Academic literature on the topic 'Parking lots Design and construction Simulation methods'

Purpose: To study the impact of parking lot presence on an urban transport system. To consider the issue on the necessity to adjust existing approaches to parking location selection and on the possibility of simulation modeling while feasibility assessment of lots’ placement. To pursue the testing of developed methodology for feasibility evaluation of parking space placement for autos on the example of particular section of road network. Methods: Comparison of existing approaches to parking space placement and the approaches’ correction, simulation modeling of motor car parking lot formation, mathematical statistics methods when experiment results’ processing with a simulation model. Results: The influence of parking spaces on urban transport system is considered. Methods for feasibility assessment of car parking lot location have been proposed and simulation model has been developed allowing to determine the required number of parking places for being considered section of road network, to estimate an approximate cost of the facility construction and expected profit at the facility commercialization, as well as to forecast impact of changes’ results on traffic flow indicators. Practical importance: The proposed algorithm and methodology for assessing the feasibility of placement and for definition of main parameters for car parking lots can be used in the development of an urban transport system. The methodology use in conjunction with the developed simulation model allows at the selection stage of promising locations of parking lots to take into account a social significance, project recoupment, traffic situation on the selected section of road network and to investigate further impact of the created parking space on the parameters of traffic flow.

Objective: To analyze the efficiency of building multilevel automated garages on transfer nodes, to reveal problems, connected with normative-technical control of automated parking design. Methods: The comparison of fixed and variable costs on construction and maintenance of different types of multilevel parking – automated and ramp, built-in and detached, underground and located at ground level, consideration of foreign and long-term domestic experience of multilevel parking lots in transfer hubs. Results: The value of transfer hubs in the system of urban and passenger transport was discovered as well as, classification of transfer hubs was specified, from the viewpoint of urban planning, the emphasis was made on the significance of proper arrangement on the territory of transfer hubs, taking into account space economy principle and whether the transfer hub harmoniously fits into urban environment, the spheres of application of different types of car-parks were specified, the advantages of automated car-parks over the conventional flat and multilevel ramp car-parks were revealed, the analysis of costs on construction and maintenance of different multilevel car-parks was carried out, the conclusions were made on the use of automated car-parks in the conditions of transfer hubs, functional area of automated car-parks in transfer hubs was presented as well as the documents, reflecting the normativetechnical control of automated parking design, recommendations were given on implementation of automated parking construction technology in Russia. Practical importance: The obtained conclusions may be applied in the design of transfer hubs in the cities of Russia, especially in restrained urban conditions. The given normative-technical control documents will make it possible to improve automobile parking convenience. Propagation of mechanization and application of intelligence systems in parking facilities will provide considerable economic benefit.

The rapid processes of global motorization, which Ukraine has not avoided, have a growing impact on various aspects of modern society, on the formation of a new urban environment and transport system. At the same time, to create favorable conditions for Ukraine's integration into the EU needs to address infrastructural issues: the systematic organization of facilities for storing cars in general in cities with the provision of their architecture- accessibility, versatility, economy, energy efficiency and more. First of all, this applies to the largest cities, where about 45% of the total urban population of the state live. An acute urban and transport problem is the problem associated with the allocation of areas for transport facilities: parking lots (garages), gas stations, service stations and other car service facilities. In the absence of free space, the cost of urban land increases. Based on this, there is an urgent need to develop modern methods and techniques that allow more efficient use of land resources. One of the possible methods of solving the problem of organizing parking lots is to build them into the lower floors of public buildings for various purposes. The generalization of foreign and domestic design and construction practices made it possible to determine that one of the first examples of built-in parking lots (garages) are two 60-storey residential and office centers in Chicago (USA) on the shores of Lake Michigan, called Marina City (1964). The construction of these centers gave impetus to the architectural and planning organization of buildings and structures for the rational solution of parking in the lower above-ground floors of residential buildings and public buildings and structures. The article summarizes foreign and domestic practice of designing and building such parking lots. It is determined that with a high density of buildings in Ukrainian cities, the method of embedding in the lower floors of public buildings and structures is developing. This reception will be in demand especially in the transition of vehicles to electric vehicles. At the same time, the analysis of domestic regulations on the placement of parking lots revealed the absence of provisions on the possibility of embedding them in the lower above-ground floors of public buildings and structures. However, in the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries and in the developed countries of the world, such provisions exist, which helps to increase the level of comfort of public services and allows rational and intensive use of the city. Based on the results of research and suggestions, it should be noted that the practice of design and construc- tion reveals the possibility of applying the existing requirements of current state building codes of Ukraine for underground garages, which should be extended and for car parks (garages) located on the lower above-ground floors of other buildings, in particular public buildings. This requires changes and additions to the current urban planning, typological and fire regulations, which are planned to be developed on the basis of this study.

