Academic literature on the topic 'Parish School Boards'

T. T. Reed’s pioneering book on the lives of Anglican clergymen in South Australia is still an important guide to the contribution made by these men to the expansion of educational opportunities for children. However, the development of Trove by the National Library of Australia has provided new ways of tracing the educational activities of Anglican clergymen in Australia. Researchers have frequently acknowledged the importance of the roles played by Protestant ministers of religion in the expansion of primary and secondary education during the nineteenth century. Much of the focus of this research work in religious history and educational history has been linked to the contribution of Protestant clergymen in educational administrations, either through leadership roles as headmasters or through participation in activities established by school boards or councils. Numerous Protestant ministers of religion developed high profile roles during the early growth of non-government as well as government-supported primary and secondary schools in colonial South Australia. This article will emphasise the ways that information searches using Trove can highlight forgotten aspects of educational activities undertaken by clergymen. It will focus on the activities of three ministers from the Church of England who combined their parish duties in the Diocese of Adelaide with attempts to run schools funded by private fees. Their willingness to undertake teaching work in this way thrust them into the secular world of an emerging Australian education market, where promotional activity through continuous newspaper advertising was part of the evolution of early models of educational entrepreneurship. These clergymen faced considerable competition from private venture schools as well as government-supported schools in the colonial capital. This article will also highlight gender issues associated with their promotional activities, as each minister used different definitions of gender in order to build supportive social networks for their schools and attract attention to their teaching activities.

The Russian Church parish libraries of the late XIX century were centers of population spiritual education through carrying on moral-spiritual people readings. It requires that the libraries obtained well-stocked collections. The article describes a set of documents to regulate the collection composition: St. Synod decrees, School Board orders, parochial schools’ rules. Based on previously unpublished archival documents the paper examines spiritual-moral reading subjects in Orel province in the late XIX century and their organization features, in particular, lecturers, events place and time, reading programs. The author assumes that editions of the parish library collections have been used to prepare readings, and reconstructs the parish library stocks composition. It includes a thematic, linguistic and geographical range, species and typological aspects, chronological depth and the reader's purpose. The revealed facts make it possible to fill gaps in the church librarianship history.

The Report of a Select Committee in 1835 gave the total of Catholic day schools in England as only 86, with the total for Scotland being 20. Catholic children had few opportunities for day school education. HMI Baptist Noel reported in 1840: ‘very few Protestant Dissenters and scarcely any Roman Catholics send their children to these [National] schools; which is little to be wondered at, since they conscientiously object to the repetition of the Church catechism, which is usually enforced upon all the scholars. Multitudes of Roman Catholic children, for whom some provision should be made, are consequently left in almost complete neglect, a prey to all the evils which follow profound ignorance and the want of early discipline.’ With the establishment of the lay dominated Catholic Institute of Great Britain in 1838 numbers rose to 236 in the following five years, although the number of children without Catholic schooling was still estimated to be 101,930. Lay control of Catholic schools diminished in the 1840s. In 1844, for example, Bishop George Brown of the Lancashire District in a Pastoral letter abolished all existing fund-raising for churches and schools and created his own district board which did not have a single lay member. The Catholic Poor School Committee was founded in 1847, with two laymen and eight clerics and the bishops requested that the Catholic Institute hand over all its educational monies to this new body and called for all future collections at parish level to be sent to it. Government grants were secured for Catholic schools for the first time in 1847. The great influx of Irish immigrants during the years of the potato famine (1845–8) increased the Catholic population and church leaders soon noted the great leakage among the poor. The only way to counteract this leakage was to educate the young under the care of the Church.

