Relevant bibliographies by topics / Parks

Academic literature on the topic 'Parks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 April 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Parks":

1

Debie, Franck. "Pas de parcs pour Paris ? (No parks for Paris ?)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 66, no. 3 (1989): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1989.1479.

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Alistratovaitė-Kurtinaitienė, Inesa. "PARKO PROBLEMATIKA STRUKTŪRINĖJE MIESTO PLĖTROJE (ŠIAULIŲ MIESTO PAVYZDŽIU)." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tpa.2010.21.

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Nowadays there is a renewed interest in city parks as recreational oases providing tranquillity and balancing out urban processes. This paper reviews characteristic features of city parks situated in an urban environment, presents comparative characteristics of exceptional parks, and summarizes the development of city parks in Lithuania in the 20th century. Within this context a feasibility study of the central park in S˘iauliai is presented, focussing on the task of clearly distinguishing the park’s borders during its moderate urbanization and preserving the park in the process of integration of its urban neighbourhood, meanwhile improving the park’s composition and service infrastructure. The paper analyses the park’s territory as an element of urban structure: position within the green city structure and the system of green spaces; arrangement of the green space in the overall city structure (hierarchy of values of urban structure elements), degree of its integration; transformations of the park’s territory; analysis of the current situation and suggestions. Santrauka Šiuo metu vėl pradėta gręžtis į miestuose esančius parkus kaip gyventojų poilsio, ramybės bei savotiškos atsvaros urbanizaciniams procesams oazes. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami miestų parkų urbanizuotoje aplinkoje ypatumai, pateikiama išskirtų parkų lyginamoji charakteristika, apžvelgiama Lietuvos miesto parkų evoliucija XX a. Šios informacijos fone pristatoma Šiaulių miesto centrinio parko galimybių studija, kurioje iškeltas uždavinys nuosaikiai urbanizuojant teritoriją aiškiai išskirti parko ribas bei kaip nepakenkti esančiam parkui integruoti urbanizacinį kaimyną, kartu pagerinant paties parko kompoziciją bei paslaugų infrastruktūrą. Pateikiama parko teritorijos analizė kaip urbanistinės struktūros elemento tyrimas: miesto gamtiniame karkase ir žaliųjų plotų sistemoje; žaliosios erdvės rangas bendrojoje miesto struktūroje (urbanistinės struktūros elementų vertybinė hierarchija), jos integracijos laipsnis; parko teritorijos transformacijos; esamos padėties analizė bei siūlymai.
3

García-Melón, Mónica, Tomás Gómez-Navarro, and Silvia Acuña-Dutra. "AN ANP APPROACH TO ASSESS THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURIST STRATEGIES FOR THE COASTAL NATIONAL PARKS OF VENEZUELA / VENESUELOS PAKRANTĖS NACIONALINIŲ PARKŲ DARNAUS TURIZMO STRATEGIJŲ VERTINIMAS ATP METODU." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 672–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.41.

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Decision‐making for sustainable development involves high levels of uncertainty. In the present paper a study about sustainable management of tourism in national parks is presented. A case study approach is applied to coastal national parks (NP) in Venezuela. Tourism can contribute to the sustainability of national parks but currently it is their main cause of environmental impact. The Government of Venezuela and its natural park managers are therefore looking for new sustainable tourism development strategies. To help managers in making decisions about NP sustainability a new multicriteria approach based on the Analytic Network Process (ANP) technique is proposed. ANP provides a more realistic approach for modelling complex situations such as decision making for sustainable tourism management because ANP allows the general study of the quantitative and qualitative explanatory variables and the incorporation of feedback and interdependence relationships among variables. A case study has been carried out with the help of two experts closely related to the 12 coastal NP analyzed and 8 stakeholders of “Los Roques” national park who provided most of the information needed. Santrauka Priimant darnios plėtros sprendimus kyla labai daug neapibrėžtumų. Straipsnyje pateikta darnios nacionalinių parkų turizmo vadybos analizė. Straipsnio tyrimo objektas – Venesuelos pakrantės nacionaliniai parkai. Turizmas gali prisidėti prie nacionalinių parkų darnos didinimo, tačiau šiuo metu jam būdingas tiesiog didelis poveikis aplinkai. Todėl Venesuelos Vyriausybe ir gamtos parku vadovai ieško naujų darnaus turizmo plėtros strategijų. Nacionalinių parkų vadovams straipsnio autoriai siūlo taikyti daugiakriteriniais metodais sukurtą analitinio tinklo proceso (ATP) techniką. Jis padėtų vadovams priimti su nacionaliniu parkų darną susijusius sprendimus. ATP leidžia tikroviškiau modeliuoti tokias sudėtingas situacijas, kaip sprendimų priėmimas darnaus turizmo vadyboje, nes su ATP įmanoma ištirti kiekybinius ir kokybinius kintamuosius, galima įdiegti grįžtamąjį ryši ir tarpusavio ryšius tarp kintamųjų. Ištirtas “Los Roques” nacionalinis parkas. Tyrime dalyvavo ekspertai ir minėto parko darbuotojai, kurie suteikė dauguma reikalingos informacijos.
4

Suripto, Suripto, Jupri, A., Farista, B., Virgota, A., and H. Ahyadi. "Ecological valuation of city parks (Case study for Mataram City)." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 3 (October 19, 2021): 1003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i3.3026.

