Books on the topic 'Partial mediation'
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1
1945-, Williams Sue, and Quaker Peace & Service., eds. Being in the middle by being at the edge: Quaker experience of non-official political mediation. London: Quaker Peace & Service, in association with Sessions Book Trust, 1994.
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L'umanità ovunque: Sinistra, mediazione e connessione sentimentale. Roma: Ediesse, 2013.
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Dergunova, Viktoriya, and Anastasiya Prokopova. Analysis of legal regulation and judicial practice of resolving disputes between parents about children. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1218051.
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The monograph is a comprehensive study of the current practice of resolving cases on determining the place of residence of children, the procedure for communicating with them separately living parents and other relatives; restriction and deprivation of parental rights; on the departure of children outside the Russian Federation and return within the framework of the Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction of 1980, the Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition and Enforcement and Cooperation in relation to Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of children of 1996.The relations that develop between the child and parents, the child and the court, parents and the court, as well as parents as parties to the process are analyzed. The central place is occupied by the study of the content of the concept of the best interests of the child as a guarantee of the protection of his rights and the vector of development of the current legislation. The cases of abuse of parental rights and improper performance (or non-performance) of parental duties, illustrated by current judicial practice, are considered. The analysis is presented: measures of family legal responsibility, including restriction and deprivation of parental rights in connection with non-execution of a court decision on the upbringing of a child; features of the application of principle 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child in resolving disputes about the place of residence of children; the possibility of taking interim measures in disputes between parents about upbringing; the ratio of legal and psychological categories in child-parent relations in order to apply special knowledge; the procedure for conducting forensic examinations in these categories of cases. Finally, the possibilities of out-of-court settlement of some family disputes, including through mediation, are investigated.
For a wide range of readers interested in the rights of the child. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
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Turner, Catherine, and Martin Wählisch, eds. Rethinking Peace Mediation. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208191.001.0001.
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This pioneering work offers important insights into peace mediation practice today and the role of third parties in the resolution of armed conflicts. The authors reveal how peace mediation has developed into a complex arena and how multifaced assistance has become an indispensable part of it. Offering unique reflections on the new frameworks set out by the United Nations, the book explores the challenges and the opportunities of third- party involvement in conflict resolution. With its policy focus and real-world examples from across the globe, this collection is essential reading for researchers of peace and conflict studies, and a go-to reference point for advisors involved in peace processes.
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Jeffrey, Waincymer. Part IX Costs, Funding, and Ideas for Optimization, 28 Optimizing the use of Mediation in International Arbitration: A Cost–Benefit Analysis of ‘Two Hat’ Versus ‘Two People’ Models. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198783206.003.0029.
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This chapter considers the question of whether an arbitrator may also adopt a mediation function or whether the dual roles are antithetical. It tests that hypothesis by engaging in a cost-benefit analysis of differing scenarios when mediation is utilized in an arbitral context. The prime comparison is between parallel mediation with a separate neutral and the alternative of a dual-role neutral. The three key points are: there should be much more mediation occurring at the international level, regarding both potential and actual arbitral disputes; a commercially minded arbitrator concerned for the parties’ good faith should encourage mediation where appropriate, in particular, when an adjudicated outcome will not be in the interests of either, usually because the dispute is a small part of a long-term relationship that can risk that relationship no matter who wins; and, while informed party autonomy should always support a dual-role neutral, in most factual permutations, informed parties could be expected to prefer parallel mediation provided there is full cooperation between mediator and arbitrator. The chapter argues that the relative benefits of the use of dual-role neutrals would be greatly outweighed by the costs in fairness and efficiency, and the inevitable need for a sub-optimal design of either or both dispute processes. The benefits would also be separately outweighed by the risks of significant disruption to any ensuing arbitration if a dual-role neutral fails to achieve a settlement.
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Bantekas, Ilias. Sequencing Peace and Justice in Post-Conflict Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810568.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the extent to which there is any conflict or harm in the ICC Prosecutor’s involvement in cases undergoing mediation by the international community, most of which are currently in Africa. The ICC Prosecutor’s discretion, as per the Court’s Statute, to hold a prosecution in abeyance in anticipation of the outcomes of mediating efforts which aim at ending a conflict is at best ambivalent. Recent practice suggests that stakeholders engaged in ending long-running African conflicts prefer the Prosecutor to decline to exercise jurisdiction in order to encourage the parties to reach some agreement. For obvious reasons, discussions on such matters are often held confidentially and not in the context of official debates. The African experience with the peace–justice nexus shows that the peace-versus-justice debate has not been resolved in favour of any camp.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., and Marina Kilintari. Imaging the Networks of Language. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.15.
