author’s search for the causes of citizens’ reluctance to actively participate in land use planning processes is set in the context of social capital and the laborious process of building a civil society. The conclusions of the study offer a critical perspective on the current solutions regulating the residents’ involvement in land use planning. The study is based on a review of literature and the author’s own research.
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Najda-Janoszka, Marta, and Magdalena Sawczuk. "Cultural Authority with a Light Touch – Museums Using Humor in Social Media Communication." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 22, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2020.2.299.
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The distinctively informal and participatory environment of social media can help museums improve comprehension by providing new ways of seeing, interpreting and experiencing. Aparticular potential in that digital context may relate to a humorous discourse. Given that museum research has yet to explore the use of humor in social media communication, the aim of this article is to fill the gap by investigating how museums incorporate humor to communicate over the net with wide and fragmented audiences. The empirical study was based on a content analysis of messages posted on the social media profiles of museums from the Mal opolska Region in Poland. The analysis involved material gathered from 71 institutions running proprietary social media sites (of a total 119 museums in the region), whose activity was observed during a two-and-a-half-month period. The final sample developed through a consensus coding procedure consisted of 47 humorous messages posted on profiles of 15 institutions. The findings identify certain common trends as well as differences in the use of humor in the social media communication of museums. Observed discrepancies relate to distinct framings and cohesiveness of practiced humorous communication. Along with a variety of humorous utterances different reactions of the audience were identified.
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Keryan, Tigran, Andreas Muhar, Tamara Mitrofanenko, Ashot Khoetsyan, and Verena Radinger-Peer. "Towards Implementing Transdisciplinarity in Post-Soviet Academic Systems: An Investigation of the Societal Role of Universities in Armenia." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 8721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208721.
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The concept of transdisciplinarity (TD) has been introduced to find solutions for complex sustainability challenges via knowledge co-production by scientists and societal actors. The understanding of the societal role of universities is a critical factor when implementing transdisciplinarity in the academic systems of Post-Soviet countries, given their historic development. Using Armenia as a case, we adopted a qualitative research approach by analyzing legal documents, conducting semi-structured expert interviews and focus group discussions with a range of stakeholders. We identified discrepancies of expectations between stakeholders as challenges for a joint understanding of the societal role of universities, as well as differently perceived competences and motivations, which can lead to trust deficits. The results are discussed according to four main features of transdisciplinarity: focusing on real-life problems, transcending and integrating disciplinary paradigms, ensuring participatory research and teaching, and searching for unity of knowledge beyond disciplines. Findings show that no formal obstacles exist for implementing transdisciplinarity in two Armenian universities and that the societal understanding of the role of universities could be expanded. Yet, while society is in principle ready for collaboration, the initiative is expected to come from academia. A particular responsibility will lie with teachers from the younger generation to become key-agents for change.
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VAN ASTEN, P. J. A., S. KAARIA, A. M. FERMONT, and R. J. DELVE. "CHALLENGES AND LESSONS WHEN USING FARMER KNOWLEDGE IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006984.
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SUMMARYFarmer participatory research (FPR) approaches are now considered mainstream and are especially applicable for developing appropriate technology options in complex, diverse and risk-prone regions, where local adaptations are crucial. Although the advantages of using farmer knowledge to guide scientific research are numerous and well documented, the challenges and potential pitfalls that befall biophysical researchers, in particular, when using FPR approaches have received much less attention, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Our experiences show that in certain cases, the methods used to collect farmer knowledge are flawed, leading to inaccurate or incomplete information being gathered. This potentially leads to the development and promotion of unsustainable, unprofitable or socially unacceptable technologies. This paper uses a series of examples to illustrate that discrepancies between farmer and researcher observations may occur because (i) farmers and scientists may not have sufficient insight into the systems complexity, (ii) farmers and scientists use different reference frameworks, and (iii) methodological errors may lead to farmers intentionally or unintentionally providing false or ‘desired’ information to achieve (short-term) benefits. This paper concludes by providing guidelines to improve the integration of farmer and scientific knowledge in order to develop appropriate technology options that are both environmentally sound and adaptable to local conditions.
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Danciulescu, Maria Mihaela, Iuliana Orvas, Anda Crisan, and Amelia Dracea. "ONCOLOGICAL TREATMENT FROM PATIENTS’ ANGLE." Medico Oncology 2, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52701/monc.2021.v2i1.19.
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Background/Aims: Conducive to improve the participatory process, it is necessary to identify the factors that modulate the perception of risks and benefits of any therapy; in this context, this paper aims to achieve a better understanding of patients' perspectives on cancer treatment to help identify possible discrepancies, resulting in optimizing and customizing various therapeutic strategies and increasing their compliance with treatment.
Materials and Methods: The present study was performed on a group consisting of 83 patients hospitalized between April 15 and May 15, 2018 in the Oncology Department of the Municipal Hospital "Philanthropy" in Craiova.
In order to assess their perception of the risks / benefits of cancer treatment, a questionnaire based on CTSQ was developed.
Results: 39.76% of patients are convinced that oncological treatment will certainly cure them; 43.37% mistakenly believe that cancer therapy can surely prevent cancer spreading; 44.58% of patients consider that therapy limits their activity; 78.31% of the surveyed patients consider that they have always been informed about the potential benefits of the treatment, while 77.11% regarding risks; only 27.71% would definitely opt for the same therapy.
Conclusion: This study showed a lower-than-expected level of understanding of cancer treatment. The results obtained in this study should be interpreted with caution, as it is necessary to study a much larger batch to validate them.
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Jannah, Lina Miftahul, Muhammad Yasin Sipahutar, and Desy Hariyati. "Public Information Disclosure: Mapping the Understanding of Multiple Actors in Corruption- Prone Indonesian Provinces." Policy & Governance Review 4, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v4i3.321.
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Recent scholarships in public administration and legal studies have agreed on the role of public information disclosure as a necessary requirement in eradicating corruption. Moreover, it is evident that accessibility of public information to the citizen helps to improve governance reform and policy making. In that situation, the citizen is involved in the participatory process and subsequently tightens public oversight to the government. Nevertheless, the literature might only be valid in relatively homogenous societies or in countries successfully achieving their development goals. This article seeks to confront this scholarship to the prevalence of a country experiencing ongoing construction of administrative law framework amidst discrepancies of development progress across regions. Three provinces in Indonesia are chosen to explain this matter by identifying relevant actors and mapping their understanding about public information disclosure against corruption. We employ qualitative research by process-tracing methods to identify causal mechanisms over multiple determining factors affecting the understanding. Data is inquired through in-depth interviews and analyses of open, accessible electronic data. Our recent work progress suggests that impediments to undertake public information disclosure against corruption come from very basic situations, including a sort of misunderstanding of predefined terminology between disclosed or classified information to the public and over-reliance on prevailing laws related to the issue without any improvements of the regulatory framework or policy instruments.
