Journal articles: 'Park’s vector'

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Messaoudi, Mustapha, Aymen Flah, Abdullah Alhumaidi Alotaibi, Ahmed Althobaiti, Lassaad Sbita, and Claude Ziad El-Bayeh. "Diagnosis and Fault Detection of Rotor Bars in Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Using Combined Park’s Vector and Extended Park’s Vector Approaches." Electronics 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030380.

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The induction motor (IM) is considered to be one of the most important types of motors used in industries. A sudden failure in this machine can lead to unwanted downtime, with consequences in costs, product quality, and safety. Over the last decade, several methods and techniques have been proposed to diagnose and detect faults in induction machines. In this paper, we present the development of a new algorithm based on the combination of both the Park’s vector approach (PVA) and the extended Park’s vector approach (EPVA) for broken rotor bars (BRBs) fault detection and identification. This fault can be detected using the PVA by monitoring the thickness and orientation of the park’s vector pattern and using EPVA by identifying specific spectral components related to the fault. For ability evaluation of our suggested algorithm, simulations and experiments are conducted and presented. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is accurate and effective and can be extensively used in IM fault detections and identifications.

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Safin, Nail, Vladimir Prakht, and Vladimir Dmitrievskii. "Bearing Fault Diagnostic of Induction Motor by Stator Currents Analysis Based on Park’s Vectors Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.83.

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This paper deals with the possibilities of bearing fault diagnosis of induction motors by stator currents analysis based on Park’s vector approach. The main theoretical aspects, the experimental results and their analysis are presented. It is shown that preventive stator current diagnostics of induction motors based on Park’s vector allows us early detection of bearing defects in the inner and outer races. The current spectra additional harmonics appearing in the case of bearing damage are found.

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Wei, Lipeng, Xiang Rong, Haibo Wang, Shuohang Yu, and Yang Zhang. "Method for Identifying Stator and Rotor Faults of Induction Motors Based on Machine Vision." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6658648.

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The detection results need to be analyzed and distinguished by professional technicians in the fault detection methods for induction motors based on signal processing and it is difficult to realize the automatic identification of stator and rotor faults. A method for identifying stator and rotor faults of induction motors based on machine vision is proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, Park’s vector approach (PVA) is used to analyze the three-phase currents of the motor to obtain Park’s vector ring (PVR). Then, the local binary patterns (LBP) and gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) are combined to extract the image features of PVR. Finally, the vectors of image features are used as input and the types of induction motor faults are identified with the help of a random forest (RF) classifier. The proposed method has achieved high identification accuracy in both the Maxwell simulation experiment and the actual motor experiment, which are 100% and 95.83%, respectively.

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Escudero, Ricardo, Julien Noel, Jorge Elizondo, and James Kirtley. "Microgrid fault detection based on wavelet transformation and Park’s vector approach." Electric Power Systems Research 152 (November 2017): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.07.028.

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Gedzurs, Aleksejs. "Fault Diagnosis of Low-Power Three-Phase Induction Motor." Rural Sustainability Research 36, no. 331 (December 1, 2016): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plua-2016-0012.

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Abstract An Induction motor reliability survey at an egg processing plant shows that almost 50% of the total motor failures are fan induction motors. Visual investigations of the faulty fan motors show that the main cause of the induction motor failure is air gap eccentricity. In this study, experimental tests are performed on a 1.1kW three-phase induction motor to detect air gap eccentricity and overheating of the induction motor. Heating tests show that end shield housing temperature reaches 100°C with blocked air flow from the fan, which can reduce the lifespan of the bearing. Dimension measurements of the end shield housing show that the dimensions of both tested motors back-end shields are larger than ISO tolerance grade limit. It leads to a loose fit between the housing and bearing, causing air gap eccentricity. Also, both motor back end shield housing has an out-of-round condition leading to an unbalanced magnetic pull. To detect the air gap eccentricity caused by too loose of a fit between housing bore and bearing, current Park’s vector approach is used. To measure three phase current, Hall Effect current transducers, a digital oscilloscope is used and Matlab software to process the measurement data. Results show that Park’s vector approach can be used to detect the air gap eccentricity caused by too loose a fit between bearing and housing. Therefore, the Park’s vector approach can be used to diagnose air gap eccentricity and analyse the type of the air gap eccentricity.

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Abitha, Memala W., and V. Rajini. "Virtual Instrumentation Based Analysis of Induction Motor." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.970.

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The three phase induction motor is a popularly used machine in many of the industries, which is well known for its robustness, reliability, cost effectiveness, efficient and safe operation. The unnoticed manufacturing failure, mistakes during repair work, exceeding life time may be some of the causes of the induction motor failure, which may lead to the unknown shut down time of the industry. The condition monitoring plays important role as it has the influence on the production of materials and profit. In our work, the induction motor is modelled using stationary reference frame and analysed for single phasing stator fault. The techniques used in detecting the single phasing (open circuit) failures are Park’s vector approach and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Park’s vector approach is used for detecting the faults occurring at various phases and FFT is used for detecting the faults of the induction motor working under no load and varying loading conditions.

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Bensaoucha, Saddam, Sid Ahmed Bessedik, Aissa Ameur, and Ali Teta. "Induction motors broken rotor bars detection using RPVM and neural network." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 596–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2018-0256.

