Journal articles: 'Parents Drug use Australia'

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Ainsworth, Frank. "Drug use by parents: The challenge for child protection and drug and alcohol services." Children Australia 29, no. 3 (2004): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200006052.

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This article focuses on parental drug use and the impact on child welfare. The gravity of this issue is well documented in a number of reports from government and in annual reports from relevant state and territory departments. Yet, there has been little attention to this issue in Australian journals in spite of the fact that this is probably the most critical issue child protection services have had to face for two decades or more. Parental drug use is almost certainly responsible for the rise in the number of children, especially young children, entering out-of-home care. Drug use also creates issues in relation to family reunification. The final part of the article proposes an enhanced three stage model of family reunification that addresses these issues. This model is based on greater collaboration between child protection services, drug treatment agencies, and the legal system.

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Fagan, Abigail A., and Jake M. Najman. "The Relative Contributions of Parental and Sibling Substance Use to Adolescent Tobacco, Alcohol, and other Drug Use." Journal of Drug Issues 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 869–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500410.

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While research demonstrates that parental tobacco and alcohol use increases the likelihood of children's substance use, it is unclear whether or not sibling use has a greater, weaker, or similar effect. Based upon self-reported information from Australian adolescents, their siblings and parents, this investigation examines the association between siblings' tobacco and alcohol use. The relationship is consistent, moderately strong, and remains significant when controlling for a number of family-related factors, indicating that the shared environment cannot fully explain the extent of similarity in siblings' behaviors. In addition, sibling substance use has a greater effect on adolescent substance use than does smoking or drinking by parents. These findings indicate the need to include siblings and information regarding sibling relationships in prevention and intervention programs.

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Mudaly, Bala. "1997 Awards for Innovation and Excellence in Primary Health Care - Health Promotion: An Innovative Drug Education Strategy for Young People and Parents of Diverse Cultural Backgrounds." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 3 (1997): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97027.

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Brief Description of the Program: Increased drug use among young people is of major concern the world over. It is seen as one of many so-called 'at risk' behaviours characteristic of young people. Drug taking can have grave health consequences for some young people, especially for those who are experiencing a level of mental disturbance, such as depression. Young people coming from disadvantaged and marginalised circumstances are also more likely to be vulnerable, and can become easy victims of drug trafficking. In this respect, young people in Australia of Asian backgrounds appear to be one among many groups being drawn into the drug culture. The families in these communities appear generally reticent and fearful of drug issues, almost to the point of denying that a problem exists. Some young people taking to drugs are known to be disowned by their parents. At the same time there is very little in languages other than English or culturally appropriate information on drugs. Such information, if available, can be used in sensitive and strategic ways to raise the awareness of families of Asian backgrounds on drugs and young people, in the context of intergenerational tensions in parenting.

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Berridge, Bonita J., Terence V. McCann, Ali Cheetham, and Dan I. Lubman. "Perceived Barriers and Enablers of Help-Seeking for Substance Use Problems During Adolescence." Health Promotion Practice 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839917691944.

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Aim. Receiving professional help early can reduce long-term harms associated with substance use. However, little is known about the factors that influence help-seeking for substance use problems during early-mid adolescence, prior to the emergence of disorder. Given that beliefs regarding help-seeking are likely to develop early, understanding adolescent views of help-seeking during this period is likely to provide important information for prevention and intervention efforts. The current study identifies perceptions that would facilitate or prevent adolescents from seeking support for substance use problems from formal and informal help sources. Method. Thirty-four 12- to 16-year-olds from two schools in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, were recruited. A qualitative interpretative design was used, incorporating semistructured, audio-recorded interviews. Results. Three overlapping themes that reflected barriers or enablers to help-seeking were identified: approachability, confidentiality and trustworthiness, and expertise. Help-seeking was facilitated when adolescents believed that the help source would be supportive and understanding, would keep information confidential, and had expertise in the alcohol and drug field. Conversely, adolescents were reluctant to seek help from sources they believed would be judgmental, lacked expertise, or would inform their parents. Conclusions. These findings highlight perceptions that may influence help-seeking for alcohol and drug problems during adolescence. Further research is needed to determine if help-seeking can be facilitated by improving parents’ and peers’ knowledge and promoting health professionals’ expertise in working with young people’s alcohol and drug issues.

