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Ganuza, Ernesto, and Francisco Francés. "The deliberative turn in participation: the problem of inclusion and deliberative opportunities in participatory budgeting." European Political Science Review 4, no. 2 (November 14, 2011): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773911000270.
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Participation has undergone a communicative shift, which has favoured the organization of new participatory processes based on classic principles of deliberation theory. These experiments go beyond traditional protest: they include a communicative element with the aim of defining a public politics, which places them alongside models of deliberative governance. The present work sets out the characteristics of these new instruments (participatory budgeting, PB) in order to find out which problems deliberative governance initiatives are faced with. The conclusions tell us that the inequalities in participation are significant. Nevertheless, PB enables most participants to make effective use of their opportunities for deliberation. From this standpoint, the challenge for deliberative governance does not seem to be the deliberative capabilities of individuals, but rather the design of participatory procedures and the participation of individuals. We may question whether the administration can guarantee impartial political spaces that are as inclusive as possible.
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Enaifoghe, Andrew Osehi. "Deliberative Politics through Citizens’ Participatory Democracy: A model for Africa Political Processes." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 10, no. 1(S) (April 23, 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i1(s).2807.
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This article explores the present crisis of democratic governance or administration in Africa and examines the elective capability of deliberative majority rules system of democracy, in which the desire of the general public is educated by mindful, engaged citizen’s commitment and conversation. There are various questions needing answers; are the various and spellbound citizenry even equipped for consultation? How likely is amass thought of deliberation to achieve a very much contemplated choice? Wouldn’t it gather consultation reproduce a similar power lopsided characteristics blocking different sorts of talk? Deliberative models are displayed in principle and practical discourse, with contextual investigations including the furious populism of the Brexit vote, the ascent of deliberative components. What the contributing creators do share is the acknowledgement that the authenticity of appointive portrayal or representatives endures when individuals in the majority rule system of governments end up frustrated, disillusioned, and repelled. This study gives challenging and convincing thoughts regarding how to re-establish confidence in popular democratic governments by making them stronger and responsive. This study adopted a qualitative method of analysis.
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Martinez Palacios, Jone. "Equality and diversity in democracy: how can we democratize inclusively?" Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35, no. 5/6 (June 20, 2016): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-04-2016-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework for democratize inclusively through participatory and deliberative apparatus. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on literature from inclusion in deliberation, gender in participation and intersectionality to critically analyze the democratic deepening. By bringing into dialogue with one another “the norm of parity of participation” (Fraser, 2006), “communicative democracy” (Young, 1993) and the “matrix of domination” (Collins, 1990) a response to one of the questions that has been put to European and North American thought in democracy since the 1960s is proposed: how is it possible to democratize inclusively? Findings The reproduction of domination through apparatuses for the extension of democracy is both possible and probable. So, to democratize inclusively, it is necessary to bring the theories on vertical and horizontal inclusion into dialogue with each other. With the aim of establishing a dialogue between the two, it is necessary to export complex thought regarding oppression and inequality into the design of deliberative and participatory apparatuses. For that, consider that designing democratization processes based on the fact that the intersectional experience of oppression is not an exception but rather an everyday occurrence allows participatory procedures to be made more inclusive. Practical implications This paper proposes a tool designed with a focus on dialogue among the norm of parity of participation, communicative democracy and the matrix of oppression, based on 11 direct questions for the inclusive design of deliberative or participatory procedures. Facilitators, experts and social agents involved in deliberative or participatory processes will be able to use this question-based instrument in their work. Originality/value This paper has applied value because it offers a conceptual key to the design of and thought about participatory inclusive processes. The originality of this approach lies in its shift away from partial analyses of horizontal and vertical inclusion. It is of use both to facilitators of participatory processes and educators and researchers concerned with democratization. It offers an instrument for working on reflexivity with regard to inclusion in democratic extension, based on a series of key questions that can be used as a checklist. In comparison with other forms of considering inclusion in democracy, the proposal considered includes complex thought on oppression based on the critique of simple identity, as well as on an intersectional perspective.
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Wojcieszak, M. E., Y. M. Baek, and M. X. D. Carpini. "Deliberative and Participatory Democracy? Ideological Strength and the Processes Leading from Deliberation to Political Engagement." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 22, no. 2 (May 5, 2010): 154–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edp050.
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Kapoor, Kawaljeet Kaur, Amizan Omar, and Uthayasankar Sivarajah. "Enabling Multichannel Participation Through ICT Adaptation." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 13, no. 2 (April 2017): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.2017040104.
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Online deliberation invests significant sums in priorities co-decided by inhabitants, and is mostly relegated to small and non-influential experiments. There is a gap between ICT solutions and participatory initiatives. E-participation is a broad, undefined space of opportunities that needs to be operationalized to prove if the many theoretical exercises emphasizing on the potential of ICT in increasing deliberative quality of participatory processes and security, are realistic or not. The EMPATIA platform seeks to radically enhance inclusiveness and impact of participatory budgeting processes in increasing multichannel citizen participation by designing, evaluating and making publicly available an advanced ICT platform for participatory budgeting. EMPATIA takes advantage of the fact that it surrounds an established and widespread social practice with clear and adaptable principles recognized worldwide, alongside a community of practitioners and researchers, and ICT tools, which only need to be adapted, refined and integrated into an adequate PB platform.
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Shin, Bokyong, and Mikko Rask. "Assessment of Online Deliberative Quality: New Indicators Using Network Analysis and Time-Series Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031187.
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Online deliberation research has recently developed automated indicators to assess the deliberative quality of much user-generated online data. While most previous studies have developed indicators based on content analysis and network analysis, time-series data and associated methods have been studied less thoroughly. This article contributes to the literature by proposing indicators based on a combination of network analysis and time-series analysis, arguing that it will help monitor how online deliberation evolves. Based on Habermasian deliberative criteria, we develop six throughput indicators and demonstrate their applications in the OmaStadi participatory budgeting project in Helsinki, Finland. The study results show that these indicators consist of intuitive figures and visualizations that will facilitate collective intelligence on ongoing processes and ways to solve problems promptly.
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Godwin, Marcia L. "Studying Participatory Budgeting." State and Local Government Review 50, no. 2 (June 2018): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x18784333.
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Participatory budgeting (PB) is increasingly being used by local governments. The first American PB process was in Chicago in 2009 and built upon processes developed in Brazil. The adoption of PB programs in the United States has been closely tied to deliberative democracy and public engagement scholarship. As a result, PB research has benefited from detailed evaluations conducted as the first PB programs were implemented. This review essay also identifies research findings and topics for additional research. Public administration scholars and practitioners can especially contribute to this emerging literature by examining budget outcomes and the perspectives of public sector employees.
