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1
Wescott, Geoffrey Charles. "Australia's Distinctive National Parks System." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002258x.
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Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.
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Morozow, O. "ACCESS TO LAND FOR EXPLORATION — THE ADOPTION OF MULTIPLE LAND USE PRINCIPLES IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87025.
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The continued access to land for exploration by the petroleum and mineral industries in Australia has been increasingly impeded by State and Commonwealth legislation aimed at dedicating Crown Land for single land uses.In September 1986, South Australia's Minister for Mines and Energy, Ron Payne, announced a Cabinet decision for 'a package of recommendations designed to foster multiple land-use concepts and to ensure that no land is alienated from exploration without careful consideration of the sub-surface mineral/petroleum potential, relevant economic factors and the existing and potential sub-surface rights'.In this one innovative and potentially far-reaching move, the South Australian Government has:provided a framework to reconcile conflicting interests;indicated a willingness to listen and act upon the expressed legitimate concerns of industries of vital economic importance to the State;made it necessary for the proponents of reserve areas such as National Parks to be more accountable and to provide balanced, scientific substantiation;indicated its intention to make legislative changes to allow for the adoption of multiple land-use principles; andredressed the imbalance where, in the words of the Minister, 'Legislation providing for Aboriginal land rights, the creation of national and conservation parks, and State Government heritage areas have, to varying degrees, created unforeseen consequences for the resources industry'.The first practical test of this new Government policy is the proposed declaration of the Innamincka Regional Reserve, currently a 14 000 sq km pastoral lease within some of the most productive areas of PELs 5 & 6 held jointly by Santos Ltd. and Delhi Petroleum Pty. Ltd.It is intended that this new form of reserve will allow for the protection of specific areas of environmental sensitivity and of cultural, scientific and historic value, while still allowing for the continuation of pastoral, tourist and petroleum exploration/ production activity within the major part of the reserve area.
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Chung, Ping-Chen, and Ta-Chien Chan. "Impact of physical distancing policy on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 globally: Perspective from government’s response and residents’ compliance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0255873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255873.
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Background COVID-19 was declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020. Various physical distancing interventions were introduced to flatten the epidemic curve and reduce the disease burden. We evaluated the impacts of policy stringency and residents’ compliance on time-varying reproduction number in 17 countries. Methods Data were from WHO reports of local transmission (February 28 to April 8, 2020) in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the UK, US and Vietnam. Earlier local transmission data where available from press releases were added for Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan starting January 28, 2020. COVID-19 policy responses were from the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker with 17 indicators. Changes in people’s behaviors were from Google’s COVID-19 community mobility reports and Apple Maps’ mobility trends reports. We estimated the daily time-varying reproduction number (Rt) by country. 0-, 7- and 14-day lagged effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and changes in human mobility on Rt were estimated by linear mixed-effects models. Results Rt initially surged rapidly, then declined gradually depending on policy stringency. The highest mean policy stringency scores were for Italy (69.97) and South Korea (61.00). Variations in stringency scores were higher in Europe, the US and Australia than in Asia. The human mobility reduction was greater in countries with strict policies (median stringency score > = 50). In terms of immediate (0-day lag) effects, Rt reductions were found for workplace-closure, limited-gathering, and stay-at-home policies. At a 7-day lag, Rt reductions were found for workplace closure, restrictions on gatherings, stay-at-home requirements, international travel controls, contact tracing and reducing walking around. At a 14-day lag, Rt reductions were found for restrictions on gatherings, less visiting and staying in parks, and reduced walking around. Conclusion The findings show physical distancing policies and residents’ compliance can slow transmission, with the lag-to-effect time varying by policy.
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Lane, Jan-Erik. "Socio-Economic Determinism and Climate Change." Applied Science and Innovative Research 1, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v1n2p131.
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<p><em>The global warming problematic is in reality decided not by the UNFCCC or IPCC with its mastodon meetings. The decisive players are the states of the following BIG polluters of CO2: China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia Mexico, South Korea, Canada, Australia and the US, despite the fact that its present government already has defected from the common pool regime, set up in Paris 2017, These countries together with international shipping and aviation are putting out more than 50% of the CO2s. However, they are little interested, because they emphasize the policy-making of socio-economic development, either economic growth with rich countries or the “catch-up” strategy with poor or emerging economies. Resilience will decide which countries can support the consequences of climate change.</em></p>
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Fisher, Daniel T. "An Urban Frontier: Respatializing Government in Remote Northern Australia." Cultural Anthropology 30, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca30.1.08.
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This essay draws on ethnographic research with Aboriginal Australians living in the parks and bush spaces of a Northern Australian city to analyze some new governmental measures by which remoteness comes to irrupt within urban space and to adhere to particular categories of people who live in and move through this space. To address this question in contemporary Northern Australia is also to address the changing character of the Australian government of Aboriginal people as it moves away from issues of redress and justice toward a state of emergency ostensibly built on settler Australian compassion and humanitarian concern. It also means engaging with the mediatization of politics and its relation to the broader, discursive shaping of such spatial categories as remote and urban. I suggest that remoteness forms part of the armory of recent political efforts to reshape Aboriginal policy in Northern Australia. These efforts leverage remoteness to diagnose the ills of contemporary Aboriginal society, while producing remoteness itself as a constitutive feature of urban space.
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Bastian, Amber, and John Coveney. "Local evidenced-based policy options to improve food security in South Australia: the use of local knowledge in policy development." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 8 (December 14, 2011): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011003260.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine realist policy options for the South Australian government to improve food security.DesignSemi-structured interviews with twenty-four key South Australian food security stakeholders.SettingFood security is a global issue that affects both developing and developed countries. Governments are well placed to improve food security but the solutions are not always evident.SubjectsPolicy makers, leaders of non-government organisations, private enterprise and front-line food security workers in South Australia.ResultsThe research produced forty-four potential policy options for the South Australian government to improve food security.ConclusionsStakeholders offered detailed policy solutions for the local context. This illustrates how gathering local evidence expands understanding on an issue. The process used to generate these policy options is applicable to other public health problems and other contexts.
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Brand, David G. "Forest management in New South Wales, Australia." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73578-5.
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Forest management policy in New South Wales, Australia, has been dramatically changing during the past two decades in response to public controversy and widening expectations of the values that the forest should provide to society. The nature of NSW forest management today is a reflection of the unique Australian forest ecology, the nature of the forest sector, and the emergence of conflict and polarized views on forest management in the past two decades. Recent efforts have made progress in resolving the forest debate. The key elements have included an expanded protected areas reserve system, expanded reliance on plantation forests for wood supply, increased wood security for native forest industries in return for a commitment to value-adding and the implementation of an ecologically sustainable forest management framework. Like other Australian States, NSW is currently negotiating Regional Forest Agreements with the Commonwealth Government that will set the stage for future directions in forest management. Key words: forest policy, Australia, New South Wales forest management
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Wells, Michael P. "The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 4 (December 1996): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900039187.
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SummarySouth Africa contains an extensive, well-managed protected area network which generates considerable economic benefits from tourism, but the extensive land and financial resources required by the parks and reserves are difficult to reconcile with the acute social and economic development needs of poor rural people with very limited access to any kind of resources. Local communities have incurred substantial costs from the establishment of these parks while receiving few benefits in return. National and provincial governments, as well as the conservation authorities, have now recognized that the long-term future of parks and reserves depends on taking effective steps to redress the local imbalance of benefits and costs. Integrated conservation-development projects (ICDPs) are beginning to test a range of specific measures to increase local community participation in the benefits from protected areas. Parks have considerable resources and expertise which they can use to support local development through ICDPs, although it would be unrealistic to expect parks to solve widespread rural poverty amongst their neighbours. Instead, park authorities should take the lead in forming partnerships to mobilize the combined resources and expertise of other national and provincial government agencies, NGOs and the private sector, as well as the local communities themselves. Community participation in wildlife tourism may best be achievable through joint ventures with the private sector or park management authorities.
