To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Parity objectives.
Books on the topic 'Parity objectives'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Parity objectives.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tridimas, George. The determination of government expenditures by party ideology and electoral objectives. Reading: Universityof Reading. Department of Economics, 1991.
Find full text
2
Tridimas, George. The determination of government expenditures by party ideology and electoral objectives. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1991.
Find full text
3
Party, British National. A new way forward: The political objectives of the British National Party. Welling, Kent: BNP, 1985.
Find full text
4
(Wales), Working Party on Public Library Services. The report of a working party on public library services. Cardiff: The Council, 1988.
Find full text
5
1951-, Enright Marsha Familaro, ed. Ayn Rand explained: From tyranny to tea party. Chicago, IL: Open Court, 2013.
Find full text
6
Uhl, Siegfried. Die Pädagogik der Grünen: Vom Menschenbild zur Familien- und Schulpolitik. München: E. Reinhardt, 1990.
Find full text
7
Party, United National Independence. The national policies for the decade 1985-1995: Aims and objectives of the third phase of the Party programme. Lusaka: Office of the Secretary-General, 1985.
Find full text
8
Richard, Sakala, ed. A decade of the MMD: A review of the activities and attainments of the MMD government in relation to the objectives enumerated in the party manifesto. Lusaka, Zambia: Sentor Pub., 2001.
Find full text
9
Caporali, Enrica, and Atanasko Tuneski, eds. Towards a New Curriculum: The DEREC Experience. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-877-2.
Full textAbstract:
This volume presents the experience of developing a new undergraduate curriculum on "Environmental and Resources Engineering" at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in FYR Macedonia, in the framework of the TEMPUS CD_JEP_19028_2004 DEREC – Development of Environmental and Resources Engineering Curriculum (2005-2008). This publication describes the methodology, instruments and processes employed in the curriculum development. It is divided into two main parts. The first part describes the European Consortium approach (including papers from all representatives of Consortium Member institutions in the European Union and the external project experts). The second part describes the approach adopted by the various faculty representatives of the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje and the South East European University of Tetovo, in FYR Macedonia. This book is designed to serve as an updated, coherent and concrete set of instruments for the achievement of similar project objectives.
10
Baglioni, Lorenzo Grifone, ed. Scegliere di partecipare. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-284-4.
Full textAbstract:
The study concentrates on aspects of juvenile participation in the Florentine territory, taking into consideration different forms of political engagement, from that of the traditional party type to that which is expressed through citizen movements and committees, through to the new forms of engaged governance. While the generational data appear to show signs of little emancipation, frequently involving lack of interest, egoism and refuge in a culture of dependence, the young activists – with their direct engagement – contribute to infuse new life into the dynamics of politics. The dimension of active citizenship has important repercussions on the political culture of young people and on their experience of society. Bringing to light the underlying reasons and the specific features is the objective of this work which explores in a qualitative sense one of the salient issues of the previous sample survey Una generazione che cambia. Civismo, solidarietà e nuove incertezze dei giovani della provincia di Firenze (Firenze University Press 2007) edited by the same author.
11
Crompton, Rod, Midesh Sing, Vernon Filter, and Nonhlanhla Msimango. Petrol price regulation in South Africa: Is it meeting its intended objectives? UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/897-9.
Full textAbstract:
The South African liquid fuels industry is a significant part of the economy. Historically, government policy focused on import substitution industrialization to support industry margins. This approach is called into question by the 2006 shift from net exports to imports and by inflated downstream regulated margins. This study focuses on the regulated petrol price. Import parity pricing regulation has not kept pace with market changes. A policy shift in 1998 towards market-related pricing has not materialized. Instead, regulated margins have increased over the last 20 years in real terms, partly attributable to methodological errors in the regulatory accounting system. The long-term excess of service stations persists despite declining petrol and diesel volumes between 2005 and 2019. Estimates suggest that the petrol price could be lower by 0.70–0.80 rands/litre. Price deregulation is inhibited by political regulation and social policies entangled in regulation.
