Academic literature on the topic 'Paris (France). Banque du Commerce International'

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 7 Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, IranBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaBruno Ferreira Frascaroli, Federal University of Paraiba, BrazilBrazil,Carlo Alberto Magni, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ItalyChemah Tamby Chik, Universiti Teknologi Mara (Uitm), MalaysiaChokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, CanadaDonghun Yoon, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Republic of KoreaEjindu Iwelu MacDonald Morah, University of Westminster, London, UKEunju Lee, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USAFevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TurkeyFoued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, TunisiaGianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, ItalyGuo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAIonela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, RomaniaJoanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMaria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, RomaniaMichaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, AustriaMiriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, SlovakiaMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyModar Abdullatif, Middle East University, JordanMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAOzgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, TurkeyPascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UKRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilRomana Korez Vide, University of Maribor, SloveniaRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineSumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, IndiaVassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), France

The process of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom form the European Union has been discussed predominantly from a political and economic point of view. However, the consequences are more far reaching. With UK on the doorstep of leaving the EU, the decisions issued by its courts would no longer benefit from the recognition system provided in the Brussels Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001). As a result of this, it is expected that London would no longer be seen as a primary destination for international litigants.In the awaiting of the aftermath from the Brexit, other cities and member state countries of the EU have started the race to position themselves as the next “legal hub”. While other member states have been vocal about offering alternative courts, so far France has been at the forefront of this initiative. On 7 February 2018 two Protocols were signed by the French Minister of Justice, the President of the Paris Bar, and the presidents of the Paris Court of Appeal and the Paris Commercial Court. With the first protocol amendments were made to the already existing International Chamber within the Paris Commercial Court, whereas with the second Protocol a new International Chamber has been created within the Paris Court of Appeal. The aim of the creation of these international divisions within the Paris Court is to create an attractive jurisdictional system which would meet the expectations of the economic actors. Paris has already been one of the most important world centers for dispute resolution as a result of the work of the International Chamber of Commerce and its work in the field of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). However, with this initiative Paris has an opportunity to further strengthen its attractiveness.The adoption of the two Protocols is a groundbreaking move which sets forth innovative rules of procedure, incorporating unique approaches in the field of international commercial litigation. The rules of procedure contain an increased level of flexibility offering the parties a chance for litigations with great similarity to arbitration. Most notably, the new Protocols provide for the usage of English as language in the course of the proceedings, adapted procedure which should better suit the need of the parties, focus on oral testimonies instead of written witness and expert submissions, possibility for cross – examination, broader scope of tools for securing evidence, such as requests for document production, as well as the possibility of non- French lawyers to appear in front of the Courts. The aim of this article is to provide an insight in the new structure of the International Chambers by reviewing the novelties in the two new Protocols. The article reflects on similar initiatives which have been undertaken in other EU members and countries worldwide, and whether this can be the starting point for more drastic and revolutionary reforms in the traditional litigation system.