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Boerma, Bernard, Robert Hayes, Alissa Moen, and Anthony T. Williams. "Recent changes in mental health legislation and government policy in psychiatric care in Australia." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 5 (May 1995): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.5.293.
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There have been a number of recent changes in mental health care legislation in Australia some of which mirror the changes that have occurred in the UK. These are reviewed within the context of the differing health care system in Australia and with particular reference to the State of New South Wales.
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Byrne, Louise, Michael Wilson, Karena J. Burke, Cadeyrn J. Gaskin, and Brenda Happell. "Mental health service delivery: a profile of mental health non-government organisations in south-east Queensland, Australia." Australian Health Review 38, no. 2 (2014): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13208.
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Objective Non-government organisations make a substantial contribution to the provision of mental health services; despite this, there has been little research and evaluation targeted at understanding the role played by these services within the community mental health sector. The aim of the present study was to examine the depth and breadth of services offered by these organisations in south-east Queensland, Australia, across five key aspects of reach and delivery. Methods Representatives from 52 purposively targeted non-government organisations providing mental health services to individuals with significant mental health challenges were interviewed regarding their approach to mental health service provision. Results The findings indicated a diverse pattern of service frameworks across the sector. The results also suggested a positive approach to the inclusion of consumer participation within the organisations, with most services reporting, at the very least, some form of consumer advocacy within their processes and as part of their services. Conclusions This paper offers an important first look at the nature of non-government service provision within the mental health sector and highlights the importance of these organisations within the community sector. What is known about the topic? Non-government organisations make a substantial contribution to the multisectorial provision of services to mental health consumers in community settings. Non-government organisations in Australia are well established, with 79.9% of them being in operation for over 10 years. There is an increasing expectation that consumers influence the development, delivery and evaluation of mental health services, especially in the community sector. What does this paper add? This paper provides a profile of non-government organisations in one state in Australia with respect to the services they provide, the consumers they target, the practice frameworks they use, the use of peer workers and consumer participation, the success they have had with obtaining funding and the extent to which they collaborate with other services. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper provides readers with an understanding of the non-government organisations and the services they provide to people with mental health conditions. In addition, the findings provide an opportunity to learn from the experience of non-government organisations in implementing consumer participation initiatives.
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Waitt, Gordon, and Hayden Knobel. "Embodied geographies of liveability and urban parks." Urban Studies 55, no. 14 (November 30, 2017): 3151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017740080.
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Urban parks are currently enshrined within liveable forms of sustainable urban planning for high-density city living. This article draws on Giles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s idea of territory to critically explore the embodied geographies of liveability. The concept of territory draws attention to the emplacement of subjectivities constituted not only through the discursive but also the emotional and affectual forces or flows between and through bodies and proximate objects. We argue that the embodied geographies of liveability are both performed and folded through the emotional and affectual circulations flowing through the body. To investigate these performances, flows and connections, an affective mapping exercise of urban park visits was conducted with 18 apartment dwellers in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. We address the concerns about social exclusion raised by the agenda of liveable cities and how the concept of ‘territory’ offers policy-relevant conclusions.
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Blackwell, Boyd D., Brian E. Dollery, Andrew M. Fischer, and Jim A. Mcfarlane. "Geospatial analyses of local economic structures in the rangeland areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 40, no. 3 (2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17065.
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We examine the economic structure of Australian local government areas in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia using economic base theory and location quotients. Whereas the economic base approach is long established, in this paper we extend the three-staged geospatial visualisation method of Blackwell et al. (2017) to two additional state jurisdictions. Focusing on the economic structure of rangeland local government areas, we find that these vary significantly, implying that no single generic development policy is likely to be effective, but rather these need to be crafted individually. We demonstrate that geospatial visualisations of employment location quotients can identify local economic vulnerability as well as opportunity.
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Reid, Nick. "Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 2 (1997): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970166.
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This book records the proceedings of a similarly titled conference organized by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service in June 1993. According to the editors, the book is a "systematic attempt . . . to cover the current and future threats to biodiversity" in New South Wales and Australia, and "highlights the range of solutions needed to conserve biodiversity". The book contains 35 chapters structured in seven sections (conserving biodiversity, habitat loss, degradation and pollution of water resources, weeds and feral animals, commercial use of native biota, changes to fire regimes, can governments solve the problems?), with two to eight chapters in each. The book is a scientific treatise, chapters being written with other researchers and scientifically trained government officials in mind.
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Nateque Mahmood, Muhammad, Subas Prasad Dhakal, Kerry Brown, Robyn Keast, and Anna Wiewiora. "Asset management policies and guidelines of different states in Australia." Journal of Facilities Management 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-03-2013-0017.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare the asset management policies and practices of six Australian states – New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania – to improve understanding of the policy context to best shape policy focus and guidelines. Australian state-wide asset management policies and guidelines are an emergent policy domain, generating a substantial body of knowledge. However, these documents are spread across the layers of government and are therefore largely fragmented and lack coherency. Design/methodology/approach – The comparative study is based on the thematic mapping technique using the Leximancer software. Findings – Asset management policies and guidelines of New South Wales and Victoria have more interconnected themes as compared to other states in Australia. Moreover, based on the findings, New South Wales has covered most of the key concepts in relation to asset management; the remaining five states are yet to develop a comprehensive and integrated approach to asset management policies and guidelines. Research limitations/implications – This review and its findings have provided a number of directions on which government policies can now be better constructed and assessed. In doing so, the paper contributes to a coherent way forward to satisfy national emergent and ongoing asset management challenges. This paper outlines a rigorous analytical methodology to inform specific policy changes. Originality/value – This paper provides a basis for further research focused on analyzing the context and processes of asset management guidelines and policies.
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Cox, James W., Michele Akeroyd, and Danielle P. Oliver. "Integrated water resource assessment for the Adelaide region, South Australia." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-69-2016.
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Abstract. South Australia is the driest state in the driest inhabited country in the world, Australia. Consequently, water is one of South Australia's highest priorities. Focus on water research and sources of water in the state became more critical during the Millenium drought that occurred between 1997 and 2011. In response to increased concern about water sources the South Australian government established The Goyder Institute for Water Research – a partnership between the South Australian State Government, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Flinders University, University of Adelaide and University of South Australia. The Goyder Institute undertakes cutting-edge science to inform the development of innovative integrated water management strategies to ensure South Australia's ongoing water security and enhance the South Australian Government's capacity to develop and deliver science-based policy solutions in water management. This paper focuses on the integrated water resource assessment of the northern Adelaide region, including the key research investments in water and climate, and how this information is being utilised by decision makers in the region.
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M. Jolley, Gwyneth, and Stacey Masters. "Exploring the Links between Community Health Services and Non-Government Organisations in Two Regions of South Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 1 (2002): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02009.