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Purpose The purpose of this study aims to focus on the detection and identification of the broken rotor bars (BRBs) of a squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM). The presented diagnosis technique is based on artificial neural networks (NNs) that use as inputs the results of the spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reduced Park’s vector modulus (RPVM), along with the load values in which the motor operates. Design/methodology/approach First, this paper presents a comparative study between FFT applied on Hilbert modulus, Park’s vector modulus and RPVM to extract feature frequencies of BRB faults. Moreover, the extracted features of FFT applied to RPVM and the load values were selected as NNs’ inputs for the detection of the number of BRBs. Findings The obtained simulation results using MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) environment show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed NNs based approach. Originality/value The current paper presents a novel diagnostic method for BRBs’ fault detection in SCIM, based on the combination between the signal processing analysis (FFT of RPVM) and artificial intelligence (NNs).

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Pradeep, Jayarama, and R. Devanathan. "Adoption of Park’s Transformation for Inverter Fed Drive." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 5, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v5.i3.pp366-373.

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Park’s transformation in the context of ac machine is applied to obtain quadrature voltages for the 3-phase balanced voltages. In the case of a inverter fed drive, one can adopt Park’s transformation to directly derive the quadrature voltages in terms simplified functions of switching parameters. This is the main result of the paper which can be applied to model based and predictive control of electrical machines. Simulation results are used to compare the new dq voltage modelling response to conventional direct –quadrature (dq) axes modelling response in direct torque control – space vector modulation scheme. The proposed model is compact, decreases the computation complexity and time. The model is useful especially in model based control implemented in real time, in terms of a simplified set of switching parameters.

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Qin, Guo Jun, Jun Yao Li, Jian Mei Chen, and Niao Qing Hu. "Motor Faults Detection Based on Vector Transformation and Amplitude Demodulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 628 (September 2014): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.628.219.

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A method to analyze and detect the features of rotor and stator asymmetric faults for AC motor is put forward in this paper. After modeling the damaged asynchronous motor, stator’s three-phase current signals of the motor at normal status, as well as that with stator and rotor bar asymmetric faults, are simulated and analyzed qualitatively. In view of the shortcomings of Park’s vector transformation in the analyzing motor current signature, a method is put forward by combining it with signal amplitude demodulation. Based on this new method, the asymmetric features are expected to be extracted completely through the amplitude relative normalization and spectrum analysis. Finally, the availability of this method is verified by detecting and diagnosing the faults in actual AC motors.

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Deeb, Muhammad, Gassan Ibragim, and Talal Assaf. "Diagnostics of Stator Winding Faults in a Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor Using Park’s Vector Analysis." Vestnik MEI, no. 5 (2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-5-69-74.

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The study addresses the problem of detecting a short circuit fault in the three-phase induction motor winding by monitoring the stator current Park vector (Lissajous curves). Park's vector model is implemented using the Matlab software package. The experimental part of the study was carried out on an 11 kW three-phase induction motor. The Lissajous curves obtained for a healthy motor and a motor with short-circuited turns under various load conditions were compared with each other. The obtained results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method for detecting interturn short circuit faults in the three-phase stator windings of induction motors.

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Gyftakis, Konstantinos N., Antonio J. Marques Cardoso, and Jose A. Antonino-Daviu. "Introducing the Filtered Park’s and Filtered Extended Park’s Vector Approach to detect broken rotor bars in induction motors independently from the rotor slots number." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 93 (September 2017): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.01.046.

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Głowacz, Z., and J. Kozik. "Detection of Synchronous Motor Inter-Turn Faults Based on Spectral Analysis of Park’S Vector / Detekcja Zwarc Zwojowych W Silniku Synchronicznym Bazujaca Na Analizie Spektralnej Wektora Przestrzennego Pradu Twornika." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0144-y.

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This paper describes detection of synchronous motor inter-turn faults based on symptoms contained in stator phase currents. Armature short circuit, caused by insulation degradation are quite commonly occurring defects in electrical machines. Initially, short circuit comprises mostly single coils, causing the temperature rise due to higher value of current, which can reach up to tens times of the rated value. At the same time the phase current does not increase significantly. Increased temperature leads to rapid damage of the insulation and shorting the adjacent coils spreading the fault to the entire winding in a short time. Thus, it is very important to detected this type of fault in its early stage. Unfortunately currently used motor protection devices are insensitive to short-circuits of a small number of turns, because they cause too small quantitative changes in the phase currents. Phase currents begin to rise to the level detectable by protection devices when a large part of the winding is already covered by a fault. Therefore, there is a need for research on diagnostics of this type of damage. For the purpose of this paper a stepped short circuit fault of one coil group in the stator phase winding is performed. Shorting resistance values are chosen so that the short fault is diagnosed in its early stage. Spectral analysis of stator phase currents is carried out followed by spectral analysis of stator currents Park’s vector. Comparison of the results of both studies shows that the signal of stator current Park’s vector is more suitable in diagnostics of this type of faults.

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Fadli, Ouahiba, Mohamed Lokmane Bendaas, and Rachid Abdessemed. "Fault Diagnosis in Static Converters Used in Induction Heating Systems." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1051-1063.

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This paper presents different techniques on fault diagnosis in static converters used to supply and control induction heating systems. These techniques allow the detection and the location of the failed semiconductor switches. After an overview of the device with its main features in healthy state, we have afterwards focused on the fault detection and diagnosis in three electronic power converters which constitute the power generator of the induction furnace. For uncontrolled three-phase rectifier, three external methods based on the analysis of lines currents are used: Average currents method, Current space vector trajectory, called Current Park’s vector approach and Spectrum analysis. For the buck converter (chopper), analytic redundancy approach, based on the residues calculation, is used. For the series resonant inverter, a simple and efficient method based on the average voltages analysis, allows the detection and the location of the power switch in fault. The obtained simulation results, in Matlab/Simulink, are presented and discussed. They reveal that the proposed diagnostic techniques are of great interest.