12
Department of Defense. Air Parity: Re-Discovering Contested Air Operations - Studies of World War II Battle of Britain, Siege of Malta, and Falklands War, Objectives at Outbreak of China Conflict in East or South China Seas. Independently Published, 2019.
Find full text
13
Buras, Todd, and Trent Dougherty. Parrying Parity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746973.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
One Berkeleyan case for idealism, recently developed by Robert M. Adams, relies on a seeming disparity between our concepts of matter and mind. Thomas Reid’s critique of idealism directly challenges the alleged disparity. After highlighting the role of the disparity thesis in Adams’s updated Berkeleyan argument for idealism, this chapter offers an updated version of Reid’s challenge, and assesses its strength. What emerges from this historico-philosophical investigation is that a contemporary Reidian has much work to do to transpose her objections to Berkeley into good objections to Adams’s argument.
14
Eisenberg, Melvin A. Third-Party Beneficiaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0055.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 55 concerns third-party beneficiaries. A third-party beneficiary is a person who is not a party to a contract but would benefit by its performance. The principle that should determine whether any given third-party beneficiary should have power to enforce a contract as follows: A third-party beneficiary should have the right to enforce a contract if but only if: (I) allowing the beneficiary to enforce the contract is a necessary or important means of effectuating the contracting parties’ objectives as manifested in the contract read in the light of surrounding circumstances; or (II) allowing the beneficiary to enforce the contract is supported by reasons of policy or morality independent of contract law and would not conflict with the contracting parties’ performance objectives.
15
United States Congress House Committe. Southern California District of the Communist Party, Structure, Objectives [and] Leadership. Hearings: Pt. 3. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Find full text
16
Chalabi, Azadeh. A Cross-Case Analysis of NHRAPs of Fifty-Three Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822844.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting a purposive sampling technique, these countries are selected on the basis of four main criteria, namely human rights record, geographical diversity, political regimes, and cultural diversity. This comprehensive cross-case study follows two objectives. The first objective of this chapter is to unearth significant problems in the ‘pre-phase’ and the four phases of planning, namely ‘preparatory phase’, ‘development phase’, ‘implementing phase’, and ‘assessment phase’. These problems are significantly detrimental to the effective implementation of human rights and their identification will substantially help generate response strategies. These are best addressed by attempting to mitigate their root causes as opposed to only correcting the immediately obvious symptoms. This brings us to the chapter’s second objective, which is to explore the underlying causes of these problems.
17
Rostovtseva, Juliana, ed. Exolith – 2021. Actual problems of lithology: objectives and approaches. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2017.exolith-2021.
Full textAbstract:
The collection contains materials of the reports of the scientific readings «Exolith – 2021», held on the subject «Actual problems of lithology: objectives and approaches» and dedicated to the 2021 year, declared in Russia «Year of Science and Technology» and being the 60-th anniversary of the first manned flight into space. There are a wide range of issues related to the research of sedimentary successions. The collection of the materials is of interest to geologists of various specialties who are engaged in the complex studies of the upper part of the lithosphere, as well as in the detailed lithological studies.
18
Laver, Michael, and Ernest Sergenti. Party Leaders with Policy Preferences. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter adapts the dynamic model of multiparty competition to take into account the possibility that party leaders take their own preferences into account when they set party policy. If they do this, they must make trade-offs between satisfying their private policy preferences and some other objective, whether this is maximizing party vote share or pleasing current party supporters. Models that specify such trade-offs have often been found intractable using traditional analytical techniques. However, they are straightforward to specify and analyze using computational agent-based modeling, though this does require a rethinking of the types of decision rules that party leaders might use. The chapter finds an analogue of the earlier finding that insatiable party leaders may win fewer votes than satiable leaders. Leaders who care only about their party's vote share may win fewer votes over the long haul than leaders who also care about their own policy preferences.