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Among the “higher” functions, language and its cerebral networks is the most intensively explored through behavioral or clinical studies and, more recently, through functional neuroimaging. From the former studies, several models (only partially congruent) have emerged during the past three centuries regarding the organization and topography of the brain mechanisms of the acoustic, phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic operations in which psycholinguists have divided the language function. The main task of this chapter is to extract from the vast functional neuroimaging literature of language reliable evidence that would be used to disconfirm the various hypotheses comprising the current language models. Most of these hypotheses concern the anatomical structures that could be considered nodes or hubs of the neuronal networks mediating the above-mentioned linguistic operations. Using the same criteria, the authors present neuroimaging evidence relevant to the issue of the neuronal mediation of sign languages, reading, and dyslexia.
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Anne Marie Ellen.* Kresta. Partial characterization of tear fluid factor(s) responsible for mediating the release of liposome-entrapped acetylcholinesterase. 1989.
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Walton, Jeremy F. Varieties of Islam in the Turkish Public Sphere. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658977.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 offers a vista over the terrain of public Islam in Turkey. The chapter delineates four public mediations of Islam in contemporary Turkey: statist/bureaucratic Islam, mass Islam, partisan Islam, and consumerist Islam. After an excursion/excursus in Istanbul’s Taksim Square, it focuses on the Directorate of Religious Affairs and its statist vision of Islam as homogeneous and incontestable. Following this, it describes a rally organized by a right-wing Islamist party in Turkey in protest of the visit of Pope Benedict XVI in 2006. Next, it considers the increasing sway that partisan Islam and the AKP (in Turkish, the Justice and Development Party/Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) have on public images of Islam generally. Finally, the chapter concludes with an interview with the editors of a prominent Muslim fashion magazine, which is also a preeminent expression of consumerist Islam.
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Sime, Stuart. 10. Alternative dispute resolution. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747673.003.1145.
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Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.
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Sime, Stuart. 10. Alternative Dispute Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823100.003.1145.
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Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.
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Sime, Stuart. 10. Alternative dispute resolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787570.003.1145.
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Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.
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Stuart, Casey-Maslen, Clapham Andrew, Giacca Gilles, and Parker Sarah. Art.19 Dispute Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.003.0023.
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This chapter analyses Article 19 of the ATT. The article establishes the process by which disputes between two or more states parties regarding the interpretation or application of the treaty should be settled. States parties are obliged to consult to pursue settlement of any such dispute. Beyond this, all peaceful means of dispute settlement are only obligatory to the extent that the concerned states parties mutually consent to the means in question. Paragraph 1 of the article obliges states parties to consult, and, by mutual consent, to co-operate to settle any dispute that may arise between them with regard to interpretation or application of the treaty. A non-exhaustive list of possible dispute settlement mechanisms is provided: negotiation, mediation, conciliation, judicial settlement, and other peaceful means.
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Williams, Sue, and Steve Williams. Being in the Middle by Being at the Edge: A Quaker Experience of Non-Official Political Mediation. Hyperion Books, 1999.
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15
Cunningham-Hill, Susan, and Karen Elder. 5. Alternative dispute resolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787655.003.0005.
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This chapter deals with the methods by which the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) encourage parties to settle their disputes at an early stage and, ultimately, without proceeding trial. It also looks at the methods of dispute resolution that may be available, including a more detailed look at the most common ones. It covers the different types of alternative dispute resolution (ADR); the integration of ADR into the CPR; the philosophy of ADR; and a detailed look at mediation.
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Cunningham-Hill, Susan, and Karen Elder. 5. Alternative Dispute Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823193.003.0005.
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This chapter deals with the methods by which the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) encourage parties to settle their disputes at an early stage and, ultimately, without proceeding trial. It also looks at the methods of dispute resolution that may be available. The chapter includes a detailed look at the most common dispute resolution methods. Further, it covers the different types of alternative dispute resolution (ADR); the integration of ADR into the CPR; the philosophy of ADR; and a detailed look at mediation.
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Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part III Practice and Procedure, 16 The Amicable Resolution of International Mining Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0016.