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Reaver, Kai. "Mixed Reality in Multiuser Participatory Design: Case Study of the Design of the 2022 Nordic Pavilion Exhibition at the Venice Biennale." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111920.
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The case study documents the design process of the physical and digital versions of the heritage-valued Nordic pavilion at the Venice Biennale. The case facilitated a multiuser collaboration in mixed reality (MR), studying the technologies’ influence upon user interactions and design decision making. Retitled as the ‘Sami Pavilion’ in tribute to the Sami artists from Norway, Sweden, and Finland, which the exhibition featured, the case study took place between 2019 and 2022, primarily during the COVID-19 pandemic. The context of the case study prompted a need to explore MR methods to overcome travel restrictions. While MR has shown some interesting utility in design research, the literature indicates the need for more concrete case work. It also was necessary to design a custom solution for multiuser collaboration. As the transferability of predictive design decisions in MR to the physical building relied upon replication between user experiences, the case embodied interesting challenges to prevalent Nordic architectural theory, particularly that of ‘genius loci’ or the ‘spirit of place’, which was a strong component of the heritage value of the building and, thus, an important design narrative. The case study documents how artworks and positions of artworks were tested in various configurations within the MR model by curators and designers to simulate the spatial experience of the design options. Several key design decisions were made based on the unique vantage points offered in MR. The MR model was then used to generate 2D technical documentation and installation instructions, which were installed on site. Studies to check the relationship between the MR model and the finished, physical result were conducted. Findings depicted a high degree of transferability between the MR model and the physical exhibition while noting discrepancies between the field of view (FOV) in the MR and physical spaces in which objects felt smaller in the real-life, built result. Possibilities and limitations for future MR implementation in the design and construction of complex projects in heritage situations are discussed in addition to implications for current architectural theory regarding place and experience from a non-dualistic perspective.
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AMMAN, HANS M., and ANANTHA KUMAR DURAIAPPAH. "Land tenure and conflict resolution: a game theoretic approach in the Narok district in Kenya." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 3 (May 19, 2004): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03001268.
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Many conflicts in many parts of the developing world can be traced to disputes over land ownership, land use and land degradation. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that information asymmetries among various principals within these countries in land tenure and market systems have caused marginalization of some principals by the others. A sustained process of marginalization driven by these asymmetries has inevitably caused the disadvantaged to revolt resulting in many cases in violent clashes. In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model to test our hypothesis by analyzing the complex interdependencies existing among the various principals in the Narok District in Kenya. Violent clashes have been increasing in the district since the first outbreak in 1993. Preliminary results seem to confirm our hypothesis that asymmetrical information structures among the various principals over land and agricultural markets could have been the catalytic forces for these conflicts. In order to reduce these discrepancies, we recommend two institutional reforms. The first involves the adoption of a hybrid land tenure system whereby land ownership is based on individual titles while the use and sale of the land is governed by communal rules established by a community participatory proceeds. The second recommendation involves the formation of an information network comprising of all principals with the main objective of it being a forum for exchange of ideas and information pertaining to land use options and the opportunities offered by the market system.
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Lee, Elizabeth C., Ali Arab, Vittoria Colizza, and Shweta Bansal. "Spatial aggregation choice in the era of digital and administrative surveillance data." PLOS Digital Health 1, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): e0000039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000039.
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Traditional disease surveillance is increasingly being complemented by data from non-traditional sources like medical claims, electronic health records, and participatory syndromic data platforms. As non-traditional data are often collected at the individual-level and are convenience samples from a population, choices must be made on the aggregation of these data for epidemiological inference. Our study seeks to understand the influence of spatial aggregation choice on our understanding of disease spread with a case study of influenza-like illness in the United States. Using U.S. medical claims data from 2002 to 2009, we examined the epidemic source location, onset and peak season timing, and epidemic duration of influenza seasons for data aggregated to the county and state scales. We also compared spatial autocorrelation and tested the relative magnitude of spatial aggregation differences between onset and peak measures of disease burden. We found discrepancies in the inferred epidemic source locations and estimated influenza season onsets and peaks when comparing county and state-level data. Spatial autocorrelation was detected across more expansive geographic ranges during the peak season as compared to the early flu season, and there were greater spatial aggregation differences in early season measures as well. Epidemiological inferences are more sensitive to spatial scale early on during U.S. influenza seasons, when there is greater heterogeneity in timing, intensity, and geographic spread of the epidemics. Users of non-traditional disease surveillance should carefully consider how to extract accurate disease signals from finer-scaled data for early use in disease outbreaks.
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Kumar, P., S. K. Dash, R. R. Thakur, S. Jonna, and S. Tripathi. "Space Based Information Support for Decentralised Planning (SIS-DP)-A case study in Balangir District,Odisha, India." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1145-2014.
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The state government is now focusing on decentralized planning and created administrative infrastructure for Gram Panchayat (Village Community) level planning in participatory way. The people are now opening up and started taking part in planning process at grass root level. In order to involve the people and make planning exercise more effective, National Remote Sensing Centre(ISRO), Dept. of Space(DOS) have begun activities using GIS and Communication Technology(Geo-Ict). Considering the potential of Geo-Ict a project titled "Space Based Information Support for Decentralized Planning (SIS-DP)" was launched by NRSC/ISRO under PC-NNRMS, DOS, Govt. of India. Odisha Space Applications Centre as a partner institution, have ful-filled the commitment of generating thematic information on 1 : 10 K from High resolution satellite data (Ortho-Rectified Cartosat-1 & LISS-IV data) for the state of Odisha. Thematic information on Land use, Settlements, Infrastructure and drainage have been generated and started dissemination to the users. The attribute information available from line department have also been linked to spatial framework of the SIS-DP layers. In the present study Bolangir, a drought prone and backward district is taken up. Total 285 thematic maps have been prepared at Gram Panchayat level keeping a buffer of 1.5 km to locally adjust any discrepancies in the boundary. User workshop and awareness campaigns were conducted and feed backs have been collected on Land Utilization Types (LUT). It is felt that extension of these services to the entire State have a strong bearing on improved strategy and planning process by the State.