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This paper describes the links between community health services and non-government organisations in two regions of South Australia, and the factors impacting on these collaborative ventures. Changes in the organisation and funding of human services have created both opportunities and challenges for community health services and non-government organisations, as distinct entities and in relationship with one another. This study confirms that there are primary promoters of, and requisites for, effective collaboration, such as shared client group, similar values and approaches, and capacity at individual and organisational levels. Time and resource constraints are revealed as the most significant barriers to collaboration. Government policy and practice have a powerful influence on collaboration between community health services and non-government organisations. Government policy directions and models of funding may act to support or inhibit collaboration and the effects of these should be evaluated in terms of their impact on the capacity of organisations to work together to provide integrated and coordinated care.
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Ullah, Fahim, Sara Imran Khan, Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Zakria Qadir, and Siddra Qayyum. "UAV Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales Bushfires." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810207.
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Bushfires have been a key concern for countries such as Australia for a long time. These must be mitigated to eradicate the associated harmful effects on the climate and to have a sustainable and healthy environment for wildlife. The current study investigates the 2019–2020 bushfires in New South Wales (NSW) Australia. The bush fires are mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing, the hotpots are monitored, and damage is assessed. Further, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)-based bushfire mitigation framework is presented where the bushfires can be mapped and monitored instantly using UAV swarms. For the GIS and remote sensing, datasets of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and VIIRS fire data products are used, whereas the paths of UAVs are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The mapping results of 2019–2020 NSW bushfires show that 50% of the national parks of NSW were impacted by the fires, resulting in damage to 2.5 million hectares of land. The fires are highly clustered towards the north and southeastern cities of NSW and its border region with Victoria. The hotspots are in the Deua, Kosciu Sako, Wollemi, and Yengo National Parks. The current study is the first step towards addressing a key issue of bushfire disasters, in the Australian context, that can be adopted by its Rural Fire Service (RFS), before the next fire season, to instantly map, assess, and subsequently mitigate the bushfire disasters. This will help move towards a smart and sustainable environment.
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Coombs, Carolyn. "The Sociological Implications of Voluntary Redundancy: The South Australian Experience." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 1 (1998): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98003.
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The experience of voluntary redundancy on the current scale is fairly new in Australia and its impact on workers and society is only just beginning to be observed and interpreted. Under the economic rationalist policies of successive federal governments which promoted a free market economy driven by privatisation, deregulation and de-institutionalisation, Australia has undergone considerable structural change in the 1990s. This change has been marked by government-supported labour restructuring, within both the private and public sectors of industry. The purpose of the study was to explore the concept of voluntary redundancy, whether mature-aged workers were being targeted, and the sociological implications of voluntary redundancy for workers in South Australia.
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Sulda, Heidi, John Coveney, and Michael Bentley. "An investigation of the ways in which public health nutrition policy and practices can address climate change." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 3 (June 23, 2009): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009990334.
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AbstractObjectiveTo develop a framework to guide action in the public health nutrition workforce to develop policies and practices addressing factors contributing to climate change.DesignAction/consultative research.SettingInterviews – South Australia, questionnaire – Australia.SubjectsInterviews – key informants (n 6) were from various government, academic and non-government positions, invited through email. Questionnaire – participants were members of the public health nutrition workforce (n 186), recruited to the study through emails from public health nutrition contacts for each State in Australia (with the exception of South Australia).ResultsSupport by participants for climate change as a valid role for dietitians and nutritionists was high (78 %). However, climate change was ranked low against other public health nutrition priorities. Support of participants to conduct programmes to address climate change from professional and work organisations was low. The final framework developed included elements of advocacy/lobbying, policy, professional recognition/support, organisational support, knowledge/skills, partnerships and programmes.ConclusionsThis research demonstrates a need for public health nutrition to address climate change, which requires support by organisations, policy, improved knowledge and increased professional development opportunities.
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Ballsun-Stanton, Brian, Lise Waldek, and Julian Droogan. "Online Right-Wing Extremism: New South Wales, Australia." Proceedings 77, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021077018.
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Academics and policymakers recognize the absence of empirically grounded research to support the suppositions on which terrorist focused policies are based. (Sageman, Marc. 2014. “The Stagnation in Terrorism Research”. Terrorism and Political Violence 26 (4): 565–80) We developed our project, Mapping Networks and Narratives of Online Right-Wing Extremists in New South Wales, (Department of Security Studies and Criminology. 2020. Mapping Networks and Narratives of Online Right-Wing Extremists in New South Wales. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4071472) to illuminate this space. Using the analysis of large-scale online data to generate evidence-based insights into online Right-Wing Extremism (RWE) across the state, our research focused on four key questions: (1) What is the nature of the online RWE environment in New South Wales, Australia (NSW)? (2) How is this movement distributed across NSW? (3) How are themes and narratives framed in different online contexts to mobilize support? (4) What level of risk does the online right-wing environment pose? These questions were left purposely broad to facilitate an exploratory project into what was, in 2018–2019, still a relatively little studied milieu. We combined expertise from computational science, security studies, and behavioral science. We were funded by the Department of Communities and Justice, NSW. We identified two distinct—yet connected—levels of risk. The first was a creeping threat to democracy fueled by networks and content that challenged the fundamental principles of pluralistic liberal democracy. The second was a risk of violence perpetrated by individuals and/or groups that advocate and/or support the use of violence as a tactic to achieve an ideological end. The communities we examined were primarily characterized by networks of individuals as opposed to formal groups. The role played by individual influencers has important ramifications for policy communities: attention should be paid to issues of proscription and moderation. While this milieu engaged with Australian issues and events, it was notably far more obsessed with American issues: particularly those focused on populist narratives and Trumpism. Despite being hateful and extreme, online RWE communities are, firstly, spaces of sociability for users, where social networks are maintained by shared values and norms. For those involved, these spaces engender positive experiences: individuals might share an image of their dinner cooking in their kitchen interspersed with “shitposting” and virulent hate speech. While we identified a variety of narratives that focused on the delegitimization of government and dehumanization of others, the central theme was that of “white identity under threat”. We observed five distinct stages of moderation approach and echo chamber strength. A series of issues for future consideration were identified from the analysis: (1) Awareness raising for key stakeholders across different levels of government and civil society about the revolutionary and anti-social agenda of RWE communities. (2) Building awareness about the civic underpinnings of representative liberal democracy and the threat that RWE poses. (3) Expanding current Countering Violent Extremism infrastructure provided by the NSW government to individuals and communities vulnerable to right wing extremism. (4) The local government is well positioned to deliver programs in rural communities impacted by RWE. (5) Upskilling front-line workers to recognize the risks associated with RWE, and providing pathways into CVE intervention programs for individuals identified as being at-risk.
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MAMOUNEY, LOUISA. "SHIFTING USE OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA, 1979–2010." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 16, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333214500069.
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It is generally accepted that choice and use of environmental policy instruments has changed over recent decades, however this has rarely been investigated empirically. A quantitative analysis of 505 policy instruments to address environmental problems between 1979–2010 in New South Wales, Australia, was undertaken to explore this further, in a jurisdiction reasonably typical of advanced economies. The data do show a shift in the use of instrument types, with the most common type of policy instrument being regulation. However, there was no trend away from regulation as a way of delivering policy outcomes, but a relative strengthening in the importance of newer policy instrument types such as strategy, education, incentives and schemes, compared with foundation policy types including regulation and land reservation. Foundation policies dominated the earlier years and provided significant structural elements of the policy system, including setting up organisations, assigning roles and responsibilities and prescribing rules. The political party holding government at the time does not drive the selection of policy instruments. The methods in this paper could be applied in other jurisdictions or to other policy areas.
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Agbakwuru, Chikwe, and C. G. Awujo. "Ruga Policy And National Integration: Implications For Guidance And Counselling." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.74.7987.
