Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paroi cellulaire végétale – Imagerie'
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Cuello, Clément. "Vers l'élaboration d'un modèle de construction des parois secondaires des fibres de bois chez le peuplier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. https://theses.univ-orleans.fr/prive/accesESR/2021ORLE3118_va.pdf.
Full textTrees are able to grow high et survive many years thanks to their wood properties. Wood delivers three major functions in trees : (i) water conduction, (ii) mechanical support et (iii) nutrient storage. In Angiosperm trees, vessels, fibers et parenchyma rays are respectively assigned to these functions, each of them following their own development scheme. Cell wall composition et structure varies greatly depending on cell type, developmental stage et environmental conditions. This complexity therefore represents a hindrance to study the molecular mechanisms of wood formation. However, this can be circumvented by the development of cell-specific approaches.This work aims at characterizing fiber development, focusing on their secondary cell wall, developing cell-specific methods et integrative analysis at the cell level. Development of ATR-FTIR hyperspectral imaging enabled to finely characterize differences in cell wall composition between cell types in a tree et within cell types in different types of wood. Transcriptomics data obtained by RNA-Seq of microdissected fibers et rays gave rise to major differences in the transcriptome of these two cell types. Combining both kind of result led to the identification of key players in fibers development. Hence, this work opens up new research hypothesis, which could lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying wood fiber development, including from a dynamic perspective
Morel, Oriane. "Characterization of the spatial distribution of lignins in plant cell walls using chemical reporters and Raman." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS118.
Full textLignin is a polyphenolic polymer of the cell wall involved in many aspects of growth and development in higher plants. As a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, it is also of economic interest. Although the biosynthesis of the lignin polymer is relatively well understood, we need to know more about how changes (quantity/structure) to other cell wall polymers (e.g., cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins) affect lignin production. To provide more information on this question we implemented a two-phase approach based on the use of biological imaging. The first phase involved the development/improvement of different high-resolution complementary imaging techniques. We firstly developed a novel quantitative ratiometric approach (REPRISAL) based on the parametric/artificial intelligence segmentation of confocal microscopy images obtained by lignin chemical reporter bio-orthogonal chemistry. This methodology allowed us to precisely map the lignification capacity of different cell wall layers (cell corner, compound middle lamella and secondary cell wall) in Arabidopsis WT plants and the prx64 mutant. In a second development, we modified the REPRISAL segmentation algorithim thereby enabling it to be used to map relative cell wall lignin levels determined by the ratiometric safranin-O fluorescence technique. Finally, we used Raman imaging to compare the ability of three different multivariate analytical methods (unmixing, cluster analysis and orthogonal matching) to provide detailed spatial information about the distribution of different polymers in plant cell walls. In the second phase we used the developed/improved imaging techniques to analyse whether changes to cell wall hemicelluloses affect lignification in the Arabidopsis irx9 mutant. Our results demonstrated that changes in the distribution of cell wall hemicelluloses do indeed modify the lignification process, particularly in the younger parts of the plant floral stem. Targeted transcriptomics of selected cell wall genes suggested that the observed changes could be related to the induction of a defence response. Overall, the techniques developed within the framework of this thesis should prove valuable for future studies of cell wall dynamics. The results obtained on the irx9 mutant provide a novel insight into the dynamic relationships that exist between different polymers of the plant cell wall
Tesson, benoît. "Mécanismes de formation, structure et composition de la paroi de deux diatomées modèles : Phaeodactylum triconutum (Bohlin) et Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hasle et Heimdal)." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2004.
Full textThe aim of the present work is the structural and biochemical characterization of the walls of diatoms, and the localization of their intracellular silicon. The 3 morphotypes of P. Tricornutum (oval, fusiform and triradiate) were characterized structurally and mechanically, mechanisms of transition from one form to another were studied. The analysis of the wall surface of P. Tricornutum morphotypes reveals the presence of about 1% silicon in the form of silica (SiO2) and a weakly condensed species. Triradiate and fusiform wall contains about 30% proteins, 25% polysaccharides and 45% lipids, the oval form is enriched in lipids (55 %) and polysaccharides (30 %) with 13 % of proteins. Formation of mineral structure and silicon bioavailability has been studied in culture of P. Tricornutum, in relation with medium alkalinization and exopolymer excretion. The mineral and organic components of T. Pseudonana frustule were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The presence of acylglycérol was detected in the wall of T. Pseudonana, carboxylic and phosphates groups seem to be in contact with the silicon inside the wall. A relatively condensed silicon species, probably in the form of a "sol" was found inside the cell, this “silica sol” is probably used by the cell as a precursor for the synthesis of frustule
Christiaen, Daniel. "Structures et fonctions des polyosides matricielles de la paroi de Gracilaria verrucosa." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596731q.
Full textLouvet, Romain. "Approches biochimique et moléculaire du développement de la silique chez Arabidopsis thaliana (L. ) : Régulation et fonctions des Pectine MéthylEstérases." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0109.
Full textPlant cell wall is a complex network which consists of phenolic, proteic and polysaccharadic compounds. The latter comprises notably cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins. Homogalacturonans, which are one of the main pectic compounds, can be demethylesterified by cell wall bases enzymes, pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3. 1. 1. 11), a multigenic family of 66 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we have quantitatively and qualitatively analysed the cell wall polysaccharides composition during silique development in Arabidopsis. The decrease in the degree of methylesterification of homogalacturonan and the increase of total PME activity during silique maturation has lead us to investigate the variation in the expression of the 66 PMEs genes, using RT-qPCR, during this developmental process. Our results showed that PME gene expression can be clustered into five groups, and allowed some gene of interest to be chosen for further analysis. For several candidates, the precise tissue localization was realised using promoter::GUS fusions. This showed that one PME gene, At5g47500, is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and is coexpressed in many tissues with the At5g20740 gene, which encodes a putative PME inhibitor. A functional genomic approach showed that the function of AT5G47500 might be related to the fine tuning of the degree of methylesterification in meristematic tissues, which could play a role in the changes in cell wall structure leading to primordia emergence
Philippe, Sully. "Mise en place des parois dans l'albumen au cours du développement du grain de blé." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2120.
Full textArabinoxylan (AX) and (1-3)(1-4)-glucan are the major cell wall polysaccharides of wheat endosperm. The time course and pattern of deposition of these components in the endosperm cell walls of wheat during grain development was studied. 7 stages were retained from beginning of endosperm endosperm cellularization upto the maturation period. Immunochemical, Fourier transform-Infrared and Raman methods were used. Three stages of grain development were identified as key stages for cell wall construction. The developing walls contained (1->3)-β-glucans. (1-3)(1-4)-glucan and arabinogalactan-proteins are the main cell wall components of endosperm at the end of cellularization stage. AX appeared only at the cell differentiation stage. At this stage, AX appear more substituted than at the later stages. Feruloylation of AX increases during the grain filling stage. Moreover, a difference in the degree of AX substitution was found across the endosperm
Turbant, Amélie. "Modification des pectines et développement de la graine d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0115.
Full textNavon, Yotam. "Interaction des composants de la paroi cellulaire végétale : vers un système de modèle bio-inspiré." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV006.