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Arjjumend, Hasrat, and Konstantia Koutouki. "Assessment of Domestic Policies Guiding the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits From Utilization of Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 3, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v3i1.4856.
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The objective of the Nagoya Protocol guides Parties to regulate illegitimate access and utilization of biological resources or associated traditional knowledge, and also directs Parties to share with fairness, equity and justice the monetary or non-monetary benefits arising out of utilization of genetic resources. In a nod to the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous People, the Nagoya Protocol binds the Parties to create access and benefit sharing (ABS) laws, policies or administrative measures as envisaged in Articles 5.2 and 5.5 of the Protocol, and obliges the States to allow for benefits to flow to Indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). Present paper is based on an opinion survey of academic/research institutions, civil society organizations and concerned individuals apart from competent national authorities of Asian countries. Review of secondary information, especially domestic ABS laws of relevant countries, and participant observation were other means of legal and policy analysis. The findings of this paper illustrate that the accrued benefits from the utilization of genetic resources or traditional knowledge are not adequately realized by Indigenous people or local communities. State sovereignty occupies dominance when justice and equity principles are considered in benefit sharing mechanism. It leads to the infringement of Indigenous rights and conservation objectives. Discrepancies in domestic ABS laws and in the frameworks for their implementation could be addressed by ensuring the participation of ILCs in domestic ABS rulemaking, decision-making processes, and the participatory execution of ABS mechanisms at all levels. The resulting gains in efficiency in the ABS process could then better achieve the goal of conserving and sustainably using biodiversity, while also ensuring respect for the rights of Indigenous people.
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Buffey, Aidan John, Brian Carson, Alan Donnelly, and Jon Salsberg. "Participatory approaches in the context of research into workplace health promotion to improve physical activity levels and reduce sedentary behaviour among office-based workers: protocol for a scoping review." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e054402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054402.
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IntroductionPhysical activity (PA) workplace health promotion (WHP) interventions have traditionally used a top-down research approach where end-users are considered as passive subjects. Whereas participatory research (PR) involves the end-users within the research process utilising a bottom-up approach which allows the integration of the researcher’s expertise and the end-users lived experiences, which has been shown to aid in the acceptability and relevance of the research. This protocol describes a scoping review which will explore, identify and map PR techniques and their impact when used in office-based WHP interventions designed to improve PA and reduce sedentary behaviour levels.Methods and analysisThis scoping review will follow the guidelines and framework proposed by Levac et al and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Articles will be retrieved via five databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and OpenGrey, searching from 1 January 1995, to the date of search in 2022. A search strategy was piloted, to identify appropriate keywords and MeSH terms. Two independent reviewers will screen retrieved articles based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria by title and abstract first, followed by the full text. Our key inclusion criteria relating to our population, intervention, comparison, outcome framework will be to include studies which focused on office-based working adults and that the PA WHP took a PR approach. Articles written in non-English languages will be excluded. Any discrepancies will be discussed until a consensus is reached. Data will be extracted, charted and summarised via a narrative synthesis and qualitative thematic analyses.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was not required for this scoping review. The completed scoping review findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal which has a research scope that encompasses PR and WHP. The findings will be presented at appropriate academic conferences and to project partners to inform the design of a WHP intervention.
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Plagg, Barbara, Adolf Engl, Giuliano Piccoliori, Hermann Atz, Ulrich Becker, Johann Kiem, Verena Barbieri, et al. "Mutual Role Expectations by Patients and General Practitioners—A Mixed Methods Study on Complementarity." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102101.
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Background: Changes in public attitudes toward “authorities” in general, as well as shifts in medical practice toward participative models of diagnosis and treatment, imply fundamental transformations in the patient–doctor relationship. However, consistency in reciprocal role expectations cannot be assumed, and this study reveals significant discrepancies in attitudes and behaviors in primary health consultations. Methods: We conducted a study in the tri-lingual northeastern Italian region of South Tyrol to determine whether perceptions of the patient’s role were congruent or differed. In a mixed method approach, the quantitative research part consisted of a survey with 34 identical questions for general practitioners (n = 109) and adult primary care patients (n = 506) on verbal communication, self-initiative and health literacy, interpersonal and social qualities of the patient–physician relationship, and formal aspects of the consultation. Patients were interviewed via telephone, and general practitioners responded online. In the qualitative part, 26 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the patients and analyzed. Results: General practitioners considered patients’ communicative efforts (p < 0.001), self-initiative (p < 0.001), compliance (p = 0.0026), and openness regarding psychosocial issues (p < 0.001) to be significantly more important, whereas patients showed a tendency to give increased importance to formal aspects such as politeness and hygiene (p < 0.001). Perception of the patient’s role differed significantly between the Italian and German linguistic groups. Conclusions: Patients and general practitioners differ in their understanding of patients’ roles. These data suggest that a considerable proportion of the population lacks a clear and tangible idea of the active role they could play in consultations. Targeted information on the identified aspects of patient–provider communication may facilitate participatory behavior and positively impact the longitudinal quality of the patient–general practitioner relationship.
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Gardner, Andrew, Kate Filia, Eóin Killackey, and Sue Cotton. "The social inclusion of young people with serious mental illness: A narrative review of the literature and suggested future directions." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418804065.
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Background: Social inclusion involves objective participatory (e.g. education/employment) and subjective (e.g. sense of belonging/acceptance) elements across multiple domains. It has been associated with enhanced physical and mental wellbeing yet is a novel construct in the empirical literature (i.e. measures have not been sufficiently developed). Aims: Young people with serious mental illness are reported to be socially excluded. It is unclear whether this is reflected in the social inclusion/exclusion literature. The aim of this narrative review is to determine whether such literature permits a comprehensive (i.e. multi-dimensional, objective and subjective) understanding of social inclusion among young people with serious mental illness. Methods: Searches to identify studies related to the social inclusion and/or exclusion of young people with serious mental illness were conducted on 16 February 2016, 24 August 2016, 16 February 2017, 24 August 2017 and 16 February 2018 in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Open Grey, Web of Science, Google and Google Scholar. Results: There is a paucity of research in the explicit social inclusion literature involving young people either with or without serious mental illness as participants. Literatures exist in related independent areas of research (e.g. employment, social networks), but such studies employ heterogeneous methodologies. Conclusion: Multi-dimensional measures of social inclusion incorporating objective and subjective indicators must be developed for young people with and without serious mental illness. This will enable the generation of normative and clinical data. Existing evidence for the social exclusion of young people with serious mental illness comes from objective indicators in isolated domains (e.g. unemployment). Subjective indicators continue to be under-researched. The above-described measures must be employed to further understanding of the apparent discrepancies between young people with serious mental illness and those without serious mental illness. This will elucidate the relationships between objective and subjective elements of social inclusion and the relationships between these elements and the psychological distress that young people with serious mental illness often experience. This has implications for intervention.