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This study investigated the impact of ruga policy on national integration in Nigeria. The study was carried out in South-South, South-East, South-West and North-Central geo-political zones of Nigeria. The sample consist of 4,000 literate adults who were composed through accidental sampling technique from markets, motor parks and federal secretariats in Port Harcourt, Owerri, Lagos and Makurdi. Relevant data for answering the research questions were collected from the sample through the administration of copies of Ruga and National Integration Challenges Questionnaire by the researchers and six research assistants. The reliability co-efficient of this questionnaire was established with 50 subjects from University of Port Harcourt through the Cronbach Alpha method and it was 0.81, 0.80, 0.87 and 0.83 for the three sub-sections of the instrument and the overall. Data analysis was carried out with mean and standard deviation test statistics. The results show that ruga policy to a very great extent impact negatively on peaceful co-existence, and sense of trust among ethnic groups. It also heightens fear and anxiety in the country. These findings were discussed, the counselling implications stated and some recommendations were also made. One of the recommendations is that the federal government should cancel the ruga policy in Nigeria.
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Schneider, P., A. Davison, A. Langdon, G. Freeman, C. Essery, R. Beatty, and P. Toop. "Integrated water cycle planning for towns in New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0675.
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Integration means different things to different people and as a consequence appears to only partially deliver on promised outcomes. For effective integrated water cycle management these outcomes should include improved water use efficiency, less waste, environmental sustainability, and provide secure and reliable supply to meet social and economic needs. The objective of integration is the management and combination of all these outcomes as part of a whole, so as to provide better outcomes than would be expected by managing the parts independently. Integration is also a consequence of the Water Reforms embarked on by the NSW State Government in 1995. The key goals of the reforms are clean and healthy rivers and groundwaters, and the establishment of more secure water entitlements for users. They are also essential for meeting the Council of Australian Government (COAG) water management strategies. The policies and guidelines that formed the NSW Water Reforms were the basis of the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW) (WMA) which is the legislative framework for water management in NSW. The NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation has developed an approach to integrated water cycle management for rural centres in NSW based on a catchment and policy context. This approach includes consideration of catchment wide needs and issues, environmental sustainability, government policy and community objectives in the development of an integrated water cycle plan. The approach provides for a transparent assessment of priorities and how to deal with them, and while specific to urban centres, could easily be expanded for use in the management of the whole of the catchment water cycle. Integration of the water cycle is expected to offer benefits to the local environment, community and economy. For instance, any unused proportion of an urban centre's water entitlement, or an offset against this entitlement created through returned flows (such as via good quality sewage effluent discharge to a river), can provide a surplus which is available to be traded on an annual basis. Further, improved demand management within an urban centre can be expected to result in a reduction in abstraction against the licence entitlement. This may result in the increased availability of in-stream water for environmental or other purposes and is expected to increase the economic value of returned water. Improved water use efficiencies are also expected to result in reduced capital works (and their associated costs) as the efficiency of service delivery and resource use improves. In this paper an example of the application of this process is provided and the outcomes discussed.
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Porter, Amanda Jayne. "Seagull Syndrome: Relationships between Patrol Workers and Government Officials in NSW, Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i1.379.
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This paper explores the nature of relations between public officials and community workers, drawing on empirical data from a study on Indigenous patrols in New South Wales, Australia. Patrol workers interact with public officials from various state entities who are tasked with overseeing funding, carrying out evaluations and, to varying degrees, monitoring the ‘effectiveness’ of local patrol operations. These interactions illuminate several issues regarding the ways in which knowledge about patrols is created, contested and communicated between Indigenous and non-Indigenous domains. The emergent patterns of these relations can be described as ‘seagull syndrome’, which involves the privileging of some types of knowledge over others in decision-making regarding Indigenous affairs, often with disastrous consequences for Indigenous organisations and communities. The paper documents the core features of seagull syndrome with respect to the discrete practices, everyday decision-making and mundane communication between public officials and patrol workers in New South Wales. It considers the implications of seagull syndrome for policy-makers and academics working in the Indigenous justice space and suggests ways to resist or challenge this tendency
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Glazewski, Jan, and Marcus Haward. "Towards Integrated Coastal Area Management: A Case Study in Co-operative Governance in South Africa and Australia." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 1 (2005): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805774851607.
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AbstractIn Australia and South Africa an ecologically diverse coastline is the focal point for virtually the whole spectrum of human activities. A key to coastal area management in both polities is "co-operative governance", that provides a solution to the dilemmas arising from divided jurisdiction and overlapping or competing claims for responsibility between different units of government. This paper examines the respective roles of national, sub-national and local government in coastal area management in South Africa and Australia focusing on legal and political factors supporting co-operative governance of the coastal area.
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Mitchell, Bruce, Kathryn Bellette, and Stacey Richardson. "Natural resources management in South Australia – regional and collaborative approaches." Water Policy 17, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 630–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.153.
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Experiences with three approaches intended to achieve increasing levels of regional and collaborative engagement – Ministerial water advisory committees, Catchment Water Management Boards and Natural Resources Management Boards – are examined over the period from the 1970s to early 2014. Attention focuses on two tensions: (1) whether to have a system-wide or regional focus and (2) whether to pursue extensive consultation and seek consensus, or have government agencies limit consultation and take decisions in a timely manner, knowing that winners and losers will emerge. Supporting legislation, policies, plans and programmes were reviewed, and interviews were completed with 88 individuals. Support generally exists for regional and collaborative approaches, but with recognition of a need to balance strengths and limitations for whatever choice is made.
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Pedler, Reece D., Rebecca S. West, John L. Read, Katherine E. Moseby, Michael Letnic, David A. Keith, Keith D. Leggett, Sharon R. Ryall, and Richard T. Kingsford. "Conservation challenges and benefits of multispecies reintroductions to a national park – a case study from New South Wales, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 4 (2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17058.
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Species reintroductions into predator-controlled areas are an increasingly used conservation tool. Typically, ecological outcomes of such projects (e.g. recruitment, predation) are the focus but seldom necessary legislative, policy, social and institutional processes required for establishing large projects. This particularly applies to protected areas, managed by governments for conservation. Reintroductions are recommended for a third of threatened Australian vertebrates, with the New South Wales Government boldly embarking on a 2013 initiative to return locally extinct mammals to three protected areas. We detail the legislative, policy, social and institutional processes required for one of these sites, Wild Deserts, in Sturt National Park. Seven locally extinct species, including the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis), western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville), golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus), greater stick-nest rat (Leporillus conditor), crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii) and burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) will be reintroduced into two exclosures. The scale of the project required identification of an appropriate location, satisfaction of statutory requirements for major infrastructure in a national park, assessments of potential ecological costs and benefits, engagement of the national park agency and other stakeholders (Traditional Owners, other government agencies, neighbours), and staff training to meet government agency requirements. We outline the resourcing, costs and benefits of such a project on government-managed land along with lessons learnt for similar large-scale restoration and reintroduction projects. Future projects would benefit from understanding legislative and policy frameworks and the need for transparency, while maximising efficiencies.
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Harvey, Nick. "Energy Related Projects and Environmental Impact Legislation in South Australia." Energy & Environment 5, no. 4 (December 1994): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9400500401.