Full textThe goal of this work was to develop an in vitro model of the plant primary cell wall. A bottom up approach was chosen for the rational design of 2D and 3D constructs made of a lipid membrane, cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) and xyloglucan (XG). First, the interaction between the building blocks was probed using light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry, quartz crystal microbalance and electron microscopy, revealing firstly the electrostatic nature of the interaction between CNCs and a lipidic membrane and secondly, specific interaction between CNCs and XG in a precise stoichiometric ratio. Then, the optimal parameters from the interaction studies were used to obtain 2D and 3D structures by depositing alternating layers of CNCs and XG on flat substrates (multilayered films) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). A linear growth of the films was revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments while the response of decorated vesicles to osmotic shocks lead to their buckling due to the rigidification of the lipid membrane. Finally, the mechanical properties of the constructs were characterized using AFM indentation, revealing a Young's modulus of few hundred kPa, similarly to what is observed for real plant cell walls
Jafarpour, Moghaddam Golnaz. "Dynamique macromoléculaire dans la paroi végétale et ses polymères pariétaux." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30067.
Full textThe wood has become a popular material for several industries. The wood molecular mobility and the one of three principal constitutive polymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were studied. Thermal stability and physical structure of materials were respectively obtained by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In parallel, macromolecular relaxation dynamics were measured by Dynamic Dielectric Spectroscopy (DDS) and Thermo Stimulated Currents (TSC). The combination of two last methods let us study the localised and delocalised molecular mobility on the extended frequency scale. The influence of the hydrogen bonds and the hydration rate on the molecular mobility was also pointed out. The analysis realised on genetically modified wood brought us the information on the inter chain interactions evolution
Reca, Ida Barbara. "Identification and characterisation of new members of pectin methylesterase/invertase inhibitor family in tomato (Solanum lypersicum)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30007.
Full textPectin methylesterase and invertase are key enzymes in plant carbohydrate metabolism. Inhibitors of both enzymes constitute a structural family (INH/PMEI); nevertheless the respective target enzymes are structurally unrelated. In this thesis two new members of this family (SolyCIF & SolyPMEl) have been identified and characterised in tomato. SolyPMEl was found to be mainly expressed in red fruit. All attempts to produce active recombinant SolyPMEl protein for biochemical characterization appear to be unsuccessful. The isolation of both natural SolyPMEl and PME1 by immuno-afBnity, indicate that SolyPMEIs is in vivo engaged in the formation of a complex with endogenous PMEs. SolyCIF was expressed in two heterologous systems and functionally characterized. SolyCIF is a cell-wall proteinaceous invertase inhibitor which interacts in vitro with a vacuolar enzyme, TIV1. TIV1 is a monomer composed of several fragments that have to be tightly associated for enzymatic activity to occur
Cherkaoui, Mehdi. "Identification des protéines de remodelage despolysaccharides pariétaux du grain de blé en développement et caractérisation d’une xyloglucane endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) abondante dans le grain de Brachypodiumdistachyon." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4078.
Full textThe cell wall is an extracellular compartment specific to the plant kingdom. Mainly composed of polysaccharides, it has a major impact on the nutritional quality and the technological properties of cereal grain. Its composition and the chemical structure of its constituents as well as their arrangement within the wall evolve throughout the development of the grain or in response to biotic or abiotic factors. These biological processes are largely controled by cell wall proteins. A quantitative analysis of the cell wall proteome of wheat grain endosperm and outer layers at two early stages of development was carried out in order to identify these protein actors. A total of 693 cell wall proteins has been identified, including many proteins potentially involved in the remodeling of the cell wall polymers. Variations in the cell wall protein abundance were revealed, thus highlighting the differences in cell wall metabolism depending on tissues and stages of grain development. Amongst the polysaccharide remodeling enzymes, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) play an important role in cell wall dynamics. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches have been carried out to characterize an abundant XTH in the grain of the model plant Brachypodium distachyon in order to decipher the enigmatic role of XTHs in the cell walls of cereal, which contain low amount of xyloglucans
Wattier, Christopher. "Pucerons et paroi végétale : implication directe ou indirecte de pectine méthylestérases dans la résistance d'Arabidopsis thaliana ?" Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0115.
Full textAphids are phloem-feeding insects that generally insert their mouthpart (stylets) through the plant cell wall layers to reach the sieve elements and uptake phloem sap. During stylets progression in the apoplasm, most cells are briefly punctured intracellularly for probing. Plant defense responses to an aphid infestation appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively different from responses to other biotic stresses. Plant acceptance by an aphid depends on the level of plant resistance established and on its ability to feed on a more or less restricted range of plants. The study of their feeding behavior, monitored using the electropenetrography technique, showed that a polyphagous aphid (Myzus persicae) might be more adapted to Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae family) than an oligophagous aphid specialist of this family (Brevicoryne brassicae), this latter being able to discriminate variations between natural ecotypes. These variations concern in particular the content of secondary metabolites that could be toxic or repellent, but also the structure of the plant cell wall. Among the genes associated with cell wall modifications, some encoding pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3. 1. 1. 11) are induced during plant-aphid interactions. PMEs belong to a large multigenic family (66 isoforms in A. Thaliana) and control the degree of methylesterification (DM) of the main pectic domain: the homogalacturonan (HG), an unbranched polymer of α-(1-4) linked D-galacturonic acid residues. The control of the DM of HGs determines the rheological properties of the cell wall (elasticity) and controls the accessibility of HG-degrading enzymes (polygalacturonases PGs and pectate lyases) able to change cell wall porosity and produce oligogalacturonides, endogenous defense inducers. PME activity is therefore likely to influence both the plant defense responses and the aphid probing behavior. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrated that an aphid infestation (M. Persicae) differently modifies cell wall structure and sugars composition of A. Thaliana Col and WS ecotypes, activities of HG-modifying enzymes (PMEs and PGs), as well as the expression of some defense genes. The role of two pectin methylesterases (PME17 and PME3) and an inhibitor of PME (PMEI4) in A. Thaliana - Myzus persicae interactions has been demonstrated using this wide range of approaches. Mutant and overexpression lines inversely affect the aphid trophic behavior (electropenetrography during 8 h) but don't affect its physiology (demographic parameters during 21 days). These effects are correlated with significant changes in term of cell wall structure and defense gene expression, underlining a pleiotropic effect specific to each PME and also of PMEI4. This work highlights the potential roles of plant cell wall and PMEs in the plant resistance against aphids and sheds new light on understanding the mechanisms of plant defense
Voxeur, Aline. "Le rhamnogalacturonane II, structure et fonction dans la mise en place de la paroi primaire." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES049.
Full textRhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) is a very complex polysaccharide which is present in plant primary cell walls, predominantly as a dimer cross-linked by a borate-diol ester. This dimerisation has been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in the cell wall formation and consequently, in plant growth. Furthermore, in spite of its complexity, the structure of this pectic component is highly conserved in land plants, which presumes a crucial implication of the RGII in key physiological functions. The objectives of the PhD thesis were 1-the study of plants affected in the biosynthesis of constitutive monosaccharides (L-Gal, Kdo) which allowed to get new insight into the function of this polysaccharide, 2- initiate a bioinformatic approach in order to select putative glycosyltransferases involved in RGII biosynthesis
Nguema-Ona, Éric. "La matrice extracellulaire végétale : rôle dans le contrôle de la morphogenèse cellulaire." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES065.