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Modak, Amit J., and H. P. Inamdar. "Computer-aided Simulation Model of Stator Groundwall Insulation of Induction Motor based on Current Park’s Vector Approach." International Journal of Computer Applications 9, no. 8 (November 10, 2010): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/1405-1898.

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Iwański, Grzegorz, Paweł Maciejewski, and Tomasz Łuszczyk. "Non-Cartesian Frame Transformation-Based Control of a Three-Phase Power Converter During Unbalanced Voltage Dip – Part II: Simulation And Experiment." Power Electronics and Drives 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2019-0014.

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Abstract The paper presents a control method for the three-phase power converter operating under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The method uses a new transformation to the non-Cartesian frame, which makes the controlled current vector components balanced in this frame even if originally the three-phase current is referenced as unbalanced. Furthermore, Park’s transformation makes the controlled variables constant, which allows to apply proportional–integral terms as current controllers independent of the required control target. Several control targets known from literature have been analyzed with regard to the required new transformation parameters, and the transformation parameters for all targets have been found. Simulation results are shown to prove the theoretical analysis, and the experimental test results are presented as practical validation of the proposed use of the non-Cartesian frame in control.

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Koteleva, Natalia, Nikolay Korolev, Yuriy Zhukovskiy, and Georgii Baranov. "A Soft Sensor for Measuring the Wear of an Induction Motor Bearing by the Park’s Vector Components of Current and Voltage." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 7900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237900.

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This paper presents a methodology for creating a soft sensor for predicting the bearing wear of electrical machines. The technique is based on a combination of Park vector methods and a classifier based on an artificial neural network (ANN-classifier). Experiments are carried out in laboratory conditions on an asynchronous motor of AIR132M4 brand. For the experiment, the inner rings of the bearing are artificially degraded. The filtered and processed data obtained from the installation are passed through the ANN-classifier. A method of providing the data into the classifier is shown. The result is a convergence of 99% and an accuracy of 98% on the test data.

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Liu, Shiyuan, Xu Qian, Hong Wan, Zongbin Ye, Shoupeng Wu, and Xiaohong Ren. "NPC Three-Level Inverter Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis Based on Adaptive Electrical Period Partition and Random Forest." Journal of Sensors 2020 (January 17, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9206579.

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Fault detection can increase the reliability and efficiency of power electronic converters employed in power systems. Among the converters in the power system, a Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) three-level inverter is most commonly used to drive electric motors. In this paper, a new approach for open-circuit fault detection and location of the NPC three-level inverter for a shifting process using a constant voltage-to-frequency ratio is proposed. In order to diagnose open-circuit fault in as short a time as possible, an adaptive electrical period partition (AEPP) algorithm is proposed to pick single electrical periods from real-time three-phase current signals. The Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transformation (MODWT) and Park’s Vector Modulus (PVM) are used for feature analysis and normalization of electrical period signals. The statistical characteristics of the electrical period signals are extracted, and a random forest model is constructed to realize the state classification. Compared with the traditional fault diagnosis method, the proposed algorithm finds fault locations quickly and accurately. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are verified by experiments.

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Tripathy, Manoj. "Power Transformer Differential Protection Based on Neural Network Principal Component Analysis, Harmonic Restraint and Park's Plots." Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2012 (August 28, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/930740.

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This paper describes a new approach for power transformer differential protection which is based on the wave-shape recognition technique. An algorithm based on neural network principal component analysis (NNPCA) with back-propagation learning is proposed for digital differential protection of power transformer. The principal component analysis is used to preprocess the data from power system in order to eliminate redundant information and enhance hidden pattern of differential current to discriminate between internal faults from inrush and overexcitation conditions. This algorithm has been developed by considering optimal number of neurons in hidden layer and optimal number of neurons at output layer. The proposed algorithm makes use of ratio of voltage to frequency and amplitude of differential current for transformer operating condition detection. This paper presents a comparative study of power transformer differential protection algorithms based on harmonic restraint method, NNPCA, feed forward back propagation neural network (FFBPNN), space vector analysis of the differential signal, and their time characteristic shapes in Park’s plane. The algorithms are compared as to their speed of response, computational burden, and the capability to distinguish between a magnetizing inrush and power transformer internal fault. The mathematical basis for each algorithm is briefly described. All the algorithms are evaluated using simulation performed with PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB.

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Goh, Yeong-Jin, and On Kim. "Linear Method for Diagnosis of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in 3-Phase Induction Motors." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 4822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224822.

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When a turn-to-turn short fault occurs in an induction motor, it will be accompanied by vibration and heating, which will have adverse effects on the entire power system. Thus, turn-to-turn short fault diagnosis of the stator is required, and major accidents can be prevented if an inter-turn short circuit (ITSC), which is the early stage of a turn-to-turn short, can be detected. This study reinterprets Park’s vector approach using Direct-Quadrature(D-Q) transformation for the linear separation of ITSCs and proposes an ITSC diagnosis method by defining the magnetic flux linkage pulsation and current change in the event of a turn-to-turn short. It is difficult to diagnose because the turn-to-turn short current change in an ITSC is considerably different from the induction motor loss. Hence, it was found through analysis that when the current change is considered through an analysis of the relationship between inductance and the winding number, the ITSC current becomes slightly smaller than the steady-state current. This was verified using the D-Q synchronous reference frame over time. We proposed a linear separation of the ITSC diagnosis from the steady state by considering the minimum values of the pulsating current as feature points.

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Liu, Zhuo, Tianhao Tang, Azeddine Houari, Mohamed Machmoum, and Mohamed Fouad Benkhoris. "An FTC Design via Multiple SOGIs with Suppression of Harmonic Disturbances for Five-Phase PMSG-Based Tidal Current Applications." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060574.