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Barinaga-Rementeria, Itziar, Artitzar Erauskin-Tolosa, Pedro José Lozano, and Itxaro Latasa. "Individual and Social Preferences in Participatory Multi-Criteria Evaluation." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205746.
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Decisions on environmental issues are complex and multidimensional as they represent multiple interests and values. Nevertheless, the ability of participatory multi-criteria methodologies to deal with this kind of problem is widely acknowledged. Traditionally, multi-criteria methods have focused more on technical issues than on the representation of participants’ preferences. In participatory processes there are questions such as who establishes the mechanisms of participation, in what terms these processes are developed and who is going to participate, which are determining factors that have not been sufficiently studied in multi-criteria analysis. This paper, in order to shed light on this gap, aims to compare the creation of social preferences under two different participatory approaches. For this purpose, two different participatory approaches are compared. On the one hand, applying the social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) method, a deliberative process is developed following the principles of deliberative democracy. On the other hand, an aggregation process of individual preferences has been developed based on information collected through surveys. Both approaches have advantages as well as constraints. Our main finding is that the information obtained through the different participatory methods is different and complementary. Therefore, we can state that both participatory methods can be enriching assessment processes.
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Lafont, Cristina. "Can Democracy be Deliberative & Participatory? The Democratic Case for Political Uses of Mini-Publics." Daedalus 146, no. 3 (July 2017): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00449.
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This essay focuses on recent proposals to confer decisional status upon deliberative mini-publics such as citizens' juries, Deliberative Polls, and citizens' assemblies. Against such proposals, I argue that inserting deliberative mini-publics into political decision-making processes would diminish the democratic legitimacy of the political system as a whole. This negative conclusion invites a question: which political uses of mini-publics would yield genuinely democratic improvements? Drawing from a participatory conception of deliberative democracy, I propose several uses of mini-publics that could enhance the democratic legitimacy of political decision-making in current societies.
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Brear, Michelle. "Silence and voice in participatory processes – causes, meanings and implications for empowerment." Community Development Journal 55, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsy041.
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Abstract The empowerment-related outcomes of participation in development rely on community members contributing intellectually to deliberative processes. However, people are entitled to remain silent. Silence is conceptualized both as a form of resistance and a type of structured self-censorship. In participatory development, these divergent conceptualizations manifest as the incongruent recommendations to ‘give voice’ and ‘tolerate silence’. My aim is to advance understandings of the causes and meanings of silence in participatory development and discuss the implications for deliberative processes. I do this through an interpretive analysis of ethnographic data detailing a process of co-designing participatory action research (PAR) about health, which I facilitated. The analysis is informed by Bourdieu’s theory of social power relations and Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. The co-researcher participants often remained silent when provided an opportunity to contribute their voices because they were afraid, for example, of getting the wrong answer. The silences frustrated the co-researchers because they valued having a voice. They frustrated me because I expected and needed the co-researchers to contribute their voice to make the research design process participatory. I used a variety of strategies to disrupt silences, which when successful generated lived experiences through which the co-researchers could imagine themselves as important people, with entitlement and competence to speak. The study demonstrates the importance of considering the structural barriers to marginalized people contributing their voices, and incorporating strategies for disrupting marginalized silences into PAR and other participatory development processes.
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Banjade, Mani Ram, and Hemant Ojha. "Facilitating deliberative governance: Innovations from Nepal's community forestry program – a case study in Karmapunya." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81403-3.
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This paper discusses the use of a deliberative approach to governance of environmental resources at the local-level. Used in conjunction with external facilitation, a deliberative approach to governance at the local-level can be used to build dialogue between diverse perspectives, interests, knowledge, and ideas of different stakeholders. A case study of a community forest user group (CFUG) in the central hills of Nepal is used to analyse the application of deliberative processes for promoting deliberative governance. The findings indicate that there is great potential for deliberative processes to make local governance of community forests more democratic and inclusive. Effective governance at the local-level can contribute to the creation of social equity and to the sustainable management of community forests. Key words: Nepal, deliberative democracy, community forestry, Participatory Action Research, external facilitation
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Ayers, Jessica. "Resolving the Adaptation Paradox: Exploring the Potential for Deliberative Adaptation Policy-Making in Bangladesh." Global Environmental Politics 11, no. 1 (February 2011): 62–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00043.
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Climate change adaptation presents a paradox: climate change is a global risk, yet vulnerability is locally experienced. Effective adaptation therefore depends on understanding the local context of vulnerability, which requires deliberative and participatory approaches to adaptation policy-making. But, how can local inclusiveness be achieved in the context of global environmental risk, and what sorts of institutions are needed? This article examines one avenue for the participation of vulnerable groups in adaptation policy-making: National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs). Drawing on the case study of Bangladesh, this article shows that the “adaptation paradox” creates a tension between local and global definitions of climate change risk, affecting the legitimacy of participatory processes under the NAPA. I propose that early analysis and engagement of existing local institutional frameworks as a starting point for national adaptation planning is one possible entry point for meaningful local deliberation in global climate change policy-making processes.
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Bua, Adrian, and Oliver Escobar. "Participatory-deliberative processes and public policy agendas: lessons for policy and practice." Policy Design and Practice 1, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1469242.
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Toussaint, Bert. "(Transport) history as policy lab for democratic governance." Journal of Transport History 40, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619847393.
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In the past decades we witnessed a rise of public participation in transport and land-use projects, and often those practices have been formalised in a solid juridical framework. In the Netherlands and other EU-countries, the cornerstones of this participatory planning framework are the Environmental Impact Study and the Environment Impact Assessment. However, historical appraisals of the impact of these instruments on participatory processes are lacking. Using the case study of the contested Dutch motorway project passing through the Amelisweerd forest (1970s), this paper aims to appraise the role of deliberative democracy concepts and practices. This paper is a plea for a novel academic agenda driven by the research questions: to what extent have participatory processes in transport, land-use and water management policies had an impact on deliberative democracy concepts and practices? Which role did citizens and users have in shaping the decision-making process?
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Elias, Maria Veronica, and Justin T. Piccorelli. "The listening hermeneutic of public servants: building on the implicit." International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 23, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-10-2019-0115.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of phenomenological or attuned listening and explore its implications for deliberative governance. Drawing on examples from urban planning and city administration, we make a case for listening as a hermeneutic phenomenological practice of crucial importance for public organizations.Design/methodology/approachThis research relies on interpretive phenomenology, critical reflection, and political theory. Through the examination of case studies, we show that attuned or phenomenological listening contributes to greater participatory processes in organizations and to democratic governance processes, more generally.FindingsBy enhancing both collaborative endeavors and discretionary action, phenomenological listening acknowledges the unpredictable, dynamic and political aspects of organizations. Finally, it helps transform the latter into spaces where democratic and accountable action can take place.Practical implicationsThis perspective encourages public deliberation and attentive listening for practitioners to make decisions on the spot that are sensitive to people’s needs.Originality/valueEmbodied and attuned listening fosters reflection-in-action, as well as a reasoned pathway toward public accountability and deliberative democracy.