Full textPlant cell wall plays a key role during cell morphogenesis. Here, we have investigated the occurrence of galactose-containing polysaccharides, in the reb1-1 Arabidopsis mutant roots. The mutation affects galatose biosynthesis. Our data show that mutant roots are devoided by galactosylated xyloglucan side chains. Interestingly, pectin galactosylation is not affected. These findings suggest that galactose biosynthesis and its incorporation into complex polysaccharides is regulated at the polymer level. In the second part of this work, a potential connexion between cell wall arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) and microtubules was investigated. AGPs disrupting drugs were used to disturb AGPs dynamic at cell surface. A strong alteration of cell morphology and a rapid cortical microtubules organization were observed. These findings demonstrate that AGPs are able ton influence cortical microtubules, placing them as critical molecular linkers between the cytoskeleton and the plant cell wall
Femenia, Marroig Antoni. "Obtention de fibres alimentaires à partir de différents coproduits végétaux : effets de la maturation des tissus et de procédés de séchage sur les polysaccharides des parois cellulaires." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2039.
Full textAdiwimarta, Kustantinah. "Effets sur la digestion chez le ruminant de modifications de la teneur en azote associée aux parois végétales." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL096N.
Full textRiboulet, Cédric. "Recherche des déterminants biochimiques et moléculaires de la réticulation des parois et de l'ingestibilité du maïs fourrage." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2346.
Full textDelmas, Frédéric. "L'acide 3-Désoxy-D-Manno-2octulosonique 8-Phosphate (KDO-8-P) synthase chez les plantes : caractérisation fonctionnelle d'une enzyme impliquée dans la biosynthèse d'un composé pectinique des parois végétales." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21104.
Full textThe KDSA gene codes for the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate (Kdo-8-P) synthase which synthesizes the phosphorylated precursor of Kdo, an essential and indissociable component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. In plants, the role of Kdo is largely misunderstood ; however it is a constituent of a complex pectic polysaccharide : rhamnogalacturonan II, essential for the structuration of the pectin bnetwork in primary cell wall. The study of the KDSA enzyme has been performed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) and in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of KDSA was shown to be preferentially associated with dividing cells. Its function is thought to be of great importance since no null mutant plants, lacking the Kdo-8P synthase activity, could be isolated. A preliminary study of the Kdo transferase has been performed. This enzyme is the last one of the biosynthetic pathway of Kdo and the first results will be discussed
Denancé, Nicolas. "Rôle de la paroi végétale dans l'interaction entre Arabidopsis thaliana et Ralstonia solanacearum : criblage de mutants « paroi » et caractérisation fine de la résistance accrue du mutant walls are thin 1 (wat1)." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1987/.
Full textDue to its location at the interface between the cell and its environment, the plant cell wall plays a key role in interactions with pathogens. During this project, the importance of plant cell walls during infection of Arabidopsis by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum has been studied. First, an immunocytological analysis coupled with a bioinformatic approach allowed us to identify cell wall modifications in response to infection and to correlate them to the cell wall-degrading enzymatic arsenal present in the bacteria. In parallel, the screening of cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis for susceptibility to different pathogens led to the identification of twenty eight mutants with altered sensitivity and, as a result, will open new avenues for understanding the role of the wall in defense responses. Much of my PhD research has focused on the characterization of wat1 (walls are thin 1), an Arabidopsis mutant with increased resistance to R. Solanacearum. Through combined genetic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches, we show that wat1 exhibits vascular immunity, most likely resulting from altered crosstalk between auxin, indole glucosinolate and salicylic acid metabolism in roots rather than in cell wall modifications per se
Vandecasteele, Guénin Stéphanie. "Rôle des pectines méthylestérases dans la régulation de l'élongation de l'hypocotyle et de la rhizogenèse adventive chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0104.
Full textIn plants, the primary cell wall consists of a network of cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucan cross-links embedded in a complex pectic and protein matrix. Homogalacturonans, which are one of the main pectic compounds, can be demethylesterified by cell wall bases enzymes, pectin methylesterases (PME, EC 3. 1. 1. 11), a multigenic family of 66 members in Arabidopsis. Thus, PMEs are likely to play major roles in pectin remodelling in muro. Our work aims at characterizing the function of two genes coding pectin methylesterase that was shown to be expressed during seed maturation and in the early stages of germination for PME36 gene while PME3 gene is expressed ubiquitously in the vascular tissues. We showed that the decreased PME activity in Arabidopsis pme3 mutant led to increase the degree of methylesterification (DM) of pectins as well as the adventitious root formation in hypocotyl [1]. Unexpectedly, 48 hours after germination, PME activity in dark-grown hypocotyls of pme36 was higher than in the wild-type. This led to a decrease in the DM of pectins and in the number of adventitious roots in the mutant. While confirming the positive correlation between DM of pectins and adventitious rooting, these results highlight the existence of a mechanism overcompensating the absence of the PME36 protein in pme36 hypocotyls. We found that this compensatory mechanism involved transcriptional regulation, i. E. Other PME genes being overexpressed in pme36 hypocotyl. In addition, looking at hormone content and assessing the expression of genes involved in the hormone signaling pathways shown to control adventitious rooting, we found a strong alteration in hormone homeostasis in pme36 hypocotyls. Taken together these results suggest that adventitious rooting and hypocotyl elongation are controlled by a regulatory network involving crosstalk between hormone signaling and PME activity, which is modulated through a compensatory mechanism triggered by variations in DM of pectins
Chateau, Sophie. "Les marqueurs de la compétence cellulaire à la transformation génétique via agrobacterium tumefaciens, chez les plantes modèles petunia hybrida L. Et arabidopsis thaliana L." Amiens, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AMIE0105.
Full textGuillaumie, Sabine. "Identification et études d'expression de gènes connus ou putativement impliqués dans l'élaboration et la variabilité de digestibilité des parois du maïs fourrage." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2258.
Full textForage maize serves as a basis of ruminant nutrition. Forage feeding value is essentially related to digestibility of cell wall components. Lignin content and structure, and relations between lignin and other cell wall components are the main characteristics influencing forage cell wall digestibility. To date, only few genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway have been identified and characterised, but their variations in expression are not sufficient to explain differences in digestibility between lines. The aim of my PhD is to identify and to study new candidate genes implicated in variations of cell wall digestibility of forage maize. The strategy used is based on a transcriptomic approach. A maize cell wall specific cDNA macroarray was constructed with maize homologs to Zinnia sequences, derived from a secondary cell wall SSH library, and a bioinformatic search of genes involved in cell wall formation. A "Maize Cell Wall Database" was constructed in order to centralize sequences and results from in depth bioinformatic analyses. 683 Gene Specific Tags, derived from 3'UTR of each gene involved in cell wall formation, were amplified and spotted on our "Maize Cell Wall Macroarray". This chip was hybridized with radiolabelled cDNA coming from different tissues of maize collected at various stages of development in order to highlight the dynamics of expression of parietal genes during the development. The cell wall macroarray was also hybridized with radiolabelled cDNA coming from i) brown midrib mutants, which differ by their lignin content and digestibility, and ii) maize lines previously characterized by different cell wall digestibilities. Results obtained highlight integration of lignification in a whole pattern of regulation far beyond genes of the "lignin pathway". The cell wall macroarray enabled us to start visualizing transcriptional co-regulations in genes of cell wall components and highlighting a transcriptional print of a good digestibility. Thanks to the results obtained during my PhD, with the description of an original set of genes implied in cell wall biogenesis, it will be possible to uderstand the bases of digestibility differences observed between maize lines
Al-Qsous, Suha. "Purification et étude de l’expression d’une pectine méthylestérase de lin : rôle de cette isoforme dans la rigidification de la paroi." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES050.