Abstract. Politically, School Based Management (SBM) becomes the mouthpiece of all issues in the field of education that will be portrayed in schools, because the school is the last network of educational bureaucracy. SBM is also a form of operationalization of the decentralization or education autonomy policy in relation to regional autonomy. Theoretically, SBM is also a concept that offers autonomy to schools in order to improve quality, efficiency and equity of education in order to accommodate the interests of local communities as well as establishing close cooperation between schools, communities and governments. Operationally SBM is an idea that places the authority of school management in a system entity. Based on the above view, this article outlines the basic framework of SBM as a strategy for improving the quality of education. With SBM, principals, teachers and learners get the opportunity to innovate and improvise in schools related to curriculum, learning, managerial and others. So the principal serves as an educator, manager, administrator, supervisor, leader, innovator, motivator, figure, and mediator. SBM also calls for the creation of new institutional arrangements and institutions, including: the establishment of school boards, development of school strategy planning, develop of annual school planning, internal monitoring and self-assessment, annual reporting, school opinion surveys of school stakeholders. Keywords. School Based Management, Decentralization of Education, Quality Assurance, Autonomy of Education, School Committee Abstrak. Secara politis, Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah (MBS) merupakan muara dari semua kebijakan dibidang pendidikan akan tergambarkan di sekolah, sebab sekolah merupakan jaringan terakhir dari rangkaian birokrasi pendidikan. MBS juga sebagai bentuk operasionalisasi dari kebijakan desentralisasi atau otonomi pendidikan dalam hubungannya dengan otonomi daerah. Secara teoretis, MBS merupakan suatu konsep yang menawarkan suatu otonomi kepada sekolah dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu, efisiensi dan pemerataan pendidikan agar dapat mengakomodir kepentingan masyarakat setempat serta menjalin kerja sama yang erat antar sekolah, masyarakat dan pemerintah. Secara operasional MBS merupakan gagasan yang menempatkan kewenangan pengelolaan sekolah dalam suatu keutuhan entitas sistem. Berdasarkan pandangan di atas, artikel ini menguraikan kerangka dasar MBS sebagai strategi dalam peningkatan mutu pendidikan. Dengan MBS, kepala sekolah, guru dan peserta didik mendapatkan peluang untuk melakukan inovasi dan improvisasi di sekolah berkaitan dengan masalah kurikulum, pembelajaran, manajerial dan lain-lain. Maka kepala sekolah berfungsi sebagai educator, manajer, administrator, supervisor, leader, inovator, motivator, figure, dan mediator. MBS juga menuntut penciptaan tatanan dan budaya kelembagaan baru, yang mencakup: pembentukan dewan sekolah, pengembangan perencanaan strategi sekolah, pengembangan perencanaan tahunan sekolah, melakukan internal monitoring, self-assesment, menyusun laporan tahunan, melakukan survei pendapat sekolah terhadap stakeholder sekolah. Kata Kunci. School Based Management, Desentralisasi Pendidikan, Jaminan Mutu, Otonomi Pendidikan, Komite Sekolah Daftar Pustaka Fiske, Edward. 1999. Decentrilization of Education atau Desentralisasi Pengajaran (Terjemah). Jakarta: Grasindo. Bappenas. 1999. School Based Management. Jakarta: Bappenas bekerja sama dengan Bank Dunia. Binde, Brome. 2001. Keys to the 21st Century. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Bryson, Jhon M.. 1995. Strategic Planning For Public and Nonprofit Organiztions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Delors, Jacques. 1996. Learning: The Treasure Within. Australia: UNESCO. Engkoswara. 2002. Lembaga Pendidikan sebagai Pusat Pembudayaan. Bandung: Yayasan Amal Keluarga. Finn, C.E dan Prash J.C dalam Dimmock Clive. 1993. School Based Management and School Effectiveness. London: Routledge. Formasi, Jurnal Kajian Manajemen Pendidikan, No. 2, Tahun II Maret 2000. ---------, No. 8 tahun IV November 2003. Gorton, Richart, A. 1976. School Administration Challenge and Opportunity For Leadership. Lowa: Brown Company Publishers. Malen, Ogawa, Kranz dalam Abu-Duhon Ibtisam, School Based Management. Paris: UNESCO, 1990. Mulyasa, E. 2003. Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah: Konsep, Strategi dan Implementasi. Bandung: Rosdakarya. --------. 2003. Menjadi Kepala Sekolah Professional Dalam Konteks Menyukseskan MBS dan KBK. Bandung: Rosdakarya. Naisbitt, John. 1994. Global Paradox, terjemah Budijanto. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara. Paul I, Dressel. 1980. The Autonomy of Public Colleges. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. Peraturan Pemerintah No.25 Tahun 2000 tentang Kewenangan Pemerintah dan Kewenangan Provinsi sebagai Daerah Otonom. Satori, Djam’an. 1999. Pengembangan Sistem “Quality Assurance” Pada Sekolah, Naskah Akademik Untuk Pusat Pengujian. Jakarta: Balitbang Depdiknas. Slamet et.al. 2001. Manajemen Peningkatan Mutu Berbasis Sekolah (buku 1, 2 dan 3) Konsep dan Pelaksananya. Jakarta : Depdinas Dirjen Dikdasmen. Suyatno. 2001. Penerpan Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah. Makalah disajikan pada Colloqium Pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Hamka Jakarta 15 Mei 2001 di Jakarta. Thomas L. Wheeler dan J. David Hunger. tt. Strategic Management and Business Pilicy. New Jersey: Upper Saddle iver. Tilaar, H.A.R. 2000. Paradigma Baru Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Wahjosumidjo. 2000. Dasar-Dasar Kepemimpinan dan Komitmen Kepemimpinan Abad XXI. Jakarta: LAN-RI.

‘Are you musical?’, asks Gustav Kobbé of some imaginary interlocutor in the introduction to How to Appreciate Music (1906). ‘No’, comes the reply, ‘I neither play nor sing’. ‘But, if you can read and listen’, Kobbé continues, ‘there is no reason why you should not be more musical … than many of those whose musicianship lies merely in their fingers or vocal cords’. Kobbé's response epitomizes the shift in emphasis that had begun to occur in music education at the turn of the century from the acquisition of technical proficiency on an instrument or the voice to the cultivation of an appreciative, aesthetic understanding of music. The acquisition of performing skill had been perpetuated by the hegemony of the singing class in British music education throughout the nineteenth century. Initially, such teaching took the form of the government-sponsored continental system of ‘fixed’ sol-fa devised by Guillaume Wilhem for use in the public singing classes and commune schools of Paris and, from 1840, adapted by John Hullah for use in the teacher-training institution founded by James Kay-Shuttleworth at Battersea. Subsequently, there was the tonic sol-fa system with its movable doh devised by John Curwen; this system came to replace the Hullah–Wilhem method after the Education Act of 1870, which introduced compulsory schooling in Britain and established school boards to implement local policy.