Introduction: Outdoor parking lots have been a common and cost-effective solution for private mobility in European social housing districts built between the 1960s and 1980s, but this solution has significant, particularly environmental and spatial, impacts. The future of urban mobility requires changes to an electrified community model, based on shared vehicle fleets. Purpose of the study: We aimed to analyze the transport, social, and environmental improvements of a smart multi-functional micro-hub for neighborhoods — a theoretical proposal designed to facilitate the transition toward a decarbonized city. Methods: The literature is therefore reviewed and a case study of the city of Malaga is provided. Results: On the one hand, the findings show the environmental, economic, and spatial advantages of this model compared to traditional underground parking lots. On the other hand, the paper proposes the design characteristics that could be adopted by a particular type of buildings and their urban space. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of setting up a citywide network of micro-hubs and the ensuing benefits.

Purpose. The aim of the study is to predict the potential risk of urban air pollution by toxic components of exhaust gases of vehicles in terms of the underground and terrestrial urban planning, in particular, street canyons, underground pedestrian crossings, underground parking lots, etc. Methods. The following research methodology was used in the work: on the basis of space-time field observations of the intensity, density and speed of traffic flows, as well as using mathematical modeling methods it was proved that urban air pollution (of the roadside space, adjacent territories of well-type yards, underground infrastructure, etc.) by toxicants, which are components of vehicle engine emissions, remains at a high, often environmentally hazardous level, and therefore requires urgent development and implementation of the appropriate precautionary measures. Results. The analysis of problems of ecological safety of city objects of terrestrial (high-traffic roads, adjacent territories) and underground (underground pedestrian crossings, garages, parking lots) urbanistics allowed to reveal direct and indirect negative influences on air environment from emissions of motor vehicles; using mathematical modeling methods to predict the fields of concentration of major toxicants and identify areas of local emergency pollution in different weather conditions, identify the most unfavorable directions and wind speeds and assess the level of environmental hazards to human health (residents of houses located in the well-type yards, pedestrians, owners of underground garages (parking lots), tenants of parking spaces, etc.). Scientific novelty. The study revealed direct and indirect negative effects of the motor transport complex on the air environment of urban territories (objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics), in particular, based on the use of mathematical modeling methods. The level of environmental danger to the health of urban residents has been assessed. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the design and construction of urban infrastructure, as well as to reduce the technogenic load on the environment and human health in existing objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics and other city areas.

The article describes the current trends of designing and constructing multi-storey parking garages for storing electric vehicles. It has already been established that at the present stage of technology development, traditional gas stations are transforming into charging stations, operating on solar batteries. These technologies incentivize searching for new design forms of buildings for storing motor vehicles with solar charging stations in their structure. This applies to both multi-storey and flat parking garages. The paper analyzes the existing foreign experience of designing multi-storey parking garages for storing and charging electric vehicles, and identifies their main functional planning features and technological methods of organization. The main attention is paid to the artistic and aesthetic side of the formation of these objects. Electric vehicles can be very energy efficient and clean, as long as they are charged using renewable electricity. However, they need to overcome some challenges, including short driving range, the high price, and the lack of a charging infrastructure. Today, many design solutions have been developed for storing electric vehicles. The simplest of them is the parking lot design with 1-2 parking spaces for storing and charging of electric cars. This parking lot has the appearance of an open area with markings and with an element of built-in charger. Design solutions of indoor tent parkings lots for storing electric cars are considered to be more practical and convenient in operation. The most frequent of them are with rectilinear construction and with curved awning design at their base. The absence of developed infrastructure is the most important problem in the development of environmentally friendly transport. For this reason the design solution of storage sites and electric charging stations plays an important role and will allow us to experience the potential of electric mobility, which is the future.