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the life, activities, and preserved archival documents concerning Józef Jakubowski (1899–1984), whose work in support of Polish emigrants residing in France during the Second World War deserves highest recognition and respect. Jakubowski was born in Warsaw, where he spent his childhood, completed primary and secondary education, and began his studies at the Warsaw University of Technology in 1917. He was was actively involved in the scouting movement. His participation in the Polish–Soviet War forced him to leave the university . It was only in 1924 that he completed his higher education at another university, the Higher School of Commerce. His professional life also started in Warsaw, where he worked for the Association of Polish Merchants until 1939. His life was interrupted by the Second World War, and he decided to emigrate first to Switzerland and then to France. At that time of his life, he became involved with the Polish Red Cross. He was primarily involved in developing forms of aid and organising support for Poles in France. Once the Polish Red Cross was banned from further activities, he worked in the Welfare Society for the Poles in France. He cooperated with the Polish Resistance Movement in France and with military authorities on the evacuation of the Polish armed forces to England, as well as with many institutions, including the French Red Cross, the Department of Social Welfare for Foreigners, the International Refugee Organisation, and the Association of Polish Veterans. The archival documents concerning Jakubowski, surviving at the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and at the Polish Library in Paris, make it possible to reconstruct not only the facts of his life but also the events related to the functioning of the institutions, organisations, and associations he worked for.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the so-called human capital theory and to clarify the concept of public good, as well as the frequency of the expression "public" in the Declarations adopted at the Regional Conferences of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2008 and 2018. For this, in methodological terms, this article analyzes documents from certain International Organizations (UNESCO, World Bank and OECD) and seeks theoretical support in Reinhart Koselleck's History of Concepts and other authors such as Roger Dale, Susan Robertson, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson , Karl Polanyi and Pierre Bourdieu.ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a chamada teoria do capital humano e precisar o conceito de bem público, bem como a frequência da expressão “público” nas Declarações aprovadas nas Conferências Regionais de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe, em 2008 e 2018. Para isto, em termos metodológicos, o presente artigo analisa documentos de determinadas Organizações Internacionais (UNESCO, Banco Mundial e OCDE) e busca apoio na História dos Conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e em autores como Roger Dale, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson, Karl Polanyi, Pierre Bourdieu.Keywords: Public good, Human capital theory, Commodification, Education, CRES 2008 and CRES 2018.Palavras-chave: Bem público, Teoria do capital humano, Mercadorização, Educação, CRES 2008 e CRES 2018.ReferencesALVES, Giovanni. O que é o precariado? Blog da Boitempo. Extraído de <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2013/07/22/o-que-e-o-precariado/>, 22 Jul 2013, acesso em 28 fev 2019.ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. Tradução: Mauro W. Barbosa de Almeida. 3ª reimpressão da 5ª ed. de 2000. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2005.AUDITORIA CIDADÃ DA DÍVIDA. Dividômetro: quanto pagamos (juros e amortizações) – dívida pública federal. Auditoria Cidadã da Dívída. Extraído de <https://auditoriacidada.org.br/>. Acesso em 28 fev. 2019.AZEVEDO, M. L. N.. Transnacionalização e mercadorização da Educação Superior: examinando alguns efeitos colaterais do capitalismo acadêmico (sem riscos) no Brasil - A expansão privado-mercantil. Revista Internacional de Educação Superior - RIESup, v. 1, p. 86-102, 2015.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. O Novo Regime Fiscal: a retórica da intransigência, o constrangimento da oferta de bens públicos e o comprometimento do PNE 2014-2024. Tópicos Educacionais, v. 1, p. 234-258, 2016.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. Regionalismo, regionalização e regionalidade: da integração pela paz à Estratégia Europa 2020. In: BARREYRO, Gladys Beatriz; HIZUME, Gabriela de Camargo. (Orgs.). Regionalismos e Inter-Regionalismos na Educação Superior: projetos, propostas e influências entre a América Latina e a Europa. 1ed. Cascavel-PR: EDUNIOESTE, 2018, v. 1, p. 65-88.