Full textPectin methylesterases (PME, EC. 3. 1. 1. 11) are enzymes that demethoxylate pectins in the cell wall. Numerous PME isoforms exist in higher plants; these isoforms are known to play different roles in various developmental processes. Three genes (Lupme5, Lupme3 and Lupme1) encoding PME were isolated from flax (Linum usitatissimum) hypocotyls. We purified the mature LuPME5 isoform which was found to have a very basic isoelectric point (pI 9. 5) and a molecular mass of 35 kDa. In order to understand the possible roles of this isoform in the hypocotyls, we first performed a semi-quantitative RT-PCR in order to compare the expression levels of Lupme5 with Lupme3 and Lupme1. The expression of these genes was essayed in the different elongation and maturation zones of the hypocotyls of 4, 6 and 10 days old plants. The result showed that Lupme5 is the most expressed gene and that its expression profile could be correlated with the cell wall stiffening after elongation. A construct, containing a partial specific sequence of Lupme5 (in the antisense orientation) was introduced into flax genome. The antisense transformants displayed reduction in the levels of Lupme5 mRNA expression, crude PME activity and protein content. A slight increase in the degree of methylesterification of the cell wall was observed in the antisense constructs, indicating the functional efficiency of these constructs
Leroux, Christelle. "Implication des pectines méthyl-estérases (PMEs) et de leurs inhibiteurs (PMEIs) au cours de la germination du grain de pollen et de la croissance polarisée du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES019.
Full textDuring sexual plant reproduction, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in the pistil are essential for delivering the sperm cells to the ovule. Pollen grain is composed of two sperm cells and a vegetative cell limited, from the inside to the outside, by a plasma membrane, the intine and the exine. The degradation of the intine, composed of complex polysaccharides including homogalacturonans, is of main importance to insure a proper germination. Homogalacturonan (HG) is assumed to be synthetized under a methylesterified form in the Golgi apparatus before its secretion to the cell wall. De-methylesterification of HGs is catalyzed in the cell wall by Pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Upon block-wise action of PME, the blocks of de-methylesterified HGs can interact with Ca2+, promoting the formation of the so-called "eggs-box" structure and thus rigidifying the cell wall. Upon random action, the partially de-methylesterified HGs may become a target for pectin-degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonases, affecting the texture and rigidity of the cell wall. Interestingly, 14 of the 66 Arabidopsis PMEs are specifically expressed in pollen grain and pollen tube. We have analyzed the expression of these 14 PMEs by RT-PCR in dry pollen grains, during imbibition and pollen tube growth. The expression is gene- and time-dependent. Based on this, we have studied knock-out mutants PMEs (ppme1, pme48 and pme23) under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. These mutant lines present a strong delay in germination compared to the wild type and a remarkable phenotype with multiple pollen tube tips emerging from the pollen grain and an important bursting pollen tubes rate. The objective of this project was to clarify the role of PMEs and PMEIs during the regulation of dynamic properties during cell traffic and remodeling of the pollen grain cell wall during its germination and during the growing pollen tube cell wall
Irshad, Muhammad. "DYNAMIQUE DES PROTÉINES PARIÉTALES AU COURS DE L'ÉLONGATION CELLULAIRE DANS DES HYPOCOTYLES ÉTIOLÉS D'ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA : APPROCHES PROTÉOMIQUE ET TRANSCRIPTOMIQUE." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00323217.
Full textBaldwin, Laëtitia. "Recherche de critères pertinents permettant de caractériser le déterminisme génétique des effets du froid sur la paroi végétale de pois." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0114.
Full textThe effects of cold acclimation on pea cell wall metabolism were investigated, using an integrated approach, on one frost-tolerant genotype (Champagne, C) and one frostsensitive genotype (Terese, T). Plants were grown under controlled conditions and stipules of cold (CA) - and non-cold-acclimated (NA) plants were harvested at different time points. Cell wall non cellulosic neutral sugar composition, uronic acid content and their degree of methylesterification (DM) were determined using combined approaches including Gas Chromatography (GC), Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and immunolocalization of pectic epitopes using specific antibodies. The changes in transcript levels of cell wall-related enzymes were investigated using microarrays and the activities of pectin remodeling enzymes were determined. Cold induced differential expression of transcripts encoding cell wall proteins/enzymes. It had consequences on cell wall composition, with opposite changes in the content of arabinose, xylose and galactose residues in Champagne and Terese. Cold acclimation induced an increase in the DM, notably observed by a greater JIM7 labeling in Champagne compared to Terese. Our study demonstrate that, in vegetative tissue of pea, specific changes in neutral sugars and DM is likely to lead to changes in pectin solubilisation, in polymers interactions and an increase in cell wall rigidity during cold acclimation is observed. Our work paves the way for using, in quantitative genetics studies, cell wall determinants as criteria for discriminating between genotypes with contrasting cold tolerance behaviour
Chavez, Montes Ricardo Aaron. "Caractérisation de mutants et transformants d'alpha -L-arabinofuranosidase chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/290/.
Full textAlpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (arabinofuranosidases) are a group of glycosylhydrolases that participate in the remodelling of plant cell walls. Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activity is defined as the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoses. However, despite the simplicity of this definition, the in planta substrate(s) for arabinofuranosidases and, therefore, their role in plant physiology, have remained unknown to this day. During this PhD we undertook the charaterization of two family 51 Arabidopsis genes, annotated "alpha-L-abinofuranosidase", At3g10740 (ARAF1) and At5g26120 (ARAF2). ARAF1 and ARAF2 are expressed in particular cell types, including vascular tissues such as phloem, cambium and metaxylem parenchyma. Cell wall analysis from mutant and transformant plants showed that pectic arabinan, and not arabinogalactan proteins arabinan nor arabinoxylan, is an ARAF1 substrate. Finally, the phenotypes observed for ARAF1 and ARAF2 mutants and transformants suggest that arabinofuranosidases participate not only in cell wall remodelling, but also in carbon partition regulation, UDPsugar synthesis regulation and adaptation of plants to their environment
Renou, Julien. "Etude du lien entre la biosynthèse de la cellulose et le contrôle de l'intégrité de la paroi végétale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS428.
Full textThe cell wall, which is a dynamic structure surrounding each plant cell, plays a fundamental role in the plant development and in the signalling pathways in response to environmental changes and pathogen attacks. One of the major component of the primary cell wall is the cellulose polymer which is embedded between hemicelluloses and pectins. The question of the PhD was how the synthesis of cellulose is coordinated with the assembly and remodelling of the cell wall during cell expansion? During these last twenty years, a multitude of molecules that inhibit cellulose synthesis (CBI) have been identified and they represent powerful tools to dissect the cell biology of cell wall assembly. The large variation in chemical composition of the CBI suggests the existence of multiple targets for these molecules for perturbing the cellulose biosynthesis. I studied five of these molecules and confirmed that they promote a clearance or an immobilisation of the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) from the plasma membrane. The characterisation of the new molecule, named Hypostuntin, showed that it mode of action on CSC is different from the ones described for the other CBI. Hypostuntin inhibits cell growth without detectable changes in CSC activity. This suggests that the CSC is not the primary target of Hypostuntin. Transmission electron microscopy on developing cell walls suggests that Hypostuntin interferes with a process that coordinates cellulose synthesis with the assembly of an extensible wall. To ascertain the role of the six studied CBI, we performed tests of cross resistance, analysis of cell wall composition and signalling pathways. Our results show that the responses are THESEUS 1 dependent, a receptor belonging to the Catharanthus roseus receptor like kinase CrRLK1L but also suggest the presence of other actors specific of the molecules
Beaugrand, Johnny. "Bases cytologiques et moléculaires de la dégradation enzymatique du son de blé tendre." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000039.pdf.