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This paper firstly adopts a fault accommodation structure, a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with trapezoidal back-electromagnetic forces, in order to enhance the fault tolerance of tidal current energy conversion systems. Meanwhile, a fault-tolerant control (FTC) method is proposed using multiple second-order generalized integrators (multiple SOGIs) to further improve the systematic fault tolerance. Then, additional harmonic disturbances from phase current or back-electromagnetic forces in original and Park’s frames are characterized under a single-phase open condition. Relying on a classical field-oriented vector control scheme, fault-tolerant composite controllers are then reconfigured using multiple SOGIs by compensating q-axis control commands. Finally, a real power-scale simulation setup with a gearless back-to-back tidal current energy conversion chain and a small power-scale laboratory prototype in machine side are established to comprehensively validate feasibility and fault tolerance of the proposed method. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to suppress the main harmonic disturbances and maintain a satisfactory fault tolerance when third harmonic flux varies. Experimental results reveal that the proposed model-free fault-tolerant design is simple to implement, which contributes to better fault-tolerant behaviors, higher power quality and lower copper losses. The main advantage of the multiple SOGIs lies in convenient online implementation and efficient multi-harmonic extractions, without considering system’s model parameters. The proposed FTC design provides a model-free fault-tolerant solution to the energy harvested process of actual tidal current energy conversion systems under different working conditions.

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Huynh, Trang Thi Thuy, and Noboru Minakawa. "A comparative study of dengue virus vectors in major parks and adjacent residential areas in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): e0010119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010119.

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The primary dengue virus vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are primarily daytime biting mosquitoes. The risk of infection is suspected to be considerable in urban parks due to visitor traffic. Despite the importance of vector control for reducing dengue transmission, little information is available on vector populations in urban parks. The present study characterized mosquito habitats and estimated vector densities in the major urban parks in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and compared them with those in adjacent residential areas. The prevalences of habitats where Aedes larvae were found were 43% and 9% for the parks and residential areas, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (prevalence ratio [PR]: 5.00, 95% CI: 3.85–6.49). The prevalences of positive larval habitats were significantly greater in the parks for both species than the residential areas (PR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.22 for A. aegypti, PR: 10.10, 95% CI: 7.23–14.12 for A. albopictus). Larvae of both species were positively associated with discarded containers and planters. Aedes albopictus larvae were negatively associated with indoor habitats, but positively associated with vegetation shade. The adult density of A. aegypti was significantly less in the parks compared with the residential areas (rate ratio [RR]; 0.09, 95% CI: 0.05–0.16), while the density of A. albopictus was significantly higher in the parks (RR: 9.99, 95% CI: 6.85–14.59). When the species were combined, the density was significantly higher in the parks (RR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.92–3.25). The urban parks provide suitable environment for Aedes mosquitoes, and A. albopictus in particular. Virus vectors are abundant in the urban parks, and the current vector control programs need to have greater consideration of urban parks.

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Go, Young-Jin, Buhm Lee, Myung-Hyun Song, and Kyoung-Min Kim. "A Stator Fault Diagnosis of an Induction Motor based on the Phase Angle of Park's Vector Approach." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 20, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2014.13.8009.

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Phuektes, P., R. Morales Vargas, W. Khamduang, and W. Taweenan. "Dengue Virus Infecting Mosquito Vectors and Non-recognized Vectors in Zoological Parks: a Call for Vector Borne Diseases Surveillance." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 116 (March 2022): S126—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.299.

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Parks, Robin J., Jonathan L. Bramson, Yonghong Wan, Christina L. Addison, and Frank L. Graham. "Effects of Stuffer DNA on Transgene Expression from Helper-Dependent Adenovirus Vectors." Journal of Virology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 8027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.10.8027-8034.1999.

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ABSTRACT We have analyzed transgene (lacZ) expression from a first-generation adenovirus (Ad) vector in comparison to helper-dependent (hd) Ads deleted for various portions of the viral coding sequences and generated by using the Cre/loxP helper-dependent system (R. J. Parks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:13565–13570, 1996). An hd vector deleted for approximately 70% of the Ad genome (AdRP1001) provided levels and durations of transgene expression similar to those of a control first generation Ad vector containing an identical expression cassette. Deletion of all Ad sequences from the hdAd and replacement with a ∼22-kb fragment of lambda DNA resulted in a decrease in the level and duration oflacZ expression which could not be reversed by the inclusion of a matrix attachment region. However, substitution of the lambda stuffer in the fully deleted hdAd with sequences from the human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene resulted in significantly improved transgene expression. In vitro assays for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed against putative peptides encoded by the vector backbone showed that, although CTL were generated against the vector containing the lambda DNA, no such CTL were generated against the vector containing the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) sequences. Surprisingly, the rate of loss of the HPRT- and lambda-containing vectors from mouse liver was similar, despite the differences in expression kinetics, indicating that the lambda stuffer-directed CTL were inefficient at eliminating the transduced cells. Thus, the nature of the DNA backbone of hdAds can have important effects on the functioning of the vector. Since most fully deleted vectors require “stuffer” DNA as part of the vector backbone to maintain optimum vector size, these observations must be taken into account in the design of hdAd vectors.

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CHETVERIKOV, B., and A. KOSTYANCHUK. "Method of mapping of the national parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technology." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 42, no. II (September 1, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-2-42-84-91.