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. Universidade e Neoliberalismo: O Banco Mundial e a Reforma Universitária na Argentina (1989-1999). 2001. Tese (Doutorado em Educação), Faculdade de Educação da USP, 2001.AZEVEDO, M. L. N. Igualdade e equidade: qual é a medida da justiça social? Avaliação (UNICAMP), v. 18, p. 129-150, 2013.AZEVEDO, M. L. N.; CATANI, A. M. Políticas Públicas para o Ensino Superior no Brasil: de FHC a Lula. In: AZEVEDO, M. L. Política Educacional Brasileira. Maringá: EDUEM, 2005.BANQUE MONDIALE. Rapport Annuel 1996. Washington: Worl Bank: 1996.BID. Bienes Publicos Regionales: Promoviendo soluciones regionales para problemas regionales. 2007. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Extraído de <http://www.iadb.org/int/bpr>. Acesso em 20 fev. 2019.BOURDIEU, Pierre. Questões de Sociologia. Tradução de Jeni Vaitsman. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Marco Zero Ltda., 1983.BRÉMOND, Janine. Les économistes néo-classiques: de L. Walras à M. Allais, de F. Von Hayek à M. Friedman. Paris: Hatier, 1989.CAPUL, Jean-Yves; GARNIER, Olivier. Pratique de l'économie e des Sciences Sociales: de A a Z. Paris: Hatier, 1996.CERVO, Amado Luiz. Conceitos em Relações Internacionais. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 51 (2): 8-25, 2008.CRES. Declaración de la Conferencia Regional de Educación Superior para América Latina y el Caribe - CRES 2008. Extraído de <www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve>. Acesso em junho 2008.DALE, Roger. Globalização e educação: demonstrando a existência de uma "Cultura Educacional Mundial Comum" ou localizando uma "Agenda Globalmente Estruturada para a Educação"?. Educação & Sociedade, ago. 2004, vol. 25, no. 87, p.423-460. ISSN 0101-7330.DIAS, M. A. R. Dez anos de antagonismo nas políticas sobre Ensino Superior em nível internacional. Educação e Sociedade, Campinas, vol. 25, nº. 88, p. 893-914, Especial - Out. 2004.DIAS, M. A. R. A universidade no século XXI: do conflito ao diálogo de divilizações. Documento on line: 2007. Extraído de <www.mardias.net>, acesso em 01 mai 2008.DIAS, M. A. R. Enseñanza superior como bien público: perspectivas para el centenário de la Declaración de Córdoba. Texto de conferência, 2016. Extraído de <http://grupomontevideo.org/sitio/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Marco-Antonio-Rodrigues-Dias_ES-como-bien-p%C3%BAblico.pdf >. Acesso em 28 Fev 2019.EUROPEAN COMMISION. Putting the consumer first. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016. Extraído de <http://europa.eu/pol/index_en.htm e http://europa.eu/!bY34KD>.FRANCE. Les biens publics mondiaux. Paris: Ministère des Affaires étrangères / Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de l’Industrie, fev. 2002.FRIEDMAN, M. Capitalismo e liberdade. São Paulo: Ed. Nova Cultural, 1983.FRIGOTTO, Gaudêncio. A produtividade da escola improdutiva. São Paulo: Cortez, 1993.GILL, S. Globalisation, Market Civilisation, and Disciplinary Neoliberalism. Millennium, 24(3), 399–423, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298950240030801GOMES, A. M.; MORAES, K. N. Educação Superior no Brasil contemporâneo: transição para um sistema de massa. Educação & Sociedade, Campinas, v. 33, nº. 118, p. 171-190, jan-mar. 2012.HARVEY, David. Condição Pós-Moderna. São Paulo: Ed. Loyola, 1993.HETTNE, B. Beyond the ‘new’ regionalism. New Political Economy, v. 10, nº. 4, p. 543-571, Dec. 2005.IESALC-UNESCO. II Declaração da Conferência Regional de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe (CRES 2008). Instituto Internacional da UNESCO para a Educação Superior na América Latina e no Caribe (IESALC-UNESCO). Cartagena de Indias, Colômbia, 2008.IESALC-UNESCO. III Declaração da Conferência Regional de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe (CRES 2018). Instituto Internacional da UNESCO para a Educação Superior na América Latina e no Caribe (IESALC-UNESCO). Córdoba, Argentina, 2018.JAEDE, M. The Concept of Common Good. PSRP Working Paper n. 8. Edinburgo: Global Justice Academy, 2017. Extraído de: https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Jaede.pdf. Acesso em 15 Jan 2019 .JESSOP, Bob. Knowledge as a fictitious commodity: insights and limits of a Polanyian perspective. In: BUGRA, Ayse; AGARTAN, Kaan. Reading Karl Polanyi for the twenty-first century: market economy as political project. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2007. p. 115-133.KOSELLECK, R. Uma história dos conceitos: problemas teóricos e práticos. Revista Estudos Históricos. PPHPBC/CPDOC, Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), v. 5, nº. 10. 1992.LABAREE, David F. School syndrome: Understanding the USA’s magical belief that schooling can somehow improve society, promote access, and preserve advantage. Journal of Curriculum Studies, (2012), nº 44:2, 143-163, DOI: 10.1080/00220272.2012.675358.LAMUCCI, Sérgio. Investimento público no Brasil é segundo menor entre 42 países. O Valor. 