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City parks, apart from having an aesthetic function as a place for recreation, also have an ecological function with vegetation components to soften the microclimate. Vegetation analysis was carried out in six city parks in Mataram City to determine the vegetation structure. Microclimate factors of the park, namely light intensity, air temperature and humidity inside and outside the park during the day and observations of sound attenuation at night have been carried out. Climatic data is carried out to determine the park's ability to reduce heat and air temperature, increase air humidity and reduce noise and determine the park's environmental discomfort index. Of the six urban parks observed in the city of Mataram, namely the parks of Ampenan, Malomba, Udayana, Sangkareang, Mayura, and Selagalas, it is known that there are three groups of vegetation structures, namely trees-shrubs, shrubs-trees, and shrubs. Vegetation with various compositions of life forms in each city park only controls 40 to 60% of the land area of the park. Urban parks in Mataram City have a low level of ability to soften the microclimate, which is below 5%. In reducing heat and air temperature, and increasing air humidity. City parks are also known to have a low ability to reduce noise. The city parks of Ampenan, Udayana and Sangkareang have an environmental comfort level equivalent to the discomfort felt by more than 50% of the population, while the Malomba, Mayura, and Selagalas parks have a level of comfort equivalent to the discomfort felt by less than 50% of the population. The existence of urban park vegetation is only able to reduce the discomfort index of 7 to 9%.
5

Knight, John. "Monkey Mountain as a Megazoo: Analyzing the Naturalistic Claims of "Wild Monkey Parks" in Japan." Society & Animals 14, no. 3 (2006): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853006778149226.

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AbstractIn Japan, yaen kōen or "wild monkey parks" are popular visitor attractions that show free-ranging monkey troops to the paying public. Unlike zoos, which display nonhuman animals through confinement, monkey parks control the movements of the monkeys through provisioning. The parks project an image of themselves as "natural zoos," claiming to practice a more authentic form of displaying animals-in-the-wild than that practiced by the zoo. This article critically evaluates the monkey park's claim by examining park management of the monkeys. The article shows the monkey park's claim to display wild monkeys to be questionable because of the way that provisioning changes monkey behavior. Against the background of human encroachment onto the forest habitat of the monkey, the long-term effect of provisioning is to sedentarize nomadic monkey animals and to turn the wild monkey park into a megazoo.
6

De Groote, Patrick. "Globalisation of commercial theme parks case: The walt disney company." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 4, no. 5-6 (December 31, 2010): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2010/5-6/2.

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In this contribution we focus on the globalisation of commercial theme parks with Walt Disney Company as the best known case study.After definitions and historical background of theme parks, we analyse the visitors key factors. For theWalt Disney Cie we start with some historical facts, we set up a SWOT-analysis and focus then on Euro Disneyland Paris, the biggest theme park of Europe.
7

De Groote, Patrick. "Globalisation of commercial theme parks case: The Walt Disney Company." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 5, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2011/3-4/2.

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In this contribution we focus on the globalisation of commercial theme parks with Walt Disney Company as the best known case study. After definitions and historical background of theme parks, we analyse the visitors key factors. For the Walt Disney Cie we start with some historical facts, we set up a SWOT-analysis and focus then on Euro Disneyland Paris, the biggest theme park of Europe.
8

Thiam, Massamba, Madior Diouf, Ousmane Ndiaye, Cheikh Oumar Samb, and Saliou Ndiaye. "Caractérisation des parcs de Karité (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn) des terroirs de Kénioto et Samécouta (Kédougou, Sénégal)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 21 (June 30, 2022): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n21p270.

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Cette présente étude a été réalisée dans la zone de Kédougou, plus précisément dans les terroirs de Kénioto et Samécouta. Les parcs agroforestiers sont essentiellement constitués d’arbres à Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn qui assurent des fonctions écologiques et socio-économiques. Cependant, sous les pressions démographiques et climatiques, ces parcs se dégradent. Ainsi, l’objectif de l’étude est de caractériser la végétation ligneuse de ces parcs agroforestiers. Pour ce faire, un inventaire florististique et des analyses physico-chimiques de sols ont été réalisés. Des observations et des enquêtes sur les pratiques culturales, l'alternance champ-jachère, les modes de gestion des arbres de karités... ont complété ces investigations. Les résultats révèlent la présence de 33 espèces ligneuses réparties en 13 familles. Le karité occupe une densité de 28,4 ind./ha dans les champs cultivées et 29 ind./ha dans les jachères. Les parcs à karités cultivés sont marqués par la prédominance des sujets à gros diamètres dont la majorité est concentrée dans la classe de hauteur de 6 à 18 m. Les jachères constituent l’entité dont le peuplement ligneux est le plus évolué avec des valeurs d‘indice de Shannon (2,54) et d‘équitabilité plus élevées que dans les champs cultivés. Les paramètres étudiés montrent une nette différence entre les entités Champs et Jachères avec une richesse spécifique (23 espèces) et un recouvrement (23,13%) plus élevés en dans les parcs cultivés. Si la jachère enrichit le sol en azote, les parcs cultivés sont plus riches en phosphore. Les initiatives participatives de régénération assistée permettraient une gestion durable de ces parcs et une meilleure conservation de l’espèce V. paradoxa Gaertn. This present study was carried out in the Kedougou area, more precisely in the terroirs of Kenioto and Samecouta. Agroforestry parks are essentially made up of trees with Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn that provide ecological and socio-economic functions. However, under demographic and climatic pressures, these parks are deteriorating. Thus, the objective of the study is to characterize the woody vegetation of these agroforestry parks. To do this, a florististic inventory and physico-chemical analyses of soils were carried out. Observations and surveys on cultivation practices, field-fallow alternation, shea tree management methods... have completed these investigations. The results reveal the presence of 33 woody species divided into 13 families. Shea occupies a density of 28.4 ind./ha in cultivated fields and 29 ind./ha in fallow land. Cultivated shea tree parks are marked by the predominance of large diameter subjects, the majority of which are concentrated in the height class of 6 to 18 m. Fallow land is the entity with the most evolved woody stand with higher Shannon index values (2.54) and equitability values than in cultivated fields. The parameters studied show a clear difference between the Fields and Fallow entities with a specific richness (23 species) and a higher recovery (23.13%) in cultivated parks. If fallow land enriches the soil with nitrogen, cultivated parks are richer in phosphorus. Participatory assisted regeneration initiatives would allow sustainable management of these parks and better conservation of the species V. paradoxa Gaertn.
9