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Blakey, Heather. "Fairness in Participatory Decision-making: the relationship between participation and deliberation in UK participatory budgeting processes." Volume 3 Issue 1 (2011) 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/ijpp.3.1.6.
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Through participatory budgeting programmes in the UK, we can understand something of what people value and understand about democracy at a grassroots level. The implementation of deliberative mechanisms in particular reveals how community members, council officers and local councillors understand fair decision-making, and thus the basis of democratic legitimacy. This paper argues that, although there is confusion over issues of representation, and at times an arguably problematic emphasis on fair outcome rather than fair process, the practice of participatory budgeting offers fruitful opportunities for thinking differently about democratic process in the UK, in particular in facilitating a view of democracy as a process rather than an asset: something we do rather than something we have. This paper is not intended primarily as a contribution to the theoretical discussion. Rather it is about how concepts are employed at a very grassroots level, and thus the nature of public assumptions about and experiences of democracy.
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Howe, Peter D., Brent Yarnal, Alex Coletti, and Nathan J. Wood. "The Participatory Vulnerability Scoping Diagram: Deliberative Risk Ranking for Community Water Systems." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103, no. 2 (March 2013): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.754673.
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Wagenaar, Hendrik. "Book Review: John Forester. Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes. MA: The MIT Press, 1999." Administrative Theory & Praxis 24, no. 1 (May 2002): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2002.11029342.
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Murphy, Daniel, and Lee Moerman. "SLAPPing accountability out of the public sphere." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 31, no. 6 (August 20, 2018): 1774–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-10-2017-3186.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the disruption to civic accountability by strategic corporate action in the form of SLAPP suits. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides empirical evidence of the discursive processes underpinning participatory and emancipatory accountability regimes through the lens of deliberative democracy and the Habermasian ideal of the public sphere. Findings Within this paper, it is argued that the strategic use of SLAPPs by corporations presents a danger to both mechanistic and virtuous forms of accountability regardless of what deliberative democratic theory is adopted. Habermas’ theory of communicative action and notion of the “public sphere” is utilised to demonstrate how SLAPPs can result in the colonisation of public discursive arenas to prevent others providing alternative (in form) and counter (in view) accounts of corporate behaviour and thus act to limit opportunities for corporate accountability. Social implications This paper throws light on a practice being utilised by corporations to limit public participation in democratic and participatory accountability processes. Strategic use of SLAPPs limit the “ability” for citizens to provide an alternative “account” of corporate behaviour. Originality/value This paper is original in that it analyses the impact on accountability of strategic corporate practice of issuing SLAPP suits to “chill” public political discussion and limit protest about issues of social and civic importance. The paper extends the critical accounting literature into improving dialogic and participatory accountability regimes.
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de Koning, Susan, Nathalie Steins, and Luc van Hoof. "Balancing Sustainability Transitions through State-Led Participatory Processes: The Case of the Dutch North Sea Agreement." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042297.
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Following the Paris Agreement, investing in renewable energy production at sea is perceived as a promising development. In addition, food security challenges place increased focus on utilizing seas and oceans while biodiversity and ecosystem integrity must be safeguarded. In the North Sea, these three challenges are combined by the Dutch government in a deliberative governance agreement, involving key stakeholders, aimed at establishing a marine spatial allocation strategy. This paper outlines the development and first outcomes of this agreement. Using concepts of sustainability transitions and deliberative governance, we examined the role of the Dutch government in creating sustainability solutions through cross-sectoral participation processes. Based on our results, we argue that only the government can bring together parties that do not actively seek cooperation, like fisheries organizations and wind farm developers. This is in line with the government’s role to ensure compliance with international and national agreements, while also representing local (national) stakes. By opening up a discussion between parties that in the past were competing for marine space, the Dutch government has managed to make progress in obtaining transition goals. One of these transitions is the transition of the governance system itself, moving towards a more egalitarian style of policy making.
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Humphreys, Macartan, William A. Masters, and Martin E. Sandbu. "The Role of Leaders in Democratic Deliberations: Results from a Field Experiment in São Tomé and Príncipe." World Politics 58, no. 4 (July 2006): 583–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0008.
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Despite a widespread trend toward the adoption of increasingly participatory approaches to political decision making in developing countries, there is little or no evidence that these practices in fact return the benefits attributed to them. This article investigates one specific worry—that participatory decision-making processes may be vulnerable to manipulation by elites. The authors report on a field experiment, drawing on a unique nationwide experiment in democratic deliberation in São Tomé and Príncipe in which the discussion leaders were randomly assigned across meetings. The randomization procedure provides a rare opportunity to identify the impact of leaders on the outcomes of group deliberations. They find that leader effects were extremely large, in many cases accounting for over one-third of all variation in the outcomes of the national discussions. These results have important implications for the design of such deliberative practices. While the total effect of leadership cannot be assessed, it may still be possible to observe when leader influence occurs and to correct for leader effects in comparisons of outcomes across deliberations.
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Sani, Aaron, and Claus Rinner. "A Scalable GeoWeb Tool for Argumentation Mapping." GEOMATICA 65, no. 2 (June 2011): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2011-023.
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Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) support collaborative decision-making in the public realm. PPGIS provide advanced communication, deliberation, and conflict resolution mecha nisms to engage diverse stakeholder groups. Many of the functional characteristics of Web 2.0 echo basic PPGIS functions including the authoring, linking, and sharing of volunteered geographic information. However, with the increasing popularity of geospatial applications on the Web comes a need to develop concepts for scalable, reliable, and easy-to-maintain tools. In this paper, we propose a cloud computing implementation of a scalable argumentation mapping tool. The tool also illustrates the opportunities of applying a Web 2.0 model to PPGIS. The searching, linking, authoring, tagging, extension, and signalling (SLATES) functions are associated with PPGIS functionality to produce a participatory GeoWeb tool for deliberative democracy.
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Su, Celina. "Managed Participation: City Agencies and Micropolitics in Participatory Budgeting." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 4_suppl (February 18, 2018): 76S—96S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018757029.