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For many executives and other participants in the mining industry, litigation or arbitration is an avenue of last resort; the resolution of disputes is a priority. This chapter focuses on the informal resolution of international or domestic disputes, often referred to as alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The various forms of ADR differ from international arbitration in that they provide for a non-binding means to assist the parties in attempting to reach an amicable consensual resolution of the dispute. While mediation and conciliation are the most widely used form of non-arbitration ADR, parties also use other forms of ADR such as expert determinations, mini-trials, and neutral evaluations. One of the incentives for parties to amicably resolve an intentional mining dispute is that it gives them the opportunity to restore or improve the original bargain. The final section of the chapter discusses the timing and procedural steps of ADR.
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Ralf, Michaels. Preamble I, Purposes, legal nature, and scope of the PICC; applicability by courts; use of the PICC for the purpose of interpretation and supplementation and as a model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0002.
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This commentary focuses on Preamble I of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). In particular, it discusses the purposes, legal nature, and scope of the PICC as a restatement, as a model, as effective law, and as a background law. It also explains the applicability of the PICC by courts, focusing on the function of paragraphs 2–4 of the Preamble; applicability as law chosen by the parties; the PICC as general principles of law or lex mercatoria; applicability without a choice by the parties; and application where choice of law rules do not yield results. Preamble I also addresses the use of the PICC for purposes of contractual interpretation and supplementation and as a model for legislation, contract drafting, mediation and conciliation, and legal education.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Guelphs and Ghibellines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0020.
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To find a political culture that was actually shared by rural lords and country dwellers, as well as by country and city, and aristocrats and prince, it would probably be necessary to look at that of the Guelph and Ghibelline metafactions, capable as they were of activating ties of solidarity and a strong sense of obedience. More than the ideological component—although the contents of this evolved constantly throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and beyond—what generated membership of the parties was above all their role of mediation between environments at a distance from one another, such as the centre of the domain and its peripheries. The emergence of a new bureaucratically oriented state did not exhaust the spaces for political interaction and the Guelph and Ghibelline parties ended up monopolizing the exchange of particular resources: exemptions, pardons, ecclesiastical benefices for subjects, information and political support for the duke.
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Haq, Khadija, ed. UNCTAD VII. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0019.
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In this chapter, Haq expresses deep concern for UNCTAD as an organization. He explains how UNCTAD became more of a partisan secretariat for developing countries rather than fulfilling its role as the mediator between developed and developing countries. Both sets of countries wrongly employed UNCTAD as a forum for debates rather than meaningful negotiation. Haq, in this piece, outlines key areas for action that can help make UNCTAD a more effective organization.
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Thompson, Douglas I. Radical Moderation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679934.003.0006.
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Renaissance theories of diplomacy seek to address the tension between the ambassador’s dual roles as mediator between princes and representative of one prince exclusively. Michel de Montaigne transposes this concern onto the question of how to negotiate the resolution of civil conflict when one is a partisan within the conflict. In his view, moderation is the capacity that this activity demands. This is a deeply paradoxical virtue: if one is to be moderate and not overly hostile toward all signs of partisanship, one must retain some contact with partisan extremes. Montaigne argues that one should handle this paradox by acknowledging the customary, habitual aspects of one’s partisan attachments, so that one may affirm them without incapacitating oneself politically. The chapter then compares Montaigne’s conception of moderation with William Connolly’s conception of “bicameral citizenship,” which also seeks to enable non-incapacitating partisanship.
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Tir, Jaroslav, and Johannes Karreth. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699512.003.0001.
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We describe the deleterious consequences of civil wars and note that, despite some successes, common conflict management techniques (mediation, intervention, peacekeeping) still leave much room for improvement in managing civil wars. We argue that an ontological shift is needed, in which civil wars are considered from the perspective of their development. This would allow third parties to address the issue of civil war prevention by taking steps to ensure that nascent, low-level armed conflict does not escalate to full-scale civil war. We maintain that a specific subset of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), highly structured IGOs [such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund (IMF)], are particularly well positioned to engage in civil war prevention. Such IGOs have an enduring self-interest in member-state peace and stability and potent tools with which they can incentivize a return to peace.
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Tir, Jaroslav, and Johannes Karreth. Managing Civil Wars from the Perspective of Their Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699512.003.0002.
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After surveying the literature on the causes, consequences, and management of civil wars, we argue that novel ways of examining civil war management are needed. We advocate for a developmental view of civil wars in order to better understand how to prevent the escalation of low-level armed conflict to full-scale civil war. To prevent full-scale civil war, third parties need to (a) respond swiftly, (b) have the will and ability to impose tangible costs on (and offer benefits to) governments and rebels, and (c) remain involved over the long term. Our analysis shows that typical third-party civil war management approaches (mediation, peacekeeping, and intervention) fail to adequately address at least one of these issues. This motivates our argument in favor of focusing on a different type of third party that could arguably play a particularly constructive role in civil war prevention: highly structured intergovernmental organizations.