Sehoubo, Yawo Joseph, Manbèssôa Meda, Wendgnagdé Oscar Kabre, Barthélemy Yelemou, and Mipro Hien. "Caractérisation et structure de la végétation ligneuse des parcs agroforestiers en zone nord soudanienne au Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 2 (May 29, 2023): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.4.

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Au Burkina Faso, les parcs agroforestiers subissent diverses formes d’exploitation qui compromettent leur survie. Cette étude vise à caractériser la végétation ligneuse des parcs agroforestiers pour une meilleure connaissance de ces peuplements face à la pression anthropique en zone nord soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Les données ont été collectées dans des relevés phytosociologiques. Au total, nous avons fait 170 placettes de 2500 m². L’analyse des correspondances sans tendance (DCA) des matrices des données de la végétation ligneuse en présence/absence et des variables stationnelles et dendrométriques, a permis de discriminer les différents groupements des parcs agroforestiers. Ainsi, nous avons le premier groupement G1 constitué de parcs mixtes à Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn., Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K.Krause et Azadirachta indica A.Juss. [cult.] (14,70%), le deuxième groupement G2 des parcs à Azadirachta indica A.Juss. [cult.] (12,94%), le troisième groupement G3 des parcs à Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. (48,24%) et le quatrième groupement G4 des parcs mixtes à Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. et Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K.Krause (24,12%). Les valeurs de l’indice de Shannon varient de 0,95 bit pour G2 à 1,34 bit pour G1. Quant à l’équitabilité de Piélou, elles varient de 0,77 bit pour G1 à 0,81 bit pour G2. Ces deux indices révèlent une diversité ligneuse relativement faible et une tendance à l’équirépartition des individus entre différentes espèces. La densité des pieds adultes et le taux de régénération du peuplement varient respectivement de 22,20 individus/ha et 37,56% pour G3 à 27,02 individus/ha et 79,14% pour G4. Le recouvrement, la surface terrière et la hauteur moyenne varient respectivement de 6,94%, 1,56 m²/ha et 6,79 m pour G1 à 15,58%, 3,95 m²/ha et 10,51 m pour G4. Les structures des peuplements s'ajustent à la distribution de Weibull et montrent une prédominance des individus jeunes et une difficulté de recrutement dans tous les groupements. Ces résultats peuvent servir de référence dans le suivi de la dynamique de la végétation des parcs agroforestiers soumis à des pressions anthropiques. In Burkina Faso, agroforestry parklands are subject to various forms of exploitation that compromise their survival. This study aims to characterise the woody vegetation of agroforestry parks for a better knowledge of these stands in the face of anthropic pressure in the northern Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. In total, we conducted 170 plots of 2500 m². The detrended correspondences analysis (DCA) of the matrices of woody vegetation data in presence/absence and of the station and dendrometric variables, allowed the discrimination of the different groups of agroforestry parks. Thus, we have the first group G1 constituted by mixed parks to Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn., Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K.Krause and Azadirachta indica A.Juss. [cult.] (14.70%), the second group G2 of parks to Azadirachta indica A.Juss. [cult.] (12.94%), the third group G3 of parks to Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. (48.24%) and the fourth group G4 of mixed parks to Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. and Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K.Krause parks (24.12%). The values of the Shannon index vary from 0.95 bit for G2 to 1.34 bit for G1. As for the Piélou equitability, they vary from 0.77 bit for G1 to 0.81 bit for G2. These two indices reveal a relatively low woody diversity and a tendency for individuals to be equally distributed between different species. The density of adult woodies and the stand regeneration rate varied respectively from 22.20 individuals/ha and 37.56% for G3 to 27.02 individuals/ha and 79.14% for G4. The cover, the basal area and the average height varied respectively from 6.94%, 1.56 m²/ha and 6.79 m for G1 to 15.58%, 3.95 m²/ha and 10.51 m for G4. The stand structures adjust to the Weibull distribution and show a predominance of juveniles and a difficulty of recruitment in all groups. These results can be used as a reference in the monitoring the vegetation dynamics of agroforestry parks subject to anthropic pressures.
10

Timite, Nakouana, Kadio Attey Noël Koua, Akoua Tamia Madeleine Kouakou, and Yao Sadaiou Sabas Barima. "Dynamiques spatio-temporelles des parcs agroforestiers dans la zone soudanienne de la Côte d’Ivoire de 1990 à 2020 dans un contexte d’expansion de l’anacarde." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 484–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.16.