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As participatory budgeting (PB) processes proliferate around the globe and within the United States, there remain questions regarding PB’s contested role as an empowering, pro-poor tool for social justice. This analysis of the New York City PB process focuses on the interactions between everyday participants in PB and city agency representatives, the bureaucrats involved in the process. In New York, PB has successfully broadened notions of stakeholdership for many constituents. Still, the agencies’ micropolitical practices—especially regarding contested politics and local versus technical knowledge—help to forward a model of managed participation, sidelining deliberative aspects of the process. Combined with a context of austerity, these practices limit the ability of such participatory institutions to retain volunteer participants, as well as the ability of constituents to substantively shape state priorities.
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Shannon, Margaret A. "Participation as social inquiry and social learning (reviewed paper)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0430.
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The extent to which participatory processes are deliberative social inquiry by animated citizens organized in communities of inquiry and engaged in civic science is a measure of the degree to which social institutions reveal a public philosophy of democracy. This paper examines the argument that public participation creates the conditions for social inquiry when a polity defines itself, organizes itself,creates the necessary information for social choices, and exercises its responsibility to make public judgments and exercise public accountability.
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Ojha, Hemant R., Naya S. Paudel, Dil B. Khatri, and Dipak BK. "Can Policy Learning be Catalyzed? Ban Chautari Experiment in Nepal's Forestry Sector." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 10, no. 1 (September 13, 2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8598.
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Over the past several years, technocratic approaches to forest policy have been challenged and more collaborative processes have been advocated. While these shifts have offered significant space for citizen engagement at local level – such as through community based forest management in Nepal’s case – these have not taken roots at higher levels of policy making, especially at the level of formulating or revising legislations, or setting up a protected area. In this paper we critically review a collaborative experiment on catalyzing deliberative policy learning process in Nepal’s forest sector. We examine how and to what extent such experimentation could overcome seven identified challenges to forest policy deliberation in Nepal. The experiment, which we named as Ban Chautari, involved three key strategies – conducting diagnostic research, empowering local communities to articulate their voices in deliberative forums, and then acting collaboratively across diverse institutional groups. Our examination of the Ban Chautari process focused around three research questions: a) How can policy learning be catalyzed?; b) How can actors with differentiated capacity and resources collaborate in the policy process?; and c) How can research processes be re-organized so as to contribute effectively to constantly shifting policy agendas and rapidly changing contexts? The experience of Ban Chautari has some good news to share with the wider public policy research community that conditions for collaborative policy learning is possible. And at the same time, it has generated evidence that warns the advocates of participatory and collaborative policy processes on the more subtle, and fundamental challenges that surround any attempts to foster collaborative learning. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8598 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.10(1) 2012 1-27
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Mitchell, Lisa. "Civility and collective action: Soft speech, loud roars, and the politics of recognition." Anthropological Theory 18, no. 2-3 (June 2018): 217–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499618782792.
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Analyzing the relationship between collective action and civility within the world’s largest democracy, this essay argues that, rather than being a precondition for democratic participation or a quality of individual comportment or manners, civility can be analyzed as an effect of political recognition and of the existence of a responsive structure of authority. Using ethnographic examples of recent collective assemblies held in southern India, the essay demonstrates the limits of both deliberative democracy approaches (Dryzek, Habermas, Rawls, Benhabib, Cohen, Farrelly) and agonistic pluralist models (Mouffe, Connolly, Honig, Arendt) for understanding democracy. If individual speech action is understood to run the gamut from polite and constructive participation in deliberation to antagonistic incivility, collective action is framed by both models as inherently oppositional and adversarial, rejecting or resisting authority and protesting against it, running a narrower gamut from agonistic intervention, which frames others as adversaries, to antagonistic refusals that frame others as enemies (Mouffe). There appears no space within either deliberative or agonistic frameworks for approaching collective action as non-adversarial participation in the public sphere on par with individual participatory contributions to deliberation. The ethnographic examples presented in this essay illustrate examples of collective action as efforts to “hail the state” and be included in its decision-making processes. These examples demonstrate that collective action can function as amplification of earlier communicative efforts that have gone unheard or been silenced. Illustrating the failure of both models to capture the larger processes that result in collective action, I conclude by presenting an analytic approach from the perspective of a former British colony that offers deeper understandings of collective forms of action as they relate to civility not only in India, but elsewhere as well.
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Hansson, Karin, and Love Ekenberg. "Managing deliberation: tools for structuring discussions and analyzing representation." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 10, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-03-2015-0011.
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Purpose In this paper, the authors address the lack of methodologies and tools that support community and consensus processes in online settings while also acknowledging agonistic conflicts and a diversity of interest communities. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology and tool support for analysing discursive processes, as well as for creating structural support for better informed deliberative processes. Design/methodology/approach This participatory design is based on two case studies of urban planning projects in Swedish municipalities. An ethnographic study of information practises among municipality officials and residents exposed a need for supporting the direct communication with citizens and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as well as democratic processes within groups. Findings The authors show how a general participatory methodology on different levels of governance can be supported using a standard type of interface and analytical tools for structured discussions and statistics. Research limitations/implications The tool design has not been tested in any larger scale. The tool is at present foremost useful for communicating in participatory contexts. The actor perspective in the methodology used means that the actors, rather than organisations, are highlighted as the owners of specific questions. It also means that a survey or discussion initiated by a government can have competition from other actors using the same instruments or data. Practical implications Except for being an analytical tool for analysing participatory attributes and for better understanding of how decisions are formed, the platform also includes tools for more elaborated decision support, as well as support for voting and pro/con argumentation integrated with discussion forum for providing reasonable conditions for a broader more well-structured participation. Social implications The actor perspective in the suggested methodology and tool support means that the actors, rather than organisations, are highlighted as the owners of specific questions. It also means that a survey or discussion initiated by a government can have competition from other actors using the same instruments or data. Originality/value This platform provides integrated analytical tools and elaborated decision support for individual users, to support democracy from a micro-perspective rather than from a government perspective, and reaches significantly beyond the capacities of similar tools and methods presently available. The traditional dichotomy between the government and the citizens in e-government research is, thus, avoided by developing a tool that takes the individual actor as the starting point rather than an abstract collective.
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Houghton, Ruth. "Looking at the World Bank’s safeguard reform through the lens of deliberative democracy." Leiden Journal of International Law 32, no. 3 (June 17, 2019): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156519000281.
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AbstractThe sheer amount of non-state participation in the creation of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) is surely noteworthy. The aim of the Bank’s consultation was to get ‘global’ input and feedback, and with over 8,000 stakeholders from over 63 countries taking part, it is laudable. The extent of the participation challenges the positivist approach to international law-making, which views only states as having the power to make law and raises questions about how to legitimize such international soft-law making. Legitimacy is entangled with democracy, as scholars debate whether democracy is the required benchmark for decision-making processes at international organizations. This article uses deliberative democracy to analyse the ESF consultation process. Whilst, democratic legitimacy has been interpreted to mean inclusivity and participation, deliberative democracy raises a series of hard questions about equality and power that scholarship on global governance needs to grapple with. Although this participatory process at the World Bank challenges traditional narratives in international law, analysing it through a lens of deliberative democracy exposes the work that still needs to be done to discuss democracy in international decision-making.