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Reupert, Andrea, Rebecca Jones, Keith Sutton, and Darryl Maybery. "‘Everyone knew everyone’s business’: Being a parent with housing issues in rural areas." Journal of Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 677–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783315576759.

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This research explored the intersection between participants’ parenting role and housing difficulties, in rural communities. Thirteen parents were recruited from drug and alcohol and mental health agencies in rural Australia. Transcripts were analysed using content analysis, along with inter-rater reliability. The quandary of gaining access to their children while living in inadequate housing was indicated. Participants also described the ‘spiral’ nature of problems, highlighting the interrelated nature of mental illness, substance use, housing difficulties and losing access to children. The impacts of housing problems on parenting roles and children were described as well as those supports considered to be useful in obtaining appropriate housing. Living in rural areas where ‘everyone knew everyone’ made it difficult for some to obtain housing. The need to address housing, parenting, mental illness and substance abuse as interrelated, rather than as singular issues is highlighted.

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Leek, Lindsay, Diane Seneque, and Kaija Ward. "Parental drug and alcohol use as a contributing factor in applications to the Children's Court for protection orders." Children Australia 34, no. 2 (2009): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000596.

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Drug use has a significant negative impact on the ability of parents to provide safe care for children and an outcome of this is the entry of some of these children into out-of-home care. This poses particular challenges for service providers, not only because of the complex nature of addiction, but also the many other issues facing these families. This paper reports on studies conducted by the Western Australian Department for Community Development in 2004 and 2007 which explored parental drug and alcohol use as a contributing factor in applications to the Children's Court for protection orders. The results of the 2004 study showed that parental drug and alcohol use was the second most common contributing factor in protection applications after neglect. It was also confirmed that drug and alcohol use rarely occurs in isolation, with strong links identified to neglect and domestic violence, as well as other factors, including physical abuse and homelessness/transient lifestyle. The 2007 follow-up study further highlighted the co-existence of parental drug and alcohol use and domestic violence.

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Pollard, Irina. "Bioscience-bioethics and life factors affecting reproduction with special reference to the Indigenous Australian population." Reproduction 129, no. 4 (April 2005): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00268.

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The demand for equality of recognition or respect is the dominant passion of modernity. The 20th century experienced a giant leap in technological inventiveness and ruthless use of technological power. In the 21st century, human welfare and environmental wellbeing demand fundamental political appraisal. We have the means, if we choose, to eradicate poverty and to responsibly protect the global environment. However, economic, political and cultural systems act to differentially allocate the benefits and risks for growth between socioeconomic groups. For example, it is a matter of pride that the neonatal mortality rate in affluent societies has dropped substantially since the late 1970s. However, the level of infant mortality (three times the national average) and low birthweight (13%) among the Indigenous Australian population is the highest in the country. With hindsight we now know that is the inevitable legacy of Australia’s colonial history. Chronic physical and psychological stress is recognized as an important etiological factor in many lifestyle diseases of the cardiovascular, immune and reproductive systems. Diseases of adaptation are further advanced by non-adaptive lifestyle choices, depression, alcoholism and other drug dependencies. This review describes the principles of bioscience ethics and targets equity issues as they affect human reproduction across generations with particular reference to the Indigenous population of Australia. The review also considers ways we may advance global and cultural maturity from the Indigenous Australian perspective and proposes an ecologically based model of preventative care. If we are to embrace fundamental social change and protect future children without threatening parents’ basic freedoms, then new beliefs and priorities – based on a compassionate understanding of biological systems – must evolve from the general public. Belief in human rights arising from a sense of human dignity is a collective outcome originating from individual commitment. The golden rule; that is, Nature’s principle of reciprocity, is fundamental in bridging the gap between knowledge and effective action.