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Costas-Muñiz, Rosario, Normarie Torres-Blasco, Eida M. Castro-Figueroa, Maria Claros, Bharat Narang, Oscar Galindo Vazquez, Fernanda Montaña, Jose C. Sanchez, and Francesca Gany. "International adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Latinos: Providers’ views on pre-implementation." Implementation Research and Practice 3 (January 2022): 263348952210962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26334895221096291.
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Background This qualitative study aims to identify facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP) by providers of mental health services to Latinos in the US and Latin America using the practical, robust implementation and sustainability model (PRISM). This information will be used to increase usability and acceptability of MCP for Latino patients with cancer and their providers in Latin America and the US. Methods A total of 14 Latino cancer patient mental health providers completed in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were recruited from 9 countries and 12 different sites. They provided feedback about barriers to and facilitators of implementation of MCP at the patient, provider, and clinic levels in their clinical setting. The qualitative data from the interviews was coded according to PRISM domains. Three analysts independently coded the transcripts; discrepancies between analysts were resolved through discussion and consensus. Results Based on PRISM, themes were: clinic environment (protected time for training and supervision), intervention characteristics (adapt the intervention using more simple language, include more visual aids, include more family-oriented content), patient (develop materials for the identification and screening of patients, provide educational materials, increase motivation and knowledge about psychotherapy, assess commitment to psychotherapy, adapt for the inpatient vs. outpatient setting), provider (receive interactive/participatory training, educational materials, ongoing supervision, have flexibility of delivering the intervention in a less structured manner, theoretical framework of the provider) and external environment (work at policy level to integrate services for oncology patients). Conclusion These qualitative data revealed potential facilitators and barriers of this intervention (MCP) on an international scale. Identified cultural, contextual, and healthcare systems factors illustrated the importance of examining pre-implementation needs prior to implementing a trial. We will design and plan a future RCT using the PRISM framework and these pre-implementation data. Plain Language Summary This study integrates frameworks of implementation science and cultural adaptation through the examination of pre-implementation contextual issues at the preparation phase of a cultural adaptation of a psychotherapeutic intervention, Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP), for Latinos with advanced cancer. By examining implementation needs early in the implementation process, during preparation, the intervention can be adapted in a way that attends to and addresses the providers’ most cited challenges in implementation: having a rigid protocol/structure, complexity of the intervention, disease burden preventing adherence to the intervention, transportation, and competing demands, and limited clinic space to offer the intervention.
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Schreider, Mario, Elvio O. Cano, and Alejandro R. Ruberto. "Modelo participativo de organización para la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos en la cuenca del río Tapenagá." Aqua-LAC 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2016): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29104/phi-aqualac/2016-v8-2-05.
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En la provincia del Chaco, República Argentina, se conformaron organizaciones de productores y pobladores rurales, que tenían como propósito el manejo del agua y el suelo en sus jurisdicciones, denominadas: Comisiones de Manejo de Agua y Suelo (COMAS). En la subcuenca alta del Río Tapenagá, un área de intensa actividad agrícola, se conformó una de ellas identificada como: COMAS 21-Colonia Bajo Hondo. Esta Comisión funcionó entre 1982 y 1986, luego de lo cual se disolvió envuelta en conflictos entre sus mismos integrantes por irreconciliables discrepancias sobre las obras y acciones que ejecutaban, así como cuestionamientos a los manejos administrativos y contables. Desde entonces a la fecha, por inquietud e iniciativa de los propios actores, hubo varios intentos de reflotarla, pero ante los recelos y dudas que se generaron en caer nuevamente en los problemas de discrecionalidad y visiones sectoriales, que había generado aquella crisis, estos intentos fracasaron invariablemente. Asimismo, ante la reiteración de las inundaciones y los graves daños e inconvenientes que provocaban, y en respuesta a los persistentes reclamos de la población, el gobierno provincial construyó una extensa red de desagües en la cuenca. Finalizadas estas obras sobrevino un período de varios años caracterizados por una importante sequía en la región, lo que dio lugar a nuevas controversias debido a que las obras fueron concebidas solo con el objeto de evacuar agua y sin contemplar la posibilidad de incorporar obras de contención para retener el recurso en épocas de déficit. En este contexto, los distintos sectores de la producción con actividad en la cuenca, reclaman una gestión del agua que contemple las características y particularidades ambientales de la cuenca, e integre los intereses de todos los actores. Este trabajo presenta un modelo de organización de los actores, a partir de las denominadas COMAS, contempladas en la legislación vigente, pero introduciendo las modificaciones necesarias a efectos de incorporar a todos los actores y superar las falencias que provocaron su crisis, con el propósito de contribuir a la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos. El modelo incorpora un segundo grado de organización, en el cual las COMAS se agrupan en subcomités en correspondencia con las subcuencas hidrológicas que conforman la cuenca. Estos subcomités a su vez, conforman un tercer grado de organización, el Comité de Cuenca, en un esquema integrador, sostenido en un proceso “de abajo hacia arriba” en el que, al tiempo que se promueve la participación y el enriquecimiento del proceso de gestión, se respetan los roles institucionales de los actores involucrados
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Hameleers, Michael, and Rens Vliegenthart. "Framing the Participatory Society: Measuring Discrepancies Between Interpretation Frames and Media Frames." International Journal of Public Opinion Research, December 22, 2016, edw032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw032.
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Butterfield, Matthew W. "The Power of Anacrusis." Music Theory Online 12, no. 4 (December 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.30535/mto.12.4.2.