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Wesselink, Anna, Jouni Paavola, Oliver Fritsch, and Ortwin Renn. "Rationales for Public Participation in Environmental Policy and Governance: Practitioners' Perspectives." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 11 (November 2011): 2688–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a44161.
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Participation has become a mantra in environmental governance. However, there are signs that the participatory agenda has started to lose its momentum and justification because of disappointments about actual achievements. Rather than focusing on improving participatory processes or articulating best practices, in this paper we seek to understand the more fundamental reasons why difficulties are encountered. In our interviews with professionals involved in participation in environmental governance we found varying and potentially conflicting rationales for participation, with instrumental and legalistic rationales dominating. We contend that the institutional and political context in which this participation takes place is an important explanation of this prevalence. This includes the provisions for participation in EU directives, failing policy integration, institutional and political barriers, and failing political uptake of results from participation. We conclude there is a need for more reflexive awareness of the different ways in which participation is defined and practised in contemporary environmental policy making and for a more realistic assessment of possibilities for changes towards more participatory and deliberative decision making.
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Bellamy, Richard, and Dario Castiglione. "Democracy by Delegation? Who Represents Whom and How in European Governance." Government and Opposition 46, no. 1 (2011): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2010.01332.x.
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AbstractThe democratic legitimacy of European governance is often said to rest on its ‘output’. However, such arguments also make the implicit ‘input’ claim that the community method and new modes of governance offer a more participatory and deliberative style of democratic politics to standard democratic processes, which is best suited to represent the European interest. We test such claims by analysing them from three different perspectives: functional, societal and delegatory. We conclude that they are grounded on a substantive conception of representation in which the agents of European governance ‘stand’ or ‘act’ for the European public. However, such claims are empty without formal democratic processes of authorization and accountability that ensure European governance effectively promotes the democratic values of political equality and responsiveness.
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HARRIS, CHARLES C., DENNIS R. BECKER, ERIK A. NIELSEN, and WILLIAM J. MCLAUGHLIN. "PUBLIC DELIBERATION ABOUT SALMON RESTORATION IMPACTS: DIFFERENCES IN THE INPUT OF CITIZENS IN DIFFERENT COMMUNITY ROLES." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 16, no. 04 (December 2014): 1450033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333214500331.
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We conducted a deliberative participatory process for social impact assessment (SIA), where interactive, community-based forums (ICFs) gathered public input about community impacts of alternatives for salmon recovery in the Inland Northwest of the United States. After residents were provided information about alternatives and engaged in facilitated discussions, we elicited their understandings of community conditions and judgments of socio-economic impacts. The present analysis focuses on the proposition that citizens engaged in the ICF process who represented diverse roles, based on community domains such as business, health-care, and education, would significantly differ in their judgments about those socio-economic impacts. We collected data on 705 community residents in forums conducted in 27 communities across the Inland Northwest. Results affirm that differences in roles and associated lifestyles, ideologies, and political viewpoints were related to differences in judgments of community conditions and contentiousness of planning alternatives. Implications for the ICF process and its effectiveness for SIA, as well as for other kinds of participatory processes, are discussed.
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Flesher Fominaya, Cristina. "Unintended consequences: the negative impact of e-mail use on participation and collective identity in two ‘horizontal’ social movement groups." European Political Science Review 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2015): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773914000423.
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The relation between face-to-face and online communication and its impact on collective identity processes is understudied. In this article I draw on two case studies conducted during a 3-year ethnographic study of the Global Justice Movement network in Madrid, Spain, from 2002 to 2005 to explore the unintended impact of e-mail on the sustainability, internal dynamics, and collective identity of two groups committed to participatory and deliberative practices as key features of their collective identity. I found that despite an explicit commitment to ‘horizontalism’ the use of e-mail in these two groups increased existing hierarchies, hindered consensus, decreased participation, and worked towards marginalization of group members. In addition, the negative and unintended consequences of e-mail use affected both groups, independently of activists’ evaluation of their experience in their face-to-face assemblies (one of which was overwhelmingly perceived as positive and one of which was perceived as negative). The article draws on e-mail research in organizations, online political deliberation research, and existing studies of e-mail use in social movement groups to analyse these findings.
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Hendriks, Carolyn M., and Jennifer Lees-Marshment. "Political Leaders and Public Engagement: The Hidden World of Informal Elite–Citizen Interaction." Political Studies 67, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321718791370.
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To date, practical and scholarly work on participatory and deliberative governance has focused on supply-side issues such as how to engage citizens in public policy. Yet little is known about the demand for public engagement, particularly from those authorised to make collective decisions. This article empirically examines how political leaders view and value public input. It draws on 51 in-depth interviews with senior national ministers from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. The interviews reveal that leaders value public input because it informs their decisions, connects them to everyday people and ‘tests’ advice from other sources. Their support for participatory governing is, however, qualified; they find formal consultation processes too staged and antagonistic to produce constructive interactions. Instead leaders prefer informal, spontaneous conversations with individual citizens. This hidden world of informal elite–citizen interaction has implications for the design and democratic aspirations of public engagement.
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Szwed, Robert. "Funkcje mediów w demokracjach." Roczniki Nauk Społecznych 12(48), no. 4 (2020): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rns20484-1.
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The belief in the effectiveness and power of media influence causes politicians, media communication specialists, and democracy theorists to use the media for promotional activities aimed at shaping and persuading public opinion and improving it through education and empowerment. It turns out, however, that reading numerous conceptualizations of media functions depends on the way democracy is understood, how politics is perceived, and what is the role of public opinion in the system. The article places various concepts of media missions (from the Hutchins Commission social responsibility trend, through the conceptualizations of Gurevitch, Blumler, Zaller, to participatory journalism and public journalism) in the context of three basic types of democracy: liberal, elitist and participatory, deliberative. Such consideration of democracies and the functions of the media allows for a better understanding of the observed tendencies to appropriate media by politicians and transnational corporations, media concentration processes, and hopes for the revival of journalism and the public sphere in social media.
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Rajan, Dheepa, Nanoot Mathurapote, Weerasak Putthasri, Tipicha Posayanonda, Poldej Pinprateep, Sana de Courcelles, Rozenn Bichon, Emma Ros, Aurore Delobre, and Gerard Schmets. "Institutionalising participatory health governance: lessons from nine years of the National Health Assembly model in Thailand." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 7 (August 2019): e001769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001769.