Full textWheat bran is an abundant agricultural by-product for which xylanase upgrading of arabinoxylans (AX) is of interest. Indeed, starch-depleted wheat bran (Triticum aestivum) is rich in AX (about 40%) and includes botanically distinct layers: the pericarp, the testa, the nucellar layer and the aleurone layer, resulting in a mixture of chemically heterogeneous cell-walls. To better understand the way by which the chemical heterogeneity of the bran cells, the cell-wall network and the tissular organization hamper both accessibility and enzyme action, we have devised a strategy based on chemical analysis and in situ visualisation of the xylanase action. Industrial destarched wheat brans display significant variations in carbohydrate, A/X ratio, protein, hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) and diferulic acid (DiFA) contents and differed in their susceptibility to xylanase. Notably the total DiFA in enzyme-depleted bran was negatively correlated with the amount of soluble AX, suggesting that both structural feature of AX and cross-linking were limiting factors. The impact of the A/X ratio and the physical state of the substrate was further studied while comparing two thermostable xylanases. In spite of its ability to disrupt highly substituted AX, the xylanase from family 10 is less efficient than the family 11 xylanase for AX solubilisation from the insoluble wheat bran in respect to their kinetic parameters. Examination of the enzymatic degradation of the external layers isolated from maturing wheat grain suggests that the slight lignin deposition and ferulic accumulation would not significantly alter enzyme efficiency. As for mature wheat bran, aleurone and nucellar layers were mostly degraded whereas pericarp stayed intact at all stages of maturation. Immunocytochemical localization of both feebly substituted arabinoxylans and xylanase family 11 (active and engineered inactive forms) was performed using wheat bran and micro-dissected layers. In wheat bran, the active xylanase was confined to the AL cell walls close to the endosperm, and then progressed unilaterally throughout the AL and finally attack the nucellar layer; some resistant micro domains were also evidenced. In contrast, no enzyme was observed in the pericarp and the testa that did not show any labeling with the non-substituted AX antiserum. Apart from the physical barriers provided by the cuticle layers, the cell wall network would also restrict enzyme penetration and diffusion. Thereby, xylanase penetration was facilitated by the concomitant depletion of arabinoxylans in enzyme-sensitive cell walls
Durot, Nathalie. "Destructuration des parois végétales par le carbonate et les métaux de transition: une étude modèle sur la dégradation abiotique de la paille en sols de craie et sur l'incorporation de pesticides aux lignines." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMS003.
Full textDejean, Guillaume. "Caractérisation et conservation d'un nouveau système CUT associé à l'utilisation du xylane chez Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris : implications en écologie microbienne." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2404/.
Full textMicrobial degradation of plant cell walls is not only an important biological process but it also has a growing scientific interest for many biotechnological applications. In this work, we identified the degradation and utilization system of xylan, a major structural component of plant cell walls, in phytopathogenic Xanthomonas species. This system is required for pathogenicity, and we have shown the need of this system for optimal bacterial growth on the leaf surface of host and non host plants. One of the features of this system is the presence of two specific outer membrane transporters (TBDTs, TonB-dependent transporters) that would be involved in active uptake of xylan hydrolysis products. Finally, genomic comparative analysis have identified a set of genes essential for xylan utilization, conserved in many phylogenetically distinct bacteria belonging to diverse habitats such as soil, plants, aquatic systems or digestive tracts systems. Our work shows that this set of genes is systematically associated with TBDTs, confirming the importance of these proteins in xylan utilization, the second most abundant plant polysaccharide in nature
Bellande, Kévin. "Étude fonctionnelle d'un récepteur lectine kinase, LecRK-I.9 : un contrôle de la dynamique des parois chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30213.
Full textCell walls are complex structures of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and proteins secreted by the cell, so setting up a rigid and continuous structure within the tissue of plants. Cell walls are dynamic structures that are continuously modified in the course of development and in response to environmental cues: cell wall proteins play a primarily role by assembling and remodelling polysaccharides, and by participating to cell signalling. In particular, cell walls are designed to handle turgor pressure, the driving force of cell elongation: the loosening of polysaccharide networks, the addition of new components and stiffening should be tightly coordinated to maintain the cell wall structures. A sensory complex to monitor the cell wall status should provide this coordination in an effective manner. We are interested in an Arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase (LecRK-I.9) with a Legume lectin-type extracellular domain. It is hypothesized that LecRK-I.9 is part of a cell wall surveillance system. The questions asked in this work are: (i) in which developmental processes is LecRK-I.9 involved? (ii) what are the regulations targeted by LecRK-I.9? (iii) what are the ligands for LecRK-I.9? LecRK-I.9 expression was primarily found in root tissues and, LecRK-I.9 was shown to be involved in the processes of adventitious and lateral root initiation and emergence. Both processes require large cell wall remodelling. LecRK-I.9 was defined as a negative regulator of the processes. Indeed, the cell wall peptides CEP are early regulators of lateral root initiation: genes encoding CEP were up-regulated in lecrk-I.9 seedlings. In the same way, genes encoding cell wall remodelling enzymes working together for cell wall loosening are also up-regulated. Finally, lecrk-I.9 seedlings showed modified cell walls in their polysaccharide content. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibition was employed to impair the cell wall structures. In particular, jasmonic acid (JA)- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)- mediated signalling may regulate ectopic lignin deposits in root apices induced by cell wall damage. LecRK-I.9 was shown to control the JA levels during the process of ectopic lignin deposition. Moreover, through JA tuning, LecRK-I.9 regulates the expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins and peptides, but also proteins for detoxifying ROS. Our results suggest that LecRK-I.9 regulates cell wall dynamics in roots by targeting JA levels, ROS homeostasis and remodelling enzymes for polysaccharides. Future prospects include relationships between cell wall composition and mineral nutrition for iron. Indeed, lecrk-I.9 seedlings showed an enhanced accumulation of iron in cell walls. Finally, LecRK-I.9 was found to be associated to Hechtian strands particularly in the cell wall anchor points. Interactions between lectin domains and cell wall polysaccharides are currently searched using glycoarrays for cell wall polysaccharides: LecRK-I.9 could be the linker to establish a physical connection between cell wall and plasma membrane
His, Isabelle. "Etudes des réseaux de la paroi épidermique chez Linum usitatissimum et un mutant d'Arabidopsis thaliana : approche microscopique." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES097.
Full textLacoux, Jérôme. "Etude de la régulation et du rôle du gène Lupme3 codant pour une pectine méthylestérase de lin (Linum usitatissimum) par transgenèse." Amiens, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AMIE0206.
Full textBarakat, Abdellatif. "Etude de la lignification de parois végétales de graminées par des assemblages modèles : Réactivité, organisation et structure supramoléculaire." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000531.pdf.