Abstract Introduction: FOXO3A is a transcription factor shown to be involved in all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced granulocytic differentiation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Its biological activity may be significantly enhanced upon metformin, raising the possibility that ATRA and Metformin may act synergistically; which could be useful to overcome ATRA resistance. Despite progress in APL treatment, approximately 10-15% of patients will relapse after treatment with ATRA and anthracyclines and frequently present with ATRA resistance. Relapsed patients respond well to arsenic trioxide (ATO) treatment, but the cost of ATO is a significant barrier in many countries. Aims: Here, we investigated the effects of in vitro treatment with ATRA plus metformin in APL cell lines and primary blasts, and quantified FOXO3A expression and correlated its levels with treatment outcome in a cohort of patients enrolled in the International Consortium on Acute Leukemia (ICAPL2006) study. Finally, we evaluated the effect of induced overexpression of FOXO3A gene in regards to cell viability and proliferation. Methods: Primary leukemic blasts from hCG-PMLRARα transgenic mice (TM; n=4) and APL patients (age, 25-47y; n=4) were treated with metformin alone (5mM/ 10mM) or in combination with ATRA (1µM) and evaluated for cell viability. In addition, 106 patients (age, 18-82y) with newly diagnosed APL enrolled in the ICAPL2006 study were included. As controls, eight samples of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) from healthy volunteers (age, 18-60y) were analyzed. To validate our data, FOXO3A transcript levels from an independent cohort was used (31 patients from Amazonia!, Probe n. 204131_s_at, and five normal BMMC samples included in the same databank). NB4/NB4R2 (ATRA-resistant) cell lines were transduced with FOXO3A or empty vector (control). After synchronization using double thymidine block, transduced cells were submitted to proliferation and cell cycle assays. For dose-response curves, cells were treated with graded concentrations of ATRA, ATO and metformin. For the apoptosis analysis, cells were treated with ATRA (1µM), metformin (5mM) and combination for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The granulocytic differentiation in response to ATRA treatment was evaluated based on the CD11b surface levels. Results: In primary cells (from TM/APL patients) a 2-fold reduction in viable cells was observed after metformin and metformin plus ATRA treatment (P<.05), compared to only 0.5-fold reduction rate using ATRA alone. In the clinical setting, APL patients expressed a lower absolute level of FOXO3A than normal BMMC (P<.001). These results were corroborated in an external validation cohort (P=.004). The retrospective analysis of patients enrolled in the ICAPL2006 study revealed that the baseline characteristics were similar between patients with low and high FOXO3A levels. Low FOXO3A expression was associated with lower DFS (84%; 95% CI: 63-94%)(HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.64-10.4) and OS (76%; 95% CI: 63-84%) (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 0.12-1.48). The overexpression of FOXO3A in APL cell lines was associated with reduced basal cell viability (P=.02), clonogenicity (P=.001), and proliferation (P=.001) in both APL cell lines. Subsequent cell cycle analysis showed no significant difference between FOXO3A-cells and controls in normal conditions and when treated with ATRA. Using a nonlinear regression analysis, IC50 for ATO was significantly lower for NB4-FOXO3A cells (0.27μM) than control (2.27µM), with no corresponding response for NB4R2 cell line (2µM for empty vector vs 1.46μM for NB4R2 FOXO3A). NB4 (IC50: 14mM) and NB4R2 (IC50: 4.2mM) FOXO3A cells presented higher sensibility to metformin treatment versus control group (IC50: 23mM for NB4; IC50: 22mM for NB4R2). For ATRA treatment alone, only NB4-FOXO3A presented increased sensitivity to ATRA (P=.001). In accordance, ATRA treatment (alone or in combination with metformin) increased the drug-induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner (P<.05) in NB4-FOXO3A cells, but had no effect on NB4R2-FOXO3A, which presented increased apoptosis rate only with metformin treatment. The differentiation rate was higher in FOXO3A-expressing cells (P<.05). Conclusion: Based on clinical and functional data, the FOXO3A pathway could be an interesting target to overcome ATRA resistance in APL in offsetting where ATO is unavailable in low- and middle-income countries. Disclosures Tallman: BioSight: Other: Advisory board; Daiichi-Sankyo: Other: Advisory board; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; AROG: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; Cellerant: Research Funding; Orsenix: Other: Advisory board. Ganser:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Lowenberg:Editorial Board "European Oncology & Haematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Supervisory Board, National Comprehensive Cancer Center (IKNL), Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Clear Creek Bio Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria; international Scientific Advisory Board, Institute Gustave Roussy, Paris: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chairman Scientific Committee and Member Executive Committee, European School of Hematology (ESH, Paris, France): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Elected member, Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "The Netherlands Journal of Medicine": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "International Journal of Hematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; "Up-to-Date", section editor leukemia: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astex: Consultancy; Chairman, Leukemia Cooperative Trial Group HOVON (Netherlands): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Abstract Background. The therapeutic approach in patients (pts) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not changed substantially in >30 years. The introduction of new treatment strategies, including immunotherapy, remains a priority. Flotetuzumab, a CD123 × CD3 bispecific DART immunotherapy, is being tested in a phase 1/2 study of relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML. We previously showed that AML pts with an immune-enriched and IFN-γ-dominant tumor microenvironment (TME) experience significantly shorter relapse-free survival, suggesting refractoriness to standard induction chemotherapy (Vadakekolathu J, et al. Blood 2017; 130: 3942A). Herein, we report that an IFN-γ-dominant TME, while predicting resistance to standard therapy, is favoring response of AML to flotetuzumab. Methods. Gene expression was analyzed in 78 bone marrow (BM) samples (36 at baseline, 27 post-cycle 1 and 15 post-cycle 2) from 40 pts with relapsed or refractory AML enrolled in a phase 1/2 clinical trial of flotetuzumab (NCT#02152956). Thirty-six baseline BM samples were included in the analysis, of which 34 from pts who were treated at the target dose of ≥500 ng/kg/day. The NanoString PanCancer IO360™ assay was used to assess the expression of 770 genes, including the levels of 14 immune cell types and of 32 immuno-oncology signatures, and their correlation with response to flotetuzumab. Data are presented as score means per group±SEM and analyzed by unpaired t-test. Results. Gene expression analysis of BM samples at baseline stratifies flotetuzumab-treated pts into 3 clusters within an immunological continuum: immune-depleted, immune-exhausted and immune-enriched (Fig. 1A). Pts with primary-refractory disease (refractory to ≥2 induction attempts, first CR of <6 months, or failure after ≥4 cycles of hypomethylating agents, HMA) showed prevalently an immune-infiltrated TME phenotype, which included higher inflammatory chemokine scores compared with relapse pts (3.27±0.22 vs 2.46±0.07, p=0.026). Within this group, chemotherapy-refractory and HMA-refractory pts further stratify into immune-enriched and immune-exhausted phenotypes, respectively. Specifically, HMA-refractory pts displayed features of immune exhaustion and adaptive immune resistance, including upregulation of TIGIT (5.55±0.34 vs 3.85±0.24, p=0.006), PD-L1 (3.55±0.18 vs 2.4±0.29, p=0.009) and Treg cells (4.87±0.23 vs 3.69±0.19, p=0.0009) together with a trend toward increasingly exhausted CD8+ T cells (CD244, EOMES, LAG3 and PTGER4) compared to chemotherapy-refractory pts (Fig. 1B). Responders to flotetuzumab showed a significantly higher IFN-γ signaling scores at baseline compared to non-responders (3.31±0.32 vs 2.27±0.11, p=0.0005), consistent with the greater frequency of responders in primary refractory pts compared to relapse pts. Accordingly, baseline IFN-γ signaling scores may be predictive of response to flotetuzumab therapy (AUC=0.841; Fig. 1C). Furthermore, comparison of post-cycle 1 BM samples to baseline samples showed treatment with flotetuzumab lead to increased immune cell infiltrate and immune activation scores, as reflected by a higher Tumor Inflammation Signature (Ayers M, et al. J Clin Invest 2017; 127: 2930-40) (6.49±0.20 vs 5.93±0.12, p=0.015) together with enhanced immunoproteasome (5.72±0.07 vs 5.23±0.10, p=0.0002) and IFN-γ signaling (3.38±0.23 vs 2.53±0.14, p=0.0015) scores. Flotetuzumab-induced TME gene activation was therefore reminiscent of an immune-enrichment rather than immune-exhaustion signature. Conclusions. We provide evidence for a range of immune gene expression profiles in AML, with primary refractory pts displaying an enhanced immune infiltration signature compared with relapse pts. Furthermore, an IFN-γ-related gene signature at baseline, a feature of primary refractory pts, was associated with clinical response to flotetuzumab. HMA-refractory pts showed an immune-rich but exhausted phenotype with PD-L1 expression, suggesting these pts may further benefit from flotetuzumab combination therapy with checkpoint inhibition (Rettig M, et al. Blood 2017; 130: 1365). Lastly, treatment with flotetuzumab further shifted the immune signature toward a more immune rich phenotype. The AML TME immune gene expression can influence susceptibility to therapy, with primary refractory AML showing an IFN-γ-dominant signature associated with response to flotetuzumab. Figure Figure. Disclosures Rutella: NanoString Technologies: Research Funding. Church:NanoString Technologies: Employment. Viboch:NanoString Technologies: Employment. Sullivan:NanoString Technologies: Employment. Hood:NanoString Technologies: Employment. Warren:NanoString Technologies: Employment. Cesano:NanoString Technologies: Employment. La Motte-Mohs:MacroGenics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Muth:MacroGenics: Employment. Lelièvre:Servier: Employment. Lowenberg:Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; international Scientific Advisory Board, Institute Gustave Roussy, Paris: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Clear Creek Bio Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria; Chairman Scientific Committee and Member Executive Committee, European School of Hematology (ESH, Paris, France): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "European Oncology & Haematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "The Netherlands Journal of Medicine": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Elected member, Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Supervisory Board, National Comprehensive Cancer Center (IKNL), Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chairman, Leukemia Cooperative Trial Group HOVON (Netherlands): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "International Journal of Hematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; "Up-to-Date", section editor leukemia: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astex: Consultancy; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Davidson-Moncada:MacroGenics: Employment.