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Symons, Martyn, Amy Finlay-Jones, Jennifer Meehan, Natalie Raymond, and Rochelle Watkins. "Nurturing families: One year pilot outcomes for a modified Parent Child Assistance Program in Australia." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): e0000580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000580.

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Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) exposure during pregnancy is linked to serious adverse child outcomes, including Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The Parent-Child Assistance Program (PCAP) supports women with problematic AOD use, who are pregnant or have young children, and are not effectively engaging with services. PCAP has been shown to reduce alcohol exposed pregnancies, promote AOD abstinence, increase employment and family planning and improve child outcomes. This manuscript reports the first pilot evaluation of the PCAP program delivered in Australia. A pre-post-intervention repeated measures design was used. Eleven women receiving PCAP from a not-for-profit organisation were invited to take part in the study, with eight providing complete pre-post data. Home visitation case management was provided by trained and experienced case-managers. Clients were assisted to engage with existing services effectively to meet their own goals via a combination of relational theory, motivational interviewing and harm reduction concepts. The PCAP Modified Addiction Severity Index 5th Edition was adapted for use in Australia and was used to measure domains of addiction severity related problems as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included client satisfaction and program fidelity. There were significant changes in composite addiction severity scores from baseline to one year. 80% of participants had periods of abstinence of longer than four months. All clients had better connection to services, no subsequent AOD exposed pregnancies, and were highly satisfied with the program. Four had children returned to their care. Implementation was similar to the original PCAP program with major differences including case-managers relying on training manuals only without undertaking in-person training; being more experienced; providing more direct AOD counselling; and having less supervision. The findings will inform future program delivery and methodology for a larger longitudinal study assessing outcomes at program exit.

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Dawson, Samantha L., Jeffrey M. Craig, Gerard Clarke, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Phillip Dawson, Mimi LK Tang, and Felice N. Jacka. "Targeting the Infant Gut Microbiota Through a Perinatal Educational Dietary Intervention: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 8, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): e14771. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14771.

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Background The early life gut microbiota are an important regulator of the biological pathways contributing toward the pathogenesis of noncommunicable disease. It is unclear whether improvements to perinatal diet quality could alter the infant gut microbiota. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a perinatal educational dietary intervention in influencing gut microbiota in mothers and infants 4 weeks after birth. Methods The Healthy Parents, Healthy Kids randomized controlled trial aimed to recruit 90 pregnant women from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. At week 26 of gestation, women were randomized to receive dietary advice from their doctor (n=45), or additionally receive a dietary intervention (n=45). The intervention included an educational workshop and 2 support calls aiming to align participants’ diets with the Australian Dietary Guidelines and increase intakes of prebiotic and probiotic foods. The educational design focused on active learning and self-assessment. Behavior change techniques were used to support dietary adherence, and the target behavior was eating for the gut microbiota. Exclusion criteria were age under 18 years, diagnosed mental illnesses, obesity, diabetes mellitus, diagnosed bowel conditions, exclusion diets, illicit drug use, antibiotic use, prebiotic or probiotic supplementation, and those lacking dietary autonomy. The primary outcome measure is a between-group difference in alpha diversity in infant stool collected 4 weeks after birth. Secondary outcomes include evaluating the efficacy of the intervention in influencing infant and maternal stool microbial composition and short chain fatty acid concentrations, epigenetic profile, and markers of inflammation and stress, as well as changes in maternal dietary intake and well-being. The study and intervention feasibility and acceptance will also be evaluated as secondary outcomes. Results The study results are yet to be written. The first participant was enrolled on July 28, 2016, and the final follow-up assessment was completed on October 11, 2017. Conclusions Data from this study will provide new insights regarding the ability of interventions targeting the perinatal diet to alter the maternal and infant gut microbiota. If this intervention is proven, our findings will support larger studies aiming to guide the assembly of gut microbiota in early life. Trial Registration Australian Clinical Trials Registration Number ACTRN12616000936426; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370939 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/14771

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Jarman, Frederick C. "Current Approaches to Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 13, no. 1 (May 1996): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027395.