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La zone soudanienne de la Côte d’Ivoire est dominée par les parcs agroforestiers caractérisés par les nombreux services écosystémiques fournis aux populations locales. Ces dernières années cependant, les populations s’intéressent de plus en plus à la mise en culture de l'anacarde. L’expansion de cette culture pourrait avoir un impact sur la dynamique des parcs agroforestiers existants. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire les changements opérés par l'expansion de la culture de l'anacarde sur les parcs agroforestiers dans les départements de Tengréla et Ouangolodougou situés dans la zone soudanienne de la Côte d'Ivoire de 1990 à 2020. La méthodologie a consisté au traitement des images satellitaires datant de 1990, 2000, 2010 et 2020, ainsi qu’à la validation des différentes cartes produites. Les résultats ont montré une hausse importante des superficies des plantations d’anacarde. A l’opposé, une forte régression des superficies des parcs agroforestiers a été constatée. Par ailleurs, l’établissement de la carte de changement a révélé que de 1990 à 2020, 3,93% et 5,32% de parcs agroforestiers sont devenus des anacardiers respectivement à Tengréla et Ouangolodougou. Malgré les nombreux services écosystémiques fournis par les parcs agroforestiers, ils sont menacés de disparition dans la zone soudanienne de la Côte d’Ivoire. The Sudanian zone of Côte d'Ivoire is dominated by agroforestry parks characterized by the numerous ecosystem services they provide to local populations. However in recent years, populations have become increasingly interested in cashew cultivation. The expansion of this crop could have an impact on the dynamics of existing agroforestry parks. The objective of this study was to describe the changes brought about by the expansion of cashew cultivation in the departments of Tengréla and Ouangolodougou located in the Sudanian zone of Côte d'Ivoire from 1990 to 2020. The methodology consisted of processing satellite images dating from 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, as well as validating the various maps produced. The results showed a significant increase in the area of cashew plantations. On the other hand, a strong regression of the areas of agroforestry parks was observed. Furthermore, the change map revealed that from 1990 to 2020, 3.93% and 5.32% of agroforestry parks became cashew trees in Tengréla and Ouangolodougou respectively. Despite the numerous ecosystem services provided by agroforestry parks, they are threatened with extinction in the Sudanian zone of Côte d'Ivoire.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parks":

1

Korsakaitė, Inga. "Mini parkai ir jų projektavimas." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20140414_144627-43360.

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Darbe pateikiama informacija apie mini parkus ir jų projektavimą. Pateikiamas mini parko apibrėžimas, jų charakteringi bruožai. Pateikiama mini parko kūrimo, Telšių mieste, koncepcija ir projektiniai pasiūlymai.
This work object is to create a pocket park in Telsiai city project. Work objectives: Gather information about pocket parks, to analyze and summarize. Present pocket park definition. Present the pocket park's concept and design concepts.
2

Makowski, Ellen Huening. "Scenic parks and landscape values." New York : Garland Pub, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21762220.html.

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Chan, Ping-kwong Richard. "Solid waste management strategy in Hong Kong country parks /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1470917X.

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Lai, Ying-wai Steve. "A study of urban park soils and user impacts in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13525281.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994.
Some illustrations are mounted photos. Some illustrations accompanied by transparent guard sheets with outline drawings. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-244).
5

Coffman, James D. "Cascades Park : a preservation and recreation development plan, Bloomington, Indiana." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/507990.

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This creative project produced a Development Plan for the 60-year-old 200+ acre Cascades Park in Bloomington, Indiana. Combining principles of historic preservation with passive forms of unfacilitized recreation provided the framework for the final design concepts. The final product was the actual master development plan and 11 other 30" x 40" sheets that illustrated a thorough inventory and analysis of the park and its context, suitabilities of the park for specific forms of recreation, concepts, and graphic illustrations. The inventory and analysis sheets have sought to identify the unique character of the park that came about from two distinct sources: 1) The natural environment that spawned the interest for the area to become a park in 1924 and, 2) The park amenities in the forms of shelters, retaining walls, play equipment, water wells, drives, etc. that were added in the past 60 years indicating man's impact upon the area. The design concepts for the park emphasized and protected this unique character. The extent of information, both written and graphic, on the 12 sheets was intended to provide the information without needing an accompanying booklet or oral explanation from the designer. In addition to the site-specific information that was illustrated in the maps, general information was also required. To understand the social framework that was responsible for the creation of Cascades Park and other parks of the time, park planning principles of the 1920's were researched. These were then compared and applied where possible to the historic development of Cascades Park. Also, developmental criteria were established for forms of recreation that were found to be in demand in Bloomington and had the potential of being accommodated in the park with a minimal disruption of its natural beauty.
Department of Landscape Architecture
6

Rizzuto, Carolyn. "Hocking Hills State Park a look at state park development /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1144084406.

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Rossi, Sebastian Dario. "Factors Affecting People-Park Relationships in Peri-Urban National Parks." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366840.

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Protected areas such as national parks are key mechanisms for conserving nature. They also provide important opportunities for people to engage in a range of nature based tourism and recreation activities, engendering active lifestyles and providing access to fresh air, solitude and nature. In part due to the psychological and health benefits of these activities, visitation to protected areas is increasingly popular, especially for parks close to cities. Rapid urban growth in many cities has also heightened demand for, and increased use of, protected areas. Visitor use of protected areas can however, adversely impact both visitors and local communities if not properly managed. National park managers face the challenge of accommodating often times competing expectations about these types of protected areas, including providing access without negatively affecting the natural environment or visitors’ experiences. Reliable information is needed about visitor characteristics, the activities they undertake, and their expectations of parks including the types of activities permitted. We also need to know how the values, attitudes, and travel patterns of visitors shape their park experiences. Moreover, we need to know how nearby communities interact with the park and their attitudes about visitor activities. To better understand how these factors potentially affect people-park interactions, including parks close to cities, this thesis assessed six peri-urban national parks in South East Queensland, Australia.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Zhang, Li. "An evaluation of an urban riverfront park, Riverfront Park, Spokane, Washington experiences and lessons for designers /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2002/L%5FZhang%5F050602.pdf.

