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ARREDONDO, FRANCISCO. "Technology and Practice of Radiology in Central America." Investigative Radiology 28 (August 1993): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-199308003-00015.
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Hendriks, Carolyn M., and Adrian Kay. "From ‘Opening Up’ to Democratic Renewal: Deepening Public Engagement in Legislative Committees." Government and Opposition 54, no. 1 (August 7, 2017): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2017.20.
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Many legislatures around the world are undergoing a ‘participatory makeover’. Parliaments are hosting open days and communicating the latest parliamentary updates via websites and social media. Public activities such as these may make parliaments more informative and accessible, but much more could be done to foster meaningful democratic renewal. In particular, participatory efforts ought to be engaging citizens in a central task of legislatures – to deliberate and make decisions on collective issues. In this article, the potential of parliamentary committees to bring the public closer to legislative deliberations is considered. Drawing on insights from the practice and theory of deliberative democracy, the article discusses why and how deeper and more inclusive forms of public engagement can strengthen the epistemic, representative and deliberative capacities of parliamentary committees. Practical examples are considered to illustrate the possibilities and challenges of broadening public involvement in committee work.
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Pisani, Michael J., and Jana S. Pisani. "“‘Off the Books’ Consumption: Determinants and Practice in Belize, Central America”." Latin Americanist 62, no. 2 (March 30, 2018): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tla.12174.
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Ventres, William. "Toward a New Ethic in Global Health Practice: Perspectives from Central America." Southern Medical Journal 113, no. 8 (August 2020): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14423/smj.0000000000001126.
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Tănăsescu, Elena Simina. "The President of Romania." European Constitutional Law Review 4, no. 1 (February 2008): 64–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019608000643.
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Directly elected, but in constitutional terms not the central authority of the Romanian political system – A ‘trailblazer’ role in parliamentary elections – Political neutrality constitutionally required, but hard to realise in practice – Comparison with the French Presidency – Limited powers making the President in theory ‘a colossus with clay feet’ – Ambivalent relationships with Parliament and Government – Gap between the constitutional and the real powers on account of ‘active’ Presidents – A hard-to-qualify political system
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Butković, Hrvoje. "The Rise of Direct Democracy in Croatia: Balancing or Challenging Parliamentary Representation?" Croatian International Relations Review 23, no. 77 (March 1, 2017): 39–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0002.
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Abstract In 2010 the Croatian Constitution was changed to lower the requirements for the implementation of direct democracy at the national level, in order to save the referendum on Croatia’s EU membership from possible failure. Since then, Croatia has witnessed a sharp increase in people’s initiatives that have managed to block a number of the government’s reform proposals. Therefore, the newly discovered appeal of direct democracy in Croatia has created a new environment for the operation of its representative democracy. Starting from theoretical notions, this paper analyses the practice of direct democracy in selected transitional countries, which could be instructive for Croatia. In its central part, the paper explores the obstacles that stand in the way of the efficient implementation of direct democracy in Croatia.
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Loewenberg, Gerhard, William Mishler, and Howard Sanborn. "Developing attachments to new political institutions: a multi-level model of attitude formation in post-Communist Europe." European Political Science Review 2, no. 3 (November 2010): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773910000202.
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In America and Western Europe, legislatures preceded democratization and contributed to the establishment and maintenance of democratic regimes in the late 18th and the 19th centuries. In Central and Eastern Europe in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, legislatures and democratic regimes appeared simultaneously. In the first 15 years of post-Communist transitions in 12 countries, attachments to the new regimes have been influenced by their institutional structures, their economic performance, and their records in protecting human freedom, while attachment to the new parliaments have been predominantly influenced by cultural factors related to early life socialization including education, age, gender, social status, and attitudes toward the former communist regime. Attachment to parliament was a product more than a cause of attachment to the new regimes, but the parliamentary system of government created a context that contributed to citizens’ attachment to their new political institutions. In that respect, attitudes toward parliaments in Central and Eastern Europe played a role similar to the role that these attitudes played in an earlier stage of democratization in Europe and North America, the role of attaching citizens to new political institutions.
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Salah, Aqel Mohammed Ahmed. "The Hamas Movement and its political and democratic practice, 1992–2016." Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1401739.
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The concept of a political opportunity structure contributes to the analysis of the behaviour of political actors and is one of the current central topics that has importance for political systems at the regional and international levels, as well as for political and social scientific research centres. This study falls within the range of studies on ideological movements and political parties, and the political variables that affect the political system and these movements which lead them to adapt their ideology, by changing their position – from one of rejection to one of acceptance – with regard to participation in parliamentary elections. To achieve their aim of getting into power, ideological movements and political parties can adapt to political changes, influence the structure of political opportunities and exploit ones available to them. This study focuses on the analysis of factors that led to the change in the position of Hamas with regard to democratic practice, from boycotting the first parliamentary elections in 1996 to actively participating in the 2006 elections. It discusses a number of factors: first, the internal organizational factors of the movement; second, the political variables in the Palestinian arena; and third, the internal factors related to the ruling party (Fatah). In light of this, the study principally aims at providing an objective view on the position of Hamas with regard to its political and democratic practice prior to its participation in the Palestinian political system and beyond, using the concept of political opportunities structure. Given that the movement was restricted by its ideology and governed by the political changes that had taken place in the Palestinian political system, it was forced to adapt to the new circumstances that followed the Oslo Treaty by changing its position from opposition and rejection to political participation.
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Strnad, Matyáš. "Determinants of voter participation in Latin American referendums." Política y Sociedad 59, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): e69672. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/poso.69672.
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Voter turnout in regular parliamentary or presidential elections is a very frequent topic, mainly in the recent debate about its decline. This article works with several theories explaining variations in voter turnout that are subsequently applied on referendums in Latin America. Referendums as one of the main pillars of direct democracy are not, in this regard, sufficiently scientifically explored topic. In this point of view, the region of Latin America is an ideal environment for research of the given subject, because there are many cases of direct democracy applications in the institutional configuration as well as in practice. Voter turnout in referendums is set into a comparative perspective using regression models that allow the researcher to monitor possible correlations and control explaining values. The analysis employs aggregate data from various statistical databases (e. g. V-Dem, Polity IV, World Bank) as well as secondary data from available comparative literature focused on elections (and referendums) in Latin America. The results indicate very high circumstantiality of referendums and the respective societies that apply them in politics. Some institutional settings have been found to positively influence the turnout, mainly compulsory elections.
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Minkov, Stefan. ""From confederation to federation: transformation of the USA state structure between 1777 – 1789 "." Lyuboslovie 21 (November 22, 2021): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/zwrr2771.