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Ophir, Adi, and Ishay Rosen-Zvi. One Goy, Multiple Language Games. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744900.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes the characteristic features of the goy as a specific type of other, in both its legal (halakhic) and homiletical (aggadic) manifestations, as well as the division of labor between these two genres of the rabbinic corpus. It reconstructs the goy as a figure and a discursive position, and examines the technology of separation associated with it in both legal (laws of idolatry; purity; pedigree; murder, theft, recovering lost items; etc.) and non-legal (embryology; eschatology; daily liturgy; homilies on the exodus and the Sinai covenant; etc.) domains. The chapter demonstrates the consolidation of the binary, total, individualized discursive formation of Jew-goy opposition, through each of these aspects, and traces the triadic structure in which the opposition is embedded in the aggadic discourse, with God serving as the mediating position between the two parties. Analyzing the different domains together exposes the depth and comprehensiveness of the new structure.
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Powell, Emilia Justyna. Islamic Law and International Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190064631.001.0001.
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Islamic Law and International Law is a comprehensive examination of differences and similarities between the Islamic legal tradition and international law, especially in the context of dispute settlement. Sharia embraces a unique logic and culture of justice—based on nonconfrontational dispute resolution—as taught by the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad. This book explains how the creeds of Islamic dispute resolution shape the Islamic milieu’s views of international law. Is the Islamic legal tradition ab initio incompatible with international law, and how do states of the Islamic milieu view international courts, mediation, and arbitration? Islamic law constitutes an important part of the domestic legal system in many states of the Islamic milieu—Islamic law states—displacing secular law in state governance and affecting these states’ contemporary international dealings. The book analyzes constitutional and sub-constitutional laws in Islamic law states. The answer to the “Islamic law–international law nexus puzzle” lies in the diversity of how secular laws and religious laws fuse in domestic legal systems across the Islamic milieu. These states are not Islamic to the same degree or in the same way. Thus, different international conflict management methods appeal to different states, depending on each one’s domestic legal system. The main claim of the book is that in many instances the Islamic legal tradition points in one direction while Western-based, secularized international law points in another direction. This conflict is partially softened by the reality that the Islamic legal tradition itself has elements fundamentally compatible with modern international law.
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Ó Dochartaigh, Niall. Deniable Contact. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894762.001.0001.
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Despite the importance of secret negotiations during the Northern Ireland conflict there is no full-length study of the use of back-channels in repeated efforts to end the ‘Troubles’. This book provides a textured account that extends our understanding of the distinctive dynamics of negotiations conducted in secret and the conditions conducive to the negotiated settlement of conflict. It disrupts and challenges some conventional notions about the conflict in Northern Ireland, offering a fresh analysis of the political dynamics and the intra-party struggles that sustained violent conflict and prevented settlement for so long. It draws on theories of negotiation and mediation to understand why efforts to end the conflict through back-channel negotiations repeatedly failed before finally succeeding in the 1990s. It challenges the view that the conflict persisted because of irreconcilable political ideologies and argues that the parties to conflict were much more open to compromise than the often-intransigent public rhetoric suggested. The analysis is founded on a rich store of historical evidence, including the private papers of key Irish republican leaders and British politicians, recently released papers from national archives in Dublin and London, and the papers of Brendan Duddy, the intermediary who acted as the primary contact between the IRA and the British government during key phases of engagement, including papers that have not yet been made publicly available. This documentary evidence, combined with original interviews with politicians, mediators, civil servants, and republicans, allows a vivid picture to emerge of the complex maneuvering at this intersection.
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Smith, Stephen A., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.001.0001.
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Until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, historians knew relatively little about the secretive world of communist states and parties. Since then, the opening of state, party and diplomatic archives of the former Eastern Bloc has released a flood of new documentation. The thirty-five essays in the Handbook, written by a highly international team of scholars, draw on this new material to offer a global history of communism in the twentieth century. In contrast to many histories that concentrate on the Soviet Union, it is genuinely global in its coverage, paying particular attention to the Chinese Revolution. It is ‘global’, too, in the sense that the essays seek to integrate history ‘from above’ and ‘from below’, to trace the complex mediations between state and society, and to explore the social and cultural as well as the political and economic realities that shaped the lives of citizens fated to live under communist rule. The essays reflect on the similarities and differences between communist states in order to situate them in their socio-political and cultural contexts and to capture their changing nature over time. Where appropriate, they also reflect on how the fortunes of international communism were shaped by the wider economic, political and cultural forces of the capitalist world. The Handbook provides an informative introduction for those new to the field and a comprehensive overview of the current state of scholarship for those seeking to deepen their understanding.