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Von, Kursell Alexander Andrew. "Replanning urban parks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31655.pdf.

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Tripp, Michael William. "The emergence of national parks in Russia : with studies of Pribaikalski and Zabaikalski National Parks in the Lake Baikal region of south-central Siberia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/NQ34287.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Parks":

1

Rutten, Marcel. Parks beyond parks. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2002.

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2

Ohio. Division of Parks & Recreation, ed. Ohio state parks: Park directory. Columbus: Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks & Recreation, 2003.

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Derlemenko, I︠E︡vhen Anatoliĭovych. Parky Kyi͡eva: Fotoalʹbom = Parks of Kyiv. Kyïv: Uroz͡haĭ, 2001.

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Rissman, Rebecca. Parks. Chicago, Illinois: Raintree, 2014.

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Rissman, Rebecca. Parks. London: Raintree, 2014.

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IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. Parks. Northwood, UK: Science and Technology Letters, in association with IUCN's Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, 1990.

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Rissman, Rebecca. Parks. London: Raintree, 2015.

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Birzmalis, L. Gaujas nacionālais parks = Gauja National Park. Rīga: Avots, 1990.

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Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources. French River Provincial Park : preliminary management plan =: Parc provincial Rivière des français : plan préliminaire de gestion. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Natural Resources = Ministère des richesses naturelles, 1992.

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Tanzania National Parks. Dept. of Planning and Development Projects. Tanzania National Parks: [name of parks]. [Arusha, Tanzania]: Dept. of Planning and Development Projects, Tanzania National Parks, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Parks":

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Cain, Tambra K. "Parks, Rosa." In Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 967–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_323.

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May, Vincent. "Marine Parks." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1136–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_208.

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Hayward, Jeff. "Urban Parks." In Public Places and Spaces, 193–216. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5601-1_9.

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Gilbert, O. L. "City Parks." In The Ecology of Urban Habitats, 183–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0821-5_11.

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May, Vincent. "Marine Parks." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48657-4_208-2.

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Gosse, Van. "Rosa Parks." In The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975, 46–48. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04781-6_9.

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Gilbert, O. L. "City Parks." In The Ecology of Urban Habitats, 183–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3068-4_11.

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Ritchie, William, William J. Neal, David M. Bush, Orrin H. Pilkey, F. Blasco, M. Aizpuru, J. Besnehard, et al. "Marine Parks." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, 628–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_208.

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Freemark, Yonah, and Susanne Schindler. "Twin Parks." In Affordable Housing in New York, edited by Nicholas Dagen Bloom and Matthew Gordon Lasner, 226–30. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691207056-043.

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Rolston, Holmes. "National Parks." In The Routledge Companion to Environmental Ethics, 124–32. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315768090-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Parks":

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Madhani, Akhil, Justin Walker, Gene Lee, Aaron Adams, Alexis Wieland, and Evan Goldberg. "Pixels to parks." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 Talks. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2504459.2504466.

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Desjardins, Audrey, Saul Greenberg, Ron Wakkary, and Jeff Hambelton. "Avalanche Beacon Parks." In CSCW '16: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2835200.

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Ohshima, Yoshiki, John Maloney, and Andy Ogden. "The parks PDA." In Companion of the 18th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/949344.949444.

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Hein, Andreas M., Marija Jankovic, Romain Farel, and Bernard Yannou. "A Conceptual Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46322.

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An eco-industrial park is a set of businesses that share resources in order to increase profitability and reduce environmental impact. The implementation of eco-industrial parks may significantly contribute to the creation of a sustainable economy. Despite this prospect, the actual development of eco-industrial parks is challenging, as a variety of factors must be considered. Not only technical, economic, and environmental factors are relevant but numerous stakeholder relationships as well, such as between firms, governmental bodies, and local communities. This paper presents a conceptual framework that is used to capture these diverse aspects and the relationships between them. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used for modeling its concepts and relationships. First, based on a literature survey, relevant concepts of eco-industrial parks are identified. One central concept is “industrial symbiosis”. A novel value-based interpretation of industrial symbiosis is presented. Second, the park’s economic, local and regional development context, as well as its internal technical components and their relationships are modeled. Finally, the framework is used for modeling a concrete eco-industrial park, in this case part of the Kalundborg eco-industrial park.
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"Post-Industrial Urban Parks." In 6th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2018). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace18.147.

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Zountouridou, E. I., G. C. Kiokes, C. N. Papadimitriou, A. L. Dimeas, and N. D. Hatziargyriou. "Floating Wind Parks Technology." In MedPower 2014. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.1671.

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Bradley, J. "Caravans and caravan parks." In IET Workshop on Electrical Installation in Special Locations: Requirements for Electrical Installations in BS 7671. IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20080130.

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Yu, Yongyang, Michael Witt, Mohamed Saber Abdelfattah, Christopher Vinson, and Scott Hammel. "The open parks network." In the 13th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2467696.2467779.

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Jankova, Liga, Antra Line, and Anita Auzina. "INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN LATVIA." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s21.50.