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AbstractThe last five years in Australia have been marked by an explosion in the diagnosis and treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The use of stimulant medication for ADHD has increased exponentially across all states, raising questions about the appropriate role of drug treatment and its relationship to other therapies in these children. Despite widespread consensus that multimodal therapy is the preferred option for intervention, many treatments advocated for ADHD lack scientific evidence to support their use. Because no two children with ADHD or their families are the same, an individualised approach to management is advocated that targets both the primary symptoms of the disorder, its cornorbid pathology, and the secondary problems that have developed. Evidence indicates that stimulant medication used in conjunction with parent training, family support, and school based behaviour modification offers the best prospects for improving the disturbing long-term prognosis in these children.

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Field, Courtney. "Hazardous alcohol consumption in non-aboriginal male inmates in New South Wales." International Journal of Prisoner Health 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-11-2016-0068.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine correlates and predictors of hazardous drinking behaviour, that may be considered evidence of generalised strain, in a sample of incarcerated non-Aboriginal males in New South Wales, Australia. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 283 non-Aboriginal male inmates as part of a larger epidemiological survey of inmates in NSW undertaken in 2015 by the Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network. Data relating to a range of social factors were selected with reference to relevant literature and assessed with regards their predictive value for scores from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). To facilitate regression analysis, variables were logically organised into historical factors or adult factors. Findings Almost all participants reported some history of alcohol consumption. Hazardous drinking was common among participants. While parental alcohol problems and adult drug use were the only correlates of AUDIT scores, parental misuse of alcohol was shown to be an important predictor of AUDIT scores in regression analysis. The role of parent gender was inconclusive. Previous incarceration as an adult, employment status, and drug use as an adult also predicted AUDIT scores. Originality/value Alcohol abuse is common among inmates and the use of alcohol is implicated in the commission of many offences. A better understanding of its genesis may inspire novel approaches to treatment, leading to improved health outcomes for inmates.

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Mulholland, Peter, Alexander Simpson, and Jonathan Coutts. "P017 Blue baby blues – a case report; implications of maternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use for sudden infant death syndrome." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 7 (June 19, 2019): e2.20-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-nppc.27.

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BackgroundA baby girl, (38 +2 weeks, 3.026 kg) was admitted on day 3 from home following 2 cyanotic episodes. The pregnancy was uneventful, the mother was prescribed fluoxetine 20mg daily during pregnancy.InvestigationsRespiratory studies revealed significant hypoxia in air with episodes of hypoventilation and apnoea. Time spent below 94% saturation was 19%, 68 dips per hour >4%, pCO2 was raised at 7 kPa. She had a normal cranial MRI. Genetic testing for PHOX2B polyalanine expansion mutation was normal excluding Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS).OutcomeIncremental increase in the prescription of low flow oxygen normalised her saturation study. She was discharged home on day 14 with an oxygen prescription for 0.5lpm and an apnoea monitor. Parents and family members were taught basic life support. Clinic follow up at 5 months shows baby is thriving, developing normally and the oxygen flow rate has been reduced to 0.3lpm following repeat saturation studies.DiscussionHypoventilation is not a recognised complication of maternal fluoxetine usage. A population based health registry study found exposure to SSRI in utero increased the rate of neonatal deaths,1 although a causal relationship could not be established. Two separate randomised controlled trials have looked at the relationship between maternal SSRI use and neonatal death.2 3 Neither demonstrated a statistically significant correlation, although both showed odds ratios approaching statistical significance (95% confidence intervals 0.82–1.99 and 0.97–3.94 respectively). Mouse models demonstrate the respiratory response to acidosis is abolished by drugs targeting the serotonergic system.4 This system is not the primary regulator of respiration,4 and there may be a multi-factorial aetiology to any link between SSRI exposure in utero and the development of hypoventilation. This hypothesis somewhat correlates with the ‘triple-risk model’ for Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI), which describes three important risk factors; a critical development period, an exogenous stressor and an underlying vulnerability. It is possible that this underlying vulnerability could potentially be accounted for by down-regulation of the serotonergic respiratory response in association with maternal fluoxetine use. Fluoxetine is the preferred SSRI for use in pregnancy. Our case has shown significant hypoventilation in an otherwise healthy infant exposed to maternal fluoxetine in utero with no primary cause identified. This potential correlation should be considered when advising mothers on safe drug use and in the management of neonatal hypoventilation.ReferencesColvin L, et al. Early morbidity and mortality following in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a population-based study in Western Australia. CNS Drugs. 2012;26:e1–14.Jimenez-Solem E, Andersen JT, Petersen M, Broedbaek K, Lander AR, Afzal SA, Torp-Pedersen C, Poulsen HE. SSRI Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Neonatal Mortality. American Journal of Psychiatry 2013;170:3. 299–304.WuWen S, Yang Q, Garner P, Fraser W, Olatunbosun O, Nimrod C, Walker M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse pregnancy outcomes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2006. 194: 4. 961–966.Voituron N, et al. Fluoxetine Treatment Abolishes the In Vitro Respiratory Response to Acidosis in Neonatal Mice PLoS One 2010;5(10):e13644.