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Australian projects designed for the production, distribution and use of energy are generally governed by specific legislation within individual States, mostly for the promotion and regulation of resource development. These projects are also subject to environmental protection provisions in Commonwealth and State legislation, in particular environmental impact assessment legislation, which has a much longer history than in Europe. This paper examines the application of the Commonwealth and the South Australian environmental impact assessment legislation to South Australian energy related projects, focusing on the period from 1982–1993. The paper notes the importance of the State government and its instrumentalities in all major energy supply and energy use projects. The paper also notes that significant energy related projects are subject to public scrutiny through the environmental impact assessment process in South Australia but that key energy policy decisions which may also have significant impacts are not subject to the same public scrutiny. The paper concludes by canvassing strategic environmental assessment options as an alternative to project based assessment for energy related projects.
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Williams, Peter John, and Angelique Mary Williams. "Sustainability and planning law in Australia: achievements and challenges." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 8, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-06-2016-0008.
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Purpose Since 1992, all levels of government in Australia have pursued a policy of ecologically sustainable development (ESD). Crafted in response to the World Commission on Environment and Development 1987 report Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report), the principles contained in the Australian Government’s National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development have been progressively implemented at the national, state and local levels of government. The purpose of this paper is not only to track the implementation of these principles, through both policy and law in Australia, but also to highlight recent challenges to the concept of ESD using the state of New South Wales (NSW) as a case study. Design/methodology/approach Beginning with a description of the Australian concept of ESD, this paper first examines the implementation of ESD through both policy and legislation at the national level. The state of NSW is then selected for more detailed assessment, with examples of key State government legislation and court decisions considered. Equal emphasis is placed on both the achievements in ESD policy development and implementation through legislation, statutory planning procedures and litigation, as well as the challenges that have confronted the pursuit of ESD in NSW. Findings Since its introduction in 1992, the concept of ESD has matured into a key guiding principle for development and environmental decision-making in Australia. However, in recent years, ESD has been the target of significant challenge by some areas of government. Noteworthy among these challenges has been a failed attempt by the NSW Government to introduce new planning legislation which sought to replace ESD with the arguably weaker concept of “sustainable development”. Apparent from this episode is strong community and institutional support for robust sustainability provisions “manifested through ESD” within that State’s statutory planning system. Originality/value This paper provides an overview of the implementation of ESD in Australia within both a broader international context of sustainable development and specific instances of domestic interpretation and application. It extends this analysis by examining recent public policy attempts to reposition sustainability in the context of statutory planning system reform in NSW.
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Short, Stephanie Doris, Hyo-Young Lee, Mi-Joung Lee, Eunok Park, and Farah Purwaningrum. "The Case for a Reciprocal Health Care Agreement between Australia and South Korea." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v16i1.505.
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Objectives: This study presents the case for a reciprocal health care agreement (RHCA) between Australia and South Korea. Design and Setting: The research utilised a qualitative social scientific methodology. Document analysis was conducted on government reports, official statistics and media articles in English and Korean. Main outcomes: In Australia, the Health Insurance Act 1973 enables health care agreements with 11 nations, however, Korea has no similar legislation in place. Therefore, Korea would need to build a broader consensus on the need for a RHCA in full, based on the precedent of Australia's agreements with other nations, as well as on the Korean Pension Act, which has enabled reciprocal (equal treatment among the countries) pension agreements with 28 nations through an exceptive clause. Results: The active government commitment and involvement of the Ministry of Health and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in Australia, and of the Ministry of Health & Welfare and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in South Korea, would be essential for a successful RHCA process to come to fruition. Conclusions: While a potential health care agreement between Australia and Korea would constitute a significant step forward in strengthening people-to-people links between these two significant trading partners in the spirit of health diplomacy, the feasibility at the current time is very low indeed.
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Young, D., R. Brockett, and J. Smart. "AUSTRALIA—SOVEREIGN RISK AND THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04017.
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Australia has rejoiced in its reputation for having low sovereign risk and corresponding rating, for decades. This reputation was bruised in the first decade after the High Court introduced Native Title into Australian law by the legislative response of the then Government, but has since recovered, and enjoys the world’s lowest country risk rating, and shares the worlds best sovereign risk rating with the USA. A number of government precipitated occurrences in recent times, however, raise the question: for how long can this continue?This paper tracks the long history of occasional broken resource commitments—for both petroleum and mining interests—by governments at both State and Federal level, and the policies which have driven these breaches. It also discusses the notorious recent cancellation of a resource lease by the Queensland Government, first by purporting to cancel the bauxite lease and, after legal action had commenced, by a special Act of Parliament to repeal a State Agreement Act. This has raised concerns in boardrooms around the world of the security of assets held in Australia on a retention, or care and maintenance basis.The paper also looks at the cancellation of the offshore prospecting rights held by WMC, with no compensation. This was a result of the concept that rights extinguished by the Commonwealth, with no gain to the Commonwealth or any other party do not constitute an acquisition of property, thereby denying access to the constitutional guarantee of ’just terms’ supposedly enshrined in the Australian Constitution where an acquisition has occurred.Some other examples are the prohibition on exploration in Queensland national parks last November. This cost some companies with existing tenures a lot of money as exploration permits were granted, but then permission to do seismic exploration refused (Victoria). Several losses of rights occurred as a result of the new Queensland Petroleum and Other Acts Amendment Act after investments have been made.Changes in fiscal policy can also impact on project viability, and some instances of this are considered.This paper also explores ways these risks can be minimised, and how and when compensation might be recovered.
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Bernard, Diana, Susan Kippax, and Don Baxter. "Effective partnership and adequate investment underpin a successful response: key factors in dealing with HIV increases." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07078.
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Background: Australia has mounted an effective response to HIV and AIDS by investing in evidence-informed policy. Recently, in response to increases in HIV in some states in Australia, the New South Wales Department of Health set up a ‘think tank’ to examine differences in epidemiological and behavioural data, policies, strategies and community responses in order to account for state-based differences and ensure an effective ongoing response to HIV. Methods: The National Centre in HIV Social Research undertook key informant interviews with major stakeholders to help understand differences in responses by the three states most affected by HIV in Australia – Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. In parallel, the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations completed an analysis of the investments in HIV-prevention activities targeting gay men in all jurisdictions in Australia. The Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations also analysed the strategic contexts and government responses to HIV in the three states. Results: There were significant differences between New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria in the way the HIV partnership functions. Type of prevention strategy and level of financial investment in prevention activities appear to be related to the effectiveness of the ongoing response to HIV. Conclusions: An active commitment to and adequate resourcing of HIV prevention by all stakeholders in the HIV partnership – government and non-government departments, researchers and gay community organisations – is crucial if Australia is to respond effectively to HIV among gay and other men who have sex with men.
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Phillips, Jane L., Patricia M. Davidson, Debra Jackson, Linda Kristjanson, Margaret L. Bennett, and John Daly. "Enhancing palliative care delivery in a regional community in Australia." Australian Health Review 30, no. 3 (2006): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060370.
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Although access to palliative care is a fundamental right for people in Australia and is endorsed by government policy, there is often limited access to specialist palliative care services in regional, rural and remote areas. This article appraises the evidence pertaining to palliative care service delivery to inform a sustainable model of palliative care that meets the needs of a regional population on the mid-north coast of New South Wales. Expert consultation and an eclectic literature review were undertaken to develop a model of palliative care service delivery appropriate to the needs of the target population and resources of the local community. On the basis of this review, a local palliative care system that is based on a population-based approach to service planning and delivery, with formalised integrated network agreements and role delineation between specialist and generalist providers, has the greatest potential to meet the palliative care needs of this regional coastal community.
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van Beers, Dick, Klaus Tyrkko, Alessandro Flammini, César Barahona, and Christian Susan. "Results and Lessons Learned from Assessing 50 Industrial Parks in Eight Countries against the International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410611.