Abstract Background: Flotetuzumab (FLZ; MGD006/S80880) is a novel CD123 x CD3 bispecific DART® protein being tested in a Phase 1/2 study (NCT02152956) in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As with all T-cell redirecting therapies, cytokine secretion, inherent in T-cell activation, with ensuing potential for cytokine release syndrome (CRS), remains an important side effect. We have previously reported that multi-step dosing mitigates CRS severity (1). CRS diagnosis and treatment is guided by the occurrence of non-specific clinical signs, such as fever, chills, hypotension and tachycardia. Therefore, identification of predictors of CRS will be useful for optimal pt. management. Here we report on potential biomarkers of CRS severity that may help guide CRS management. Methods: Data from pts treated with FLZ at RP2D (lead-in dose of 30ng/kg/d for 3d, 100ng/kg/d for 4d for week 1 followed by 500ng/kg/d CIV week 2-4 of cycle 1, and a 4d-on/3d-off schedule for Cycle 2 and beyond in 28-day cycles) was collected and analyzed. Incidence and severity of CRS were analyzed for correlation with cytokine levels and changes in BM blasts. Relation between immune cells (T-cell subsets, monocytes) with tumor burden, percent CD123+ AML blasts, and CD123 expression, were interrogated as potential determinants of CRS. Administration, dose and frequency of tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 receptor antagonist, were evaluated for their relationship with CRS severity, frequency, CRP and cytokine levels. Results: 30 pts were dosed at RP2D. Most pts experienced mild to moderate CRS (G1 26.7%, G2 60%) of short duration (median 1 day(d), range 1-26 d) and were conservatively managed to full resolution. Grade ≥ 3 events occurred in 4/30 pts (13%), with vasopressors use in 2 pts, and a median duration of 2.5 d (range 2-13 d). CRS frequency decreased with time on treatment: 42% occurred within the first week (LID), 39.6% occurring in week 2 (step up to 500ng/kg/day) and 18% occurring during week 3 and 4. IL-6 levels showed the best relationship with CRS severity, as previously shown (1). IL-6 levels, however, did not correlate with response. Twenty pts (67%) received at least one dose of TCZ (median 2 doses/pt; range 1-12 doses). As anticipated, mean IL-6 levels increased after administration of TCZ. CRS severity showed a relationship with the baseline frequency of circulating CD4+ cells (median 47% in G1 vs 73% in G ≥2, p = 0.0082), while CD8+ cell frequency did not correlate with CRS. Disease burden (absolute AML blasts, % CD123 AML blasts), CD123 expression on AML blasts, monocytes levels or effector-to-target ratio in the peripheral blood did not show a relationship with CRS severity. Importantly, CRS severity was not correlated with FLZ anti-leukemic activity. Conclusion: The frequency of CD4+ cells at baseline may be a potential biomarker for identifying pts at risk of more severe CRS. Early use of TCZ can effectively modify the activity of IL-6, a significant contributor to CRS, and blunt CRS severity. Since severity of CRS and IL-6 levels did not correlate with FLZ anti-leukemic activity, blunting its severity should be aggressively pursued. Early identification of pts at greater CRS risk together with multistep dosing (1) and early use of TCZ can effectively manage CRS with no impact on FLZ anti-leukemic activity.Jacobs et al. ASH 2017, abstract #3856 Disclosures Jacobs: MacroGenics: Employment. Viero:Servier: Employment. Baughman:MacroGenics: Employment. Sun:MacroGenics: Employment. Ying:Macrogenics: Employment. Muth:MacroGenics: Employment. Hong:MacroGenics: Employment. Sweet:BMS: Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy; Phizer: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Agios: Consultancy; Phizer: Consultancy; Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Astellas: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Uy:Curis: Consultancy; GlycoMimetics: Consultancy. Ravandi:Xencor: Research Funding; Macrogenix: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Astellas Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Research Funding; Jazz: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Orsenix: Honoraria; Abbvie: Research Funding; Orsenix: Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Sunesis: Honoraria; Sunesis: Honoraria; Xencor: Research Funding; Astellas Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Macrogenix: Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz: Honoraria. Foster:Celgene: Research Funding; Macrogenics: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Shire: Honoraria. Rizzieri:Incyte: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy; Arog: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Teva: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Arellano:Cephalon: Research Funding. Rettig:Amphivena Therapeutics: Research Funding; Novimmune: Research Funding. Topp:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Honoraria, Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, Research Funding. Lelièvre:Servier: Employment. Lowenberg:Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; international Scientific Advisory Board, Institute Gustave Roussy, Paris: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; "Up-to-Date", section editor leukemia: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astex: Consultancy; Supervisory Board, National Comprehensive Cancer Center (IKNL), Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "European Oncology & Haematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Elected member, Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chairman, Leukemia Cooperative Trial Group HOVON (Netherlands): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "International Journal of Hematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Clear Creek Bio Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria; Editorial Board "The Netherlands Journal of Medicine": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chairman Scientific Committee and Member Executive Committee, European School of Hematology (ESH, Paris, France): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Wigginton:MacroGenics: Employment. Davidson-Moncada:MacroGenics: Employment.