Full textLignocelluloses represent abundant and renewable biomass for which non food use still require an in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the architecture of lignified plant cell wall as the main lignocellulosic components. Owing to the highly complex mechanisms involved in planta in building the lignified cell walls; we attempted to study wall polymer interactions using chemical model systems. To this end, the supramolecular organization of composites made of xylans (as the main hemicelluloses of grass cell walls) and model lignin (DHP, DeHydrogenative Polymers) were investigated along in vitro polymerisation of lignin. In the lignified cell wall, xylans can be covalently linked to lignin via ferulic acid (FA) and/or via quinone methide (QM). The latter mechanism has been studied during lignin polymerisation in the presence of feruloylated xylan. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and NMR analysis of the DHP-xylans complex indicated that arabinose and QM are involved in covalent bonds between xylans and DHP. However, the formation of these linkages can be affected and controlled by non covalent interactions between the two polymers. In order to investigate the impact of the media concentration on the lignin monomer reactivity, highly concentrated DHPs were synthesised in increasing concentrations of xylans. Densification of the system was shown to impact on the monomer reactivity and consequently the DHP structure (increases of β-alkyl aryl ether bonds and of molar mass). The role of FA on xylan-DHP networks was further studied along polymerisation of the main lignin monomers, i. E. Syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) in the presence of xylans with different FA levels. DHP-xylan analysis by Light Scattering (LS), Size exclusion chromatography with online multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Small Angles Neutron Scattering (SANS) showed that both FA and the type of lignin monomer (S and/or G) have a clear impact on the morphology and supramolecular organization of DHP-xylan nanoparticules
Lerouxel, Olivier. "Criblage de mutants d’Arabidopsis et caractérisation du mutant dgl1." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES033.
Full textThe plant cell wall is a highly organized matrix, mainly composed of polysaccharides, that is determinant for plant morphology and development. Strikingly little is known about the enzymes that control cell wall biosynthesis and deposition. The characterization of Arabidopsis cell wall mutants is one of the more promising approaches to investigate the synthesis, transport and assembly of cell wall polysaccharides. However, the identification of new cell wall mutants from public collections is a major bottleneck. In this context, the aim of the PhD thesis was first to design new biochemical screening methodologies to detect Arabidopsis cell mutants and second to apply these methodologies to the selection of new mutants. We demonstrated that the quantification by gas chromatography of the monosaccharide contents of Arabidopsis seedling cell wall give reproducible and informative information allowing the selection of plants exhibiting cell wall alteration. Moreover, an innovative enzymatic fingerprinting strategy was developed and validated on previously characterized xyloglucan mutants. In this screening methodology, cell wall material has been treated by an endoglucanase and the generated fragments have been identified by chromatography, electrophoresis or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. These strategies have been used for the screening of new cell wall mutants. A mutant called defective glycosylation1-1 (dgl1-1) was identified in Arabidopsis based on a growth defect of the dark-grown hypocotyl and an abnormal composition of the non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharides. Dgl1-1 is altered in a protein ortholog of human OST48 or yeast WBP1, an essential protein subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex that is responsible for the transfer in the ER of the N-linked glycan precursor onto Asn residues of candidate proteins. Consistent with the known function of the OST complex in eukaryotes, the dgl1-1 mutation led to a reduced N-linked glycosylation of the ER-resident protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). A second more severe allele (dgl1-2) was embryo-lethal. Microscopic analysis of dgl1-1 revealed severe developmental defects including a strongly reduced cell elongation and, collapse and differentiation defects of cells in the central cylinder. These defects were accompanied by changes in the non-cellulosic polysaccharide composition, including the accumulation of ectopic callose. Interestingly, in contrast to other dwarf mutants that are altered in the early steps of the N-glycan processing, dgl1-1 did not exhibit a cellulose deficiency. Together these results confirm the role of DGL1 in N-linked glycosylation, cell growth and differentiation in plants
Lefeuvre, Anaële. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés des fibres de lin (Linum Usitatissimum L. , variétés Marylin et Andréa) en fonction des pratiques culturales sur le plateau du Neubourg. Fibres destinées au renforcement de matériaux composites." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES024.
Full textThis thesis was done in collaboration with the Coopérative de Teillage de Lin du plateau du Neubourg (CTLN) which wants to sell some of their producted fibers for composite reinforcement. The aim was to develop knowledge about the variability of mechanical properties and cell wall composition of flax fibers in function of several cimatic scenarios (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) and pedologic conditions (Nord/Sud/Est/Ouest) on a restricted geographical area (Plateau du Neubourg, Eure, Haute-Normandie) for two varieties (Marylin/Andréa). The study of mechanical properties and cell wall composition showed that pedo-climatic conditions are the most impactant factors. Nevertheless, an ANOVA statistical analysis revealed that their impacts were in a small range and that it is possible to garrantee minimal values of mechanical properties which are competitive with glass fibre’s one, what ever the year. The analysis of stress-strain curves highlighted the importance of the non-linear TIII behavior and permitted to modelize structural modifications happening inside the cell wall during tensile sollicitations
Timpano, Hélène. "La machinerie de biosynthèse de la cellulose : une cible pour améliorer l’utilisation de la biomasse végétale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112228.
Full textThe production of second-generation biofuels based on the transformation of plant biomass is a pressing issue. Biomass is represented by cell walls of the plant cells consisting of a network of cellulose microfibrils and polysaccharides encrusted by lignin. To enhance the potential of plant biomass, we need to provide insights on the mechanisms of the biosynthesis of cell wall polymers. For example, it is important to improve the saccharification yield of cellulose microfibrils to produce the highest amount of bioethanol. We therefore combine studies on the well-known model plant Arabidopsis and Brachypodium distachyon, the new model species for temperate graminae and monocotyledonous crops dedicated to biofuel production. Cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-bound cellulose synthase complexes (CSC) containing cellulose synthase proteins (CESAs) and requires other partners among which the endo-beta1,4 glucanase KOR1. The intracellular trafficking of CESAs seems to be crucial to regulate the cellulose synthesis rate. We investigated in detail the intracellular trafficking of KOR1 in Arabidospis dark-grown hypocotyls.In parallel we selected by visual screening of the Versailles collection of mutagenized Brachypodium distachyon a mutant called spa. This mutant shares characteristics of the brittle culm mutants of rice and barley, such as brittleness, irregular xylem, and a cellulose content deficiency especially in stems, with 50% of the amount found in the wild type. Lignin assays indicate a higher amount of lignin in spa. Interestingly, this mutant is also "floppy" unlike others brittle culm mutants which are fully erected and the mechanical strength defects of spa is illustrated by a Young’s modulus three times lower than that of WT. Complementary approaches were used to identify the SPA gene: sequencing of candidate genes related to cell wall synthesis or co-expressed with secondary cell wall cellulose synthases and a classical mapping strategy combined with NGS methods. Moreover within the framework of the European RENEWALL and KBBE CellWall projects and thanks to the co-expression network tool BradiNet (M. Mutwil, KBBE project), RNAi strategies are in progress to inactivate a few genes selected according to specific expression criteria and potentially involved in cell wall synthesis specifically in monocots. Among these genes we are focusing on the MAP65 family (Microtubules Associated Proteins), which could play a role in cellulose deposition according to the close relationship between microfibrils and microtubules
Courtial, Audrey. "Vers l'identification de gènes contrôlant la dégradabilité de la paroi secondaire lignifiée chez le maïs à travers l'élucidation de QTLs à effets forts." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2454/.