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In 2021, economic growth in Latvia recovered slowly after the Covid-19 crisis. At the beginning of 2022, energy and food prices increased significantly, intensifying inflationary pressure. The volume of foreign direct investments decreased, lending to companies decreased. A new approach to business promotion is needed. An industrial park is a territory set aside for economic activity, which has one manager who takes care of its infrastructure, performs construction or renovation or repair of premises according to the needs of the client and provides other services. The role of industrial parks is related to specific infrastructure and supporting legal framework. At the same time, industrial parks are one of the most widely used regional policy measures in the world, aimed at promoting investment and economic growth and reducing social exclusion. The novelty of the study is related to the review of the operation of Latvian industrial parks, which revealed that it is possible to improve the development of industrial parks by supplementing the operation of industrial parks with operational models that have not yet been implemented. The practical implementation of the models requires institutional support. Comparing the development of industrial parks in Latvia and the other Baltic countries, it was revealed that they are the least developed in Latvia, but with the highest potential. Latvian industrial parks often focus on such manufacturing and technology sectors as electronics, metalworking, mechanical engineering and ICT. These parks provide specialized infrastructure including manufacturing facilities, research and development centers and testing laboratories. Due to its strategic location as a transit hub in the Baltic region, some industrial parks in Latvia operate in logistics and transport activities. These parks provide modern warehouses, distribution centers and transport infrastructure to facilitate efficient movement of goods. Latvia has invested in renewable energy sources and sustainable technologies. Some industrial parks aim to attract companies specializing in renewable energy, including wind, solar, biomass and energyefficient technologies. Until 2026, with the support of the European Union, it is planned to implement the Public-Private Partnership (PPP), Cluster, Eco-industrial Park, Science and Technology Park (STP) industrial park models in Latvia.
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Shepelev, M. V. "Evolution Of Industrial Complexes: From Industrial Parks To Science And Technology Parks." In GCPMED 2018 - International Scientific Conference "Global Challenges and Prospects of the Modern Economic Development. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.164.

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Reports on the topic "Parks":

1

KellerLynn, Katie. Redwood National and State Parks: Geologic resources inventory report. National Park Service, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287676.

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Comprehensive park management to fulfill the NPS mission requires an accurate inventory of the geologic features of a park unit, but Comprehensive park management to fulfill the NPS mission requires an accurate inventory of the geologic features of a park unit, but park managers may not have the needed information, geologic expertise, or means to complete such an undertaking; therefore, the Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) provides information and resources to help park managers make decisions for visitor safety, planning and protection of infrastructure, and preservation of natural and cultural resources. Information in the GRI report may also be useful for interpretation. park managers may not have the needed information, geologic expertise, or means to complete such an undertaking; therefore, the Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) provides information and resources to help park managers make decisions for visitor safety, planning and protection of infrastructure, and preservation of natural and cultural resources. Information in the GRI report may also be useful for interpretation. This report synthesizes discussions from a scoping meeting for Redwood National and State Parks (referred to as the “parks” throughout this report) held in 2004 and a follow-up conference call in 2019. Two GRI–compiled GIS data sets of the geology and geohazards of the parks are the principal deliverables of the GRI. The GRI GIS data are available on the GRI publications website http://go.nps.gov/gripubs and through the NPS Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) portal https://irma.nps.gov/App/Portal/Home. Enter “GRI” as the search text and select a park from the unit list. Writing of this report was based on those data and the interpretations of the source map authors (see “GRI Products” and “Acknowledgements”). A geologic map poster illustrates the geology GRI GIS data set and serves as a primary figure for this GRI report. No poster was prepared for the geohazards GRI GIS data set. Additionally, figure 7 of this report illustrates the locations of the major geologic features in the parks. Unlike the poster, which is divided into a northern and southern portion to show detail while accommodating the parks’ length, figure 7 is a single-page, simplified map. The features labeled on figure 7 are discussed in the “Geologic History, Features, and Processes” chapter. To provide a context of geologic time, this report includes a geologic time scale (see "Geologic History, Features, and Processes"). The parks’ geologic story encompasses 200 million years, starting in the Jurassic Period. Following geologic practice, the time scale is set up like a stratigraphic column, with the oldest units at the bottom and the youngest units at the top. Organized in this manner, the geologic time scale table shows the relative ages of the rock units that underlie the parks and the unconsolidated deposits that lie at the surface. Reading the “Geologic Event” column in the table, from bottom to top, will provide a chronologic order of the parks’ geologic history. The time scale includes only the map units within the parks that also appear on the geologic map poster; that is, map units of the geohazards data are not included. Geology is a complex science with many specialized terms. This report provides definitions of geologic terms at first mention, typically in parentheses following the term. Geologic units in the GRI GIS data are referenced in this report using map unit symbols; for example, map unit KJfrc stands for the Cretaceous (K) and Jurassic (J) Franciscan Complex (f), Redwood Creek schist (rc), which underlies a portion of the Redwood Creek watershed (see “GRI Products”).
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Kull, Kathleen, Craig Young, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, Lloyd Morrison, and Michael DeBacker. Problematic plant monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, version 2.0. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293355.