Abstract Background: The Slit-Robo pathway has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of several malignant diseases in addition to its physiologic role during the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the relevance of the Slit-Robo pathway in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is presently unknown. We investigated the status of the Slit-Robo pathway in APL following the recent demonstration by Amodeo et al (CellRep. 2017) that the PML protein induces neural stem/progenitor cells migration by inhibiting the SLIT2 gene, which was associated with an increased presence of H3K27me3 in the SLIT2 promotor region. Moreover, sensitivity towards the PML-targeting drug arsenic trioxide in primary glioblastoma cells was shown to be regulated by the PML/SLIT axis. Aims: Here, we quantified SLIT2 transcript levels in bone marrow (BM) samples from APL patients and healthy subjects and determined whether they are associated with clinical and laboratory features at diagnosis and treatment outcomes. In addition, we evaluated the effect of increased SLIT2 protein on leukemic cell survival, proliferation and clonogenecity. Methods: Cell cycle distribution, proliferation index (Ki-67/proliferation curve), colony formation and rate of apoptotic cells (annexin V/PI) were evaluated in both APL cell lines NB4 (ATRA-sensitive), NB4R2 (ATRA- resistant) and four primary APL samples following the treatment with the human recombinant SLIT2 protein (50 ng/ml) for 24 to 72 hours. In addition, 88 patients (age, 18-73y) with newly diagnosed APL enrolled in the International Consortium on Acute Leukemia (ICAL) study - ICAPL2006 were included. For comparison, BM mononuclear cells from five healthy volunteers (age, 18-60y) were also included. SLIT2 transcripts was determined by qPCR and expressed as comparative Ct method. Patients were dichotomized into "low" and "high" SLIT2 expression groups using a cut off value of 1.53 based on survival receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the C index analyses. The following parameters were used to evaluate treatment outcome: complete hematological remission (CHR); 5-year Disease-Free Survival (DFS) and 5-year Overall Survival (OS) rates. Results: At the end of the sixth day, in vitro treatment with SLIT2 significantly reduced the proliferation rate (P=.01) and clonogenicity (P=.01) in primary APL samples, while significantly increasing the apoptotic rate after 72 hours treatment with SLIT2 (P=.03). In accordance, SLIT2 treatment decreased cell proliferation and clonogenicity (all P<.01) and increased the drug-induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner in NB4 and NB4R2 cells (P<.01). Cell cycle analysis revealed that the cell cycle was arrested in the S-phase (P=.001) with a reduction of the G2/M phase (P=.001) in NB4 after 72 hours of treatment but no such impact was observed on NB4R2. In the clinical setting, patients with APL had a higher-than-normal expression of SLIT2 (6.7-fold higher than BMMC; P=.01). Baseline characteristics were similar between patients with low and high SLIT2 levels, except for a higher white blood cell count in patients with low SLIT2 expression (P=.024). Overall, 80/94 (85%) patients achieved complete hematological remission (CR). SLIT2 transcript levels had no impact on CR rate (P=.099). The estimated 5y DFS and the CIR rates were 87% (95% CI: 80-92%) and 12% (95% CI: 7-17%), respectively. Patients with low SLIT2 expression presented a lower 5y DFS rate (79%, 95% CI: 48-92%) than those with high SLIT2 expression (96%, 95% CI: 64-97%) (P=.026). In addition, patients with low SLIT2 expression exhibited an enhanced CIR rate compared to high SLIT2 expression (21% vs 11%) (P=.03). With a median follow up of 32 months (1-101 months), the estimated 5y OS rate was 79% (95% CI: 72-84%). Patients with lower SLIT2 expression had a lower 5y OS rate (68%, 95% CI: 45-83%) compared to those with higher SLIT2 expression (84%, 95% CI: 73-91%) (P=.008). This result was consistent with the multivariable proportional hazards analysis (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03; P=.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that SLIT2 transcript levels may predict outcomes in APL patients treated with ATRA and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Our data show that SLIT2 treatment represses APL cell growth, colony formation and induces apoptosis in vitro and we are currently assessing the role of the Slit-Robo pathway in the hCG-PML/RARA transgenic mouse model. Disclosures Pagnano: EMS: Other: Financial support for participation in congress; Novartis: Consultancy; Shire: Other: Lecture; Abbvie: Consultancy. Tallman:Daiichi-Sankyo: Other: Advisory board; Cellerant: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; AROG: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; Orsenix: Other: Advisory board; BioSight: Other: Advisory board. Ganser:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Lowenberg:Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astex: Consultancy; Editorial Board "European Oncology & Haematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; international Scientific Advisory Board, Institute Gustave Roussy, Paris: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Clear Creek Bio Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "The Netherlands Journal of Medicine": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Elected member, Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Editorial Board "International Journal of Hematology": Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Supervisory Board, National Comprehensive Cancer Center (IKNL), Netherlands: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chairman Scientific Committee and Member Executive Committee, European School of Hematology (ESH, Paris, France): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Chairman, Leukemia Cooperative Trial Group HOVON (Netherlands): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; "Up-to-Date", section editor leukemia: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