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In 1966, Charles Keil introduced the term “engendered feeling” to capture a crucial aspect of jazz performance practice, that certain something beyond notation that performers add to music to make it “swing.” Engendered feeling subsumes the sense of rhythmic propulsion that Andre Hodeir once referred to as “vital drive,” the impulse that makes music come alive and induces listeners to movement. It stems, Keil insisted, not from syntactical processes that can be represented in common musical notation, but from musicians’ use of expressive microtiming at the sub-syntactical level in sustaining a rhythmic groove, a phenomenon he later dubbed “participatory discrepancies.” Research on expressive microtiming in jazz and other groove-based musics has largely followed suit and neglected the relevance of syntactical pattern for the production of engendered feeling. By contrast, I propose that engendered feeling arises from the systematic interaction of participatory discrepancies with aspects of syntactical pattern. Supplementing Christopher Hasty’s theory of metric projection with empirical research on expressive microtiming, I show how participatory discrepancies, operating at the sub-syntactical level, condition the way we experience rhythmic grooves at the syntactical level specifically through the operation of anacrusis at multiple levels of rhythmic structure, for it is the strategic manipulation of anacrusis that drives an effective groove. Analysis of the ride rhythm in jazz, the basic rock drumbeat, and the groove pattern of Herbie Hancock’s “Chameleon” illustrate how variations in timing serve either to enhance or attenuate the affective power of anacrusis, leading to subtle differences in engendered feeling.
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Pandeya, Ganesh Prasad, Tatsuo Oyama, and Chakrapani Acharya. "Social mobilization and tackling the performance of local government in rural Nepal." Community Development Journal, November 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa058.
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Abstract Based on extensive fieldwork in two rural villages, this paper qualitatively examines how social mobilization initiatives influence local government (LG) performance in Nepal. LG mobilized community people to empower them for their effective participation in local planning and decision-making processes. Comparing with the prior period of mobilization, evidence demonstrates that mobilization promises to boost LG performance through empowering communities to enhance their agency and entitlements, promoting democratic and effective citizen participation, and strengthening LG responsiveness and social accountability. But these connections are not straightforward, as there appeared discrepancies in parallel in recognizing equal participation rights of disadvantaged groups and equitable distribution of public resources among social groups. The findings imply that mobilization can be an effective strategy for tackling many challenges of participatory institutions, as it tends to create social pressures for making participatory institutions more democratic and changing the local power dynamics in favour of disadvantaged groups.
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Gottlieb, N. D. "Structural and ethical challenges in participatory research with migrant and minority groups." European Journal of Public Health 29, Supplement_4 (November 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.764.
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Abstract Based on experiences with participatory research projects with forced migrant and ethnic minority groups in Germany, Israel and Canada, Dr. Gottlieb will first reflect on the structural challenges that especially young researchers face when doing - or intending to do - participatory research. Secondly, she will discuss ethical issues that can arise in participatory research, in particular when grave inequalities, fragmentations and conflicts within the researched communities exist. In such contexts, certain generally valid research ethical questions merit particular attention; e.g. the questions ‘Who represents whom?’, ‘Who gets access to the research process and its benefits?’ and ‘How are direct and indirect benefits distributed among different community members?’ Another set of questions concerns potential discrepancies between common goals in participatory research - such as empowerment, agency, leadership and innovation - and community norms. E.g., what is the risk of participatory research projects intensifying existing internal, e.g. intergenerational or gender-based, rifts and/or getting their practice partners into conflict with their communities and customs? To what extent ought research encourage individuals within a community to “go against the stream”? In light of (post-)colonial histories and trauma such questions can be especially charged, both politically and emotionally. It is therefore a huge responsibility for the researcher to carefully consider the role of the study within its wider context, to weigh its potential (intended and unintended) effects and broader outcomes on individual and community levels, and to balance them with the study goals and intended benefits and its consequences for health research.
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Siffels, Lotje E., Tamar Sharon, and Andrew S. Hoffman. "The participatory turn in health and medicine: The rise of the civic and the need to ‘give back’ in data-intensive medical research." Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00979-4.
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AbstractWhat has been called the “participatory turn” in health and medicine refers to a general shift from paternalistic and hierarchical, to more collaborative and egalitarian relationships between medical experts and patients/research participants; a shift from what the pragmatic sociologists Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) call a “domestic” to a “civic” order of worth. Critical scholarship on the participatory turn tends to emphasize discrepancies between ideals of equality and empowerment, and practices of increased individual responsibility and disempowerment. In this paper, we depart from this critical literature by suspending evaluation about authentic and inauthentic ideals and practices. Instead, we explore the issues and challenges that arise in the process of ensuring that ideal and practice align in what we call a civic-participatory style of doing medical research. Drawing on interviews and observations carried out with medical researchers, coordinators and assessors in a longitudinal cohort study called the Personalized Parkinson’s Project (PPP), we show that for study staff it is often unclear how they can meet the demands of reciprocity towards research participants that are presupposed by civic-participatory ideals. In particular, in the context of a study whose aim is the creation of a comprehensive dataset comprised of clinical, environmental and lifestyle data that study participants generously “give” over a period of 2 years, we observed a persistent concern on the part of study staff regarding what and how to “give back”. As we show, study staff negotiate and resolve this tension through recourse to creative workarounds and innovative ways of giving back, including frequent project and scientific updates, newsletters, the designation of personal assessors and pampering Event Days. The paper makes a contribution to the critical literature on the participatory turn by showing the utility of the orders of worth framework in probing the challenges and workarounds that emerge in settings where an incumbent style of organizing medical research (here, the 'civic') comes to challenge practices hitherto organized according to a wholly different logic (in this case, the 'domestic')—without making assumptions about the (in)authenticity of such ideals and practices. Moreover, we contend that this framework offers new tools for evaluating participatory research projects in the form of “good” or “successful” civic–domestic compromises.
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Nzau, Joslyn Muthio, Werner Ulrich, Marco Rieckmann, and Jan Christian Habel. "The need for local-adjusted Participatory Forest Management in biodiversity hotspots." Biodiversity and Conservation, April 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02393-x.
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AbstractNumerous conservation activities in Africa have been of little effect. In this study, we investigate socio-economic trade-offs that might have been overlooked, yet may undermine conservation action in discret pathways. Data was collected in three study sites with fragile forest ecosystems in south-eastern Kenya, through locally adapted structured surveys and semi-structured expert guides. These analyses are drawn from 827 structured surveys and 37 expert interviews, which were done during 2016–2018. We found general coherences between age, gender, ethnicity, indigenous knowledge, formal education, and higher incomes, which shapes forest conservation attitudes. Indigenous knowledge is marginal, and most people with formal education in the rural setting are likely to be young without legal land rights or among the minority with off-farm employment. The reluctance to address historical land injustices and inequitable sharing of entitlements and management authority overrides positive attitudes and intentions towards forest conservation in all three study sites. However, we found considerable discrepancies among the three study sites. For Arabuko Sokoke forest, the awareness of forest conservation was relatively low when compared with the other two study sites. Forests play a major role against the backdrop of resource use in all three regions. But, different ecosystem services are used among the three study sites. For environmental education and communication, internet plays a comparatively minor role. Strategies to preserve forest differ among the three study sites: Reforestation is proposed in cloud forests of Taita Hills and riparian forests, whereas off-farm employment and alternative income sources plays a major role in Arabuko Sokoke forest. Our findings underline that locally specific conservation management is needed to conduct efficient nature conservation, particularly in countries with very heterogeneous ethnicities and environments.