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Aim. The aim of the work is to create a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies. The objectives of the work are to propose a technological scheme of mapping of National parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies and to describe the methodology of this mapping. Method. The first step was to search for input data and analyze them. Since the data was obtained from free online services, their geometric correction did not make sense, as they were already bound in the coordinate system WGS_1984. The following 11 layers were then vectorized: nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature parks, regional landscape parks, reserves, natural monuments, protected tracts, botanical gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks, parks-monuments of landscape art. An attribute database with the following structure is created for each vector layer: Name – name of the protected area, Oblast – location (region of Ukraine), Area – area of the territory (ha), Type – type of protected area according to the classification. Different symbols of protected objects are designed for each vector layer. In the future, it is planned to compile an atlas of National Parks and Protected Areas of Ukraine based on the created GIS. Results. As a result of this goal, we obtained a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine, which consists of 11 vector layers according to the classification of nature reserves of Ukraine and contains 1204 objects for which the corresponding attribute tables have been created. Practical significance. The practical significance of this work is quite high, because orderly, systematized spatial and attributive information will: help in resolving issues of land management and recreation; improving management efficiency; to promote the provision and development of scientific activity; to improve the information and educational functioning of the objects of the nature reserve fund, etc.

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Liu, Zhenyu, Shien Zhou, Chan Qiu, and Jianrong Tan. "Assembly variation analysis of complicated products based on rigid–flexible hybrid vector loop." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 10 (December 4, 2018): 2099–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418816851.

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The performance of mechanical products is closely related to their key feature errors. It is essential to predict the final assembly variation by assembly variation analysis to ensure product performance. Rigid–flexible hybrid construction is a common type of mechanical product. Existing methods of variation analysis in which rigid and flexible parts are calculated separately are difficult to meet the requirements of these complicated mechanical products. Another methodology is a result of linear superposition with rigid and flexible errors, which cannot reveal the quantitative relationship between product assembly variation and part manufacturing error. Therefore, a kind of complicated products’ assembly variation analysis method based on rigid–flexible vector loop is proposed in this article. First, shapes of part surfaces and sidelines are estimated according to different tolerance types. Probability density distributions of discrete feature points on the surface are calculated based on the tolerance field size with statistical methods. Second, flexible parts surface is discretized into a set of multi-segment vectors to build vector-loop model. Each vector can be orthogonally decomposed into the components representing position information and error size. Combining the multi-segment vector set of flexible part with traditional rigid part vector, a uniform vector-loop model is constructed to represent rigid and flexible complicated products. Probability density distributions of discrete feature points on part surface are regarded as inputs to calculate assembly variation values of products’ key features. Compared with the existing methods, this method applies to the assembly variation prediction of complicated products that consist of both rigid and flexible parts. Impact of each rigid and flexible part’s manufacturing error on product assembly variation can be determined, and it provides the foundation of parts tolerance optimization design. Finally, an assembly example of phased array antenna verifies effectiveness of the proposed method in this article.

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Zarei, Jafar, and Javad Poshtan. "An advanced Park's vectors approach for bearing fault detection." Tribology International 42, no. 2 (February 2009): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.06.002.

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Oliveira, L. M. R., and A. J. M. Cardoso. "Extended Park's vector approach-based differential protection of three-phase power transformers." IET Electric Power Applications 6, no. 8 (2012): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0377.

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Orcajo, Gonzalo A., José M. Cano, Manuel G. Melero, Manés F. Cabanas, Carlos H. Rojas, Joaquín Francisco Pedrayes, and Joaquín G. Norniella. "Diagnosis of Electrical Distribution Network Short Circuits Based on Voltage Park's Vector." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 27, no. 4 (October 2012): 1964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2012.2210448.

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Rodik, Tetiana. "Improving administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks in Ukraine." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.33.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks and its peculiarities as well as identifications of drawbacks in this sort of legal regulations. We also target at the ways to improve legal reglamentation of dendrological parks’ protection. Only effective legal protection enables adequate functioning of dendrological parks as nature conservational, recreational, cultural, educational, and research institutions. On having analysed the peculiarities of the administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks we draw attention to the fact that national legislation does operate neither the definitions for the term «administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks» nor for a more generic one «legal protection of dendrological parks». There are no principles, ideas or peculiarities for the legal protection of dendrological parksas unique research institutions and valuable natural areas. We consider this fact a drawback in the legal regulation of such territories functioning. We have analyzed national legislation and juridical literature to define the meaning of the categories «legal protection of dendrological parks» and «administrative – legal protection of dendrological parks» to determine the ways to improve legal administrative protection of dendrological parks. This article presents the research into the legislative base of dendrological parks functioning, which proved to be thoroughly developed although having some controversies. The system of state administration is ineffective in our country. There is a range of issues, which do not permit to develop a clear administrative vector for such a category of the nature reserve fund. We can single out institutional dispersion among dendrological parks, some collisions in legislative acts. Moreover, bodies of state policy on nature reserve fund combine several functions: monitoring, managing, and economic activity. The conclusions include the problems, which prevent the adequate realization of the administrative-legal protection of dendrological parks. We also develop ways to improve legal administrative protection of dendrological parks.

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Krishnavajhala, Aparna, Brittany A. Armstrong, Alexander R. Kneubehl, Sarah M. Gunter, Julie Piccione, Hee J. Kim, Rosa Ramirez, et al. "Diversity and distribution of the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 23, 2021): e0009868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009868.