19
Wolak, Jennifer. Compromise in an Age of Party Polarization. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510490.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Congressional debates are increasingly defined by gridlock and stalemate, with partisan showdowns that lead to government shutdowns. Compromise in Congress seems hard to reach. But do politicians deserve all the blame? Legislators who resist concessions and stand firm to their convictions might be doing just what voters want them to do. If this is true, however, then citizens must shoulder some of the responsibility for gridlock in Congress. This book challenges this wisdom and argues that Americans value compromise as a way to resolve differences in times of partisan division. Using evidence from a variety of surveys and innovative experiments, the book demonstrates that citizens want more from politics than just ideological representation—they also care about the processes by which disagreements are settled. Americans believe that compromise is a virtuous way to resolve political disputes. Because people’s desire for compromise is deeply rooted in socialized support for democratic values, principled beliefs about compromise can serve as a check on partisan thinking. Across a range of settings, people’s support for compromise persists even when it comes at the cost of partisan goals and policy objectives. People give warmer evaluations to members of Congress who are willing to compromise and view compromise legislation as more legitimate. People care about not just outcomes, but also the way decisions are reached. Winning isn’t everything in politics. People also value the democratic principle of compromise.
20
Levine, Joseph. Color and Color Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800088.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper I investigate the problems for “locating” color in the world, surveying the various subjectivist and objectivist positions and finding them wanting. I then argue that the problem is that colors are “ways of appearing,” an odd kind of property that essentially implicates the mind and turns the problem of locating color into part of the mind–body problem. Rather than identify colors with objective surface features, such as surface spectral reflectance, or with dispositions to cause certain internal mental states, I treat them as relations holding between the subject and the objects of perception. This is seen to explain why colors are so hard to locate, and also accounts for several other features of color experience.
21
Bardi, Luciano, Enrico Calossi, and Eugenio Pizzimenti. Which Face Comes First? The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, students of European parties have come to agree that organizational power has been concentrating in the party in public office (PPO), whose particular interests and objectives shape those of the party at large. This process of growing autonomy of the PPO—hypothesized by Katz and Mair—goes hand in hand with that of party penetration of the state and with a corresponding decline of party presence within civil society. This chapter aims to verify, empirically, if the PPO is indeed moving in the direction of becoming the strongest party organizational ‘face’. It also investigates whether the degree of ascendancy of the PPO varies 1) across parties and 2) across countries. To this end, it analyses persistence and change in party organizations across ten European countries, from the 1970s to 2010, using data from the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) and comparable data from the Party Organizations Data Handbook.
22
Low, Polly. Thucydides on the Athenian Empire and Interstate Relations (431–404). Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.22.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the nature of the Athenian Empire (or Delian League) during the Peloponnesian War, discussing its administration, its finances (particularly the tribute and the tax on trade that replaced it), and the changes in its scale and ideology during this period. The final part of the chapter outlines other aspects of interstate conduct, especially attitudes to treaties and diplomacy. The non-Thucydidean evidence, both literary and (especially) epigraphic, for all of these themes is discussed, partly because Thucydides is not always the most detailed (or objective) source for these questions, and partly to draw attention to distinctive features of Thucydides’ analysis.
23
Peter, Huber. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.3: Termination, Art.7.3.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0143.
Full textAbstract:
This commentary analyses Article 7.3.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning notice of termination. Under Art 7.3.2, termination of the contract has to be made by notice to the other party and sets a time limit for giving notice in certain cases of breach. The provision serves two objectives: first, it aims to prevent the aggrieved party from speculating on market fluctuations by postponing its decision on whether or not to terminate and, secondly, it allows the non-performing party to avoid any losses due to uncertainty as to whether the aggrieved party will terminate the contract. This commentary also discusses time limits for the exercise of the right to terminate and the burden of proof concerning notice of termination.