28 nov. 2018. Extraído de <https://www.valor.com.br/brasil/6002811/investimento-publico-no-brasil-e-segundo-menor-entre-42-paises>. Acesso em 28 Fev 2018.LAURENT, Alain. L'individualisme méthodologique. (Coleção: Que sais-je). Paris: PUF, 1994.LOBATO, E. Graduado ocupa emprego de nível médio. Folha de S. Paulo. Extraído de <www.uol.com.br/folha>, publicado em 04 fev. 2008, acesso em 04 fev. 2008.MARGINSON, S. Public/private in higher education: a synthesis of economic and political approaches. Working paper nº. 1, June 2016, London: Centre for Global Higher Education and HEFCE.MARX, K. O Capital, Vols. I a III, Livros Primeiro (Tomos 1 e 2) e Segundo, Ed. Nova Cultural, 2ª ed., São Paulo, 1985.NCES. Elementary and Secondary Education. National Center for Education and Statistics. Educational institutions Extraído de <https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372>). Acesso em 31 Jan 2019.NOSELLA, P.; AZEVEDO, M. L. N. A Educação em Gramsci. Revista Teoria e Prática da Educação, v. 15, nº. 2, p. 25-33, maio./ago. 2012.NYE, Joseph S., JR. Soft Power. Foreign Policy, nº. 80, Twentieth Anniversary (Autumn, 1990), pp. 153-171.OCDE. Human Capital Investment. Paris: OCDE, 1999.OECD. Education Indicators in Focus – January 2017. OECD 2017.OECD. Education at a Glance. OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing: Paris, 2018.OECD. Purchasing power parities (PPP). Extraído de <https://data.oecd.org/conversion/purchasing-power-parities-ppp.htm>. Acesso em 20 fev. 2019.PELEGRINI, T.; AZEVEDO, M. L. N. A Educação nos anos de chumbo: a Política Educacional ambicionada pela “Utopia Autoritária” (1964-1975). História e-História, v. 1, p. 1-15, 2006.POLANYI, K.. A Grande transformação. As origens da nossa época. Tradução de Fanny Wrobel. Rio de Janeiro, Campus, 1980.ROBERTSON, S.; DALE, R.. Toward a critical cultural political economy of the globalisation of education, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 13 (1), 149-170, 2015.ROSSI, Wagner G. Capitalismo e Educação. São Paulo: Moraes, 1980.SALM, Claúdio L. Escola e Trabalho. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1980.SAMUELSON, P. A. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 36, nº. 4 (Nov., 1954), pp. 387-389.SCHULTZ, T. W. O capital humano: investimento em educação e pesquisa. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1973.SCHULTZ. T. W. O valor econômico da educação. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1973.STANDING, G. O precariado: a nova classe perigosa. São Paulo: Autêntica, 2013.STEIN, Luciana. Os mileuristas definem novo padrão de consumo. O Valor Econômico. Extraído de http://www.valoronline.com.br/valoreconomico/285, Acesso 21 fev. 2008.TAVARES, P. A. Papel do capital uumano na desigualdade salarial no Brasil no período de 1981 a 2006. Dissertação (Mestrado em Economia). São Paulo, FEA-USP, 2007.TROW, M. A. Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since WWII. 2005. UC Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96p3s213. Acesso em 01 Feb. 2019.UNESCO. Compendio Mundial de Educación. Montreal: Instituto de Estadística de la UNESCO (UIS), 2007.UNESCO. Educatin for All by 2015. Will we make it? Paris: UNESCO, 2008.UNESCO. Declaração de Incheon: Educação 2030: Rumo a uma Educação de Qualidade Inclusiva e Equitativa e à Educação ao Longo da Vida para Todos. Conference: World Education Forum, Incheon, Korea R, 2015.

The financial crisis of 2007/08 has highlighted the need for using granular data on financial institutions and markets to detect risks and imbalances in the financial sector. Administrative data producers are witnessing a growing need to improve granular data access and sharing. When sharing granular data, data producers face significant legal and technical challenges related to, among others, safeguarding statistical confidentiality. To meet the demand of data users and data compilers for (granular) data sharing, the International Network for Exchanging Experience on Statistical Handling of Granular Data (INEXDA) was established on 6 January 2017. Current INEXDA members are the Banco de España, Banca d'Italia, the Banco de Portugal, the Bank of England, the Banque de France, the Deutsche Bundesbank, and the European Central Bank. INEXDA provides a platform for administrative data producers to exchange practical experiences on the accessibility of granular data, on metadata as well as on techniques for statistical analysis and data protection. During the INEXDA meeting in Paris, Julia Lane has presented the Administrative Data Research Facility (ADRF). Following her presentation several INEXDA members expressed interest in obtaining more information about the approach taken by ADRF. This presentation describes the interaction between INEXDA and ADRF. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Deutsche Bundesbank, ADRF, or the INEXDA Network.