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Rey, Joseph M., Michael G. Sawyer, Beverley Raphael, George C. Patton, and Michael Lynskey. "Mental health of teenagers who use cannabis." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 3 (March 2002): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.3.216.

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BackgroundThere is concern in the community about increasing cannabis use and its potential effect on health.AimsTo ascertain the prevalence of cannabis use among Australian adolescents, associations with mental health problems, risk behaviours and service use.MethodExamination of data from a national representative sample of households comprising 1261 adolescents aged 13–17 years. Parents completed a psychiatric interview and questionnaires while adolescents completed questionnaires.ResultsOne-quarter of the adolescents in the sample had used cannabis. There were no gender differences. Use increased rapidly with age, was more common in adolescents living with a sole parent and was associated with increased depression, conduct problems and health risk behaviours (smoking, drinking) but not with higher use of services.ConclusionsCannabis use is very prevalent. The association with depression, conduct problems, excessive drinking and use of other drugs shows a malignant pattern of comorbidity that may lead to negative outcomes.

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KALB, GUYONNE, and WANG-SHENG LEE. "CHILDCARE USE AND PARENTS’ LABOUR SUPPLY IN AUSTRALIA*." Australian Economic Papers 47, no. 3 (September 2008): 272–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2008.00348.x.

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Amoateng, Acheampong Yaw, and Stephen J. Bahr. "Religion, Family, and Adolescent Drug Use." Sociological Perspectives 29, no. 1 (January 1986): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1388942.

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Using a national sample of over 17,000 high school seniors, we examined the effect of education of parents, employment status of mother, number of parents in household, religiosity, religious affiliation, gender, and race on alcohol and marijuana use. Contrary to some previous research, neither parental education nor employment status of mother was related to use of alcohol or marijuana. Adolescents who lived with both parents were less likely than adolescents in single-parent homes to use marijuana, although the differences were relatively small. Number of parents in household was not related to adolescent alcohol use. Level of religiosity had a significant association with alcohol and marijuana use among all religious denominations, although the magnitude of the relationship varied by denomination. Religious denomination, gender, and race were also related to drug use.

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Aston, Jeff, Chi Huynh, Anthony Sinclair, Keith Wilson, and David Terry. "MEDICATION REVIEW OF CHILDREN ON LONG TERM MEDICATIONS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 9 (August 17, 2016): e2.42-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311535.47.