24
Aled, Davies, and Pendleton Andrew. 2 Project Participants and Structures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715559.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
An understanding of the objectives and goals of the key participants (including host governments, private sponsors, advisers, project companies, construction contractors, operators, suppliers, and offtakers) is absolutely critical to the successful negotiation of a project financing. The challenge of structuring a transaction lies in reconciling the different objectives of those interested parties to ensure that each stands to benefit from the project and is therefore committed to its success.The first part of this chapter examines the key participants through the life of a project by addressing the following simple questions: (i) who are they, (ii) what are their roles, and (iii) what are their motivations? The second part gives an overview of the typical ownership structures employed for a project.
25
Williams, Neil E. Powerful Perdurance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
It is commonly held that the right sort of ‘glue’ for uniting the temporal parts of persisting objects should be causal. To date, very little has been said about the nature of this causal glue (except to give it unhelpful names like ‘immanent causation’ or ‘gen-identity’). To my mind, causal powers look well suited to the task: two consecutive object stages are part of the same persisting object just in case the latter is part of the manifestation of an appropriate power of the former. However, before any such project could hope to get off the ground, a number of prima facie objections must be dealt with. For instance: temporal parts look too short-lived to instantiate or exercise powers; the exercise of powers tends to be a mutual affair not suited to the causal line of single objects; and powers are typically thought of as incapable of having themselves as their manifestations. The aim of this paper is to answer these objections, thereby providing a greater understanding of the nature of powers and thus clearing the way for a powers-based account of perdurance.
26
U. S. Committee on Un-Americ Activities. The Northern California District of the Communist Party, Structure-Objectives-Leadership, Vol. 4: Appendix to Hearings Before the Committee on ... Second Session; May 12-14, 1960, San Fr. Forgotten Books, 2018.
Find full text
27
Stuart, Casey-Maslen, Clapham Andrew, Giacca Gilles, and Parker Sarah. Art.1 Object and Purpose. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines Article 1 of theATT, which sets out the objectives and purpose of the ATT. The provision is divided into two parts, the first of which outlines the ‘object’ of the treaty, while the second part summarizes the ATT’s ‘purpose’. Article 1 sets the ‘highest possible common international standards’ for regulating the international trade in conventional arms; preventing and eradicating illicit trade and preventing diversion are stipulated as the treaty’s object. The purpose of the ATT is to contribute to international and regional peace, security, and stability; reduce human suffering; and promote co-operation, transparency, and responsible action by states parties in international trade in conventional arms, thereby ‘building confidence’ among them.
28
Cookson, Richard, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer, eds. Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help healthcare and public health organizations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects—who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives such as improving total health and equity objectives such as reducing unfair inequality in health. This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specializing in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Part I is an introduction and overview for research commissioners, users, and producers. Parts II and III provide step-by-step technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises. Part IV concludes with discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.
29
Clarke-Doane, Justin. Morality and Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823667.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores arguments for and against moral realism and mathematical realism, how they interact, and what they can tell us about areas of philosophical interest more generally. It argues that our mathematical beliefs have no better claim to being self-evident or provable than our moral beliefs. Nor do our mathematical beliefs have better claim to being empirically justified. It is also incorrect that reflection on the “genealogy” of our moral beliefs establishes a lack of parity between the cases. In general, if one is a moral anti-realist on the basis of epistemological considerations, then one ought to be a mathematical anti-realist too. And yet, the book argues that moral realism and mathematical realism do not stand or fall together – and for a surprising reason. Moral questions, insofar as they are practical, are objective in a sense in which mathematical questions are not, and the sense in which they are objective can only be explained by assuming practical anti-realism. It follows that the concepts of realism and objectivity, which have been widely identified, are actually in tension. The author concludes that the objective questions in the neighborhood of questions of logic, modality, grounding, nature, and more are practical questions as well. Practical philosophy should, therefore, take center stage.