Le commerce international a atteint des dimensions jamais prevues dans le passe et ou la banque est definie comme le centre nerveux de la societe contemporaine. Son intervention dans le marche international est primordial, il est une securite appreciable aux transactions car la concurrence est vive et les partenaires sont souvent lointains. C'est pour cette raison que les engagements bancaires autonomes font figure d'armes sans parade, ils deviennent un element important des operations courantes des activites bancaires. Le charme de ces engagements est d'etre actuel. Si le droit cambiaire remonte au droit romain, il en est autrement du credit documentaire, des cartes de credit et de la garantie independante. Ils sont autonomes. Leur execution ne depend pas de l'execution du contrat principal, ils doivent jouer dans tous les cas sauf fraude manifeste ou abus de droit. Ils sont abstraits mais detaches momentanement de leur cause jusqu'a l'execution du contrat. Cette abstraction est contestee selon les pays. Le droit germanique est favorable, tandis que le droit latin est contre cette abstraction. En cas d'appel de la garantie, la saisie-arret, la mesure en refere et la mise sous sequestre sont souvent defendues, pour ne pas paralyser l'automaticite de ces engagements, sauf la fraude manifeste et l'abus de droit font exception
International trade has reached heights unforeseen in the past : the banks represent the nerve centres of contemporary society. Their intervention on the international market is of paramount importance; representiny an appreciable security for transactions because competition is strong and business partners often far away. Therefare autonomous banking commitments are weapons that cannot be parried; they are becoming a vital part of standard banking procedures. The attraction of these commitments is that they are of this day and age. Though financial exchange dates back to roman law, dowmentary credit, credit cards and independent guarantees are for different. They are autonomous. Their execution does not depend on the execution of the main contract, they must in all cases be handled without obvious fraud or misuse in law. They are abstract, but momentarity detached from their cause until the contract is carried out. This abstraction is more or less controvered according to country, german law is favourable, whereas latin law contests this abstraction. If the guarantee is called up, the garnishee order, the emergency interim proceedinys and the receining order are often defended, so as not to immobilize the automatic nature of these commitments. Only downright fraud and breach of trost legal are exceptions

L’industrie cimentière française possède une influence internationale considérable. L’entreprise Lafarge est aujourd’hui le numéro un mondial du ciment. Ses concurrents français sont tout aussi performants. On peut citer Vicat, entreprise familiale, ou la société Ciment Français, filiale du groupe Heidelberg-Italcementi. Ciments Français est une entreprise héritière du groupe Poliet et Chausson. En 1971, suite au rachat de la branche cimentière de Poliet et Chausson par Ciments Français, les départements des ciments des deux groupes fusionnent. Puis, Poliet et Chausson est transformée en société holding de distribution de matériaux de construction sous le nom de Poliet S.A. Elle est rachetée par Saint Gobain en 1996 et son nom disparaît. La firme a pourtant été la première entreprise française de ciment en 1930. C’est la monographie de cette entreprise que s’attache à retranscrire cette thèse. L’histoire de Poliet et Chausson au cours du XXe siècle est tortueuse. Par un effet d’aubaine, cette entreprise parisienne de matériaux de construction, profite de l’invention du marché du ciment pour devenir l’un des plus grands producteurs de ciment français au cours des années 1930. Sa trajectoire est parallèle à celle de l’entreprise Lafarge. Elle en diffère cependant par bien des points. Émaillée d’embûches, elle oscille entre des moments de succès considérables et des périodes plus troublées. Entre industrialisation et désindustrialisation, l’histoire de Poliet et Chausson s’écrit dans l’ombre de son concurrent plus brillant, Lafarge. Comment expliquer la réussite de l’un et la disparition de l’autre ?