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Howard, Natasha J., Shikha Dixit, Hasan Raja Naqvi, Atiqur Rahman, Catherine Paquet, Mark Daniel, and Narendra K. Arora. "Evaluation of data accuracies within a comprehensive geospatial-health data surveillance platform: SOMAARTH Demographic Development and Environmental Surveillance Site, Palwal, Haryana, India." Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics 3 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.17.
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AbstractEvidence exists of an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions within developed and developing nations, notably for priority population groups. The need for the collection of geospatial data to monitor the health impact of rapid social-environmental and economic changes occurring in these countries is being increasingly recognized. Rigorous accuracy assessment of such geospatial data is required to enable error estimation, and ultimately, data utility for exploring population health. This research outlines findings from a field-based evaluation exercise of the SOMAARTH DDESS geospatial-health platform. Participatory-based mixed methods have been employed within Palwal-India to capture villager perspectives on built infrastructure across 51 villages. This study, conducted in 2013, included an assessment of data element position and attribute accuracy undertaken in six villages, documenting mapping errors and land parcel changes. Descriptive analyses of 5.1% (n = 455) of land parcels highlighted some discrepancies in position (6.4%) and attribute (4.2%) accuracy, and land parcel changes (17.4%). Furthermore, the evaluation led to a refinement of the existing geospatial health platform incorporating ground-truthed reflections from the participatory field exercise. The evaluation of geospatial data accuracies contributes to understandings on global public health surveillance systems, outlining the need to systematically consider assessment of environmental features in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.
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De Smet, Sarah, and Smaranda Boroş. "Revisiting Women Empowerment Through a Cultural Lens a In-Depth Analysis of Empowerment Methodologies in Horticulture in Rural Ethiopia." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (November 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.536656.
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As previous research in international development has clearly demonstrated (see Banerjee and Prasad, 2008 for an overview), cultural values have an impact on the conceptualization of empowerment. In this paper we explore the implications of Power Distance as a cultural dimension for the use of participatory methodologies toward achieving women empowerment in rural areas in the Global South. Our critical analysis of cultural differences between the intervention facilitator (a Western-based NGO) and a rural community in SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regions) in Ethiopia reveals how discrepancies in the perception of cultural values impacted the different stages of the intervention. These discrepancies ranged from the principles of facilitation (facilitation from the back and its paradoxical effects in such hierarchical contexts) to the focus on tools (on equality between individuals rather than focus on the family as the smallest unit). Discrepancies also surfaced from the selection criteria of participants (highly vulnerable groups; one spouse per family; number of participants from one community all of which prevented the impact of the intervention to be more powerful in the long run) and from how the participants are organized during trainings (the ratio of mixed vs. segregated groups and the criteria of group segregation – this can play a large role in regard to the potential openness of conversations and the creation of safe spaces to explore new identities which are the key to empowerment). Through all the stages of the intervention, we make suggestions on how to better implement such methodologies in the future, in a context-sensitive manner, by considering the cultural differences in assumptions and practices.
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Gourguet, Sophie, Martin Pierre Marzloff, Cedric Bacher, Pierre Boudry, Philippe Cugier, Jeffrey Mark Dambacher, Nicolas Desroy, et al. "Participatory Qualitative Modeling to Assess the Sustainability of a Coastal Socio-Ecological System." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (August 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.635857.
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Assessing the sustainability of socio-ecological systems requires understanding the interactions between numerous ecological, economic and social components. Models are often used to investigate how interactions shape system feedbacks and drive the complex dynamics at play in such systems. However, building these models is a non-trivial exercise, which often neglects stakeholder knowledge and perceptions. We adopted a participatory approach that relies on conducting workshops to engage stakeholders into the development of qualitative models of system feedback. This type of participatory qualitative modeling is well suited to address the complexity of socio-ecological systems in a holistic manner, identify key stakes and feedbacks, and predict responses to perturbations. We use this approach to investigate the factors that condition sustainability of the socio-ecological system associated with shellfish aquaculture in the Normand-Breton Gulf in France. Six region-specific workshops were organized with shellfish producers, managers and other stakeholders to identify and describe key components, interactions and pressures that contribute to overall socio-ecological dynamics. Differences and commonalities in system perceptions were identified across the different regions and focus groups. We reconciled stakeholder-specific discrepancies in model structure into a synthetic representation that conciliates alternative views of the system. Next, we predicted how the system might respond to alternative scenarios of change. Overall, our participatory qualitative modeling exercise identified key drivers of the system under study that constitute effective management levers to maintain system sustainability. For instance, low social acceptability of the aquaculture industry generally appears to be a major constraint on the sustainability of shellfish aquaculture in the Normand-Breton Gulf, while reducing rearing density appears to be a key driver of sustainability.
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Gilfoyle, Meghan, Anne MacFarlane, and Jon Salsberg. "Conceptualising, operationalising, and measuring trust in participatory health research networks: a scoping review." Systematic Reviews 11, no. 1 (March 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-01910-x.
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Abstract Background There are many described benefits of community-based participatory research (CBPR), such as increased relevance of research for those who must act on its findings. This has prompted researchers to better understand how CBPR functions to achieve these benefits through building sustainable research partnerships. Several studies have identified “trust” as a key mechanism to achieve sustainable partnerships, which themselves constitute social networks. Although existing literature discusses trust and CBPR, or trust and social networks, preliminary searches reveal that none link all three concepts of trust, CBPR, and social networks. Thus, we present our scoping review to systematically review and synthesize the literature exploring how trust is conceptualised, operationalised, and measured in CBPR and social networks. Methods This review follows the guidance and framework of Peters et al. which is underpinned by the widely used framework of Levac and colleagues. Levac and colleagues provided enhancements to the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley. We explored several electronic databases including Scopus, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and PsychINFO. A search strategy was identified and agreed upon by the team in conjunction with a research librarian. Two independent reviewers screened articles by title and abstract, then by full-text based on pre-determined exclusion/inclusion criteria. A third reviewer arbitrated discrepancies regarding inclusions/exclusions. A thematic analysis was then conducted to identify relevant themes and sub-themes. Results Based on the 26 extracted references, several key themes and sub-themes were identified which highlighted the complexity and multidimensionality of trust as a concept. Our analysis revealed an additional emergent category that highlighted another important dimension of trust—outcomes pertaining to trust. Further, variation within how the studies conceptualised, operationalised, and measured trust was illuminated. Finally, the multidimensionality of trust provided important insight into how trust operates as a context, mechanism, and outcome. Conclusions Findings provide support for future research to incorporate trust as a lens to explore the social-relational aspects of partnerships and the scope to develop interventions to support trust in partnerships.