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The study examines the ideological foundations and prerequisites for the independence of the British colonies in North America. We examine the construction of the state system, first passing through the confederate model of state organization, which is the closest to the traditions of the colonial period. However, it failed due to some "defects" of the Articles of Confederation of 1777, the main one being the lack of financial security to pursue union politics. In 1787, the Constitutional Convention drafted a constitution for the United States, with centralism and unitarism prevailing in the discussions, abandoning some of the principles that prompted the Americans to begin the struggle for independence. The Constitution of 1787 and the Declaration of Rights, adopted two years later, put into practice the ideas of the European Enlightenment, supplemented by English parliamentary theory and practice. This creates a solid foundation for the development of the United States and the prosperity of the young "nation."
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Tedam, Prospera. "Enhancing the practice learning experiences of BME students: Strategies for practice education." Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning 13, no. 2-3 (August 17, 2015): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v13i2-3.820.
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Practice learning, also known as field education or practicum is central to social work education not only in the UK, but also in countries such as the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. It presents students with opportunities to integrate academic learning and practice experience with people, their families, communities and environments, and enables the development and enhancement of key skills and social work values. In England, recent studies have highlighted the disparity between black students and white students in terms of progression and attainment on social work qualifying programmes, and practice placements are becoming notorious as sites of difficulty for many students from black and minority ethnic (BME) backgrounds. This paper focuses on a sub-group (black African students), an ethnic minority group with a unique set of characteristics which have been found to contribute to their specific experiences of practice education in the UK.This paper outlines some strategies which have been proposed by black African students as necessary and central to enhancing their practice learning experiences and outcomes on social work programmes. This article was developed from a paper presented to the International Conference on Practice Learning in Scotland (4-7 April 2014).
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Morell-Hart, Shanti, Rosemary A. Joyce, John S. Henderson, and Rachel Cane. "ETHNOECOLOGY IN PRE-HISPANIC CENTRAL AMERICA: FOODWAYS AND HUMAN-PLANT INTERFACES." Ancient Mesoamerica 30, no. 3 (2019): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536119000014.
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AbstractIn recent years, researchers in pre-Hispanic Central America have used new approaches that greatly amplify and enhance evidence of plants and their uses. This paper presents a case study from Puerto Escondido, located in the lower Ulúa River valley of Caribbean coastal Honduras. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using multiple methods in concert to interpret ethnobotanical practice in the past. By examining chipped-stone tools, ceramics, sediments from artifact contexts, and macrobotanical remains, we advance complementary inquiries. Here, we address botanical practices “in the home,” such as foodways, medicinal practices, fiber crafting, and ritual activities, and those “close to home,” such as agricultural and horticultural practices, forest management, and other engagements with local and distant ecologies. This presents an opportunity to begin to develop an understanding of ethnoecology at Puerto Escondido, here defined as the dynamic relationship between affordances provided in a botanical landscape and the impacts of human activities on that botanical landscape.
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Grote, Rainer. "Brexit and Britain’s Changing Constitution." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 23, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 400–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_023001015.
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The Brexit saga which culminated in the sweeping victory of the Conservative Party in the parliamentary elections of December 2019 and the British withdrawal from the European Union the following months caused a major upheaval in the relationship between Britain’s main constitutional actors, especially between the government and the judiciary. In the course of the long-winded and acrimonious Brexit debate, the courts were repeatedly asked to intervene at critical junctures of the withdrawal process, first to secure a central role for Parliament in discussing and approving the terms of withdrawal and then to protect Parliament against attempts by the government to curtail and render ineffective this role through the questionable use of its prerogative powers. This development reached its climax with the UK Supreme Court’s judgment of 24 September 2019 on the unlawfulness of the prorogation of Parliament decided by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister in the run-up to Brexit, an unprecedented interference by the courts with the exercise of prerogative powers in the name of a functioning parliamentary democracy. While the reasoning of the Court does not appear entirely convincing, there can be no doubt that the ruling was crucial in upholding the central role of Parliament in the Brexit negotiations and, by implication, of the authority of the courts which had defined that role at the beginning of the negotiations. That the Supreme Court felt it necessary to take the unprecedented step of confronting the executive over the use of its prerogative powers in a highly polarized political debate also demonstrates the extent to which the political consensus which in former times had underpinned the functioning of Britain’s flexible constitutional democracy has broken down as a result of the Brexit debate, and the divisions it has engendered within Britain’s political class and in the public at large. This gives rise to the concern that the reforms announced by the Conservative government following its sweeping victory in the parliamentary elections of December 2019 will destroy any progress which had been made in the UK prior to the Brexit referendum towards a modern practice of parliamentary majority government based on incomplete but genuine checks and balances.
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Farrell, Thomas S. C., and Vanja Avejic. "“Students Are My Life”: Reflections of One Novice EFL Teacher in Central America." TESL Canada Journal 37, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v37i3.1345.
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This paper presents a case study that examined the principles and practices of one novice English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher at a prominent English language institution in Central America. More specifically, this qualitative study sought to contribute to the discussion of the perceived interdependent influences of EFL teachers’ thoughts and behaviours through five stages of self-reflection using Farrell’s (2015) framework for reflective practice. Overall, the findings suggest that the teacher’s stated principles related to her philosophy, beliefs, and theory converge with her classroom practices; however, areas of divergence were also observed. Recommendations are included on the usefulness of the framework for ESL (English as a second language) teachers when reflecting on their practice.
Cet article présente une étude de cas qui s’est penchée sur les principes et les pratiques d’une enseignante d’anglais langue étrangère (ALE) débutante dans une institution de langue anglaise renommée d’Amérique centrale. Plus particulièrement, cette étude qualitative a cherché à contribuer à la discussion sur les influences interdépendantes perçues des pensées et des comportements des enseignants d’ALE à travers cinq étapes d’autoréflexion à l’aide du cadre de pratique réflexive de Farrell (2015). Dans l’ensemble, les résultats suggèrent que les principes énoncés de l’enseignante liés à sa philosophie, à ses croyances et à sa théorie convergent vers ses pratiques en salle de classe; cependant, on a aussi observé des zones de divergence. Nous avons inclus des recommandations sur l’utilité du cadre pour les enseignants d’ALS (anglais langue seconde) lorsqu’ils réfléchissent à leur pratique.
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Patry, Cynthia, Daniel Kneeshaw, Stephen Wyatt, Frank Grenon, and Christian Messier. "Forest ecosystem management in North America: From theory to practice." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 04 (August 2013): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-093.