30
Charney, Scott. Trust but Verify. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Broad government access to personal data held by the private sector, meaning access not tied to any specific account or person, is not acceptable, and it cannot be made acceptable through oversight or governance mechanisms. In considering the merits of bulk collection programs, it helps to have an overarching framework to decompose such programs into their component parts: actors, objectives, actions, and impacts. Although law enforcement and intelligence investigations vary in their objectives and methods, and governance models need to be tailored appropriately, several important principles apply to both. First, there should be no broad or unfettered access. Second, the process for accessing data should include appropriate oversight. Third, there should be transparency. Finally, in a globally connected world, it is important to think about the international implications of surveillance programs.
31
Mee, Sarah, and Zoe Clift. Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Meticulous assessment—both subjective and objective—is an essential part of managing hand conditions. Objective measures include range of motion, power grip, pinch grip, oedema, and dexterity testing. Subjective measures include a clinical history, sensibility, and sensation testing, pain scales, and Patient Related Outcome Measures (PROMS), global (e.g. EQ5D, VAS pain), region specific (e.g. Michigan Hand Questionnaire, Disabilities of the Hand, Arm, Shoulder, QuickDASH, Patient Related Wrist and Hand Evaluation), and condition specific (e.g. Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire).
32
Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Principle of Good Faith in Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0052.
Full textAbstract:
It is a settled principle of contract law that a contracting party must perform her contractual duties in good faith. The meaning of the duty of good faith is complex. At a minimum, to be in good faith an actor must have acted in a way that she believed was proper, which is a subjective test. This subjective test is overlaid with several objective tests. First, it is not enough that an actor actually believed that her conduct was proper; her belief must be honest in the sense that it has some basis in morality. Next, although an actor's belief need not be reasonable to be in good faith, it must at least be rational. Finally, the duty of good faith includes the observance of reasonable standards of fair dealing—another objective test.
33
Hutchison, Katrina. Moral Responsibility, Respect, and Social Identity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
P. F. Strawson draws a distinction between what he calls the “participant stance” that people take toward those they regard as morally responsible agents, and the “objective stance” they take toward those who are not. This chapter explores the role these two stances play in oppressive moral responsibility practices. The argument has three parts. Section 2 argues it is better to regard the participant and objective stance as opposite ends of a spectrum, with many social interactions involving a stance somewhere between. Section 3 explores what sort of respect is involved in the two stances; it argues that the objective stance involves recognition respect for the person toward whom it is directed as a person. The participant stance involves recognition respect, but it also involves appraisal respect for the agent’s moral capacities. The final section 4 applies these insights to a set of cases involving oppressive moral responsibility practices.
34
White, Michael D., and Aili Malm. Cops, Cameras, and Crisis. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479820177.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book serves as the go-to resource for those who are interested in police body-worn cameras. The first part of the book (chapters 2 and 3) delves deeply into the claims made about BWCs by both advocates and critics, coupled with an exhaustive examination of the research base on each of those claims. Moreover, throughout the book, there are quotes and vignettes from experts in the field who have hands-on experience with police BWCs to illustrate important points. The authors also offer insights on the potential reasons for variation in research findings. In chapter 4, they examine the past, present, and future of police BWCs through two different, complementary lenses. The first is the diffusion of innovations framework. The second lens is the evidence-based policing framework. Both the diffusion of innovation and evidence-based policing frameworks provide insights on the “how and why” questions regarding current rates of BWC adoption, and just as important, they provide an informed position to consider the prospects for BWCs in the future. There are two objectives in chapter 5. The first is a forward-looking review of the next set of challenges for BWC adopters. These challenge center on both human and technological elements of a BWC program. The second objective centers on the importance of planning and implementation. The book ends with a few important takeaway messages on the role of BWCs in policing and how the technology can help police to achieve their core mission.