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Borrelia turicatae is a causative agent of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) in the subtropics and tropics of the United States and Latin America. Historically, B. turicatae was thought to be maintained in enzootic cycles in rural areas. However, there is growing evidence that suggests the pathogen has established endemic foci in densely populated regions of Texas. With the growth of homelessness in the state and human activity in city parks, it was important to implement field collection efforts to identify areas where B. turicatae and its vector circulate. Between 2017 and 2020 we collected Ornithodoros turicata ticks in suburban and urban areas including public and private parks and recreational spaces. Ticks were fed on naïve mice and spirochetes were isolated from the blood. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on eight newly obtained isolates and included previously reported sequences. The four chromosomal loci targeted for MLST were 16S ribosomal RNA (rrs), flagellin B (flaB), DNA gyrase B (gyrB), and the intergenic spacer (IGS). Given the complexity of Borrelia genomes, plasmid diversity was also evaluated. These studies indicate that the IGS locus segregates B. turicatae into four genomic types and plasmid diversity is extensive between isolates. Furthermore, B. turicatae and its vector have established endemic foci in parks and recreational areas in densely populated settings of Texas.

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Gadelmoula, Abdelrasoul M., and Saleh A. Aldahash. "Effects of Fabrication Parameters on the Properties of Parts Manufactured with Selective Laser Sintering: Application on Cement-Filled PA12." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (March 21, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8404857.

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Selective laser sintering (SLS) becomes a promising technology for manufacturing complicated objects with small to moderate numbers from a wide range of polymeric and metallic powders. However, the fabrication parameters in the SLS process need to be tailored for each end-use fabricated product. Hence, it becomes extremely important to investigate the effects of fabrication parameters on the mechanical and morphological properties of SLS parts. For this purpose, the present experimental work is devoted to evaluating the effects of some important fabrication parameters, that have not received proper attention in the published literature, on the properties of cement-filled polyamide 12 (PA12) parts manufactured with the SLS technique. The effect of scanning vector length on the tensile, compressive, and flexural strength of manufactured PA12/white cement parts is investigated. Also, the end-of-vector (EOV) effect on the edge geometry of manufactured parts is studied. Moreover, the effect of incident laser power (LP) on the surface quality of fabricated SLS PA12/white cement parts is qualitatively evaluated. The results from this work revealed that the scanning vector length significantly affects the mechanical properties of SLS parts provided that the load is applied along the scanning vector direction. Also, it is noticed that excessive exposure to laser energy at layer edges can deteriorate the part’s edge and in some cases can cause localized heating and burning of the part’s edge and, eventually, can result in surface microcracks. Finally, the experiments confirmed that increasing the laser power can enhance the surface roughness of manufactured parts; however, excessive increase in laser power causes localized burning and initiation of surface microcracks.

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Yuanchun Ding, Falu Weng, Hui Liu, and Ji Ge. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Analysis of Industrial Parks Based on Support Vector Machine." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 5, no. 9 (May 31, 2013): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol5.issue9.10.

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M. A. Cruz, A. J. Marques Cardoso, S. "Rotor Cage Fault Diagnosis in Three-Phase Induction Motors by Extended Park's Vector Approach." Electric Machines & Power Systems 28, no. 4 (April 2000): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/073135600268261.

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35

Chitanga, Simbarashe, Herman M. Chambaro, Lavel C. Moonga, Kyoko Hayashida, Junya Yamagishi, Walter Muleya, Katendi Changula, et al. "Rickettsia lusitaniae in Ornithodoros Porcinus Ticks, Zambia." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101306.

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Rickettsial pathogens are amongst the emerging and re-emerging vector-borne zoonoses of public health importance. Though traditionally considered to be transmitted by ixodid ticks, the role of argasid ticks as vectors of these pathogens is increasingly being recognized. While bat-feeding (Ornithodoros faini) and chicken-feeding (Argas walkerae) argasid ticks have been shown to harbor Rickettsia pathogens in Zambia, there are currently no reports of Rickettsia infection in southern Africa from warthog-feeding (Phacochoerus africanus) soft ticks, particularly Ornithodoros moubata and Ornithodoros porcinus. Our study sought to expand on the existing knowledge on the role of soft ticks in the epidemiology of Rickettsia species through screening for Rickettsia pathogens in warthog burrow-dwelling soft ticks from two national parks in Zambia. The tick species from which Rickettsia were detected in this study were identified as Ornithodoros porcinus, and an overall minimal Rickettsia infection rate of 19.8% (32/162) was observed. All of the sequenced Rickettsia were identified as Rickettsia lusitaniae based on nucleotide sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis of the citrate synthase (gltA) and 17kDa common antigen (htrA) genes. Utilizing all of the gltA (n = 10) and htrA (n = 12) nucleotide sequences obtained in this study, BLAST analysis showed 100% nucleotide similarity to Rickettsia lusitaniae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the Zambian gltA and htrA gene sequences could be grouped with those of Rickettsia lusitaniae obtained in various parts of the world. Our data suggest that Rickettsia lusitaniae has a wider geographic and vector range, enhancing to our understanding of Rickettsia lusitaniae epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa.

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David, David. "Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Lokasi Ideal Taman Nasional di Wilayah Kalimantan Barat." Creative Information Technology Journal 3, no. 3 (September 23, 2016): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/citec.2016v3i3.81.