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Forest ecosystem management (EM) in North America has evolved from a theoretical concept to operational practice over the last two decades, but its implementation varies greatly among regions. This paper attempts to evaluate (1) if and how emulation of natural disturbances (END) is being used as a conceptual bases for implementing EM, and more particularly, what strategies are used to define the natural forest of reference, and (2) what temporal and spatial scale strategies are being considered for seven important retention elements (downed woody debris, snags, green trees, corridors, riparian buffers, large patches and old forest)? To conduct this evaluation, five guides from four geographically well-distributed regions in North America are compared. Although END is the central conceptual foundation underlying four of the five guides, a natural forest of reference is not always clearly identified and none of the guides consider future impacts due to global change. The major weakness common to all five guides is the lack of consideration of long-term forest dynamics, particularly the lack of clear strategies for retention elements at a temporal scale longer than a single rotation. Generally, the spatial scales chosen for retention elements are not well-justified ecologically and targets for each retention element are not identified at different spatial scales. We stress that strong efforts have been made to develop forest management that incorporates some elements of natural variability and which considers societal needs, but further improvements are required. We conclude by presenting some suggestions to improve the approach. For example, creating more realistic guidelines in integrating current and future forest dynamics with pre-settlement information and planning rotation lengths that are inspired by the dominant natural disturbance.
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Espinoza, Manuel Antonio, Ruben Rojas, and Hildaura Acosta de Patiño. "Knowledge Translation in Practice: Exploring the Potential Use of MCDA in Central America and the Caribbean." Value in Health Regional Issues 17 (December 2018): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2018.07.003.
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DeRogatis, Amy. "Christian Bodies, Blood, and Feelings in America." Church History 85, no. 2 (May 27, 2016): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000056.
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In Emptiness: Feeling Christian in America, John Corrigan delivers a sweeping study of the dialectic between emptiness and fullness in American Christianities. He draws from an impressive breadth of sources both over time and within different forms of American Christianity to explore how Christians have integrated the feelings of emptiness and, in turn fullness, as central to their identities, beliefs and practices. At the outset of the book Corrigan explains, “The practice of Christianity that was grounded in the feeling of emptiness, however, was not ambiguous. Christians determinedly chased the feeling of emptiness, valorized it as a longing for God, and performed devotions to prompt and deepen it.” He unpacks this argument in five chapters devoted to feelings, bodies, spaces, times, and believers.
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Hashash, Youssef MA, Okan Ilhan, Halil Uysal, Jonathan P. Stewart, Sissy Nikolaou, Ellen M. Rathje, Kenneth W. Campbell, and Walter J. Silva. "Application of empirical and simulation-based site amplification models for Central and Eastern North America to selected sites." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 1_suppl (June 18, 2021): 1516–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87552930211020770.
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The Next Generation Attenuation Relationships for Central & Eastern North-America (NGA-East) Geotechnical Working Group (GWG) has presented models for site amplification in Central and Eastern North America that represent a significant change from past practice, which was based on models developed for active tectonic regions. The GWG models are ergodic in their formulation, meaning that they produce an average level of amplification conditional on VS30 and other the site parameters. We illustrate the application of these models to four sites in Texas, South Carolina, Mississippi, and New York City, and compare results with site-specific ground response analyses. The results indicate that substantial advantage is possible when ergodic models conditioned only on VS30 are supplemented with a modular term that produces a peak at one or more site natural periods ( Tnat). The article demonstrates features and limitations of the GWG models for sites in Central and Eastern North America and provides useful recommendations for coupling ergodic and non-ergodic (site-specific) modeling as part of seismic hazard studies.
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Korth, Eugene H., and Della M. Flusche. "Dowry and Inheritance in Colonial Spanish America: Peninsular Law and Chilean Practice." Americas 43, no. 4 (April 1987): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007185.
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Despite a growing interest in the history of women in colonial Spanish America, the Castilian legislation which defined female juridical status has received scant attention. Some scholars have treated legal questions as a corollary to the themes of feminine endeavor and wealth. The law itself, relegated to a secondary position, has remained a maze of confusing mandates to all but a few historians who have wrestled with its directives. An analysis of the legal foundation which was central to the roles that Hispanic American women assumed in the colonies is therefore in order. The purpose of this article is accordingly to clarify pertinent legal terms, concepts, and procedures that were operative throughout the Indies. Particular emphasis is given to the subject of females as donors and beneficiaries of marital endowments and parental estates. Since the abstract legal principles are difficult to understand, concrete examples are drawn from Hispanic families in Chile to illustrate the workings of the law. These eighteenth-century cases comprise a dowry receipt, an estate settlement, and a set of testamentary dispositions. The family papers underscore the fact that norms established in peninsular legislation and applied in Spanish America constituted an important link in the chain of continuity with the past that characterized colonial life even as that life underwent change in the Bourbon era.
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García Roca, Javier. "Control parlamentario y convergencia entre presidencialismo y parlamentarismo." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 38 (July 1, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.38.2016.18599.
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Es posible comparar presidencialismo y parlamentarismo en los controles parlamentarios. Sin control parlamentario, no puede existir democracia representativa, tampoco en el presidencialismo. Las normas constitucionales y de los Reglamentos ya reflejan ya esa tendencia en Iberoamérica. Esta conclusión lleva a que el clásico debate sobre ambos sistemas de gobierno deba contemplarse de una manera distinta. Hay una pluralidad de tipos presidenciales y semipresidenciales de confusa diferenciación en la realidad. El presidencialismo originario estadounidense es antiguo y difícilmente exportable. El presidencialismo iberoamericano contemporáneo se ha ido parlamentarizando. Existe actualmente un continuum en el binomio presidencialismo/ parlamentarismo con diferencias de grado más que cualitativas. Se advierten tres tendencias: la presidencialización del parlamentarismo europeo, la parlamentarización del presidencialismo iberoamericano, e influencias recíprocas entre los Reglamentos parlamentarios. Pluripartidismo extremado, representación proporcional, y un entendimiento absolutista de la separación de poderes presidencial, que impida los controles parlamentarios, son rasgos incompatibles. La solución más fácil está en abandonar ese entendimiento absolutista que no garantiza bien constitucional alguno. La duración fija del mandato presidencial y la idea de que el Presidente debe responder de forma diferida y directa ante el electorado hacen imposible mecanismos de control- responsabilidad política de su figura, pero puede bastar con reforzar los de control-fiscalización para construir checks and balances y representación política en el Parlamento.It is perfectly possible to compare presidentialism and parlamentarism with regard to controls. Without parliamentary oversight representative democracy does not exist, not even in the presidential system. Constitutional norms and Standing Orders already reflect this tendency in Latin America. This conclusion leads us to a different approach to the classic controversy on both systems of government. There are various kinds of presidential and semi-presidential systems in practice and the differences among them become confusing. The original US presidential system is somewhat outdated and difficult to export. Current Latin American presidentialism has adopted parliamentary patterns. The binomial presidentialism/parlamentarism is nowadays more a continuum with differences in degree rather than in quality. Three tendencies can be detected: European parliamentarism has evolved towards presidential leadership, Latin American presidentialism has incorporated parliamentary tools, and, finally, cross-fertilization among Parliamentary Standing Orders has developed. Extreme multi-party systems, proportional representation, and an absolutist understanding of presidential separation of powers which makes parliamentary oversight impossible are incompatible features. The easiest solution emerges from abandoning that separatist interpretation: such a strong separation on behalf of what? The fixed presidential term of office and the idea that the President should be directly accountable to the electorate and not to the Parliament make mechanisms of political responsibility especially difficult, but certain devices of control-supervision could be enough to achieve checks and balances and parliamentary political representation.