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Improving health governance is increasingly recognised as a key pillar for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). One good practice example of a participatory health governance platform is the National Health Assembly (NHA) in Thailand. This review of 9 years of the Thai NHA process attempted to understand how it works, given the paucity of such mechanisms worldwide. In addition, an in-depth look at its strengths and weaknesses allowed for reflection on whether the lessons learnt from this participatory governance model can be relevant for other settings.Overall, the power of stakeholder groups coming together has been impressively harnessed in the NHA process. The NHA has helped foster dialogue through understanding and respect for very differing takes on the same issue. The way in which different stakeholders discuss with each other in a real attempt at consensus thus represents a qualitatively improved policy dialogue.Nevertheless, the biggest challenge facing the NHA is ensuring a sustainable link to decision-making and the highest political circles. Modalities are needed to make NHA resolutions high priorities for the health sector.The NHA embodies many core features of a well-prepared deliberative process as defined in the literature (information provision, diverse views, opportunity to discuss freely) as well as key ingredients to enable the public to effectively participate (credibility, legitimacy and power). This offers important lessons for other countries for conducting similar processes. However, more research is necessary to understand how improvements in the deliberative process lead to concrete policy outcomes.
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Johnson, Genevieve Fuji. "Deliberative Democratic Practices in Canada: An Analysis of Institutional Empowerment in Three Cases." Canadian Journal of Political Science 42, no. 3 (September 2009): 679–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423909990072.
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Abstract. Analyzing three timely Canadian cases, this article develops an important relationship between the theory and practice of deliberative democracy. The Canadian Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), Nova Scotia Power Incorporated (NSP), and Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) recently held consultative initiatives appearing to seek the democratic empowerment of citizens. In each case, we see institutional features of deliberative democracy. But only the TCHC's participatory budgeting process begins to fulfill the promise of deliberative empowerment, that is, inclusive, informed, and equal public deliberation focused on a common good at the policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation stages. Why is the case of the TCHC characterized by greater deliberative empowerment than the cases of NSP and the NWMO? I explore possible explanations, all of which focus on the political context in which deliberation takes place. My overarching finding is that the motivation of policy elites within these organizations is key in the deliberative empowerment of citizens at the institutional level. I conclude by identifying factors that might account for the presence or absence of this motivation.Résumé. En analysant trois cas canadiens opportuns, cet article développe une relation importante entre la théorie et la pratique de la démocratie délibérative. La Société de gestion des déchets nucléaires (SGDN) du Canada, Nova Scotia Power Incorporated (NSPI) et la Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) ont récemment mis en oeuvre des initiatives consultatives qui semblent vouloir donner le pouvoir démocratique délibératif aux citoyens. Dans chaque cas, on observe des caractéristiques institutionnelles représentant les valeurs d'une démocratie délibérative. Mais le processus budgétaire participatif de la TCHC est le seul qui commence à tenir les promesses d'une prise de pouvoir délibérative, caractérisée par une délibération inclusive, informée et égalitaire, axée sur un bien commun, aux étapes de la formulation, de la mise en oeuvre et de l'évaluation d'une politique. Pourquoi le cas de la TCHC atteste-t-il d'une plus grande prise de pouvoir délibérative que ceux de NSPI et de la SGDN? J'explore des explications possibles, qui sont toutes centrées sur le contexte politique dans lequel survient la délibération. En général, je constate que la motivation des élites politiques à l'intérieur de ces organisations est primordiale pour la prise de pouvoir délibérative des citoyens au niveau institutionnel. En conclusion, j'identifie les facteurs pouvant justifier la présence ou l'absence de cette motivation.
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Santos, Margarida, Susana Batel, and Maria Eduarda Gonçalves. "Participatory budgeting in the age of post-politics: Examining the discourses of citizens and representatives of expert-political systems in three municipalities in Portugal." Portuguese Journal of Social Science 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00003_1.
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Abstract In recent decades, a growing body of research has discussed and illustrated the so-called deliberative speak ‐ or how, despite representatives of the expert-political system agreeing with public participation in decision-making processes, in practice effective public participation barely occurs. To address this, new governing tools have recently been developed and implemented, such as participatory budgeting, particularly in societies in the Global North. We have also witnessed several profound sociopolitical and economic changes ‐ the post-political turn and localist agendas are all part and parcel of a new era of governance and political institutions that are being discussed increasingly by social scientists as questioning democracy. However, empirical analyses of if and how these changes are being appropriated ‐ reproduced and/or resisted ‐ in the everyday practices of expert-political systems and of citizens and what their consequences are for public participation have been neglected. To overcome that, this article will examine the discourses of citizens and representatives of expert-political systems about their participatory budgeting in three Portuguese municipalities.
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Rahmat, Ihsan, Indra Pratama Putra Salmon, and Amrih Setyo Raharjo. "Can Deliberative Policy Reconcile Religious Conflict? A Construction from the Insight of Jamaah Ahmadiyah Indonesia." NALAR: Jurnal Peradaban dan Pemikiran Islam 5, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23971/njppi.v5i1.2445.
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The state has failed to manage religious conflicts. Not only from the side of the government apparatus, which helped provoke the mass to the loss of life, but also weak and biased central regulations. The fact is that national policies do not complete the agenda and content of interests. This study argues that an important deliberative policy is made in each conflict area as a reinforcement for national policy. We construct a deliberative policy flow for religious conflicts based on academic guidelines and the case of the Jamaah Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) in Colo Village, Kudus Regency, Central Java Province. This study is sourced from data collected in November 2018 through documentation, interviews, and observations. We have interviewed the village government, religious leaders, active congregations, and residents. The results of the interviews were processed through the process of transcription, determining keywords, categorizing, and defining. Data refined in October 2020 through literature studies and news clipping. We have described policies as triggers of conflict, identified four patterns of JAI conflict in Indonesia, and explained the dynamics of Ahmadiyyah diversity with local Muslims in Colo. Primarily, this study contains a deliberative policy-making process. The key to this policy is a participatory, informative, balanced, and thorough discussion of all parties. The task in the future is the need to examine the deliberative policy flow that we have constructed to ensure that this can be applied.Keywords : Religious Conflict; Deliberative Policy; Jamaah Ahmadiyyah Indonesia
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Pokharel, K., R. Karki, H. R. Ojha, P. Gentle, D. Acharya, M. Banjade, and D. Paudel. "State-community relations and deliberative politics within federal forest governance in Nepal." International Forestry Review 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820830405609.