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Ketersediaan lahan taman nasional khususnya di wilayah Kalimantan Barat sangat penting mengingat besarnya manfaat yang diperoleh dari keberadaan Taman Nasional. Penelitian ini membuat aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis penentuan lokasi ideal pembukaan taman nasional di wilayah Propinsi Kalimantan Barat. Alat bantu dalam menentukan lokasi ideal untuk pembukaan taman nasional baru dengan menggunakan MapInfo, MapWindows, MapWINGIS, Arcview 3.3, dan bahasa pemrograman Visual Studio.Net 2010 dengan metode perancangan waterfall. Analisis spasial untuk menentukan lokasi ideal menggunakan Model Builder sebagai aplikasi dimana user bisa bisa mengembangkan geoprocessing dalam bentuk model. Variabel area hutan, dataran tinggi, kepadatan penduduk, dan wilayah Kabupaten dikonversi dalam vector grid. Keempat hasil vector grid tersebut, dilakukan proses arithmetic overlay untuk menentukan daerah yang cocok untuk taman ideal di Propinsi Kalimantan Barat. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa bagian daerah berwarna hijau tua menunjukkan penentuan taman ideal sangat cocok karena kawasan hutan yang masih dominan dan jauh dari kepadatan penduduk. Terdapat tiga daerah dengan tanda persegi panjang berwarna merah yang memenuhi pemetaan lokasi taman ideal. Daerah tersebut masih didominasi area hutan dan masing-masingdaerah juga tidak dekat dengan taman lain yang sudah ada.Land Availability for national parks, especially at the West Kalimantan province is very important considering the magnitude of the benefits derived from the existence of the National Park. This study makes the application of Geographic Information Systems for determining the ideal location opening national parks in the province of West Kalimantan. The Tools used for determining the ideal location for the opening of a new national park consist of MapInfo, MapWindows, MapWINGIS, ArcView 3.3, and Visual Studio.Net 2010 with waterfall design method. Spatial analysis to determine ideal locations using the Model Builder as an application where the user may be developing in the form of geoprocessing models. Variables forest area, highlands, population density, and the district converted into vector grid. Fourth result of the grid vector, arithmatic overlay process is carried out to determine suitable areas for the ideal garden in West Kalimantan Province. The result showed that the section of dark green area shows thedetermination of the ideal garden is suitable for forest areas that are still dominant and far from overcrowding. There are three rectangular areas with red marks that meet the ideal garden location mapping. The area was still dominated forest areas and each area is also not close toother existing parks.

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Moroz, Y., S. Chugaievska, and N. Chugaievska. "AGRI-INDUSTRIAL PARKS AS A VECTOR OF SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES: STATISTICAL ASPECT." Scientific Horizons 91, no. 6 (2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-91-6-33-41.

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38

Marques Cardoso, A. J., S. M. A. Cruz, and D. S. B. Fonseca. "Inter-turn stator winding fault diagnosis in three-phase induction motors, by Park's vector approach." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 14, no. 3 (1999): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/60.790920.

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39

Oliveira, Luís M. R., A. J. Marques Cardoso, and Sérgio M. A. Cruz. "Power transformers winding fault diagnosis by the on-load exciting current Extended Park's Vector Approach." Electric Power Systems Research 81, no. 6 (June 2011): 1206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2011.01.009.

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Yin, Shuo, Yao Lu, Shiqian Wang, Zhe Chai, Man Jin, Xing Chen, and Jie Hu. "Load Forecasting of Distributed Energy in Industrial Park and Its Investment Linkage Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901004.

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Power grid enterprises are changing their function orientation and profit model under the background of new power system reform. Vector autoregressive model used for industrial park to forecast load of distributed energy is created in this paper, which provides the data to the analysis of the investment environment of grid enterprises. We excavate the core influencing factors of grid investment in incremental distribution parks based on the linkage of grid investment influencing factors in system dynamics.

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Milholland, Matthew T., Lars Eisen, Robyn M. Nadolny, Andrias Hojgaard, Erika T. Machtinger, Jennifer M. Mullinax, and Andrew Y. Li. "Surveillance of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Suburban Natural Habitats of Central Maryland." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa291.

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Abstract Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are increasing in the eastern United States and there is a lack of research on integrated strategies to control tick vectors. Here we present results of a study on tick-borne pathogens detected from tick vectors and rodent reservoirs from an ongoing 5-yr tick suppression study in the Lyme disease-endemic state of Maryland, where human-biting tick species, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) (the primary vector of Lyme disease spirochetes), are abundant. During the 2017 tick season, we collected 207 questing ticks and 602 ticks recovered from 327 mice (Peromyscus spp. (Rodentia: Cricetidae)), together with blood and ear tissue from the mice, at seven suburban parks in Howard County. Ticks were selectively tested for the presence of the causative agents of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato [s.l.]), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), babesiosis (Babesia microti), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ‘Panola Mountain’ Ehrlichia) and spotted fever group rickettsiosis (Rickettsia spp.). Peromyscus ear tissue and blood samples were tested for Bo. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s), A. phagocytophilum, Ba. microti, and Borrelia miyamotoi. We found 13.6% (15/110) of questing I. scapularis nymphs to be Bo. burgdorferi s.l. positive and 1.8% (2/110) were A. phagocytophilum positive among all sites. Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. was found in 71.1% (54/76) of I. scapularis nymphs removed from mice and 58.8% (194/330) of captured mice. Results from study on tick abundance and pathogen infection status in questing ticks, rodent reservoirs, and ticks feeding on Peromyscus spp. will aid efficacy evaluation of the integrated tick management measures being implemented.

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Fauziyah, Shifa, Sri Subekti, Budi Utomo, Teguh Hari Sucipto, Hebert Adrianto, Aryati Aryati, Puspa Wardhani, and Soegeng Soegijanto. "Detection of Knockdown-Resistance Mutations (V1016G and F1534C) in Dengue Vector from Urban Park, Surabaya, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 6, no. 3 (October 22, 2021): 65357. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.65357.