ABSTRACT Thomas G. McPoil, PT, PhD, FAPTA, is Emeritus Professor of Physical Therapy at Regis University, Denver, Colorado, and Emeritus Regents’ Professor of Physical Therapy at Northern Arizona University. He has served as an Adjunct Honorary Professor in the School of Physiotherapy at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, and currently serves as a consultant to the Physical Therapy Orthotics Clinic at Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado. Dr. McPoil is known nationally and internationally for his scholarly contributions that have systematically examined foot and ankle function from both scientific and clinical perspectives. Dr. McPoil is an author or coauthor of 130 publications in peer-reviewed journals, coeditor of 2 books, and coauthor of 6 book chapters. His work reaches beyond the profession of physical therapy, as he served on the editorial boards of Foot and Ankle International, the Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, and Research in Sports Medicine and is currently on the editorial boards of the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association and The FOOT. Dr McPoil received his PhD in kinesiology with a specialization in biomechanics from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He holds an MS in physical education with a specialization in athletic training from Louisiana State University and a BA in physical education from the California State University, Sacramento. During his career, he has held faculty appointments at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Northern Arizona University, and Regis University. Dr McPoil’s clinical practice has focused on the management of chronic orthopedic foot and ankle disorders for the past 38 years. Dr McPoil is the founding president of the Foot and Ankle Special Interest Group of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy. He has served as Vice President of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy and as the Treasurer of the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. He has received numerous teaching awards, including APTA’s Dorothy E. Baethke & Eleanor J. Carlin Award for Excellence in Academic Teaching and the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy’s James A. Gould Excellence in Teaching Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Award. He is a recipient of a Fulbright Senior Scholar Award, the William J. Stickel Award for Research in Podiatric Medicine, the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy’s Stanley Paris Distinguished Service Award and was elected a Catherine Worthingham Fellow of APTA in 2007.