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Despite widespread participatory governance reforms in the forest sector in Nepal, how forest administration can be re-organised at multiple levels to enable community based forest management remains unexplored. Forest governance reforms in Nepal have involved numerous forms of collaboration and contestation between the state agencies and community-based forest stakeholders in the rapidly evolving federalist political context. Analysing an empirical case of community forestry in Nepal, this paper shows how state agencies and communities interact in the process of controlling and managing forest resources. It is argued in the paper that instituting deliberative processes in multi-level governance structure is a key to the functioning of a well-devolved forest governance. With the nation already adopting a new federal system of governance, it is crucial to clearly define the authorities of the federal, provincial and local level administrations. We also argue that the need for creating institutions and spaces for deliberative engagement between forest dependent community groups and the public administration is at an all-time high for achieving accountability and more effective forest governance. The future of Nepal's forestry and people living around forest resources depend to a large extent on how powers are shared by different levels of governments, and how these governments interact with one another, and with people and civil societies in their respective domains of governance.
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Doury, Marianne, and Assimakis Tseronis. "The place of counter discourse in two methods of public deliberation." Argumentation in political deliberation 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2013): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.2.1.04dou.
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In this paper, we examine two methods of public participation, namely consensus conference (conférence de citoyens) and public hearing (débat public). While both methods are used in order to involve the public in decision making about science and technology policy, they differ in a number of aspects. Consensus conference seeks the active participation of a selected group of citizens who are expected to elaborate cooperatively a text of recommendations. Public hearing seeks to inform the public and to collect as many reactions by it as possible. In our analysis, we consider the characteristics of these two methods described in the social and political sciences literature as institutional constraints that can play a role in the production of argumentative discourse. We focus our study on the discourse produced in two concrete instances of the application of these participatory methods on the deliberation over the development of nanotechnology in France. More specifically, we study the expression of counter discourse and seek to describe how the participants in the two deliberation processes end up managing the institutional constraints in order to have their criticisms expressed. In this way, we propose a bottom-up approach to the theorization of the role that institutional context plays in the practice of argumentation, and discuss the descriptive adequacy of existing definitions of the deliberative genre within argumentation studies.
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Delabre, Izabela, and Chukwumerije Okereke. "Palm oil, power, and participation: The political ecology of social impact assessment." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 3 (October 22, 2019): 642–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619882013.
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The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, as a form of neoliberal environmental governance operating beyond-the-state, seeks to address its democratic deficit and gain legitimacy through deliberative and consultative processes. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil requires companies to conduct participatory social impact assessment for both new developments and existing operations in an attempt to identify and address the critical social impacts associated with palm oil production. Using a political ecology framework, and a mixed methods approach, this study explores social impact assessments as sites of power struggles, to understand the contestations, inequities, and marginalizations that occur in social impact assessment processes. By exploring the nature of social impact assessment as a market-led regime that privileges certain knowledges and politics, and is co-opted and controlled by powerful actors, the paper challenges the notion that social impact assessment can ensure the inclusion of previously marginalized people in decision-making processes. Participation in social impact assessment is found to be, at most, consultative and top-down, and risks the further disempowerment of affected peoples. By viewing social impact assessment as a discrete intervention, without a clear wider political project for social change for local peoples and workers, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil risks ‘rendering technical’ and ‘marketable’ the multifaceted social impacts associated with palm oil production as it simultaneously enacts particular global, neoliberal ‘participatory’ strategies that are applied locally in ways that (re-)produce hegemony and legitimacy.
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Varju, Márton. "Responsible research and innovation (RRI) in Hungary: A Western model, an Eastern illiberal regime, and a case of deferred institutional adaptation." Pravni zapisi 12, no. 1 (2021): 62–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-31393.
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Responsible research and innovation (RRI) is a mode of research, development and innovation (RDI) governance which has proliferated primarily in European states with a tradition and/or culture of participatory and deliberative technology governance. It assumes the existence of open, transparent and accessible policy-making processes, and a culture of responsibility and accountability in government and in the private domain. In Hungary, where RDI is supposed to be the key to economic competitiveness, RRI has never taken root. Examining the regulation of the Hungarian RDI system, it becomes clear that there is a significant degree of institutional incompatibility with the solutions promoted by RRI. More significantly, the contemporary system of government and administration and the prevailing model of policy-making and governance prevent or exclude deliberately the implementation of RRI.
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Peay, Holly L., Nuchanart Q. Ormsby, Gail E. Henderson, Thidarat Jupimai, Stuart Rennie, Krittaecho Siripassorn, Kunakorn Kanchawee, et al. "Recommendations from Thai stakeholders about protecting HIV remission (‘cure’) trial participants: report from a participatory workshop." International Health 12, no. 6 (November 2020): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa067.
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Abstract Background The social/behavioral HIV Decision-Making Study (DMS) assesses informed consent and trial experiences of individuals in HIV remission trials in Thailand. We convened a 1-d multi-stakeholder participatory workshop in Bangkok. We provide a meeting summary and reactions from DMS investigators. Methods Workshop members viewed de-identified interview excerpts from DMS participants. They deliberated on the findings and made recommendations regarding informed choice for remission trials. Notes and recordings were used to create a summary report, which was reviewed by members and refined. Results Workshop members’ recommendations included HIV education and psychosocial support to establish the basis for informed choice, key trial information to be provided in everyday language, supportive decision-making processes and psychosocial care during and after the trial. Concerns included participant willingness to restart antiretrovirals after trial-mandated treatment interruption, unintended influence of the research team on decision-making and seemingly altruistic motivations for trial participation that may signal attempts to atone for stigmatized behavior. Conclusions The workshop highlighted community perspectives and resulted in recommendations for supporting informed choice and psychosocial and physical health. These are the first such recommendations arising from a deliberative process. Although some elements are rooted in the Thai context, most are applicable across remission trials.
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Scolozzi, Rocco, Uta Schirpke, and Davide Geneletti. "Enhancing Ecosystem Services Management in Protected Areas Through Participatory System Dynamics Modelling." Landscape Online 73 (August 26, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201973.
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Ecosystem services (ES) depend on coupled ecological and socioeconomic processes. We propose participatory modelling as a tool for sharing and co-creating knowledge about processes supporting (or eroding) local ES. The proposal consists of an open library of introductory ES dynamic models to be tailored for each case study. Such a library is illustrated by two ES examples and five models, published in an open-access web-platform. The results can contribute to the improvement of both analysis and deliberation, helping managers to design better policies and stakeholders to better formulate expectations.
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Gerkensmeier, Birgit, Beate M. W. Ratter, Manfred Vollmer, and Cormac Walsh. "Managing coastal risks at the Wadden Sea: a societal perspective." Disaster Prevention and Management 27, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-04-2017-0074.