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Jared Van Ramshorst and Margath Walker. "Subordinating Space: Immigration Enforcement, Hierarchy, and the Politics of Scale in Mexico and Central America." Borders in Globalization Review 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr32202220403.
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In recent years, security and immigration enforcement has expanded rapidly throughout Mexico. From checkpoints and patrols to a vast system of detention and deportation, Mexican officials have implemented far-reaching measures to curtail international migration from Central America. Many of these efforts have been concentrated along the Mexico–Guatemala border and deep within southern Mexico, culminating in Programa Frontera Sur, a militarized approach to border security implemented in 2014. In this article, we explore how security and immigration enforcement in Mexico rely on spatial hierarchies that divide north and south. The practice of security and immigration enforcement has received significant attention across many disciplines. The notion of spatial hierarchies and the ways in which scalar differentiation impinges upon well-being has been less covered. As we show, these hierarchies partition North and Central America according to colonial modes, subordinating the latter as inferior while working across global, national, and local scales. Crucially, the linkages between securitization and the spatialization of hierarchies provide insights into nation-building and regional identity, where Mexico and the United States are increasingly designated as separate from South and Central America.
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Hilson, Mary. "Popular movements and the fragility of the Nordic democracies during the first half of the twentieth century." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 4 (October 22, 2019): 469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419880459.
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The Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden are among the few European countries where parliamentary democracy survived the challenges of the interwar period. The apparent resilience of Nordic democracy has sometimes been partly attributed to the strength of the popular movements, the internal democratic structures, and culture of these organizations and not least their role in educating their members in democratic practices. Drawing primarily on examples from the co-operative movements in several Nordic countries, the article asks how democracy was understood in co-operative societies and how it functioned in practice. Co-operative societies were committed to the principle of ‘one member one vote’, but faced constant dilemmas over how to combine the possibility for grassroots influence with the need for central control, especially as the organizations grew in size. In some cases, this led to irreconcilable conflicts and splits in central organizations. The article argues that although the co-operatives and other popular movements later came to be seen as crucial elements in the survival of Nordic democracy, their role in this survival should not be taken for granted.
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Kligman, Gail. "Reclaiming the Public: a Reflection on Creating Civil Society in Romania." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 393–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325490004003002.
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“I think it is somewhat arbitrary to try to dissociate the effective practice of freedom by people, the practice of social relations and the spatial distributions in which they find themselves. If they are separated, they become impossible to understand. Each can only be understood through the other.” Michel Foucault, “Space, Knowledge, and Power” “If conditions were to be created for democracy in some countries in the Soviet bloc... it might be an appropriate transitional solution that would help to restore the devastated sense of civic awareness, to renew democratic discussion, to allow for the crystallization of an elementary political plurality, an essential expression of the aims of life. But to cling to the notion of traditional parliamentary democracy as one's political ideal and to succumb to the illusion that only this `tried and true' form is capable of guaranteeing human beings enduring dignity and an independent role in society would, in my opinion, be at the very least shortsighted.” Václav Havel, The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe
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Leshno, Ari, Sonal K. Farzavandi, Rosario Gomez-de-Liaño, Derek T. Sprunger, Tamara Wygnanski-Jaffe, and Eedy Mezer. "Practice patterns to decrease myopia progression differ among paediatric ophthalmologists around the world." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314752.
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IntroductionMyopia is a worldwide epidemic. Plethora of treatments are offered to decrease myopia progression. In this study, we compared between different geographical areas worldwide the practice patterns used by paediatric ophthalmologists to decrease the progression of myopia.MethodsGlobal responses to a questionnaire were analysed (n=794) for demographic variations. Pharmacological, optical and behavioural categories were defined as effective or ineffective based on the current scientific peer reviewed literature.ResultsTreatment rates varied significantly between geographical regions (mean 57%, range 39%–89%, p<0.001). Nearly all participants who treat myopia used at least one form of effective treatment, regardless of location (98%, p=0.16). Among those prescribing pharmacological treatments, European physicians offered the lowest rate of effective treatment compared with other regions (85% vs mean 97%). Rates of effective optical treatment varied significantly between locations (p<0.001), from 16% (Central-South America) to 56% (Far East). Most treating respondents advocated behavioural modifications (92%), between 87% (North America) and 100% (Central Asia). Nearly all respondents used combinations of treatment modalities (95%)—mostly pharmacological, optical and behavioural combination. However, combination rates varied significantly between regions (p<0.001).DiscussionThe utility of treatment to decrease myopia progression differs significantly across the world both in type, combination and efficacy.ConclusionPaediatric ophthalmologists involvement and proficiency in myopia progression treatment varies around the world. This may entail promoting continuous medical education and other incentives to increase the number and proficiency of paediatric ophthalmologist to have a more effective impact to control the myopia epidemic in children.
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Strukowska, Marta. "Anger in action: Socio-pragmatic analysis of verbal exchanges in UK parliamentary debates." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 55, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 671–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2019-0024.
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Abstract This article is an attempt to investigate theoretically and empirically how the emotion of anger is used in political discourse. The descriptive analysis is centred around the conversational analysis of anger, as present in the verbal exchanges in the UK parliamentary debates, correlated with the variables of power (P), social distance (D), and the concept of valence. The key idea underbracing this article is that affect permeates social communication. The central claims of this study focus on explaining how the socio-pragmatic variables of (P) and (D) weave the fabric of conflict talk and how they constitute the springboard for structuring the affective message in a tangible framework of social practice. The questions that inspire the current paper are the following: (1) How does anger determine the relationships of power and distance? (2) What is the reaction of the Offender and Defender in anger-driven interaction? (3) Are the roles of the ‘Emoter’ and ‘Receiver’ of anger evenly distributed in verbal communication? (4) Are valence and its strength indicators of anger experience? The paper concentrates on three theoretical problems including: (1) anger as an intrinsically threatening emotion, (2) anger as a constituent of context, and (3) anger as a gradable emotion. In addition, this study aims to explore how threats to positive face value in the form of unambiguous literal meaning that convey evaluative load (accusations, criticism, insult, irony, imposition etc.), explicitly provide information on P and D shifts in anger-driven discursive action.
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Eremin, Arkadiy Alekseevich. "U.S. Migration Policy Radicalization (2017-2019): Case of Mexico and Central America." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-1-108-118.