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Over the past two years the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) assessed 50 parks in eight developing and transition countries against 51 prerequisites and performance indicators outlined in the International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks (International EIP Framework). The eight countries covered are: Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Ukraine, and Viet Nam. This article provides a summary of the analysis and lessons learned from the assessments of the industrial parks and their performance against the International EIP Framework. The methodology is based on assessments of the current and intended performance of the industrial parks on four key categories (park management, environmental, social, and economic), supported by a scoring method. The analysis indicates that the International EIP Framework can be regarded as a practical and relevant means to assess the performance of industrial parks, as well as a basis to identify and prioritize EIP initiatives to strengthen their performance. There is a wide range of performance among the industrial parks assessed. Higher average current performance against the International Framework can be found in Colombia (68%), Indonesia (67%), and Viet Nam (63%). Ukraine and South Africa have the highest improvement potential (27% and 25%, respectively). Across all eight countries, the environmental and social performance categories have a lower compliance (34% and 44%, respectively) compared to economic performance (72% current compliance) and park management (55% compliance). A review of the root-causes indicates that the main compliance issue for 16 prerequisites and performance indicators outlined in the International EIP Framework seems mainly with the industrial park- and country-specific conditions. There is an opportunity to refine the formulation of five prerequisites and indicators outlined in the International EIP Framework. Across all 50 parks assessed, the following topics have the lowest current compliance: energy; local community outreach; environmental and park management and monitoring; waste and material use; and climate change and the natural environment. A low compliance with specific prerequisites and performance indicators under park management, economic, environmental, and social performance indicates a need by the industrial park for technical assistance. If high-performance industrial parks exist in a country, it implies that there is capacity in the country to develop an eco-industrial park. In this scenario, technical assistance should include a stronger focus on knowledge dissemination, sharing experiences, and peer-to-peer learning between industrial parks and the regulating authorities. Industrial parks managed by public–private partnerships and the private sector show a higher average EIP performance than industrial parks managed solely by the public sector. This seems to illustrate that industrial parks perform better if they are run like a private business or public–private partnership, rather than a government-managed initiative. This article is the first academic publication discussing the results from the application of the International EIP Framework with a large number of industrial parks in multiple countries. It is hoped that this article will encourage further EIP assessments to be undertaken in more industrial parks to assist in their transformation into eco-industrial parks.
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Millei, Zsuzsa, Brad Gobby, and Jannelle Gallagher. "Doing state policy at preschool: An autoethnographic tale of universal access to ECEC in Australia." Journal of Pedagogy 8, no. 1 (August 28, 2017): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jped-2017-0002.
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AbstractIn 2009, the Australian states and territories signed an agreement to provide 15 hours per week of universal access to quality early education to all children in Australia in the year before they enter school. Taking on board the international evidence about the importance of early education, the Commonwealth government made a considerable investment to make universal access possible by 2013. We explore the ongoing processes that seek to make universal access a reality in New South Wales by attending to the complex agential relationships between multiple actors. While we describe the state government and policy makers′ actions in devising funding models to drive changes, we prioritise our gaze on the engagement of a preschool and its director with the state government’s initiatives that saw them develop various funding and provision models in response. To offer accounts of their participation in policy making and doing at the preschool, we use the director’s autobiographical notes. We argue that the state’s commitment to ECEC remained a form of political manoeuvring where responsibility for policy making was pushed onto early childhood actors. This manoeuvring helped to silence and further fragment the sector, but these new processes also created spaces where the sector can further struggle for recognition through the very accountability measures that the government has introduced.
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Jacobs, Brent, Louise Boronyak, and Polly Mitchell. "Application of Risk-Based, Adaptive Pathways to Climate Adaptation Planning for Public Conservation Areas in NSW, Australia." Climate 7, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7040058.
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Globally, areas of high-quality wildlife habitat of significant environmental value are at risk of permanent damage from climate change. These areas represent social-ecological systems that will require increasing management intervention to maintain their biological and socio-cultural values. Managers of protected areas have begun to recognize the inevitability of ecosystem change and the need to embrace dynamic approaches to intervention. However, significant uncertainty remains about the onset and severity of some impacts, which makes planning difficult. For Indigenous communities, there are intrinsic links between cultural heritage and the conservation of place and biodiversity that need to be better integrated in protected area planning and management. In New South Wales, Australia, management of public conservation reserves and national parks is the responsibility of a State government agency, the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). This paper describes the outcomes of a participatory planning process with NPWS staff to, firstly, identify the options available, the available ‘tool kit’, to manage biodiversity and cultural heritage in protected areas; secondly, explore how the selection of management actions from the ‘tool kit’ is associated with the level of climate risk to biodiversity or cultural heritage assets; and thirdly, to understand how the form of individual management actions might adapt to changes in climate risk. Combining these three elements into a series of risk-based, adaptive pathways for conservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage is a novel approach that is currently supporting place-based planning for public conservation areas. Incorporation of the trade-offs and synergies in seeking to effectively manage these discrete but related types of values and the implications for conservation practice are discussed.
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Makkai, Toni, and Ian McAllister. "Public Opinion and the Legal Status of Marijuana in Australia." Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300304.
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Since the late 1950s, when the medical use of heroin was banned in Australia, government policy toward marijuana has been based on prohibition. Despite an upsurge in the use of marijuana in the 1960s, government policy has remained virtually unchanged, except for the introduction of the expiation notice in South Australia in 1986. The authors use a wide range of opinion poll data to show that attitudes toward marijuana have remained stable over the past two decades, although the most recent data suggest that public support for reform of the legal status of marijuana may be increasing. There are notable differences in opinion between sociodemographic groups, with men, the young, and those who have been exposed to marijuana being more likely to support reform. The authors argue that as more people who have been exposed to marijuana enter the electorate and as New Politics issues become more prominent, the legal status of marijuana could become a political party issue. Data collected during the 1990 federal election among election candidates suggest that the potential for political party conflict already exists.
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Assareh, Hassan, Helen M. Achat, Jean-Frederic Levesque, and Stephen R. Leeder. "Exploring interhospital transfers and partnerships in the hospital sector in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Health Review 41, no. 6 (2017): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16117.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to explore characteristics of interhospital transfers (IHT) and sharing of care among hospitals in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods Data were extracted from patient-level linked hospital administrative datasets for separations from all NSW acute care hospitals from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2015. Patient discharge and arrival information was used to identify IHTs. Characteristics of patients and related hospitals were then analysed. Results Transfer-in patients accounted for 3.9% of all NSW admitted patients and, overall, 7.3% of NSW admissions were associated with transfers (IHT rate). Patients with injuries and circulatory system diseases had the highest IHT rate, accounting for one-third of all IHTs. Patients were more often transferred to larger than smaller hospitals (61% vs 29%). Compared with private hospitals, public hospitals had a higher IHT rate (8.4% vs 5.1%) and a greater proportion of transfer-out IHTs (52% vs 28%). Larger public hospitals had lower IHT rates (3–8%) compared with smaller public hospitals (13–26%). Larger public hospitals received and retransferred higher proportions of IHT patients (52–58% and 11% respectively) than their smaller counterparts (26–30% and 2–3% respectively). Less than one-quarter of IHTs were between the public and private sectors or between government health regions. The number of interacting hospitals and their interactions varied across hospital peer groups. Conclusion NSW IHTs were often to hospitals with greater speciality services. The patterns of interhospital interactions could be affected by organisational and regional preferences. What is known about the topic? IHTs aim to provide efficient and effective care. Nonetheless, information on transfers and the sharing of care among hospitals in an Australian setting is lacking. Studies of transfers and hospital partnership patterns will inform efforts to improve patient-centred transfers and hospital accountability in terms of end outcomes for patients. What does this paper add? Transfer-in patients accounted for 3.9% of all NSW admissions; they were often (61%) transferred to hospitals with greater speciality services. The number of IHTs and sharing of care among hospitals varied across hospital peer groups, and could have been affected by organisational and regional preferences. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the present study suggest that different patterns of IHTs may not only have resulted from clinical priorities, but that organisational and regional preferences are also likely to be influential factors. Patient-centred IHTs and the development of guidelines need to be pursued to enhance the care and functionality of healthcare. Patient sharing should be acknowledged in hospital and regional performance profiling.