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Problematic species, which include invasive, exotic, and harmful species, fragment native ecosystems, displace native plants and animals, and alter ecosystem function. In National Parks, such species negatively affect park resources and visitor enjoyment by altering landscapes and fire regimes, reducing native plant and animal habitat, and increasing trail maintenance needs. Recognizing these challenges, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Network parks identified problematic plants as the highest-ranking vital sign across the network. Given the need to provide early detection of potential problematic plants (ProPs) and the size of network parks, the Heartland I&M Network opted to allocate available sampling effort to maximize the area searched. With this approach and the available sampling effort in mind, we developed realistic objectives for the ProP monitoring protocol. The monitoring objectives are: 1. Create a watch list of ProPs known to occur in network parks and a watch list of potential ProPs that may invade network parks in the future, and occasionally update these two lists as new information is made available. 2. Provide early detection monitoring for all ProPs on the watch lists. 3. Search at least 0.75% and up to 40% of the reference frame for ProP occurrences in each park. 4. Estimate/calculate and report the abundance and frequency of ProPs in each park. 5. To the extent possible, identify temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of ProPs known to occur in network parks. ProP watch lists are developed using the best available and most relevant state, regional, and national exotic plant lists. The lists are generated using the PriorityDB database. We designed the park reference frames (i.e., the area to be monitored) to focus on accessible natural and restored areas. The field methods vary for small parks and large parks, defined as parks with reference frames less than and greater than 350 acres (142 ha), respectively. For small parks, surveyors make three equidistant passes through polygon search units that are approximately 2-acres (0.8 ha) in size. For large parks, surveyors record each ProP encountered along 200-m or 400-m line search units. The cover of each ProP taxa encountered in search units is estimated using the following cover scale: 0 = 0, 1 = 0.1-0.9 m2, 2 = 1-9.9 m2, 3 = 10-49.9 m2, 4 = 50-99.9 m2, 5 = 100-499.9 m2, 6 = 499.9-999.9 m2, and 7 = 1,000-4,999.9 m2. The field data are managed in the FieldDB database. Monitoring is scheduled to revisit most parks every four years. The network will report the results to park managers and superintendents after completing ProP monitoring.
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Ziesler, Pamela, and Claire Spalding. Statistical abstract: 2021. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293345.

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In 2021, recreation visits to National Park Service (NPS) sites rebounded from the COVID-19 pandemic-driven low visitation of 2020 and climbed to 297,115,406 recreation visits. This is an increase of 60 million recreation visits (+25.3%) from 2020 and a decrease of 30 million recreation visits (-9.3%) from 2019. Recreation visitor hours were 1,356,657,749 – a 28.6% increase from 2020 and a 5.1% decrease from 2019. Total overnight stays followed a similar pattern with 12,745,455 overnight stays – up 4.7 million (+58.5%) from 2020 and down 1.1 million (-8%) from 2019. Five parks were added to the reporting system in 2021: Alagnak Wild River in Alaska, Camp Nelson National Monument in Kentucky, Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument in Mississippi, Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument in Nevada, and World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. These parks were responsible for over 629,000 recreation visits in 2021. Factors influencing visits to National Park System units in 2021 include: continuing closures and limited capacities due to COVID-19 mitigation at some parks, temporary closures for wildland fires in 2021 (eleven parks), severe regional smoke/haze from ongoing wildland fires throughout the summer and early autumn affecting parks in the western half and northern tier of states in the continental U.S., two hurricanes in 2021 – both in August – impacted visitation: Hurricane Henri caused temporary closures of some parks in the northeast and Hurricane Ida caused temporary closures of parks along the Gulf Coast and generated some heavy flooding in the northeast, hurricanes and wildland fires in previous years resulting in lingering closures, most notably Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, the Carr and Woolsey Fires in 2018, Hurricane Dorian in 2019, the Caldwell, Cameron Peak, East Troublesome, and Woodward Fires in 2020, and Hurricane Sally in 2020. Forty-four parks set a record for recreation visits in 2021 and 6 parks broke a record they set in 2020. See Appendix A for a list of record parks. The number of reporting units with over 10 million recreation visits was the same as in recent years (3 parks) and 73 parks had over 1 million recreation visits. Twenty-five percent of total recreation visits occurred in the top 8 parks and fifty percent of total visitation occurred in the top 25 parks. Several parks passed annual visitation milestones including Capulin Volcano NM which passed 100,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, Big Bend NP and Devils Tower NM which each passed 500,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, and Zion NP which passed 5 million visits for the first time. Other parks passed milestones for accumulated recreation visits including Hamilton Grange NMEM (1968-2021) and Palo Alto Battlefield NHP (2003-2021) each passing 1 million total recreation visits, Voyageurs NP (1976-2021) passing 10 million total recreation visits, and Hot Springs NP (1904-2021) passing 100 million total recreation visits. Population center designations were updated in 2021 to reflect overlap of park boundaries with statistical areas from the 2020 U.S. Census. Many population center changes reflect increases in local population as indicated by parks changing from rural to outlying or from outlying to suburban. Other changes reflect increasing complexity in population density as parks changed from a single designation, such as rural or suburban, to a mixed designation. See the Definitions section for population center definitions and Table B.1 for previous and updated population center designations by park. In the pages that follow, a series of tables and figures display visitor use data for calendar year 2021. By documenting these visits across the National Park System, the NPS Statistical Abstract offers a historical record of visitor use in parks and provides NPS staff and partners with a useful tool for effective management and planning. In 2021, 394 of 423 NPS units...
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Cleary, Summers. Land Cover Summary Statistics for National Capital Region Park Units. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301309.