This study details the background to the establishment of Parish School Boards in the Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn, and reports and analyses the perceptions of all ACT Catholic, systemic, primary school Principals who operated with a Parish School Board in 1993. The movement towards Parish School Boards finds its genesis in the Second Vatican Council where the Church was invited to collaborate in decision-making based on the belief that all the faithful have gifts, knowledge and a share of the wisdom to bring to the building of the Church. The nature and structure of Catholic education was seen as a suitable vehicle for encouraging communities to engage in shared decision-making and in participatory democracy under the Church model of subsidiarity, collegiality and collaboration. The introduction of Parish School Boards into the Archdiocese can be seen as the implementation of a radical change to the educational mission of the Church and the educational leadership of the faith community. Reflecting 'new management theory' in both the secular and Church worlds, a key stakeholder is the school Principal whose role and relationships change as he or she learns to work within a team, sharing leadership. This study examines the responses of nineteen Principals who were interviewed by the researcher in order to determine how they work with a Parish School Board and what effects the board has on their work. Research studies in the area of School-Based Management and Shared Decision-Making have informed the review, and the Principals' responses from this study have been analysed in the light of secular and Church literature on leadership, devolution and change. The respondents of this study, the school Principals, report the benefits of collegiality and collaboration but their unresolved tensions relate to work overload, lack of clarity of the roles and responsibilities of the various local level decision-making groups, increased administrative complexity, community demand for ever widening consultation and the challenge of consensus decision-making. All Principals report an urgent need for professional development for themselves and for the system to provide a more explicit focus on parish and community formation with the commitment of the necessary resources to sustain this radical change.

Many discourses encourage the international mobility of students as a proof of intercultural openness. The studies abroad are included in all the curricula and satisfy the international profile of future candidates coming in the labour market. In this context, the international mobility of high school pupils is also promoted to acquire a form of personal autonomy with the acquisition of a new language. There is a strong mobility of international pupils that spend a year abroad in another educational system. In Sweden, the choice of a high school depends on the grades obtained earlier but also on what the high schools offer in terms of short international mobility (study trip to England). The programme “One Year in France/Spain/Germany/Austria” was created at the end of the 1980s with the board of international programmes from the Swedish Ministry of Education, some embassies and cultural centres from the concerned countries, the Swedish Institute in Paris. The chapter analyzes the narratives of the students who took part in the programme.

Many discourses encourage the international mobility of students as a proof of intercultural openness. The studies abroad are included in all the curricula and satisfy the international profile of future candidates coming in the labour market. In this context, the international mobility of high school pupils is also promoted to acquire a form of personal autonomy with the acquisition of a new language. There is a strong mobility of international pupils that spend a year abroad in another educational system. In Sweden, the choice of a high school depends on the grades obtained earlier but also on what the high schools offer in terms of short international mobility (study trip to England). The programme “One Year in France/Spain/Germany/Austria” was created at the end of the 1980s with the board of international programmes from the Swedish Ministry of Education, some embassies and cultural centres from the concerned countries, the Swedish Institute in Paris. The chapter analyzes the narratives of the students who took part in the programme.

Like most issues stimulated by the civil rights movement over the past four decades, the tangled web of policy questions associated with school desegregation defies easy resolution. The debate over desegregation policy has touched upon many aspects and levels of human society, including values, law, education, and social theory; therefore, arriving a succinct set of policy conclusions, especially one accompanied by substantial consensus, is unrealistic. The debate cannot and should not be reduced simply to a matter of law, to ideological differences, or to disagreements over social science theories. Any attempt to oversimplify the desegregation issue does injustice to those with the greatest stake in its outcome, namely, the students, parents, and educators who reap its rewards and shoulder its costs. Adding to this complexity is the fact that desegregation issues have shifted so much over time that the important policy questions differ from one decade to the next. During the 1950s, the legal and value debate was over compulsory segregation, and social theorists debated whether separate schools were harmful or beneficial for children. During the 1970s, the legal and value debate shifted to compulsory desegregation and whether the benefits of mandatory busing justified its deep divisiveness and its unintended consequences. During the 1990s the debate has shifted once again, this time in several directions. The federal courts struggle with the conditions under which to grant unitary status (and dismissal) to school districts with court-ordered desegregation plans. Surprisingly, considering the great controversy in the 1970s, school boards in the 1990s debate whether to seek unitary status or, if not under court order, to adopt desegregation plans on their own. Civil rights groups are back in court, not only to oppose unitary status but also to demand even broader remedies than those granted during the 1970s. They have requested metropolitan remedies between cities and suburbs, and they have petitioned for racial parity in classrooms, discipline rates, and even academic achievement. Ironically, some of these latest court challenges have come full circle, invoking the psychological harm thesis of Brown that most legal scholars dismissed as irrelevant to the law.