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Harp, Gillis J. Protestants and American Conservatism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199977413.001.0001.
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Protestant beliefs have made several significant contributions to conservatism, both in the more abstract realm of ideas and in the arena of political positions or practical policies. First, they have sacralized the established social order, valued and defended customary hierarchies; they have discouraged revolt or rebellion; they have prompted Protestants to view the state as an active moral agent of divine origin; and they have stressed the importance of community life and mediating institutions such as the family and the church and occasionally provided a modest check on an individualistic and competitive impulse. Second, certain shared tenets facilitated this conjunction of Protestantism and conservatism, most often when substantial change loomed. For example, common concerns of the two dovetailed when revivals challenged the religious status quo during the colonial Great Awakening, when secession and rebellion threatened federal authority during the Civil War, when a new type of conservatism emerged, and dismissed the older sort as paternalistic, when the Great Depression opened the door to a more intrusive state, when atheist communism challenged American individualism, and, finally, when the cultural changes of the 1960s undermined traditional notions of the family and gender roles. Third, certain Christian ideas and assumptions have, at their best, served to heighten or ennoble conservative discourse, sometimes raising it above merely partisan or pragmatic concerns. Protestantism added a moral and religious weight to conservative beliefs and helped soften the harshness of an acquisitive, sometimes cutthroat, economic order.
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Grass, Tim. Restorationists and New Movements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0007.
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Presbyterians and Congregationalists arrived in colonial America as Dissenters; however, they soon exercised a religious and cultural dominance that extended well into the first half of the nineteenth century. The multi-faceted Second Great Awakening led within the Reformed camp by the Presbyterian James McGready in Kentucky, a host of New Divinity ministers in New England, and Congregationalist Charles Finney in New York energized Christians to improve society (Congregational and Presbyterian women were crucial to the three most important reform movements of the nineteenth century—antislavery, temperance, and missions) and extend the evangelical message around the world. Although outnumbered by other Protestant denominations by mid-century, Presbyterians and Congregationalists nevertheless expanded geographically, increased in absolute numbers, spread the Gospel at home and abroad, created enduring institutions, and continued to dominate formal religious thought. The overall trajectory of nineteenth-century Presbyterianism and Congregationalism in the United States is one that tracks from convergence to divergence, from cooperative endeavours and mutual interests in the first half the nineteenth century to an increasingly self-conscious denominational awareness that became firmly established in both denominations by the 1850s. With regional distribution of Congregationalists in the North and Presbyterians in the mid-Atlantic region and South, the Civil War intensified their differences (and also divided Presbyterians into antislavery northern and pro-slavery southern parties). By the post-Civil War period these denominations had for the most part gone their separate ways. However, apart from the southern Presbyterians, who remained consciously committed to conservatism, they faced a similar host of social and intellectual challenges, including higher criticism of the Bible and Darwinian evolutionary theory, to which they responded in varying ways. In general, Presbyterians maintained a conservative theological posture whereas Congregationalists accommodated to the challenges of modernity. At the turn of the century Congregationalists and Presbyterians continued to influence sectors of American life but their days of cultural hegemony were long past. In contrast to the nineteenth-century history of Presbyterian and Congregational churches in the United States, the Canadian story witnessed divergence evolving towards convergence and self-conscious denominationalism to ecclesiastical cooperation. During the very years when American Presbyterians were fragmenting over first theology, then slavery, and finally sectional conflict, political leaders in all regions of Canada entered negotiations aimed at establishing the Dominion of Canada, which were finalized in 1867. The new Dominion enjoyed the strong support of leading Canadian Presbyterians who saw in political confederation a model for uniting the many Presbyterian churches that Scotland’s fractious history had bequeathed to British North America. In 1875, the four largest Presbyterian denominations joined together as the Presbyterian Church in Canada. The unifying and mediating instincts of nineteenth-century Canadian Presbyterianism contributed to forces that in 1925 led two-thirds of Canadian Presbyterians (and almost 90 per cent of their ministers) into the United Church, Canada’s grand experiment in institutional ecumenism. By the end of the nineteenth century, Congregationalism had only a slight presence, whereas Presbyterians, by contrast, became increasingly more important until they stood at the centre of Canada’s Protestant history.