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van Eyk, Helen, Toni Delany-Crowe, Angela Lawless, Fran Baum, Colin MacDougall, and Deborah Wildgoose. "Improving child literacy using South Australia’s Health in All Policies approach." Health Promotion International 35, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 958–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz013.
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Abstract The Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach aims to create coherent policy across government that will improve population health, wellbeing and equity while progressing the goals of other sectors. The quest to achieve policy coherence across government has focused interest on processes that facilitate collaboration between health and many other sectors. Health and education sectors have long been seen as natural partners with mutually beneficial goals. This article focuses on a case study of HiAP work, undertaken between health and education in South Australia to increase parental engagement in children’s literacy among lower socio-economic families. It draws on a document analysis of 71 documents, seven in-depth interviews with senior policy actors and a programme logic model. The project began with the intention of using policy levers to improve long-term health outcomes through addressing child literacy, a proven social determinant of health. Because of the context in which it was operating, the project extended from a focus on policy to working directly with four schools implementing strategies to facilitate parental engagement, with the intention of finally influencing system-wide education policy. We use an institutional framework to support our analysis through a discussion of ideas, actors and institutions and how these influenced the project. The article provides insight into the facilitators and impediments to intersectoral efforts to progress shared educational and health goals and achieve sustainable change, and identifies lessons for others intending to use this approach.
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Liddicoat, Anthony J., Timothy Jowan Curnow, and Angela Scarino. "The trajectory of a language policy." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 39, no. 1 (November 22, 2016): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.39.1.02lid.
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This paper examines the development of the First Language Maintenance and Development (FLMD) program in South Australia. This program is the main language policy activity that specifically focuses on language maintenance in government primary schools and has existed since 1986. During this time, the program has evolved largely as the result of ad hoc changes, often resulting from decisions made outside the immediate scope of language maintenance provisions. The program was initially introduced as a general reform of language education in primary schools but eventually became a program focused specifically on language maintenance. The paper traces the ways that ad hoc changes have shaped the program, and how these have shaped the program over time. As a result of these changes over time, first language maintenance has moved from being an integrated focus within core language policy to being a peripheral language policy activity. As a result, although the FLMD represents an aspect of South Australia’s language policy, it does not have either a clear position within that policy nor does it have a clearly developed focus of its own.
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Cunningham, Rebecca, Brent Jacobs, and Thomas G. Measham. "Uncovering Engagement Networks for Adaptation in Three Regional Communities: Empirical Examples from New South Wales, Australia." Climate 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9020021.
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Climate change is a significant challenge for policy makers, planners and communities. While adaptation responses are generally recognised to be place-based, policy processes on adaptation often reside with central (state or national) governments that may be remote from regional communities. In this paper, we contribute to the literature regarding how diverse regional communities engage with planning and policy for climate adaptation, which is important for successful implementation. We adopt a social network analysis (SNA) approach that enables an exploration of the interaction of community networks with policy information. There are limited empirical studies of information sharing about climate adaptation policy through community knowledge networks. One previous study, located in coastal New South Wales, Australia, mapped the community’s knowledge acquisition and diffusion to reveal the underlying network structures that influenced policy engagement pathways. However, further studies are needed to determine how the features of community networks may change with local context (e.g., coastal versus inland). This paper extends previous studies to compare and contrast adaptation knowledge networks in three NSW communities: Shoalhaven (the original coastal study site), Bega (coastal) and Orange (inland). Findings suggest that the presence of a natural resource-dependent industry, local geographies and boundary spanners acting as network knowledge brokers are factors influencing community knowledge flows. The work further demonstrates the utility of SNA to measure knowledge networks that can inform government engagement and communication with communities on climate adaptation policy.
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Williams, N. Leader. "Black rhino in South Luangwa National Park: their distribution and future protection." Oryx 19, no. 1 (January 1985): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300019517.
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It became clear in 1979 that commercial poaching was drastically reducing the numbers of rhino in Luangwa Valley and the Zambian Government, through its National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and the World Wildlife Fund, responded by setting up Save the Rhino Trust (SRT). Neither past nor present numbers and distribution of these animals were sufficiently known to provide a baseline for monitoring the effects of the poaching and the author carried out research on behalf of NPWS and SRT during 1981–82 to assess the status of the rhinos in the Luangwa Valley; FFPS was among the financial supporters of the work. Here he describes the problems that the task presented and the development of a technique that will provide a way of assessing the effectiveness of future anti-poaching operations. The study's findings that 72 per cent of rhinos that die in Luangwa do so from poachers' bullets led to a recommendation for a change in patrol policy; this was adopted by SRT in 1983 and its success is being monitored.
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Knapman, Bruce, and Natalie Stoeckl. "Recreation User Fees: An Australian Empirical Investigation." Tourism Economics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669500100102.
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It is widely acknowledged that increasing tourism and recreation usage of natural resources in Australia has placed heavy demands on those responsible for visitor management. The consequent need for more revenue has led local government and national park management to contemplate extended implementation of the ‘user pays' principle. However, user pays may be rejected on the grounds that it is not a first-best pricing policy, and/or on the grounds that public resources funded out of the public purse should be freely available. It has been suggested in the case of entry fees to national parks that they penalize the poor. This paper uses empirical estimates of demand curves for two World-Heritage-listed national parks — Kakadu and Hinchinbrook Island — to investigate the impact of entry fees on visitation and revenue, and the efficiency of fees as a revenue-raising device. An examination of visitors' socio-economic characteristics allows some comment on the equity issue. It is concluded that modest entry fees would have little impact on visitor numbers; that, provided the administrative costs of fee imposition are not prohibitive, entry fees are not only a good potential source of revenue, but also impose smaller efficiency costs than the income taxation system; and that fees may well constitute a progressive tax.
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A. McAlpine, C., A. Peterson, and P. Norman. "The South East Queensland Forests Agreement: Lessons for Biodiversity Conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050003.
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In Australia, regional forest agreements formed the cornerstone of strategies for resolving disputes over the logging of native forests in the last decade of the twentieth century. These disputes, driven by an increasingly vocal and influential conservation movement, coincided with changes in the nature of relationships between Commonwealth and State Governments, with the Commonwealth adopting an increasing role in environmental management (Lane 1999). Following very public disputes about the renewal of export woodchip licenses from native forests (which culminated in log truck blockades of the Commonwealth Parliament, Canberra), the Commonwealth Government adopted regional forest agreements as the mechanism for achieving sustainable management of Australia?s native hardwood forests. This was underpinned by the National Forest Policy Statement (Commonwealth of Australia 1992), which outlined principles for ecologically sustainable management of the nation?s production forests. The Commonwealth and several State Governments reached agreement to develop regional forest agreements (RFAs) for the long-term management and use of forests in ten regions (Fig. 1) (Commonwealth of Australia 2004). Key goals of the agreement were to: reconcile competing commercial, ecological and societal demands on forests in a way that was consistent with the principles and goals of ecologically sustainable forest management (Davey et al. 1997, 2002; Lane 1999); and to establish a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system, based on the nationallyagreed JANIS criteria (JANIS 1997).