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This article is an attempt to critically analyze the policy of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump regarding the southern border of the USA with Mexico. The paper analyzes the approach of Washington under the administration of D. Trump to the problem of the joint border between USA and Mexico, as well as conducts a comprehensive assessment of the main programs underlying the most pressing changes in D. Trumps policy in this area. In particular, the paper focuses on the structure of migration flows between 2017 and 2019, as well as on the reasons behind those changes. The author looks at the root causes of the unprecedented increase in the flow of potential migrants and refugees, and correlates them with the ongoing political, economic and humanitarian crises in the Central American sub-region. An important focus is given to the increasing role of Mexico in the settlement of this issue, as well as to the potential impact of such cooperation between the authorities of the United States and Mexico on the situation in Central America and Latin America in general. The significance of this paper is determined by the objective necessity of academic evaluation of the Donald Trumps administration impact on the United States governmental and foreign policy course. The author argues that the approach of the 45th president of the United States regarding traditionally sensitive issues like US - Mexico border control and migration has been mostly based on coercive tactics with obvious disregard towards social basis and root-causes of the issue at hand. One of the most distinguished traits of this approach is the practice of outsourcing managing the problem of refugees from Central America to the border-country, which in this specific case is Mexico.
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Haklai, Iddo. "Four Paradigms of Legal Change: American Conservative Halachic Rulings on Women’s Roles in Synagogue Practice." Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 160–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjaa001.
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Abstract Conservative Judaism in North America has undergone significant changes over the last seventy years regarding the issue of women’s roles within the synagogue. A review of different halachic responsa addressing women’s participation in three central functions of public prayer—receiving aliyot to the Torah, leading public prayer, and being counted in the prayer quorum, the minyan—reveals four different paradigms of legal change within the Conservative Movement and allows us to recognize certain trends throughout time.
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Johnson, Paul Christopher. "On Leaving and Joining Africanness Through Religion: The 'Black Caribs' Across Multiple Diasporic Horizons." Journal of Religion in Africa 37, no. 2 (2007): 174–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006607x188911.
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AbstractGarifuna religion is derived from a confluence of Amerindian, African and European antecedents. For the Garifuna in Central America, the spatial focus of authentic religious practice has for over two centuries been that of their former homeland and site of ethnogenesis, the island of St Vincent. It is from St Vincent that the ancestors return, through spirit possession, to join with their living descendants in ritual events. During the last generation, about a third of the population migrated to the US, especially to New York City. This departure created a new diasporic horizon, as the Central American villages left behind now acquired their own aura of ancestral fidelity and religious power. Yet New-York-based Garifuna are now giving attention to the African components of their story of origin, to a degree that has not occurred in homeland villages of Honduras. This essay considers the notion of 'leaving' and 'joining' the African diaspora by examining religious components of Garifuna social formation on St Vincent, the deportation to Central America, and contemporary processes of Africanization being initiated in New York.
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Chin, Jae Hoon. "A study on the legislative process of the Republic of Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 1 (December 31, 1986): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps01014.
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In view of the importance of Parliamentary System and legislation, this paper tries to examine the formal legislative procedure and its actual workings in the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea in order to find out some characteristic features of the legislative process and to suggest some improvements of the current practices. We found that the characteristic features of legislative procedure in the Korean National Assembly are as follows; First, deliberations at the standing committees occupy the central importance in the entire legislative process. Second, those legislative procedures which require open-door sessions have usually been inaccessible by the public due to short notice and lack of practice of public hearings. And thus the sub-committees have been held either at a closed-session, or at a corner of the lobby, excluding many aspirants of observers. Third, judicial review and presidential veto as a check and controlling mechanism on the law making process have played very insignificant role. Fourth, the Executive Branch has the superior position in the legislative process compared with the Legislative Branch; that is, the Executive Branch can exert greater influence in the submission, deliberation, and passage of the bills. Finally, the 38.1% 1,467 laws of the total 3,853 laws promulgated by the president have been propose by non-representatives. This may be one of the reasons why the general public has low respect and trust in the legislative process and the parliamentary democracy.
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Duganne, Erina. "From the Memory Books of Josely Carvalho." Arts 8, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8030109.
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In this interview, Brazilian-born multi-media artist Josely Carvalho (b. 1942) reflects back on her art making practice in the 1980s. Among the subjects that she addresses are her bi-nationalism, her use of the silkscreen process, and her association with the 1984 activist campaign Artists Call Against U.S. Intervention in Central America. She also speaks about working as a Latin American artist in New York City during this period, as well as her involvement with galleries and arts organizations such as St. Mark’s Church-in-the-Bowery, Central Hall Cooperative Gallery, and Franklin Furnace.
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Gupta, Akhil. "The Political Economy of Post-Independence India—A Review Article." Journal of Asian Studies 48, no. 4 (November 1989): 787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058115.
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Economists and political scientists have become increasingly interested in the political economy of India during the past decade and particularly during the past three or four years. The titles under review will be valuable not only to India specialists but also to comparative scholars because of the intriguing mix of conditions found in India. More like a continent than a country in its diversity, India is in some ways very similar to densely populated, predominantly rural and agricultural China, differing most perhaps in the obstinacy and depth of its poverty. In the predominant role played by the state within an essentially capitalist economy, it is closer to the model of Western social democracies than it is to either prominently ideological capitalist or socialist nation-states; like other countries in the “third world,” the state in India plays a highly interventionist developmental role. Finally, since Independence it has pursued, more successfully than most nation-states in Latin America and Asia, policies of importsubstituting industrialization and relative autarchy. In terms of its political structures, India differs from most newly industrialized countries (NICs) in that it generally continues to function as a parliamentary democracy. The federal political system creates an intriguing balance of forces between central and the regional state governments, which are often ruled by opposition parties with agendas, ideologies, and organizational structures quite different from those of the central government.
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Tayar, Violetta M. "Latin America and the European Union: Conceptual Approaches and Practice of Economic Cooperation." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 22, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 520–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-3-520-536.
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The article deals with North - South cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with an emphasis on bilateral trade. Over the past decades, cooperation with the EU has been perceived in LAC as a counterweight to the US dominance and one of the priorities of external economic relations. The article presents a retrospective of theoretical approaches of the non-Western Latin American school of UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL in Spanish) to the economic cooperation with the EU. A feature of the article is the study of trade interaction between the LCA and the EU countries. When analyzing the dynamics of trade during the first two decades of the 21st century the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the trade exchange between the EU and the LCA is uneven. There are many LAC countries that continue to export low-value-added products to the EU. Thus, the dichotomy between two models of commercial specialization of LAC has exacerbated. On one hand, there is a model of South American countries focused on raw materials (MERCOSUR, Andean Community), and, on the other hand, there is a model that includes the export of manufactured products and participation in industrial production chains (Mexico, Central America). The article concludes that MERCOSUR will probably face a number of trade challenges related to its model of economic globalization, particularly with regard to its export specialization in commodities and food. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the context of exacerbation of geopolitical contradictions and a changing world order, it is important to analyze the Latin American approach to economic cooperation with the EU countries, among which, in turn, there is a growing understanding that still free niches in the Latin American market can be occupied by China or other partners not belonging to the collective West.