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An urban park is potentially a source of vector-borne disease transmission due to it being a natural and artificial mosquito breeding habitats combined with people's continuous presence. Thus, this study aims to screen the occurrence of knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutant alleles (V1016G and F1534C) in mosquito populations collected from urban parks in Surabaya, Indonesia. Cross sectional study was conducted in July 2019. A total of 28 ovitraps were installed in seven urban parks, having four ovitraps installed in each park. In total, 1,662 eggs were collected, and only 187 emerged into adult mosquitoes, consisting of 97 Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and 90 Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. All-female adult mosquitoes (n=55) were tested using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay (AS-PCR) to detect voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations. This study found no mutations in Valine to Glysine mutation in point 1016 (V1016G) and Phenylalanine to Cysteine in point 1534 (F1534C) alleles in both two species. All of mosquito samples have wild type genotype of kdr alleles (V1016V and F1534F). Data were analysed using R Studio 1.4 Version by Genetics package. Results showed that the frequency of resistant alleles (G1016 and C1534) was zero, and the frequency of susceptible allele was 1 (V1016 and F1534). Insecticide bioassay could not be established due to the limited number of adult mosquitoes, so insecticide resistance status could not be determined. However, this study can be used as preliminary monitoring for the vector control program.

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Eisen, Lars, David Wong, Victoria Shelus, and Rebecca J. Eisen. "What is the Risk for Exposure to Vector-Borne Pathogens in United States National Parks?" Journal of Medical Entomology 50, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me12228.

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Nejjari, H., and M. E. H. Benbouzid. "Monitoring and diagnosis of induction motors electrical faults using a current Park's vector pattern learning approach." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 36, no. 3 (2000): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.845047.

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Cardoso, A. J. M., and E. S. Saraiva. "Computer-aided detection of airgap eccentricity in operating three-phase induction motors by Park's vector approach." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 29, no. 5 (1993): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.245712.

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Muse, Epaphras A., Inyasi Lejora, James Wakibara, Morris Kilewo, Idrissa S. Chuma, Emilian Kihwele, Damari Samwel, Abel Mtui, Calvin Sindato, and Imna Malele. "The Contribution of Tanzanian National Parks in Controlling the Vectors of Sleeping Sickness." Open Journal of Ecology 05, no. 07 (2015): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2015.57025.

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Simmons, Alison E., Anna B. Manges, Tashi Bharathan, Shannon L. Tepe, Sara E. McBride, Matthew Q. DiLeonardo, Joseph E. Duchamp, and Thomas W. Simmons. "Lyme Disease Risk of Exposure to Blacklegged Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) in Pittsburgh Regional Parks." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz140.

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Abstract Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness and sixth most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease in the United States. The majority of cases occur in the Northeast and upper-Midwest, and the number and geographic distribution of cases is steadily increasing. The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) is the principal vector of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto) in eastern North America. Although Lyme disease risk has been studied in residential and recreational settings across rural to urban landscapes including metropolitan areas, risk within U.S. cities has not been adequately evaluated despite the presence of natural and undeveloped public parkland where visitors could be exposed to B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis. We studied the occurrence of I. scapularis and infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi in four insular regional parks within the city of Pittsburgh to assess Lyme disease risk of exposure to infected adults and nymphs. We found that the density of I. scapularis adults (1.16 ± 0.21 ticks/100 m2) and nymphs (3.42 ± 0.45 ticks/100 m2), infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi in adults (51.9%) and nymphs (19.3%), and density of infected adults (0.60 ticks/100 m2) and nymphs (0.66 ticks/100 m2) are as high in these city parks as nonurban residential and recreational areas in the highly endemic coastal Northeast. These findings emphasize the need to reconsider, assess, and manage Lyme disease risk in greenspaces within cities, especially in high Lyme disease incidence states.

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Georgiev B., Boyko, Jean Mariaux, Gergana Vasileva P, Huy Nguyen Quoc, and Manh Vu Quang. "A ROLE OF WILD BIRD POPULATION IN THE TRANSMISSION OF PARASITIC FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES: CESTOIDEA AND TREMATODEA) IN VIETNAM’S FOREST." Journal of Science Natural Science 65, no. 10 (October 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2020-0053.

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The study aimed to evaluate the role of transmitting flatworms (Cestoidea and Trematodea) of wild bird populations in three national parks of Vietnam: Xuan Son in the Northwest mountainous region, Tam Dao in the Northeast mountainous region, and Cat Ba in the Hong River Delta region. Twenty-two wild avian species of 10 families were found to contain parasitic flatworms. According to the number of avian species containing parasitic flatworms, bird families are ranking: Timaliidae recorded with 7 species > Leiothrichidae and Nectariniidae both with 3 species > Pycononotidae and Muscicapidae both with 2 species > Vireonidae, Sylvidae, Picidae, Cisticolidae and Cettiidae with 1 species. According to sex, avian populations containing parasitic flatworms decrease in the order: females accounting for 43.94% of the total individuals > males for 39.40% > juveniles for 16.66%. Three bird species containing flatworms A. pallidus, M. gularis and C. bayumas were found in two of the studied national parks, among them, only the first species was found common to all three studied national parks. They are vectors of high significance from a parasitological point of view.

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Ngote, Nabil, Said Guedira, Mohamed Cherkaoui, and Mohammed Ouassaid. "A New Hybrid "Park's Vector - Time Synchronous Averaging" Approach to the Induction Motor-fault Monitoring and Diagnosis." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jeet.2014.9.2.559.

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Cruz, S. M. A., and A. J. M. Cardoso. "Stator winding fault diagnosis in three-phase synchronous and asynchronous motors, by the extended Park's vector approach." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 37, no. 5 (2001): 1227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.952496.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Park’s vector'

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