In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s automobile industry, the number of vehicles in China has been increasing steadily. Vehicles represent a convenient mode of travel, but the growth rate of the number of urban motor vehicles far exceeds the construction rate of parking facilities. The continuous improvement of parking allocation methods has always been key for ensuring sustainable city management. Thus, developing an efficient and dynamic parking distribution algorithm will be an important breakthrough to alleviate the urban parking shortage problem. However, the existing parking distribution models do not adequately consider the influence of real-time changes in parking demand and supply on parking space assignment. Therefore, this study proposed a method for dynamic parking allocation using parking demand predictions and a predictive control method. A neural-network-based dynamic parking distribution model was developed considering seven influencing factors: driving duration, walking distance, parking fee, traffic congestion, possibility of finding a parking space in the target parking lot and adjacent parking lot, and parking satisfaction degree. Considering whether the parking spaces in the targeted parking lots are shared or not, two allocation modes—sharing mode and non-sharing mode—were proposed and embedded into the model. At the experimental stage, a simulation case and a real-time case were performed to evaluate the developed models. The experimental results show that the dynamic parking distribution model based on neural networks can not only allocate parking spaces in real time but also improve the utilisation rate of different types of parking spaces. The performance score of the dynamic parking distribution model for a time interval of 2–20 min was maintained above 80%. In addition, the distribution performance of the sharing mode was better than that of the non-sharing mode and contributed to a better overall effectiveness. This model can effectively improve the utilisation rate of resources and the uniformity of distribution and can reduce the failure rate of parking; thus, it significantly contributes to more smart and sustainable urban parking management.

Pocket parks are small public spaces between building entities which are available to the public. It can be located in a city, suburb, or country. It has a small area and is relatively flexible. According to the characteristics of China's cities, this article puts forward methods and measures for the landscape reconstruction design of existing urban communities in China. The thesis takes a Residential area of a certain district in Wuhan as a design case. It discusses how to combine the landscape design of the existing community with the rainwater problem, the goals, principles and measures of the landscape reconstruction design of the existing community based on the sponge city concept are proposed. Using rainwater as a resource to collect, purify, store, and recycle, alleviate water shortages and urban flood disasters, and it summarizes the methods and strategies for landscape reconstruction design of existing communities. Finally, according to the problems in the residential area and the actual needs of residents, combined with the current conditions of the site, following the design principles of people-oriented and local conditions, the use of sponge city technology measures on the green landscape, roads and parking lots, rooftop landscape of underground garages, plants Matching and other specific reconstruction designs provide theoretical and design references for the application of the "sponge city" concept in the design of urban residential quarters.

Electric vehicle (EV) fire accidents are caused by multiple factors, including the traffic conditions, parking environment and firefighting facilities, and are a typical public safety issue in cities. Owing to the lack of accurate and quick estimation methods for the EV fire analysis in roadside parking scenarios and their impacts, this study applied the solid flame model to simplify the determination of the dynamic turbulence characteristics of the EV fire flames and proposed a thermal radiation model of an EV thermal runaway combustion flame based on the peak heat release rate. Subsequently, the radiation accuracy of the model near the flame was verified by a simulation and a comparison with the point source flame model, where the safety threshold of the fire accident propagation was determined. Finally, the evacuation strategy for pedestrians in an EV fire was investigated based on the proposed model. From the results, the safe distance of adjacent vehicles and the cumulative value of the pedestrians affected by the thermal radiation of EV fires can be obtained under the influence of the environmental factors. The proposed model can be used to optimize the design of roadside parking lots and guide the formulation of pedestrian emergency plans during an EV fire.

A key challenge in robotic bipedal locomotion is the design of feedback controllers that function well in the presence of uncertainty, in both the robot and its environment. This paper addresses the design of feedback controllers and periodic gaits that function well in the presence of modest terrain variation, without over-reliance on perception and a priori knowledge of the environment. Model-based design methods are introduced and subsequently validated in simulation and experiment on MARLO, an underactuated three-dimensional bipedal robot that is of roughly human size and is equipped with an inertial measurement unit and joint encoders. Innovations include an optimization method that accounts for multiple types of disturbances and a feedback control design that enables continuous velocity-based posture regulation via nonholonomic virtual constraints. Using a single continuously defined controller taken directly from optimization, MARLO traverses sloped sidewalks and parking lots, terrain covered with randomly thrown boards, and grass fields, all while maintaining average walking speeds between 0.9 and 0.98 m/s and setting a new precedent for walking efficiency in realistic environments.