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Kumble, Peter A. "Reflections on Service Learning for a Circular Economy Project in a Guatemalan Neighborhood, Central America." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 4776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174776.
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The research presented in this paper explored multiple objectives. First, what are the requirements for establishing a new composting business that embraces the principles of circular economy? Second, how can employment opportunities for at-risk youths from the most impoverished neighborhood in Guatemala City be created, while adhering to the tenets of social sustainability, of which human rights is the corner stone? Third, what were the requirements involved in making compost in the challenging climatic conditions of Guatemala City? And finally, from an educational perspective, how can this be taught to university students incorporating community service learning in its pedagogy, coupled with the model of action research? What are the obstacles to overcome when initiating a startup business, balancing what appeared to be a mix of complex economic, environmental, and social elements? These three elements are the recognized pillars of sustainability, and as such, there existed a great opportunity to meld the principles of circular economy, community service learning, and action research within the context of putting theories into practice. This applied research attempted to explore how effectively this could be accomplished in Guatemala while overcoming complex cultural, environmental, and economic barriers.
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Gay, Eugenia, Philipp Nielsen, Emanuel Richter, Gregor Feindt, and Ethan L. Menchinger. "Reviews." Contributions to the History of Concepts 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2018.130206.
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To Build a Concept for European History Willibald Steinmetz, Michael Freeden, and Javier Fernández-Sebastián, eds., Conceptual History in the European Space (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2017), 320 pp.Ideals against Practice: A History of Parliamentary Politics in EuropePasi Ihalainen, Cornelia Ilie, and Kari Palonen, eds., Parliament and Parliamentarism: A Comparative History of a European Concept (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2016) xi + 327 pp.The Variety and Complexity of Republican ThinkingMartin Papenheim and Raymonde Monnier, Handbuch politisch-sozialer Grundbegriffe in Frankreich 1680–1820, Heft 21: Politique / République, Républicanisme, Républicain [Handbook of politico-social foundations in France 1680–1820, vol. 21: Politics / Republic, republican, republicanism], ed. Rolf Reichardt, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, and Jörn Leonard (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017), 265 pp.Processual Ideology: Vernacular Socialist Discourse in Central and Eastern Europe after StalinPavel Kolář, Der Poststalinismus: Ideologie und Utopie einer Epoche [Poststalinism: Ideology and utopia of an epoch] (Cologne: Böhlau, 2018), 370 pp.Republican Thought in Turkey Centuries of Tradition?Banu Turnaoǧlu, The Formation of Turkish Republicanism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 320 pp.
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Graca, Witold, and Henryk Spustek. "Usytuowanie ustrojowo-polityczne ochrony informacji niejawnych w Polsce, Czechach i na Słowacji." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 44, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.1.8.
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Secret services are responsible for the system of classified information protection in Poland. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, civil central offices operating outside the special services system have been established to perform activities in this area. Institutions dealing with the protection of classified information in the Polish political and constitutional system are mainly supervised by the executive power — the prime minister, while in the Czech Republic and Slovakia the main control factor in the system are special parliamentary committees. The protection of the rights of persons whose data are processed as part of various types of proceedings conducted by such bodies is guaranteed in all analyzed political systems by courts. In Slovakia, it is the Supreme Court. In practice, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have abandoned the separate certification system for the structures of the Ministry of National Defense. In Poland, the separation of proceedings concerning the military sphere was maintained — they are still conducted by one of the special services, Military Counterintelligence Service.
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Roosen, John T. "NEW ZEALAND: “DOWN UNDER” OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-241.
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ABSTRACT New Zealand has embarked upon a new direction in marine oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. The new direction was driven by a parliamentary review of the Marine Pollution Act that found New Zealand ill prepared to respond to a marine oil spill. The new program put together four key components that depended on government and industry cooperation in a user-pays environment. First, the Marine Pollution Act of 1974 was reformatted into a new Maritime Transport Act (MTA), which brought into focus broad policy guidelines. Second, Marine Protection Rules now provide detailed ongoing program information that changes with updates to industry practice and technology. Third, a Crown entity, the Maritime Safety Authority, was established as the main engine of change. Lastly, oil pollution response was redistributed from the central government into a four-tiered response mechanism. The tiers start with commercial facilities and ships, progress to regional government and then to the national government, and ultimately provide an avenue for international assistance.
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Bradley, Curtis A., and Laurence R. Helfer. "Treaty Exit in the United States: Insights from the United Kingdom or South Africa?" AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.96.
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Courts in the United Kingdom and South Africa have recently issued important rulings that have constrained the executive's authority to withdraw from treaties in those countries. This essay considers whether these rulings might offer insights for treaty exit issues in the United States. We first provide an overview of U.S. law and practice regarding the termination of international agreements. We next summarize the U.K. and South African decisions, which required parliamentary approval for pulling out of treaties establishing the European Union and the International Criminal Court (ICC), respectively. Finally, we consider the relevance of these rulings for treaty withdrawals in the United States. We conclude that they are unlikely to offer much guidance, both because of differences in the three countries' constitutions and because the reasoning of the U.K. and South African courts do not engage with the central arguments made in the United States concerning the President's unilateral authority to withdraw from treaties.
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Joyce, Vanessa de M. Higgins, Magdalena Saldaña, Amy Schmitz Weiss, and Rosental C. Alves. "Ethical perspectives in Latin America’s journalism community: A comparative analysis of acceptance of controversial practice for investigative reporting." International Communication Gazette 79, no. 5 (January 24, 2017): 459–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048516688131.
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Latin Americans are living in an unprecedented era of democracy while experiencing a spike in investigative journalism production. Investigative journalism holds its own conundrums of ethical decision-making related to techniques used and consequences of its content. This study analyzes ethical interpretations in the region’s investigative journalism community through a comparative analysis based on a survey conducted with journalists, journalism educators, and students from 20 Latin American and Caribbean countries. Our findings highlight the prevalence of a deontological perspective to ethics, with the majority of the respondents rejecting the use of soft-lies as investigative techniques. The study found, however, variability in ethical perspective within Latin America and Caribbean’s geo-cultural regions, with Central America and the Caribbean region leading in opposition and Brazil and the Southern Cone indicating more lenience toward controversial practices. When it comes to source-related controversial techniques, the journalism community in the region overwhelmingly rejects such practices.
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Schurr, C., and D. Segebart. "Engaging with feminist postcolonial concerns through participatory action research and intersectionality." Geographica Helvetica 67, no. 3 (November 7, 2012): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-67-147-2012.
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Abstract. This paper deals with the challenges of doing fieldwork as a Western researcher in the "Global South" after the (feminist) postcolonial turn. Debates within developmental geography have addressed the politics of fieldwork, questions of positionality and collaborative, participatory ways to produce knowledge. We intend to enter this discussion to find constructive ways of conducting feminist postcolonial research. Drawing on our own experiences as German researchers and development practitioners in Latin America, we discuss the potential and limits of two central feminist postcolonial approaches in development research and practice: participatory (action) research and intersectionality. Our reflections aim to show how development research and practice may benefit from integrating feminist postcolonial approaches.