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This report documents the acquisition of source data, and calculation of land cover summary statistics datasets for ten National Park Service National Capital Region park units and three custom areas of analysis: Catoctin Mountain Park, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Manassas National Battlefield Park, Monocacy National Battlefield, National Capital Parks - East, Prince William Forest Park, Rock Creek Park, Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, and the three custom areas of analysis - National Capital Parks - East: Oxon Cove Park, Oxon Hill Farm, Piscataway Park, National Capital Parks - East: Greenbelt Park and Baltimore-Washington Parkway, and National Capital Parks - East: DC and Suitland Parkway. The source data and land cover calculations are available for use within the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring Program. Land cover summary statistics datasets can be calculated for all geographic regions within the extent of the NPS; this report includes statistics calculated for the conterminous United States. The land cover summary statistics datasets are calculated from multiple sources, including Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium products in the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and United States Geological Survey?s (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center products in the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) raster dataset. These summary statistics calculate land cover at up to three classification scales: Level 1, modified Anderson Level 2, and Natural versus Converted land cover. The output land cover summary statistics datasets produced here for the ten National Capital Region park units and three custom areas of analysis utilize the most recent versions of the source datasets (NLCD and LCMAP). These land cover summary statistics datasets are used in the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program, including the NPS Environmental Settings Monitoring Protocol and may be used by networks and parks for additional efforts.
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Gelfeld, Vicki. AARP Travel Research: National Parks. AARP Research, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00120.001.

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Anna Scott, Anna Scott. How do parks cool Baltimore? Experiment, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/7455.

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Fanning, Dallas W. Research Parks: An American Success. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada308993.

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Shoen, David. Urban Parks: New York City. Edited by Nora Ruth Libertun de Duren. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002339.

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Sheilds, Claire, and Vicki Ward. Reporting information for commercial air tour operations over units of the national park system: 2020 annual report. National Park Service, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299664.

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Beginning in 2013, commercial air tour operators who conduct tours over units of the national park system have been required to report their air tour activity to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Park Service (NPS). The purpose of this report is to provide a high-level quantitative summary of the data provided by air tour operators for flights conducted in 2020. The NPS and FAA use these data to implement requirements of the National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000, as amended, including the identification of parks where an air tour management plan or voluntary agreement is required. The National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000, as amended, requires that park units with more than 50 annual tours establish an air tour management plan or voluntary agreement. While units with 50 or fewer tours are exempt from the requirement to establish a plan or agreement, NPS may withdraw an exemption if NPS determines that a plan or agreement is necessary to protect park resource and values, or visitor use and enjoyment.
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Leis, Sherry, Lloyd Morrison, and Tani Hubbard. Long-term trends in prairie vegetation at three national parks: 1998?2022. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302359.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network has monitored plant communities in National Parks since 1998. Three of those parks in the northern tier of the network?Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (NHS), Homestead National Historical Park (NHP), and Pipestone National Monument (NM)?have reconstructed tallgrass prairie communities and were sampled concurrently in 2022. In this combined report, we describe similarities and differences among the three parks related to current vegetation and trends. Climatically, Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP have similar temperature profiles, but Homestead NHP is drier. Pipestone NM differs from the other two parks in temperature and precipitation. Long-term climatic signals for major drought events varied by park, and moisture at Herbert Hoover NHS is likely to increase with climate change. Precipitation shifts could influence vegetation trends in the future requiring action such as flood mitigations, wildfire protections during prolonged drought, and consideration for species additions to adapt to new climate profiles. Plant composition was similar for Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP while the combination of plant species and abundances at Pipestone NM was different from the other two parks, especially within the Sioux Quartzite community type. There appeared to be some compositional shifts over time for Homestead NHP. That trend was supported by greater species turnover at Homestead NHP than the other two parks. The reconstruction at Homestead NHP is older than that of Herbert Hoover NHS and possibly Pipestone NM, but we are unable to determine the underlying causes of species changes. Quality assessment procedures provided a moderate level of confidence in our data with respect to botanist agreement on identifications. We met our goal of about 80% agreement in species composition. Cover class agreement was greater than?70%, with less than 4% of observations off by more than one class. Native species richness trends varied by park. Herbert Hoover NHS continues to gain native species while Pipestone NM is losing species. Species richness at Homestead NHP did not exhibit a directional trend. Pipestone NM tended to have less cover of forbs and grasses than the other two parks, reflecting the more complex geological landscape with surface rock. Grass abundance appears to be declining from baseline years for all three parks. Grass-like and fern guilds are much less abundant in all the parks than other plant guilds. Woody plants in 2022 were similar at Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP in terms of mean cover and heterogeneity across the prairies, but tree encroachment into the grasslands is a potential concern. Pipestone NM generally had fewer woody plants (including tree seedlings) in 2022, but the amount varied through time. Canopy closure, measured for the first time in 2022, was present in all three parks, but was greatest at Homestead NHP. Nonnative plant cover was the greatest at Pipestone NM, but current abundance at Herbert Hoover NHS was greater in 2022 than baseline years. Homestead NHP consistently had little nonnative plant cover since 2005. Abundance (% cover) of two nonnative grasses of concern?Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis)?differed by park and year. Recent increases in Kentucky bluegrass abundance at Herbert Hoover NHS might reflect changes in management. Although these parks have individual differences in climate as well as in timing and use of management actions, they share similar histories of cultivation and reconstruction. Efforts to restore or reconstruct portions of the prairie at Pipestone NM were unique among the three parks. Future analyses might continue to combine Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP but examine Pipestone NM separately; the unique geologic history and differences in vegetation communities at Pipestone NM may make individual assessment a better option. However, comparing trends in guilds of concern, such as woody and nonnative plants, across all three parks can be helpful for gauging success with management tools in light of regional changes in climate.

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