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IntroductionChildren on long term medication may be under the care of more than one medical team including the patients GP. Children on chronic medication should be supported and their medications reviewed, especially in cases of polypharmacy. Medicines Use Reviews (MURs) were introduced into the pharmacy contract in 2005. The service was designed for community pharmacists to review patients on long term medication. The service specified that MURs were done on patients who can give consent and cannot be conducted with a parent or carer. Hence the service may be inaccessible to paediatric patients. This review aims to find studies that identify medication review services in primary care that cater for children on long term medication.MethodsA literature search was conducted on 6th June 2015 using the keywords, (“Medication” or “review” or “Medication Review” or “Medicines use review” or “Medication use review” or “New Medicine Service”) AND (“community pharmacy” OR “community pharmacist” OR “primary care” OR “General practice” OR “GP” OR “community paediatrician” OR “community pediatrician” OR “community nurse”). Bibliographic databases used were AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Health Business Elite. Inclusion criteria were: paediatric specific medication review in primary care, for example by either a GP, community paediatrician, community nurse or community pharmacist. Exclusion criteria were studies of medication review in adults/unclear patient age and secondary care medication reviews.ResultsFrom the 417 articles, 6 relevant articles were found after abstract and full text review. 235 articles were excluded after title and abstract review (11 did not have full text in English); 96 were adult or non-age specified medication review/MUR/New Medicine Service studies; 63 referred to observational, evaluative studies of interventions in adults; 6 were non-paediatric specific systematic reviews and 17 were protocols, commentaries, news, and letters.The 6 relevant articles consisted of 1 literature review (published 2004), 3 research articles and 1 published protocol. The literature review[1] recommended that children's long term medication should be reviewed. The published protocol stated that the NMS minimum age for inclusion in the trial was for children aged over 13 years of age. The four studies were related to psychiatrists reviewing paediatric mental health patients in the USA, a pharmacist using Drug Related Problem to review patients in GP practices in Australia, a UK study based on an information prescription concept by providing children dispensed medications in community pharmacy with signposting them to health information and one GP practice based study observing pharmaceutical care issues in children and adults.ConclusionThe results show that there are currently no known studies on medication use reviews specific to children, whereas in adults, published evaluations are available. The terms of the MUR policy restrict children's access to the service and so more studies are necessary to determine whether children could benefit from such access.

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WATSON, ADJ, and JE MADDISON. "Systemic antibacterial drug use in dogs in Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 79, no. 11 (November 2001): 740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10888.x.

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Hancock, Lynne, Raoul Walsh, Selina Redman, Robert W. Sanson‐Fisher, and David A. Henry. "Drug use in Australia: a community prevalence study." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 11 (June 1992): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121556.x.

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Turner, Sean. "Unlicensed and Off-label Drug Use in Australia." Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2000): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/1463009001527714.

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Irvine, Rodney J., Chris Kostakis, Peter D. Felgate, Emily J. Jaehne, Chang Chen, and Jason M. White. "Population drug use in Australia: A wastewater analysis." Forensic Science International 210, no. 1-3 (July 2011): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.037.

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Makkai, Toni, Rhonda Moore, and Ian McAllister. "Health education campaigns and drug use: the ‘drug offensive’ in Australia." Health Education Research 6, no. 1 (1991): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/6.1.65.

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Bolaji, Stephen, Sulay Jalloh, and Marilyn Kell. "It Takes a Village: Listening to Parents." Education Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10030053.

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The study was premised on the concern of the migrant African parents about their children’s lack of aspiration for higher education after completing their secondary education in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. There appears to be little understanding of, or confusion around, the different pathways available to higher education in Australia. The reports and anecdotes around African youths in the NT demonstrating antisocial behaviors, including, but not limited to drug offences, teen pregnancies and suicides prompted this research. These troubling behaviors have culminated in the death of two young boys in the African community in Darwin 2016 and another girl in 2019 in Kathrine. The study comprises of African parents who migrated to NT in Australia from different demographics in Africa. This study used a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to investigate African parents’ perception of their child’s post-secondary school aspiration. The outcome of this investigation revealed a lack of understanding of the NT Australian school systems and reporting strand on their children performance and the different pathways through which their children can access higher education in Australia. This study provided four recommendations to help African parents understand the NT Australian government policies and programs on education.

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Morgan, Carol-Ann. "Illicit Drug Use: Primary Prevention." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 57, no. 1 (January 1994): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269405700102.