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Givan, Benjamin. "Rethinking Interaction in Jazz Improvisation." Music Theory Online 22, no. 3 (September 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.30535/mto.22.3.7.
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In recent years, the notion that “good jazz improvisation is sociable and interactive just like a conversation” (Monson 1996, 84) has become near-conventional wisdom in jazz scholarship. This paper revisits this assumption and considers some cases in which certain sorts of interactions may not always be present or desirable in jazz performance. Three types of improvised interaction are defined: (1) “microinteraction,” which occurs at a very small scale (e.g. participatory discrepancies) and is not specific to jazz; (2) “macrointeraction,” which concerns general levels of musical intensity; and (3) “motivic interaction”—players exchanging identifiable motivic figures—which is a chief concern of today’s jazz researchers. Further, motivic interaction can be either dialogic, when two or more musicians interact with one another, or monologic, when one player pursues a given musical strategy and others respond but the first player does not reciprocate (as in “call and response”). The paper concludes by briefly considering some of the reasons for, and implications of, the emergence of interaction-oriented jazz scholarship during the late twentieth century.
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Memeti, Memet, and Veli Kreci. "Role of Municipal Council in Increasing Citizen Participation at the Local Budget Process." Central European Public Administration Review 14, no. 2-3 (June 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2016.2-3.03.
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The paper explores the role of the municipal councilors in the budget process in the Republic of Macedonia as well as their role in motivating citizen participation in the budgetary process in the Republic of Macedonia. We demonstrate that municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia employ various forms of participatory mechanisms in the process of public policies and budgets according to their context. There are vivid dissimilarities in terms of opportunities and scope of citizen participation as well as discrepancies of councilors capacity to facilitate this process when cross-matching information and data derived from small rural and bigger urban municipalities. It is evident that very little has been accomplished in terms of defining uniformed processes and developing systems related to the relations between councilors and local community. We identify barriers that are impediment to a genuine involvement of the councilors as mediators between the Mayor and the community in the local budgeting process. We argue that any policy intervention in this dimension ought to be tailor-made, hence every municipality has its specific features that ought to be taken into account when designing an intervention to address shortcomings of the processes and the systems.
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Naiposha, Margaret N., Emmanuel F. Nzunda, and Japhet J. Kashaigili. "Participatory Land Use Planning Policy Implementation in Ulanga District, Tanzania: Assessment of Zones Sufficiency." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, June 1, 2021, 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2021/v15i130221.
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Land use plans have been considered as a solution to land use problems and hence enhance ecological, economic and social sustainability of land use. Appropriateness of land use plans and hence its potential for adherence may rely on sufficiency of zones allocated for different land uses. This study was designed to empirically identify land use implementation problems and suggest solutions relevant to the land users, the government, planners and other stakeholders. Specifically, the study assesses: (1) The extent to which the land use zones cover all zones needed by the stakeholders and; (2) Reasons for levels of sufficiency of the allocated land use zones. Data were collected through household survey of 120 respondents from two villages, key informants, focus group discussions and field observation survey while secondary data were collected through review of guidelines for land use planning, village land use plans, district land use framework, books and journals. Information used to assess sufficiency of land use zones used in Village Land Use Plans (VLUP) from household survey and village records were descriptively analysed. The implementation of village land use plans was not done as expected. Land use zones were insufficient in terms of the allocated size and needs within the zones for current and future situation. Overall the insufficiency of the land use zones was reported by 90% of the respondents. For individual land use zones the insufficiency was reported by the following percentages of the respondents: 95.0% for residential zone, 89.2% for agriculture zone, 96.7 for grazing zone, 25.2 for forest zone, 0% for wildlife management area, 0% for wildlife corridor and 0% for wetland. The reasons for insufficiency of the land use zones were increasing population, overstocking, and lack of infrastructure necessary within specific zones. Other factors included inadequate consideration for uncertainties in population projection standard, unclear zoning regulation and discrepancy in population data. Based on the findings and conclusions, this study makes the following recommendations. First, the National Land Use Planning Commission should devise mechanisms to ensure that all the six steps of land use planning are completed towards implementable land use plans. Secondly, the national land use planning commission should review zoning standards to sufficiently allocate the land use zones. The population projections used for future allocation of land had influence on the sufficiency of the zones where the rate of population increase is assumed to be fixed throughout the ten years implementation period without consideration of uncertainties. It is worth incorporating GIS to establish trend of land use and forecast future land use to sufficiently allocate land during the 10 years lifespan of the VLUP. Thirdly, the national land use planning commission need to validate spatial data and population data at village level to avoid discrepancies which affect implementation of the village land use plans.
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Baral, Badri, Bina Ghimire, and Dipak Raj Basnet. "Understanding Policy Coherence and Interplay Governing Biodiversity Conservation and Associated Livelihood Practices in Karnali Province, Nepal." Nepal Public Policy Review, October 1, 2022, 27–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nppr.v2i1.48395.
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One of Nepal's most significant strategies for biodiversity protection is biodiversity conservation policy. Despite a significant paradigm shift in Nepalese policies and huge success in community-based conservation, conservation efficiency and proficiency remain low in Karnali. This pause results in ineffective policy implementation. Through a literature analysis, this study seeks to assess policy coherence and challenges within three levels of government conservation policies. The findings show that the components of central top-down non-participatory biodiversity conservation policies share consistent characteristics, such as the use of multiple policy tools, which can be either macro or micro, as well as short-term or long-term policies involving multiple actors at multiple levels. These policies often complement one another regarding the ownership, use, and management of natural resources, particularly forests. However, various findings have highlighted discrepancies, overlaps, and shortcomings in biodiversity protection and commonly shared resources. Despite global recognition as Important Bird Areas and the growing ecological concern of global and national conservation societies in Jajarkot, Jumla, Humla, Dolpa, and Kalikot, it is still not reflected fully in relevant federal policies. There is a lack of a specific policy agenda and responsive policies with federal, provincial, and local governments to promote its conservation. Hence, the paper's discussion considers active community participation as the applicable measure for integrated biodiversity conservation and development strategies with greater conservation impact.