The Emancipation Proclamation remains a positive moment in American history despite its mainly symbolic character. Brown v. Board of Education has achieved and will probably retain similar status. The three decades of campaigning to desegregate school systems, though, came to a less-than-exultant end. Black parents recognized long before their civil rights lawyers that the effort to racially balance the schools was not working. Desegregation plans were designed to provide a semblance of compliance with court orders while minimizing the burden on whites. Judges, many more conservative than their predeces­sors, found ways to declare the schools desegregated even in districts where the percentage of black children rose in the wake of white flight. Finally, the statistics on resegregation of once-nominally desegregated schools painfully underscores the fact that many black and Hispanic chil­dren are enrolled in schools as separate and probably more unequal than those their parents and grandparents attended under the era of “sepa­rate but equal.” Because the value of integrated schooling proved elusive, black parents and educators began looking for a more viable vehicle for their educa­tional goals. The search was opposed by those civil rights leaders who maintained that Brown could only be read to require an end to intentional discrimination against black children through their assignment to integrated schools. With an advocate’s hindsight, Robert Carter suggested that while Brown was fashioned on the theory that equal education and inte­grated education were one and the same thing, the goal was not integration but equal educational opportunity. If equal educational opportunity can be achieved without integration, Carter reasoned, Brown has been satisfied. In this, he parted company with those claiming that the inescapable conclusion of the Court’s decision in Brown is that racial separation is itself an injury, regardless of parity in the facilities. By the time of his article, Carter had been out of the civil rights movement for a dozen years, but he now supported those who focused on quality of education and challenged proponents of racial-balance remedies in the courts. When groups not committed to racial balance obtained a court order for educationally oriented forms of relief, they were often opposed by civil rights organizations committed to inte­gration, who intervened with more expertise and resources. This sometimes resulted in open confrontations between the NAACP and local blacks who favored plans oriented toward improving educational quality.

Résumé: Né à Bakou en 1913 Georges Candilis est un architecte d’origine grecque qui étudie à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Athènes où il rencontre Le Corbusier en 1933 lors du 4e congrès des CIAM. Arrivé à Paris en 1945 il intègre l’Atelier de Le Corbusier où il travaille exclusivement sur les études et le chantier de l’Unité d’Habitation de Marseille. Après avoir été chargé de représenter Le Corbusier au 7e CIAM à Bergamo en 1949 Candilis va se rendre au Maroc où il va construire des nombreuses opérations en qualité de directeur de l’ATBAT Afrique et de membre du groupe GAMMA. Il va se révéler un des acteurs du Team X assurant le passage des CIAM au Team X dont il organisera 5 réunions entre 1960 et 1977. De retour en France en 1955 Candilis va s’associer avec les architectes Woods et Josic. L’équipe va remporter le concours Million et construire près de 4000 logements à Bagnols sur Cèze, Toulouse et en région parisienne. D’autres concours vont suivre en France et à l’étranger, l’équipe construira ainsi l’université libre de Berlin. Par la suite Candilis assure seul la mission d’architecte en chef de la station de Leucate Barcares (1962-1976) et entre 1970 et 1978 il est chargé de plusieurs projets au Moyen Orient. Parallèlement Candilis est impliqué dans la diffusion de l’architecture dès 1953 comme membre du comité de rédaction de revues et dans l’enseignement en qualité de professeur à partir de 1963. Il s’éteint à Paris le 10 mai 1995. Abstract: Born in Baku in 1913 Georges Candilis is an architect of Greek origin who studied at the Polytechnic School of Athens where he met Le Corbusier in 1933 at the 4th Congress of CIAM. Arrived in Paris in 1945 he joined the Atelier of Le Corbusier where he works exclusively on studies and the site of the Unité d’habitation in Marseilles. After being appointed to represent Le Corbusier at the 7th CIAM in Bergamo in 1949 Candilis will travel to Morocco where he will build many operations as Director of ATBAT Africa and a member of the GAMMA group. It will be one of the actors of Team X and ensure the transition from CIAM to Team X for which he will hold 5 meetings between 1960 and 1977. Back in France in 1955 Candilis will partner with architects Alexis Josic and Shadrach Woods. The team will win the Million competition and build nearly 4,000 housing units in Bagnols sur Cèze, Toulouse and around Paris. Other competitions will follow in France and abroad, the team will thus build the Free University in Berlin. Subsequently Candilis assumes alone the chief architect mission of Leucate Barcares station (1962-1976) and between 1970 and 1978 he was responsible for several projects in the Middle East. In parrallel Candilis is involved in the diffusion of architecture since 1953 as an editorial board member of reviews and in architectural education with a grade of Professor since 1963. He died in Paris on May 10, 1995. Mots-clés: CIAM, Team X, Enseignement, Habitat, Tige, Web. Keywords: CIAM, Team X, Education, Housing, Stem, Web. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.664