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Over the past 20 years, illicit drug use among young people has been given a high profile in public debate, centring on its socially destructive and personally degrading nature. Drug use among young people is a highly emotive subject and can strike fear in the hearts of most parents, which is exacerbated by sensationalist media representation. This article describes the range of strategies used in tackling illicit drug use and discusses their evaluations. It suggests further community approaches with occupational therapist involvement to enable young people to make appropriate decisions regarding drug use.

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Hall, R. C. "Patterns in Drug Utilization-National and International Aspects: Drug Use in Australia." Acta Medica Scandinavica 215, S683 (April 24, 2009): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1984.tb08720.x.

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DUNN, MATTHEW, and LOUISA DEGENHARDT. "The use of drug detection dogs in Sydney, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review 28, no. 6 (March 31, 2009): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00065.x.

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Cohen, Deborah A., and Kathryn L. P. Linton. "Parent Participation in an Adolescent Drug Abuse Prevention Program." Journal of Drug Education 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pcyv-ntfh-dy0v-euly.

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This study reports the level of participation of parents in a parent-targeted school-based drug prevention program, the differences between students whose parents participate and those who don't, and the implications for involving parents in future drug prevention programs. Among 1761 eligible seventh grade families, 1263 students (72%) and 1142 parents (65%) completed surveys assessing the quality of parent-child relationships as well as tobacco and alcohol use. Ten percent of eligible families attended at least one of the evening sessions. Compared to students whose parents completed the survey, students whose parents did not complete a survey were more likely to report they used tobacco, had more friends who used substances, were monitored less by their parents, had more risk-taking behaviors, had lower grade-point averages, and their parents had higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use. Parents who attended evening sessions had the lowest rates of tobacco use and reported spending the most time with their children. Parent-targeted drug preventions programs may stigmatize attending parents and may be unlikely to attract the highest risk families.

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Abdizadeh, Hadis, Jane Southcott, and Maria Gindidis. "Attitudes of Iranian Community Parents in Australia towards their Children’s Language Maintenance." Heritage Language Journal 17, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 310–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.17.3.1.

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Issues of language shift (LS) and language maintenance (LM) are inevitable consequences of globalization and increased mobility of human populations. This qualitative case study investigated attitudes of migrant parents from Iran towards Persian community language maintenance (CLM) for their school-age children in Australia. Ten parents residing in Melbourne, Victoria were interviewed in two groups and demographic data were collected. The participants were seven female and three male parents who had at least one school-age child. In this qualitative case study, data were analyzed thematically. Three major themes concerning Persian CLM were identified: parents’ attitudes, strategies adopted for maintenance, and challenges for their children. The parents believed that CLM supported cultural identity, preserved family cohesion, and fostered bilingualism, all of which were considered valuable future skills for their children. Interviewees adopted diverse strategies including the establishment of family language use policies, sending their children to Iranian community language school, frequent contacts with extended family in Iran, and the use of Persian media and literature. The influential role of siblings and peers in their children’s language shift, and a lack of age-appropriate Persian books and visual materials were the main challenges to CLM mentioned by the parents in this research.

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Olsen, Anna. "Punishing parents: Child removal in the context of drug use." Drug and Alcohol Review 34, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12219.

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Maluccio, Anthony N., and Frank Ainsworth. "Drug Use by Parents: A Challenge for Family Reunification Practice." Children and Youth Services Review 25, no. 7 (July 2003): 511–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-7409(03)00042-2.

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Butler, Rachael, and Linda Bauld. "The parents' experience: coping with drug use in the family." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2005): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0968763042000275308.

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Hawthorne, Graeme. "Preteenage drug use in Australia: The key predictors and school-based drug education." Journal of Adolescent Health 20, no. 5 (May 1997): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(96)00181-4.

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Ward, Bernadette M., and Pamela C. Snow. "Parents's plans to supply their adolescents with alcohol." Australian Journal of Primary Health 17, no. 2 (2011): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10039.