35
Grivno, Max. 3. “There Are Objections to Black and White, but One Must Be Chosen”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036521.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores farmers' strategies for recruiting and disciplining a diverse workforce of slaves, free blacks, and hired whites. Regardless of the composition of their workforces, landowners labored under certain imperatives: they needed to eliminate or at least trim the cost of supporting their workers' dependent kin and to rid themselves of surplus hands during slower seasons while guaranteeing a workforce adequate for harvesting wheat. To balance these competing imperatives, employers of free labor winnowed workers they perceived as unproductive from their rolls and crafted economic and legal stratagems to bring hired farmhands to heel. For their part, slave owners grafted the most attractive elements of free labor onto the peculiar institution, such as cash payments and promises of freedom. Thus, when viewed from the perspective of northern Maryland's farmers and planters, the distinction between slavery and free labor appears murky: the seasonal rhythms of wheat production shaped both.
36
Borzu, Sabahi. 8 Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601189.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses ten important findings included in this book. One finding is the dual origin of the modern rules on State responsibility and reparation in both private law notions and public international law, resulting in the objective of reparation of putting the aggrieved party in the ‘hypothetical position’, that would have existed if the unlawful act had not occurred. This objective is mirrored in the modern Chorz ów Factory formula. Restitution, which seeks to re-establish the status quo ante, may need to be accompanied by additional compensation to fully reach the hypothetical position. The amount of compensation, on the other hand, based on the recent jurisprudence, may vary depending on whether the acts complained of were lawful or unlawful. Other important points arising from this study concerning the principles of reparation and compensation are also highlighted in the chapter.
37
Michael, Furmston, Tolhurst G J, and Mik Eliza. 1 Formation and the Concept of Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198724032.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides an overview of the objective theory of contract and the concept of agreement. The objective theory dictates that when determining whether or not a statement made by a person was intended to form the basis of a contract, it is construed by reference to a reasonable person in the position of the party to whom the statement is directed. Thus, when trying to determine whether a statement was intended to be an offer, it is construed by reference to a reasonable person in the position of the offeree. An agreement requires that the parties agree the terms of bargain, that those terms be certain and complete, and that the bargain is informed by an intention to contract as well as an intention to immediately assume legal obligations. The final section discusses whether contract formation is an issue of fact or law.
38
Treves, Tullio. Introductory Note. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
The only judgment handed out by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in 2016 concerns the preliminary objections raised by Italy in the M/V Norstar case between Panama and Italy. The judgment of 4 November 2016 rejects all these objections. The case concerned the seizure of a Panama-flagged vessel in a Spanish port, upon request of the Italian authorities in connection with criminal proceedings pending in Italy. The Tribunal found that jurisdiction could be based on Articles 87 and 300 of UNCLOS which, in its view, were “relevant” in the case. Interesting remarks in the judgment concern the notion of international dispute, the “indispensable third party” and exhaustion of local remedies.
39
Freilich, Charles D. Primary Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 11 presents the primary conclusions derived from the proceeding chapters, as a basis for the national security strategy proposed in chapter 12. The conclusions are divided into four categories, general, politico-military, military, and domestic policy. The chapter also discusses the pitfalls involved in recommending a national security strategy, such as physical and political feasibility; limitations stemming from the absence of classified information; and possible normative biases. The chapter begins by setting out Israel’s vital national security objectives, that is, a core set of fundamental, essentially immutable interests, and then a variety of lesser, though still highly important, ones, some relatively permanent, others that change with circumstances. It further presents a number of “policy instruments” of such importance, for example, preserving the strategic relationship with the United States, that they can be considered vital objectives in their own right and are thus part of the basis for the proposed strategy.