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Joy, Vincent. "The Use and Abuse of Discretionary Powers of Governor in Formation of Ministry in a State in India." Indian Journal of Public Administration 64, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117750901.
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Discretionary powers of the Governor means the powers which s/he exercises as per one’s own individual judgement or without the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. The Governor has to perform the duties as head of the state and as a ‘spot man’ of the central government and to use this discretionary power, within the peculiar context of our quasi-federal Constitution. One of the areas where the Governor can exercise discretion is in the appointment of a Chief Minister when a hung assembly emerges. The emergence of coalition government, party splits and mergers, alignment and realignment of parties, defection, etc. create muddled circumstances and these give opportunities to the Governor to use his discretion discriminately in the choice of the Chief Minister. The central government is alleged to use the office of the Governor as a weapon to manipulate the politics of the states for political gain. Unfortunately, no uniform practice has been followed or parliamentary traditions evolved in the practice of the appointment of Chief Ministers. The major criteria are whether the leader carries the majority with him or the coalition partners will have a workable majority. The Governor should try to secure a stable government and use his discretion without extraneous influence or consideration. All the study teams and the commissions urged the inevitability on the formulation of certain guidelines as precedents to follow in the appointment of the Chief Minister. In case the episode like Arunachal Pradesh (2016) repeats, the judiciary will certainly act as the guardian of the Constitution.
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Hajduk, Ryszard. "Theology of the family in the final documents of the General Latin American Episcopal Conferences." Forum Teologiczne, no. 22 (October 13, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ft.6923.
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The final documents from the General Conferences of the Latin American Bishops (CELAM) held in Medellín (1968), Pueblo (1979), Santo Domingo (1992) and in Aparecida (2007) present the fruits of reflecting on the situation of the family in South America, Central America and the Caribbean, as well as its role in the Church and its importance in shaping social life. Consequently, one can speak of a Latin American theology of the family, which draws its impetus from the teaching of the universal Church, and at the same time has specific features. It is distinguished by the emphasis placed on the subjectivity of families in the saving mission of the Church and treating them as a “theological key”, opening the way to getting to know God's mysteries. It is a practice-oriented theology that gives concrete guidelines to families and their pastors. The character of Latin American theology of the family is influenced by the pastoral context and theological trends, born in South and Central America (liberation theology, indigenous theology and theology of the people). Latin American theology of the family is therefore not a repetition of the contents of the Magisterium of the universal Church, but their original interpretation, taking into account the social situation and the needs of people living in it.
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Tolstov, Sergii. "Practice and experience of the national reconciliation in Spain." European Historical Studies, no. 5 (2016): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.05.124-143.
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The contemporary political theory envisages the Spanish transition from authoritarianism to a modern multiparty political system as an important landmark and one of the most successful examples of the ‘third wave’ of the process of global democratization. Commenced in Southern Europe, the transition towards the democratic rule has affected Latin America, South Africa and a number of Asian countries and then went further to the majority of Central and Eastern European states. The political reforms and regime change became possible due to the ‘national reconciliation’, a series of compromises negotiated between the government and the leaders of the top political parties. This mechanism ensured a gradual peaceful process of political changes and their successful constitutional legitimization, as well as their implementation in the legislature. However, the transition towards a competitive multiparty democracy won’t cover the reconciliation of ideologies, neither did it consider a common moral and political assessment of the past. Both veterans of the Civil War of 1936 – 1939 and victims of the Franco’s dictatorship were completely rehabilitated only 30 years after the political transformation have been launched.
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Mazi, Waleed, Zikra Begum, Diaa Abdulla, Ahmed Hesham, Sami Maghari, Abdullah Assiri, and Abiola Senok. "Central line–associated bloodstream infection in a trauma intensive care unit: Impact of implementation of Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Infectious Diseases Society of America practice guidelines." American Journal of Infection Control 42, no. 8 (August 2014): 865–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.05.005.
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Viellechner, Lars. "The Limits of Law (and Democracy) in the Euro Crisis: An Approach from Systems Theory." German Law Journal 17, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200021441.
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The Article attempts to explore the fate of law and democracy in the euro crisis from the sociological perspective of systems theory. It consecutively ascertains the performance, the relevance, and the function of the law with regard to the current practice of restructuring sovereign debt in the euro area. While novel forms of regulation such as the European Stability Mechanism attest a remarkable assertiveness of the law, they cannot effectively command economic recovery and must cede to economic imperatives for their part. Under such circumstances, the law can no longer adequately fulfill its function to counterfactually secure normative expectations. Nevertheless, the regulatory experiments in the euro crisis may not be regarded as undemocratic. Rather, the heterarchical processes of mutual observation, recognition, and contestation among the various constituencies involved, including representatives of governments, institutions of the European Union, central banks, national parliaments and peoples via referenda, as well as European and national courts, provide some substitute for the lack of elections and parliamentary decision-making at the European level.
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Liguori, Mariannunziata, Ileana Steccolini, and Silvia Rota. "Studying administrative reforms through textual analysis: the case of Italian central government accounting." International Review of Administrative Sciences 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315619023.
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This article contributes to the literature on public sector reforms by proposing textual analysis as a useful research strategy to explore how reform archetypes and related ideas are deployed in the parliamentary debate and regulations advancing reforms. Public Administration (PA), New Public Management (NPM) and Public Governance (GOV) can be depicted as three different archetypes providing characteristic administrative ideas and concepts and related tools and practices, which lead reforms. We use textual analysis to look into more than 20 years of Italian central government accounting reforms and investigate how the three administrative archetypes have evolved, intertwined and replaced each other. Textual analysis proves a useful tool through which to investigate reform processes and allows us to show that in neo-Weberian countries, such as Italy, NPM and GOV, far from being revolutionary paradigms, may represent fashionable trends that have not left significant traces in the practice and rhetoric of reforms. Points for practitioners In contexts based on civil law traditions, the introduction of new reforms appears to be slow and difficult, and is often more successful when it respects extant PA systems, which remain well rooted in the public sector. Decision-makers may want to keep this into consideration when proposing or implementing new changes. From an organizational point of view, this underlines the importance of reassuring civil servants and politicians of the consistency of the ‘new’ proposed models with those they have been accustomed to, and of using the traditional language of PA to explain and introduce new ideas and tools and make them more acceptable. However, this has to be balanced by an actual change in the old systems and routines, using continuity to bring about change and avoiding the re-enactment of merely formalistic approaches.
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Sánchez, Linda E., and Susan Bibler Coutin. "Insurgent Collaboration." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 9, no. 1 (2020): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.1.106.