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Purpose The trilateral Wadden Sea Region (WSR), extending from Den Helder in the Netherlands, along the German North Sea coast, to Esbjerg in Denmark, constitutes a unique but vulnerable coastal landscape. Vulnerability to environmental and societal risks is expected to increase in coming decades with encompassing new challenges such as demographic changes and conflicting uses of space, both on land and at sea. Meeting these challenges will require a shift toward an understanding of risk management as a social process, marking a significant departure from the dominant technical risk management paradigm. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In practice, this paradigm shift requires participatory stakeholder engagement, bringing together multiple and diverse perspectives, interests and concerns. This paper aims to support the implementation and expansion of enhanced social processes in coastal risk management by presenting a case study of participatory risk management process. Implemented in collaboration with a trilateral stakeholder partnership, the authors present a mixed-method approach which encouraged a joint, deliberate approach to environmental and societal risks within an overall framework. Findings The results enable the authors to deduce implications of participatory risk management processes for the WSR, wherein the partnership can act as a communicator and ambassador for an improved understanding of risk management as a social process. Originality/value In this context, the trilateral dimension, discussed here for the first time in relation with coastal risk management processes in the WSR, is emphasized as an efficient level that offers room for enhanced participatory and negotiation processes that are crucial for enhanced risk management processes.
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Veeckman, Carina, and Laura Temmerman. "Urban Living Labs and Citizen Science: From Innovation and Science towards Policy Impacts." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020526.
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City governments are currently exploring different participatory mechanisms in order to meet the growing demand in society for deliberate decision-making. Through developments in sensing technology, data processing and visualization, citizen science is emerging as a powerful tool for the general public to participate in scientific research that informs policy. Citizen science can be used as an approach in Urban Living Labs, whereby public and private stakeholders are involved in innovation and data collection processes together with citizens. However, there is currently little synergy between citizen science and Urban Living Labs, and how science, innovation and policy can be interoperable. Therefore, this article conducts a comparative case study analysis on the participatory processes and related outputs, outcomes and impacts of the FloodCitiSense Urban Living Labs (Brussels, Birmingham, Rotterdam). These initiatives developed an early warning system for urban flooding through the collection and analysis of crowdsourced information. Data on the participatory processes were collected through 11 in-depth interviews and evaluated on its effectiveness in achieving policy outcomes. The discussion reflects on best practices in incorporating citizen science in Urban Living Labs based on the experienced opportunities and challenges in FloodCitiSense.
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Veeckman, Carina, and Laura Temmerman. "Urban Living Labs and Citizen Science: From Innovation and Science towards Policy Impacts." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020526.
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City governments are currently exploring different participatory mechanisms in order to meet the growing demand in society for deliberate decision-making. Through developments in sensing technology, data processing and visualization, citizen science is emerging as a powerful tool for the general public to participate in scientific research that informs policy. Citizen science can be used as an approach in Urban Living Labs, whereby public and private stakeholders are involved in innovation and data collection processes together with citizens. However, there is currently little synergy between citizen science and Urban Living Labs, and how science, innovation and policy can be interoperable. Therefore, this article conducts a comparative case study analysis on the participatory processes and related outputs, outcomes and impacts of the FloodCitiSense Urban Living Labs (Brussels, Birmingham, Rotterdam). These initiatives developed an early warning system for urban flooding through the collection and analysis of crowdsourced information. Data on the participatory processes were collected through 11 in-depth interviews and evaluated on its effectiveness in achieving policy outcomes. The discussion reflects on best practices in incorporating citizen science in Urban Living Labs based on the experienced opportunities and challenges in FloodCitiSense.
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Braun, Robert, Tine Ravn, and Elisabeth Frankus. "What constitutes expertise in research ethics and integrity?" Research Ethics 16, no. 1-2 (January 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016119898402.
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In this paper we reflect on the looming question of what constitutes expertise in ethics. Based on an empirical program that involved qualitative and quantitative as well as participatory research elements we show that expertise in research ethics and integrity is based on experience in the assessment processes. We then connect traditional concepts of expertise as “improved performance” with deliberate practice activities and, based on our research findings, show that ethical assessment experience is a form of deliberate practice. This in our view has further ramifications in the design and recruitment processes of ethical assessment units performing research ethics and integrity assessment.
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Ritter, Alison. "The privileged role of researchers in “evidence-based” policy: implications and engagement of other voices." Drugs and Alcohol Today 15, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-06-2015-0027.
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Purpose – This paper starts from the familiar premise of evidence-based policy, and examines the active role that researchers play in policy development processes. The interactive nature of much research translation immediately suggests the need to consider the dynamic way in which problems come to be understood, which is explored in this paper. Furthermore, the integration of research knowledge with the knowledges of “ordinary” citizens is a key challenge. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper represents a synthesis of recent studies conducted by the author and her colleagues along with other drug policy literature. Findings – The interactive and dialogic processes that researchers engage with, whether as knowledge brokers or participants in elite policy development forums, have implications for how policy problems (and solutions) come to be constituted. Four perspectives and theoretical approaches are briefly outlined: research design; policy processes; problematization; and critical social sciences analyses. These offer different ways of seeing, understanding and analyzing the relationship between problems, policy solutions and the policy processes. Yet all have lessons for the ways in which research evidence and researchers constitute policy. This needs to sit alongside the role of other drug policy stakeholders – notably the “ordinary” citizen. It is argued that the elite role of research can be tempered with engagement of ordinary citizens. While it can be challenging to reconcile general public views about drugs with the evidence-base, deliberative democracy approaches may hold some promise. Originality/value – This paper draws together a number of central themes for drug policy processes research: where the evidence-based policy paradigm intersects with participatory democracy; how problems are constituted; and the privileged role of research and researchers.
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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. "“FRAGMENTATION” OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A STRATEGY FOR REFORMING INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230037.
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International economic law (IEL) continues to evolve through dialectic processes of unilateral, bilateral, regional and worldwide regulation aimed at protecting cosmopolitan rights and transnational rule of law in mutually beneficial economic cooperation among citizens in a globalizing economy (section 1). The more transnational protection of cosmopolitan rights (e.g., human rights, trading, investor and social rights) depends on multilevel cooperation among national and international courts, the stronger becomes the need for justifying “multilevel judicial governance” by conceptions of “cosmopolitan” and “constitutional justice” rather than only by “Westphalian justice” and “commutative justice”, as reciprocally agreed in treaties among States (section 2). “Fragmentation” of “IEL among States” through multilevel economic regulation and adjudication (e.g., inside free trade areas and economic communities) is a necessary strategy for reforming international law for the benefit of citizens. In order to remain legitimate and reconcile the rational self-interests of citizens with their reasonable common interests, investment arbitration must remain embedded into multilevel human rights law and respect for legitimate “constitutional pluralism” protecting cosmopolitan rights, transnational “participatory” and “deliberative democracy” and rule of law through “consistent interpretations” and “judicial comity” among national and international courts of justice (section 3).