40
Eisenberg, Melvin A. Evaluative Mistakes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0040.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 40 concerns evaluative mistakes. A bargain promise requires and embodies two choices by the promisor. First, the promisor must choose to achieve a certain objective. Second, she must choose to achieve that objective by making a bargain. The promisor must then evaluate the relation between her preferences and the performances that will be due from and to her under the bargain contract. In this book, where a well-informed and capable actor chose to make a bargain contract, and later comes to believe that her choice was a mistake as a result of a change in her preferences, or in the subjective or objective value of the performances due under the contract, the mistake is referred to as an evaluative mistake. Some types of mistakes should provide relief to a mistaken promisor. Evaluative mistakes are not one of these types, in large part because the prospect that a counterparty will make an evaluative mistake is often just what the nonmistaken bargains for.
41
Tanzi, Vito. The Economics of Government. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866428.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book deals with practical or real life aspects of public finance. It focuses on the growth in the activities of governments, in a world that expects more than in the past from governments. The book focuses on the growing complexity in both the work of the private market and that of the public sector. It stresses that part of the growing complexity is due to the more ambitious role that governments tried to play today, while part is due to choices made by governments, so that complexity may be partly avoidable. This was important in the different pursuit of social welfare by different countries. Complexity has increased opportunities for abuses, for rent seeking, and for mistakes in policies. It may also have increased the attraction of populist policies that claim to offer magical or easy solutions to problems. A major conclusion of the book is that the objective of simplicity in laws and in policies should be given more importance by both economists and governments.
42
Healey, Richard. Observation and Objectivity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
The paradox of Wigner’s friend presents a challenge to the objectivity of description in quantum theory. Distinguishing several aspects of objectivity, I address this challenge. Relativization of quantum state assignment to agent situation disposes of the main problem and a residual worry concerning the objective content of magnitude claims about macroscopic records of outcomes. While Quantum Darwinism cannot alone secure the objectivity of outcomes, it can then help to show why claims about them are intersubjectively verifiable as multiple observers examine records of the outcome in different parts of the environment. A recent extension of the paradox shows why even a true claim about the outcome of a measurement is not transcendentally objective in the sense that it corresponds to a reality that transcends all possibility of observational access by the scientific community.
43
Behrens, Paul. Diplomatic Law Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
The last chapter examines the question whether the VCDR is indeed an unmitigated success story. It acknowledges the popularity of the instrument and the clarification it brought to several points of diplomatic law, but it also analyses difficulties that have arisen within its lifetime. These are based partly on the wording of the VCDR itself, but partly also on the need for a co-existence of diplomatic law and rules from other fields of international law, and partly also on technological and sociological developments which manifested themselves only after the entry into force of the Convention. The chapter concludes with a reflection on solutions which international law may offer to the current problems even today, but also on solutions whose adoption with effect for the future may protect some of the most important objectives of the VCDR, including the furthering of international peace and understanding.
44
Jeutner, Valentin. The Decision of a Legal Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808374.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The third part addresses the third research question; namely by whom and how should a legal dilemma be decided? The first section focusses mainly on the introduction and description of the three elements of the book’s proposal: a dilemmatic declaration, a sovereign decision, and the acceptance of responsibility for any decision taken. The second and third section then defend the proposal against various objections. First, various theoretical objections relating to the law of non-contradiction, the ‘ought implies can’ maxim, and the monopoly of violence will be considered. Subsequently, the final section of this third part considers more practical concerns related to the jurisdiction of international courts, sovereign decisionism, and the potential unfairness of the proposed method for addressing dilemmatic circumstances.
45
Christensen, James. The Harms of Trade II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810353.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Whereas Chapter 2 argues that trade must be restricted in order to protect humans from serious physical harms, this chapter contends that trade must be restricted in order to protect the physical integrity of non-human animals. For strategic reasons, it aims to defend animal-protecting trade restrictions without appealing to the claim that animals have rights, or that animal interests carry as much weight as human interests. The first part of the chapter identifies the aims of animal-protecting trade restrictions, the values they are intended to serve, and the nature of the harms they are used to prevent or reduce. The second part of the chapter examines a variety of objections to animal-protecting trade restrictions, and argues that those objections are unsuccessful.