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Scholarship regarding those who are categorized as undocumented can put sanctuary principles into practice in research settings. To do so, scholars can conduct research in collaboration with immigrant communities, reject essentializing terminology, develop modes of sociality that challenge exclusion, and document the unofficial forms of sanctuary devised by members of immigrant communities. This research model is grounded in principles of accompaniment that were followed by 1980s activists who offered sanctuary to those fleeing wars in Central America. Examples of research initiatives and educational programs that follow such principles are presented.
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Skrabacz, Ewa. "To Show, But Not to Disclose. The Willingness of Polish Political Parties to Disclose Information On their Structures." Polish Political Science Review 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppsr-2018-0001.
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AbstractConstituting the key element of a democratic system, political parties are among entities obliged by the Polish legislator to comply with the principle of disclosure by providing public information. The main objective of this paper is to determine the level of Polish political parties’ disclosure, understood here as their willingness to disclose information on their own structures. It seems that the practice of disclosing such basic organizational data may constitute a specific measure of Polish political parties’ respect for the idea of disclosure. The subject matter of the conducted research was particular parties’ sites in the Public Information Bulletin as well as their official websites. An attempt was made to acquire data concerning party structures by way of direct contact with particular parties’ organizational units – questionnaires were sent to both central and regional/district organizational units. In order to acquire a wider perspective, the research also included data provided by the Central Statistical Office concerning political parties’ organizational structures and election manifestos. The conducted analysis was summarized in the form of a ranking of the examined political parties based on a proposed political party disclosure index. This attempt to measure disclosure on the basis of data on internal structures provided by parties themselves is of a preliminary character which, nevertheless, makes it possible to capture the general properties of the phenomenon under analysis. Among the examined parties, it is PSL, SLD, and PO that, to an acceptable degree, follow the principle of disclosure in the analysed scope (indexes at the level of 60%-80% of the maximum value). Four other parties, i.e. N, Wolność, Razem, and Kukiz’15, are on the edge of the zone making it possible to regard their disclosure as sufficient (indexes at the level of around 50% of the maximum value). In the case of PiS, whose index does not reach 20% of the maximum value, it should be concluded that this party implements the principle of disclosure at a minimum level. The ranking did not show relationships between parties’ willingness towards providing information and their sizes or positions on the political scene (parliamentary parties vs. extra-parliamentary parties).
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Hamarat, Yaprak, Clémentine Schelings, and Catherine Elsen. "Participation: A Disciplinary Border for Architectural Research and Practice." Architecture 2, no. 4 (November 7, 2022): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture2040038.
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This editorial note provides an extended summary and transversal analysis of ten articles gathered for the 2022 Special Issue on participation in contemporary architecture. The call for contribution circulated in June 2021 attracted papers from Central Europe (n=8) and North America (n=2), and presents an overview of ongoing practices and research in participatory architecture in these areas. The Special Issue aimed to study the connections between disciplines and gathered nine empirical cases and one literature review. In this editorial note, we first analyze these contributions to better understand the nature of architecture in participating in the profiles of end-users and project teams, and the scale of the projects. Secondly, we highlight four lessons taken from these practices and studies: we emphasize how participation in architecture (1) emerges and operates in interstitial spaces; (2) often deployed for and with “vulnerable” end-user groups, this “vulnerability” provides power and originality to processes and outcomes; (3) inspirational principles, guides, and frameworks are produced as outcomes; and finally, (4) social architectures are deployed beyond tangible concepts through a multilevel relationship to pedagogy. Finally, we observe that reflections on gender, politics, decoloniality, and disciplinary transfers remain underexplored and need to be explicitly studied and integrated.
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Hasan, Zaidi, Nirwan, Ghori, Javid, Ahmadi, and Babar. "Use of Central Nervous System (CNS) Medicines in Aged Care Homes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091292.
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Background: Both old age and institutionalization in aged care homes come with a significant risk of developing several long-term mental and neurological disorders, but there has been no definitive meta-analysis of data from studies to determine the pooled estimate of central nervous system (CNS) medicines use in aged care homes. We conducted this systematic review to summarize the use of CNS drugs among aged care homes residents. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) databases were searched (between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2018) to identify population-based studies that reported the use of CNS medicines in aged care homes. Pooled proportions (with 95% confidence interval), according to study location were calculated. Results: A total of 89 studies reported the use of CNS medicines use in aged care. The pooled estimate of CNS drugs use varied according to country (from 20.3% in Ireland to 49.0% in Belgium) and region (from 31.7% in North America to 42.5% in Scandinavia). The overall pooled estimate of psychotropic medicines use was highest in Europe (72.2%, 95% CI, 67.1–77.1%) and lowest in ANZ region (56.9%, 95% CI, 52.2–61.4%). The pooled estimate of benzodiazepines use varied widely from 18.9% in North America to 44.8% in Europe. The pooled estimate of antidepressants use from 47 studies was 38.3% (95% CI 35.1% to 41.6%) with highest proportion in North America (44.9%, 95% CI, 35.3–54.5%). Conclusion: The overall use of CNS drugs varied among countries, with studies from Australia-New Zealand reported the lowest use of CNS drugs. The criteria for prescribing CNS drugs in clinical practice should be evidence-based. The criteria should be used not to prohibit the use of the listed medications but to support the clinical judgement as well as patient safety.
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Sillah, Mohammed Bassiru. "Islam in the United States of America." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i1.2078.
Full textAbstract:
Although Islam is the youngest of the three Abrahamic religions, it bas succeededin making breakthroughs in all comers of the globe. Today, it is thefastest growing religion in the world. and its presence has become a recognizedfact in rich industrialized nations like the United States. In the book underreview, Professor Sulayman Nyang examines the arrival and development ofIslam in America and asserts that it will stand permanently side-by-side withChristianity and Judaism and that these religions will co-exist peacefully.In the first chapter. the author tells the story of the African Muslim slaves inNorth America. The discovery of the New World by Columbus resulted in thetransplantation of millions of African slaves to work in the plantations of whitesettler farmers. A large number of slaves were captured in West Africa - aregion where Islam had already become firmly rooted. However, the nature of slavery itself (as it was practiced in America) and the separation of the childrenfrom their Muslim parents impeded the take-off process of Islam in America.These were also critical times for the African Muslim slaves, as they were notallowed to practice their religion freely. This lack of religious tolerance forcedmany of the slaves to convert to Christianity, which was the faith of their "masters."The author also mentions the wave of Muslim immigrants that occurredduring the frrst quarter of the twentieth century and involved people from theMiddle East, North Africa, southern and central Asia, and southern and centralEurope. Some of these immigrants returned home after the war, but manydecided to stay in the United States in order to pursue the American Dream.The next turning point for Islam was the Islamic Revolution, which broke outin Iran in 1979 and had a very strong impact in the United States due to thecountry's close alliance with the ousted Shah ...