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Sastrawan, I. Gede, and Viera Wardhani. "Development of Caesarean Section Clinical Pathway: A Lesson Learned." Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya, July 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jkb.2021.031.02.7s.
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Although clinical pathway (CP) is aimed to ensure quality and cost, the development of CP at hospitals is primarily for administrative purposes as it is required by accreditation standards, thus causing high variations in its implementation. This study aimed to develop a clinical pathway for caesarean section and explore the problem during development and implementation test. The selection of caesarean section was based on high volume, risk, and cost. Using participatory action research, the researcher started the program by performing an implementation evaluation, literature review, and regulatory development. The evaluation identified implementation discrepancies and prolonged length of stay. Based on the evaluation and literature review results, the Professional Care Provider (PCP) in the hospital conducted discussions and made suggestions by considering available resources, current practices, and behavior. The main differences of the new clinical pathway are: 1) it is developed based on literature and current practice, and 2) it should be added with notification, explanation, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and references. Before the implementation test, the hospital provide resources, develops a standard operational procedure followed by monitoring and evaluation. Differences in the type of medication and documentation method were found, which then further discussed with all involved PCP to define the agreed solutions. Professional engagement and openness culture that embraces along the process are the main key lesson learned in addition to the understanding that CP development and implementation is a continuous learning process.
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Rustamaji, Muhammad, and Dewi Gunawati. "APLIKASI METODE PERSIDANGAN SEMU PADA PEMBELAJARAN HUKUM PERS BAGI PENEGAK HUKUM." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v1i3.10088.
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<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>b</em></strong><strong><em>s</em></strong><strong><em>t</em></strong><strong><em>r</em></strong><strong><em>a</em></strong><strong><em>c</em></strong><strong><em>t</em></strong></p><p><em>T</em><em>he study aims to obtain a method for learning pseudo trial press law for law enforcers. The design of this study is action research (participatory research actions) that combines legal research and studies in the education sector. Normative research methods and sociological studies used appropriate phasing in each year. The types of data used in this study include primary and secondary data. Data collection methods are interviews, questionnaires, and literature. Data processing is carried out through the stages of editing, coding, tabulating. Analysis technique using inductive and deductive thinking .. Observation of actual handling of the case became the foundation for further analysis based on legislation and groove trial. Observations thus further utilized to formulate the appropriate method of fictitious court press law. In the first year of this study produced findings: a) identification of two dominant factors typically by law enforce- ment officials in the press dispute, namely the use of Criminal Code offenses and negation case particulari- ties press, b). finding of distinctiveness criteria law enforcement press located on the right of reply and the role of the Press Council in the settlement release applied to the fictitious trial methods, c) learned of discrepancies in the prototype method fictitious court press law enforcement against actual practice in the field of press due to the design of learning in one direction and instructional issues that are not collabora- tive. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that a) the dominant factor affecting the typical law enforcement officials in the press dispute actually consists of the application of the dominant offense in the Criminal Code as an affront legal snares for members of the press, and did not understand the uniqueness of dispute settlement in the groove press releases as Act mandated by the press, b) uniqueness lies in the settlement conference where the submission of the right of reply, complaints to the Press Council, until the publication of the Press Council rekomendasai that preceded the litigatif c) discrepancies prototype artifi- cial methods of learning trials with the reality of law enforcement is due to the instructional design of the course and instructional problems that actually can be parsed by the collaborative.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>method, fictitious trial, the press law</em>.</p><p align="center"><strong>A</strong><strong>b</strong><strong>s</strong><strong>t</strong><strong>ra</strong><strong>k</strong></p><p>Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh suatu metode persidangan semu dalam pembelajaran hukum pers bagi penegak hukum. Desain penelitian ini merupakan penelitian aksi (<em>partisipatori actions research</em>) yang memadukan penelitian hukum dan penelitian di sektor pendidikan. Metode penelitian yuridis normatif maupun sosiologis digunakan sesuai pentahapan penelitian di setiap tahunnya Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data yang ialah wawancara, angket, dan studi pustaka. Pengolahan data dilaksanakan melalui tahap <em>editing</em>, <em>coding</em>, <em>tabulating. </em>Teknik analisis menggunakan metode berpikir induktif dan deduktif. Pengamatan penanganan kasus senyatanya menjadi pijakan untuk selanjutnya dianalisis berdasarkan perundangan dan alur persidangan. Hasil pengamatan demikian selanjutnya dimanfaatkan untuk memformulasikan metode persidangan semu yang sesuai ketentuan hukum pers. Pada tahun pertama penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan: a) teridentifikasinya dua faktor dominan tipikal penegakan hukum oleh aparat dalam sengketa pers, yaitu penggunaan delik KUHP dan penegasian kekhasan perkara pers; b) ditemukannya kriteria kekhasan penegakkan hukum pers yang terletak pada hak jawab dan peran Dewan Pers dalam penyelesaian perkara pers yang diaplikasikan pada metode persidangan semu; c) diketahuinya ketidaksinkronan prototipe metode persidangan semu hukum pers terhadap praktik senyatanya penegakan hukum di bidang pers akibat desain pembelajaran satu arah dan permasalahan instruksional yang tidak kolaboratif. Selanjutnya, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa a) faktor dominan yang memengaruhi tipikal penegakan hukum oleh aparat dalam sengketa pers sejatinya terdiri atas dominannya penerapan delik penghinaan dalam KUHP sebagai jerat hukum bagi insan pers, dan tidak dipahaminya kekhasan penyelesaian sengketa pers dalam alur penyelesaian perkara pers sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh Undang-Undang pers; b) kekhasan penyelesaian perkara pers terletak pada keberadaan pengajuan hak jawab, pengaduan kepada Dewan Pers, hingga terbitnya rekomendasai dari Dewan Pers yang mendahului proses litigatif; c) ketidaksinkronan <em>prototipe </em>metode pembelajaran persidangan semu dengan kenyataan penegakkan hukum lebih disebabkan pada desain pembelajaran satu arah dan permasalahan instruksional yang sejatinya dapat diurai dengan jalan kolaboratif.</p></div><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>metode, persidangan semu, hukum pers.