The French cement industry has considerable international influence. Lafarge is now the world's largest cement company. Its French competitors are equally performing. These include Vicat, a family business, or Ciment Français, a subsidiary of the Italcementi group. Ciments Français is a company inheriting from the group Poliet and Chausson. In 1971, following the purchase of the cement sector of Poliet and Chausson by Ciments Français, the cement departments of the two groups merged. Then Poliet and Chausson was transformed into a holding company for the distribution of building materials under the name Poliet S.A. It was bought by Saint Gobain in 1996 and its name disappeared. The firm was, however, the first French cement company in 1930. This thesis attempts to transcribe the monography of Poliet and Chausson. The history of Poliet and Chausson during the twentieth century is tortuous. Through a windfall effect, this Parisian company of building materials, profits from the invention of the cement market to become one of the largest producers of French cement in the 1930s. Its trajectory is parallel to that of the Lafarge company. However, it differs in many aspects. It is fraught with obstacles, and oscillates between moments of considerable success and more troubled periods. Between industrialization and desindustrialization, the story of Poliet and Chausson is written in the shadow of its brighter competitor, Lafarge. How can we explain the success of the one and the disappearance of the other?

L’industrie cimentière française possède une influence internationale considérable. L’entreprise Lafarge est aujourd’hui le numéro un mondial du ciment. Ses concurrents français sont tout aussi performants. On peut citer Vicat, entreprise familiale, ou la société Ciment Français, filiale du groupe Heidelberg-Italcementi. Ciments Français est une entreprise héritière du groupe Poliet et Chausson. En 1971, suite au rachat de la branche cimentière de Poliet et Chausson par Ciments Français, les départements des ciments des deux groupes fusionnent. Puis, Poliet et Chausson est transformée en société holding de distribution de matériaux de construction sous le nom de Poliet S.A. Elle est rachetée par Saint Gobain en 1996 et son nom disparaît. La firme a pourtant été la première entreprise française de ciment en 1930. C’est la monographie de cette entreprise que s’attache à retranscrire cette thèse. L’histoire de Poliet et Chausson au cours du XXe siècle est tortueuse. Par un effet d’aubaine, cette entreprise parisienne de matériaux de construction, profite de l’invention du marché du ciment pour devenir l’un des plus grands producteurs de ciment français au cours des années 1930. Sa trajectoire est parallèle à celle de l’entreprise Lafarge. Elle en diffère cependant par bien des points. Émaillée d’embûches, elle oscille entre des moments de succès considérables et des périodes plus troublées. Entre industrialisation et désindustrialisation, l’histoire de Poliet et Chausson s’écrit dans l’ombre de son concurrent plus brillant, Lafarge. Comment expliquer la réussite de l’un et la disparition de l’autre ?
The French cement industry has considerable international influence. Lafarge is now the world's largest cement company. Its French competitors are equally performing. These include Vicat, a family business, or Ciment Français, a subsidiary of the Italcementi group. Ciments Français is a company inheriting from the group Poliet and Chausson. In 1971, following the purchase of the cement sector of Poliet and Chausson by Ciments Français, the cement departments of the two groups merged. Then Poliet and Chausson was transformed into a holding company for the distribution of building materials under the name Poliet S.A. It was bought by Saint Gobain in 1996 and its name disappeared. The firm was, however, the first French cement company in 1930. This thesis attempts to transcribe the monography of Poliet and Chausson. The history of Poliet and Chausson during the twentieth century is tortuous. Through a windfall effect, this Parisian company of building materials, profits from the invention of the cement market to become one of the largest producers of French cement in the 1930s. Its trajectory is parallel to that of the Lafarge company. However, it differs in many aspects. It is fraught with obstacles, and oscillates between moments of considerable success and more troubled periods. Between industrialization and desindustrialization, the story of Poliet and Chausson is written in the shadow of its brighter competitor, Lafarge. How can we explain the success of the one and the disappearance of the other?

Abstract This contribution tries to analyse the consequences of the First World War and the effects of the economic context of the interwar period on the structure of activities of the French ‘banques d’affaires’, and especially the most important of them, the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas). Created in 1872, Paribas had as its first objective participation in the flotation of an international loan intended to pay the reparations due from France to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Market activities, and especially bond issues for governments, remained the key activity of Paribas from its birth up until the First World War. These financial activities were conducted on an international scale through syndicates in which Paribas played a leading role when the French market was involved. Relations with enterprises constituted the second kind of activities engaged in by Paribas, especially utilities such as railways, gas, and electricity, whose development generally generated important stock and bond issues. Banking activities were the counterpart of market activities, but they began to develop significantly only at the beginning of the century and played only a secondary role at Paribas before the First World War.