46
Olivier, Cachard. Part IV The Role of Arbitrators in the Development of Shipping Law, 16 The Role of Arbitrators and the Possibility of a Genuine Arbitral Case Law: The Continental Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter uses maritime arbitration in Paris as a case study to discuss the possibility of a genuine arbitral case law. This possibility derives from the arbitrator being uniquely placed, in view of his or her legal and methodological freedom, to conduct ‘the free objective search for a rule’. The first section underlines that an arbitrator or an arbitral panel is in the best position to carry out this free objective search for a rule. The second section investigates whether an arbitrator is just adjudicating a peculiar dispute or if, in doing so, his findings may reach further authority. It then discusses the legal grounds given to the award. The third section focuses further on the characteristics of maritime disputes and tries to sort out how a balance between private and public interests is met. It also examines how the market arbitrators consider standard terms.
47
Pruss, Alexander R., and Joshua L. Rasmussen. Arguments against a Necessary Being. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746898.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter surveys the main arguments people give for thinking there is no necessary being. In particular, the following are considered: Hume's argument from conceivability, Swinburne's neo‐Humean argument, the subtraction argument, the problem of causation, and parsimony concerns. Weaknesses are exposed in all these arguments. For many of the arguments, it is shown that there is an equally strong parity argument for an opposite conclusion. It is further shown why the arguments we gave for a necessary being do not suffer similar weaknesses. The concluding assessment suggests that the weightiest of the objections may be no weightier than the parsimony concerns, which the arguments for a necessary being far outweigh.
48
Schechter, Joshua. No Need for Excuses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the viability of knowledge-first epistemology. The chapter has two parts. The first part presents several big-picture objections to knowledge-first epistemology and argues that while these considerations are pressing, they are not conclusive. The second part focuses on a specific thesis endorsed by many knowledge-first epistemologists—the knowledge norm of assertion. The chapter considers a familiar concern with this norm: It can be appropriate for someone who has a justified belief that p, but doesn’t know that p, to assert that p. Proponents of the knowledge norm typically explain away such judgments by claiming that the assertion is improper but the subject has an excuse for making it. The chapter argues against this response. The chapter concludes by briefly considering whether we should replace the knowledge norm with an alternative. It argues that that there is no norm specifically tied to assertion.
49
Brown, Joshua R. Teaching Comparative Political Theology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677565.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
In today’s global and higher education contexts, engaging Chinese language and culture has and will become increasingly relevant and marketable for theology and religion (TRS) departments. This chapter provides a guide for instructors not trained in Chinese religions or philosophy, but who can make use of a comparative course facilitating an encounter between Christianity and Chinese religious traditions. The first part discusses general learning objectives and intellectual habits cultivated in comparative courses, and three guiding principles for text selection. In the second part, I provide a concrete application of these principles by offering sample texts for a course on Catholicism and Confucianism, with additional insights for selecting texts for courses treating other Chinese or Christian traditions.
50
Rajczi, Alex. The Ethics of Universal Health Insurance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946838.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Millions of Americans lack health insurance, and thousands suffer and die every year. Philosophers have argued that an ideal society would avoid these problems by guaranteeing affordable access to health insurance, but what about people’s concerns that a universal health insurance system would be inefficient, create excessive fiscal risk, or impose high taxes and other personal costs? This book examines the ethical issues raised by these objections. It shows that the ethical principles underlying these concerns are legitimate and that they might even justify opposition to poorly designed universal health insurance plans. However, the objections do not undercut the moral case for adopting a well-designed universal health insurance system that improves on the gains made in the Affordable Care Act. Addressing these objections is important because they are philosophically rich and interesting, and since the objections help drive actual disagreements about health policy, responding to them also contributes to the real-world case for universal access to health insurance. Understanding these issues in the health care debate has larger upshots as well. It leads us to a deeper understanding of progressive and conservative views on distributive justice, and it provides a framework for analyzing debates about any part of the social safety net—in America and elsewhere.