Full textDiscovering the genetic determinants of the lignified cell wall assembly in grasses is a major challenge for both basic research and for plant breeding based on marker-assisted selection. Cell wall degradability is a limiting factor of plant energy value for cattle feeding, as well as for the production of second-generation biofuel. The research conducted thus aimed at identifying genes involved in cell wall related traits, taking as model a cluster of strong effect QTLs located in the bin 6. 06 of the maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) progeny F288 x F271. Having shown that these QTL positions were located in a monomorphic area between the two parental lines, targeted densification of the genetic map revealed that these "ghost" QTLs correspond in fact to QTLs located on two close positions (bins 6. 05 and 6. 07). New major QTLs in bin 4. 09 have also been detected. New QTL detection from new field experiments has also allowed to consolidate the involvement of p-hydroxycinnamic acids and of the lignin monomeric composition, in the variation of cell wall degradability. In order to identify the candidate genes underlying these QTLs, expression studies and sequencing were undertaken, besides the a priori search for genes potentially involved in the lignified cell wall formation, from the bibliography. The expression studies between the F271 parental line and four RILs carrying favorable alleles for the cell wall degradability (F288) at the major QTLs of bin 6. 06 allowed to highlight 360 differentially expressed genes. The targeted sequencing of BACs carrying the QTL region of interest, for F271 and F288, underlined the great polymorphism between these parental maize lines
Paque, Sébastien. "Mise en évidence d’éléments de signalisation en aval du récepteur d’auxine ABP1." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112079/document.
Full textAuxin is a key hormone concerning the control of plant physiology and the impact on plant development. Conditional plants for ABP1 allowed the post embryonic studies and have contributed to demonstrate the involvement of ABP1 in a broad range of cellular and developmental responses including the clathrin-dependent endocytosis and the regulation of Aux/IAAs homeostasis. These datas revealed that an ABP1-dependent pathway is acting on transcriptional regulation by modulating the SCFTIR/AFBs signaling pathway. I took advantage of the phenotype of dark grown seedlings to study cell expansion in ABP1 loss of function background. ABP1 knockdown induced modifications of fucosylated form of xyloglucan side chains that are the main hemicellulose in Arabidopsis primary cell wall. All data converge to show that this effect results from alterations of expression of cell wall related genes via the modulation of the SCFTIR/AFBs pathway. In parallel, I used a suppressor approach to discover new signaling components downstream of ABP1. Characterisation of one of the suppressor leads to the identification of a loss of function allele of DCL3. This data demonstrates the involvement of the RNA directed DNA methylation pathway downstream of ABP1
Day, Arnaud. "La lignification des fibres périphloémiennes du lin (Linum usitatissimum L. ) : approches cytochimique, chimique et moléculaire." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/591bb0bd-3841-4a7b-a571-f3cf36c2ba36.
Full textEn outre, des lignines de type gai͏̈acyle-syTingyleont été identifiées en moindre quantité dans l'ensemble de la paroi secondaire. La quantification de ces lignines révèle une hypolignification marquée dans les fibres par rapport au bois. La caractérisation des lignines inscrustant les faisceaux fibreux du lin par thioacidolyse puis par oxydation alcaline par le nitrobenzène suggère la présence d'une lignine de type H-G-S possédant un très faible ratio S/G associé à un fort degré de condensation. Ces particularités des lignines des fibres de lin semblent s'accentuer au cours de leur maturation s'effectuant pendant quelques semaines après la floraison des plantes. La caféoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase, CCoAOMT, est une enzyme clé de la voie de biosynthèse des lignines contrôlant leur synthèse et leur composition. Son étude a mis en évidence une corrélation positive entre i. L'expression du gène, ii. La présence de la protéine et iii. Son activité enzymatique, suggérant une régulation transcriptionnelle de cette enzyme. Par ailleurs, l'activité de cette enzyme et l'expression de ses gènes coi͏̈ncident avec les variations spatio-temporelles du dépôt des lignines dans les tiges. La production d'nne CCoAOMT recombinante a permis de tester in vitro la spécificité de substrat de cette enzyme. Ces analyses ont révélé l'implcation de la CCoAOMT dans la synthèse des unités gai͏̈acyles et syringyles proposannt ainsi une nouvelle voie dans la biosynthèse des monolignols
Lagorce, Arnaud. "Etude du mécanisme de compensation induit en réponse à des mutations pariétales chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0021.
Full textSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells are surrounded by a cell wall, which consists of a complex structure essentially composed of polymers of glucose units (b-glucans), of mannose units (mannans) and of N-acetylglucosamine units (chitin). In order to investigate on the cell wall rescue mechanism induced in response to cell wall mutations, we studied five mutants affected in different pathways of the cell wall metabolism. First, this work demonstrated the key role played by the gene GFA1, which encodes a glutamine fructose-6P-amidotransferase, in the activation of the chitin biosynthesis pathway in response to cell wall mutation. Secondly, we investigated the cell wall rescue mechanism using high density filters arrays. This approach led to the characterisation of the cell wall compensatory transcriptional signature and to the identification of a novel regulatory motif named WCE (for Wall Consensus Element). Moreover, promoter analysis of the genes implicated in the cell wall compensatory mechanism clarified the two regulatory pathways underlying this mechanism : the cell wall integrity pathway and the general stress response pathway
Duran, Garzon Catalina. "Interaction entre la photosynthèse et le métabolisme pariétal chez le maïs en réponse au froid." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0019/document.
Full textChilling may affect maize during early seedling growth by altering physiological process including photosynthesis and cell wall properties, leading to a biomass reduction. In our study, we investigated the photosynthetic variations and cell wall modifications in maize in response to a long chilling exposure. For this purpose, maize lines contrasted for these traits were selected and characterized using physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic approaches. A lignin deficient maize natural mutant F2bm3 developed a strategy to enhance its tolerance to chilling by increasing chlorophylle a, violaxanthine, cell wall bound hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA). HCA could reinforce the cell wall structure but also function as photoprotector. Two other lines CT and CS were investigated. Under chilling exposure, CS displayed a strong reduction in growth compared to CT. Chilling tolerance in CT was associated with higher chlorophyll content and a greater carbon partitioning. Like the first pair, we observed non-significant changes in cell wall composition in both lines and there was no correlation between the cell wall sugars and the nucleotides sugars contents. A strong accumulation of ADP-Glc, GDP-Man and a high content of UDP-Glc observed in CS, could be putative signaling molecules of programmed cell death
Roeder, Vincent. "Recherche et étude de marqueurs moléculaires de la réponse au stress chez l'algue brune Laminaria digitata." Rennes 1, 2006. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115470.
Full textSentenac, Hervé. "Relation structure-fonction dans la racine : effets du squelette pariétal sur les transports membranaires." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20210.
Full textSahyoun, Wafaa. "Maîtrise de l'aptitude de matériaux agro-alimentaires aux procédés de séchage : étude de l'adéquation entre les états structuraux, biochimiques, physiques et comportementaux sur les processus de déshydratation." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD900.