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Burgess, Naomi, and Deborah Chen. "OP160 Enhancing Innovation Through HTA: Experience From South Australia." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001666.
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Introduction:A statewide health technology assessment (HTA) program was implemented to increase equity of access and support robust assessment of technologies, with a focus on those that are high-cost, high-risk, or have state-wide impact.Methods:Local hospital networks and clinicians refer technologies to the South Australia Policy Advisory Committee on Technology (SAPACT) for assessment. Independently produced, comprehensive HTA reports are developed using internationally recognized evidence and critical appraisal methodologies. Clinical and economic systematic analyses are utilized, with extensive clinical consultation, to develop recommendations for new technologies and their role in models of care. Feasibility of adoption and local implementation are considered, including existing service delivery and appropriate training and credentialing. For approved technologies, SAPACT may also develop audit criteria and seek implementation reports on clinical outcomes.Results:The HTA framework has been successfully adopted across South Australia Health, increasing the incorporation of evidence-based decision making in the use of high-cost and high-risk health technologies. Over 35 evidence evaluations for high-risk and high-cost health technologies have been conducted for a broad range of treatment interventions. SAPACT develops and utilizes HTA decision-making criteria for transparency of Committee considerations. The program recommends adoption or rejection of technologies, or it may request a re-submission due to safety concerns or a lack of proven effectiveness. SAPACT has also granted temporary approval through adoption under clinical evaluation to inform investment decisions. A key component is working with clinicians to define specific treatment criteria and patient selection. SAPACT continues to strengthen relationships with all stakeholders, increase patient input through the development of public summary documents for technologies, and improve monitoring and reporting of clinical outcomes.Conclusions:The HTA program has been very productive and positively received. The success of the program is underpinned by its engagement with clinicians, hospital networks, and consumers. The completion of SAPACT HTA reviews and the publication of the SAPACT decision-making criteria have increased the credibility of decisions, supporting enhancements in patient care and cost efficiency for the state government.
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Peterson, Nicolas. "Legislating for Land Rights in Australia." Practicing Anthropology 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.1.1rp8324376861j67.
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A commitment in applied anthropological policy work to maximising cultural appropriateness or even to supporting what indigenous people say they want is not always possible. This proved to be the case in connection with formulating recommendations for land rights legislation in Australia's Northern Territory. Until 1992 the only rights in land that Aboriginal people had as the original occupiers of the continent were statutory (that is, through acts of state and federal parliaments). No treaties were signed with Aboriginal people and until that date the continent was treated as terra nullius, unowned, at the time of colonisation in 1788. From early on in the history of European colonisation, however, areas of land had been set aside for the use and benefit of Aboriginal people. These reserves were held by the government, or by one of a number of religious bodies that ministered to Aboriginal people, usually supported by government funding. Beginning with South Australia in 1966 all of the states, except Tasmania, have passed legislation that gives varying degrees of control of these reserves to land trusts governed by Aboriginal people. Each of these pieces of legislation had/have different shortcomings which included some or all of the following: the total area that had been reserved was small; the powers granted over the land were limited; the majority of the Aboriginal population did not benefit from the legislation; and none of them addressed the issue of self-determination. In 1973 a Royal Commission into Aboriginal Land Rights, with a single Commissioner, Mr. Justice Woodward, was established by the newly elected Federal Labor government, the first in 23 years. It was planned that it would deal with the continent but that it would begin by focusing on the Northern Territory which until 1978 was administered by the Federal government. At the time there were 25,300 Aboriginal people in the Territory making up 25% of the population.
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Abeyeratne, Jude, Kohei Tsukada, Rohan Sheth, Ronak Thakore, and Siddharth Patel. "The Barriers to Selecting Optimal Economic Policy in South Korea." Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2010vol3no2art185.
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Four of the largest conglomerates in Sout h Korea are Samsung Group, Hyundai-KIA Automotive Group, LG Group and SK Telecom. In 2009, the joint market value of the assets these conglomerates owned amounted to aro und half of the South Korean GDP (Wang 2010). Ostensibly, the South Korean economy is dominated by the co nglomerates. Samsung and LG are the two major players in Korea’s electronics industry; Hy undai and KIA are the two major players in the automotive industry. The export dependency (Tot al Exports/GDP) of South Korea is 44.9% and its import dependency (Total Imports/GDP) is 38% (CIA 2010). This indicates that the South Korean economy is highly dependent on global trade as well as on the conglomerates. It has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union and will ratify FTAs with some of its other trading partners such as China, United States, Japan and Australia (YONHAP News Agency 2010a). It is our view that such changes in trade policy are supported by the conglomerates, which have considerable sway over the govern ment, due to their significant contributions to the economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the source and the nature of the impediments the government faces in implementing policies that enable freer trade in South Korea. We do this from the perspective of President Lee My un-bak, who we characterise as a key veto player, as he draws political support from groups that have conflicting agendas.
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Simpson, J. M. "Changing Community Attitudes to Potable Re-Use in South-East Queensland." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0575.
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The climate of Australia is characterised by extremes. Record floods interrupt record droughts at irregular intervals so that water is unevenly distributed. The traditional way of managing water resources by dam storages is no longer acceptable. Community consultation in SE Queensland has shown that a majority of people object to the disposal of sewage effluent into our environmentally sensitive waterways and favour re-use. The concept of potable re-use has largely been community driven and is now being seriously considered. An on-going information and awareness program is being implemented. The Queensland State Government is forming a Water Re-use Strategy and a policy on potable re-use, the support for which is increasing.
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Qiao, Xiaoyong. "The Empirical Research on Macro Decision-Making Factors of Implementing Countervailing Policy." Journal of Systems Science and Information 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jssi-2013-0060.
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AbstractAt present, with the rapid development of foreign trade, trade friction of China has transformed from the microcosmic aspects of enterprise to the macroscopical aspects of government. Countervailing policy as a trade policy has a profound effect on many aspects. Based on constructing Binary Choice Model of the influencing factors of macro decision-making, this paper tries to carry out an empirical study on the influencing factors of macro decision-making form foreign countries against China with the data of the 38 countervailing files initiated by the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India from 2004 to 2009. This paper makes contributions to provide reference to China’s macro decision-making sectors.
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Lehmann, Caitlyn. "Editorial." Children Australia 42, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2017.44.
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Among the plethora of minor parties fielding candidates in Australia's 2016 federal election was a relative newcomer called Sustainable Australia. Formed in 2010 and campaigning with the slogan ‘Better, not bigger’, the party's policy centrepiece calls for Australia to slow its population growth through a combination of lower immigration, changes to family payments, and the withdrawal of government agencies from proactive population growth strategies (Sustainable Australia, n.d.). At a global level, the party also calls for Australia to increase foreign aid with a focus on supporting women's health, reproductive rights and education. Like most minor parties, its candidates polled poorly, attracting too few votes to secure seats in the Senate. But in the ensuing months, the South Australian branch of The Greens broke from the national party platform by proposing the aim of stabilising South Australia's population within a generation (The Greens SA, 2017). Just this August, Australian business entrepreneur Dick Smith launched a ‘Fair Go’ manifesto, similarly calling for reductions in Australia's population growth to address rising economic inequality and a “decline in living standards” (Dick Smith Fair Go Group, 2017).