Full textThe natural structure of vegetables does not promote water transfer within raw products; this structure should be altered in order to enhance both drying and rehydration processes. This thesis aims at the determination, the quantifying, and the study of the modifications induced within the vegetable product (e. G. Carrot) following several pre-treatments: blanching, freezing, DIC and enzymic. Multidimensional approach has thus been performed; it has mainly been concerned with the structural analysis, the biochemical composition, and the physical characterisation, as well as their evolution. The study of the impact of these pre-treatments on drying and rehydration processes will not only permit to establish corrélations between the different approaches undertaken, but will more importantly better approach possible industrial applications. The study has revealed a positive impact induced by all pre-treatments considered on the drying time réduction. In all considered cases, with the exception of enzymic pre-treatment, a close correlation between drying time reduction, rehydration capacity enhancement, and the lowering of the product's density, has been observed. Furthermore, the evolution of water activity following the different pre-treatments, does not permit to explain the evolution of drying time. A positive impact of the different pre-treatments has systematically been observed in the preservation of lipids and provitamin A. All of the microscopie study has allowed to ascertain the huge impact of the modification of the structure on the behavioural properties of the products. The industrial application consists on the definition of a new process coupling the vacuum drying with a pre-treatment operation. The fundamental study thus realised allowed to choose freezing or DIC
Nolin, Frédérique. "Hétérogénéité et spécificité de la lignification chez le lin (Linum usitatissimum L) : études microscopiques et biochimiques de la polymérisation des lignines." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10041/document.
Full textThe angiosperm flax is an annual dicotyledon grown for its cellulose-rich bast fibres that show interesting properties. These fibres are characterized by a low lignin level in the different layers of the fibre cell wall that distinguishes them from xylem cells. In order to obtain a better understanding of the factors controlling lignin levels in different flax stem tissues we have undertaken a detailed study of lignification using microscopic and biochemical approaches. Initial results underlined similarities (guaiacyl lignin, condensed bonds, presence of dibenzodioxocine and coniferin) between flax lignin and that of conifers. A biochemical approach showed that the major oxidase activity was provided by peroxidases. Partial purification and initial characterization (native electrophoresis, IEF, substrate affinities) of cell wall peroxidases indicated important differences between the isoforms present in xylem and outer (fibre-rich) stem tissues. The use of cesium chloride allowed us to determine the cellular locations of H2O2 (polymerisation catalyst) in flax stems at the flowering stage. In bast fibres, H2O2 was only detected in the median region of the stem. In contrast H2O2 was observed in all xylem cells examined. Observation by ESEM and confocal microscopy suggested that the cell walls of flax bast fibres form a dense network that limits protein penetration. Altogether, these results highlight a number of differences between flax xylem and bast fibres that could partially explain the low lignification of the external bast fibres
Aboughe, Angone Sophie. "Polysaccharides pariétaux de trois plantes africaines : caractérisation structurale et activité biologique." Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES065.
Full textPlant Cell walls consist of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides (pectins and hemicelluloses) and glycoproteins. Cell walls constrain the final sizes and shapes of plant cells, and therefore control growth and development of plants. They are also known to represent a valuable source of biological active glycomolecules. In the present study, we have investigated the structure of various cell wall polysaccharides isolated from i) the leaves of two Gabonese plants used in traditional medicine, Phragmentera capitata and Fleurya aestuans and ii) fruit pulps of Aragania spinosa, an endemic tree to the south of Morocco. In addition, we have assessed the immunostimulatory activity of the characterized polysaccharides on human B lymphocytes in vitro. Our data indicate the presence of both pectin and hemicellulosic polysaccharides in the cell walls of all plants. Structural analysis of hemicellulosic polysaccharides revealed that while only the XXXG-type was found in P. Capitata, both XXXG and XXGG types were detected in F. Aestuans. No arabinosylated subunits were found in any of the xyloglucan isolated from both Gabonese plant species. In addition, xylan structure with non methylated-α-D-glucuronic acid on side chains was only detected in F. Aestuans leaf cell walls. The data also show that the major oligosaccharide subunits of xyloglucan of Aragania spinosa fruit pulps are XXGG, XXXG, XXLG and XLLG demonstrating that the major neutral hemicellulosic polysaccharide is a galacto-xyloglucan. Structural analysis of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) shows that unlike RG-II, RG-I is qualitatively different between F. Aestuans and P. Capitata leaves. RG-I is abundant in Argania spinosa cell walls and contains high amounts of Ara and Gal, indicative of an important branching of this polysaccharide. Finally, as for immunostimulatory activity, we found that among all the fractions tested ; only the soluble and insoluble hemicellulosic extracts from F. Aestuans leaves were able to induce the proliferation of human B lymphocytes
Andeme-Onzighi, Christine. "Implication des parois dans la morphogénèse et la différenciation cellulaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana et Linum usitatissimum." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES034.
Full textLeschevin, Maïté. "Implication de la paroi végétale et plus particulièrement des enzymes de modification des pectines dans la tolérance au stress salin chez Arabidopsis." Thesis, Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0027.
Full textSoil salinization is a alarming situation encountered in several regions of the world where the pressure on water is becoming increasingly strong, especially due to climate change and the need to increase crop yields to face a global growing population. Excess of salt in soil affects plant physiological mechanism thus reducing plant production. A better knowledge of plant defense mechanism in response to salt stress is crucial to provide efficient strategies in crop yield. The plant cell wall is the first physical barrier between the plant cell compartment and the environment and plays an essential role in cell growth and development but also in response to various stresses, including salt stress. The cell wall is a highly complex and dynamic structure, mainly composed of polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins). Pectins can be methylesterified and acetylated, and their degree of methylesterification (DM) and acetylation (DA) can be modulated in muro by specific enzymes, pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3.1.1.11) and acetylesterases (PAEs, EC 3.1. 1.6). Some parcelar data from the literature showed the role of pectins and their degree of methylesterification in tolerance to salt stress. The aim of this work was to provide new insights on the role of the cell wall in response to salt stress in the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana. Three distinct strategies were developed. Firstly, the natural variation between two common accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana (Wassilewskija, Ws and Columbia, Col-0) in response to salt stress has been characterized using an integrative approach establishing a correlation between physiological, biochemical, metabolomics and proteomics analyses. The results showed a better tolerance to salt stress associated with the genetic background Ws with an older developmental stage, a more efficient detoxification of reactive oxygen species and a higher content of xylan, mannan and lignin within the wall. Secondly, a reverse genetics approach has been developed to determine the contribution of two pectin remodeling enzymes, AtPME3 and AtPAE7 in salt tolerance. The results showed changes in the cell wall sugar composition as a reduction in homogalacturonan and an increase in arabinan in both atpme3 and atpae7 mutants after a long exposure to salt. Additionaly, salt stress induces a modulation of the PRE activities with an alteration of the pectin methylesterification pattern indicating a role of PME and PAE in cell wall integrity under salinity. Finally, a more informative approach combining cell wall metabolism, pectin remodeling enzymes, sodium ion detoxification pathway, and impact of calcium ions on cell wall integrity was carried out to characterize the role of the cell wall in the sodium hypersensitive mutant Atsos1. The SOS1 gene encodes a Na+/H+ antiporter which is involved in Na + exclusion. Preliminary results revealed that PME and PAE activities remained unchanged in atsos1 unlike the wild-type where the activites increased. That was associated with a reduction in pectin and mannan in atsos1, which was recovered by Ca2+ supply. All these data suggest the key role of atsos1 to maintain cell wall integrity under salt stress