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The aim was to determine the extent to which parent and adolescent characteristics and patterns of alcohol use influence parents’ plans to supply their adolescent aged 14–16 years with full serves of alcohol (i.e. not necessarily initiation) in the next 6 months. A cross-sectional sample of parents from Victoria, Australia, completed an online survey. Parents’ plans to supply alcohol in the next 6 months was significantly associated with their reports of supplying alcohol in the previous 3 months (β = 0.51, P < 0.01), perceptions that their adolescent drinks (β = 0.34, P < 0.01), reports of not practising religion (β = 0.13, P < 0.01), and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores (β = 0.09, P = 0.04). The total variance explained by the model was 57.4% F (9, 242) = 36.2, P < 0.01. Parents’ plans to supply their adolescent with alcohol might be a reflection of the normalisation of alcohol use in Australia. There is a need to support Australian parents to review their own alcohol use, clarify their views on alcohol use by their adolescent and confidently restrict their child’s access to alcohol, irrespective of their own drinking patterns.

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Young, Michael, Carolyn Kersten, and Chudley Werch. "Evaluation of a Parent Child Drug Education Program." Journal of Drug Education 26, no. 1 (March 1996): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/21bq-tcyf-fvap-p947.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a parent-child drug education program. One thousand four hundred and forty-seven fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students and 2,036 of their parents participated in the study. Results indicated that the program produced changes in the responses of children and their parents to questions concerning attitudes, use, perceptions of use, and intended use of drugs.

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Carlon, Sarah, Jennifer Stephenson, and Mark Carter. "Parent Perspectives on Sources of Information About Autism Spectrum Disorder Interventions in Australia." Australasian Journal of Special Education 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jse.2015.9.

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Extant research on sources of information about interventions used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has provided a general overview of sources used. However, it has provided little insight into why parents view certain sources as reliable or trustworthy, or how useful parents found the information provided to them by the sources and why. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 12 Australian parents of preschool-age children with ASD. Participants discussed the factors related to their perceptions of the reliability and trustworthiness of sources used, as well as the usefulness of the information provided. Parent ratings of the reliability of sources were influenced by factors including the firsthand experience of other parents, the parent's relationship with the source, and their beliefs about the sources’ intentions. A number of parents reported that sources provided either information of limited use or an overwhelming amount of information. Considerable variation was reported in the usefulness of information provided to parents. Recommendations regarding research and practice are offered.

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Ried, L. Douglas. "A Path Analytic Examination of Differential Social Control Theory." Journal of Drug Education 19, no. 2 (June 1989): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0fr9-rn0t-56n8-5ptr.

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Differential social control theory was investigated with survey data from 860 adolescents using path analytic techniques. Peer non-use expectations, peer use, and the adolescent's own attitude each have a direct influence on drug use. Peer non-use expectations have the largest total effect on drug use and are directly influenced by parental, peer, and school attachments. Student's attitude has a direct effect on drug use, however, a majority of the association is spurious. Peers' drug use has the largest, direct influence on drug use. The likelihood of adolescents' associating with drug using friends is reduced by a close relationship with their parents and by knowing that their friends disapprove of drug use. The model explained 60 percent of the variance. Students do not use drugs if they are unwilling to jeopardize their relationship with their parents and non-using friends. They are also less likely to use drugs if they think their parents and friends disapprove of drug use and if their friends do not use drugs themselves.

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Merrill, Ray M., Richard D. Salazar, and Nicole W. Gardner. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY RELIGIOSITY AND DRUG USE BEHAVIOR AMONG YOUTH." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.4.347.

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This study evaluated the relationship between several dimensions of parental and family religiosity with adolescent drug use behavior. Analysis was based on self-reported responses to a questionnaire administered to 1,036 undergraduate college students at Brigham Young University, of which 99.1% are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS). About 86% reported having never used drugs. The most commonly reported reasons for abstention from drugs were that drug use violates the participants' religious beliefs and their personal moral code. In contrast, concern about legal consequences, harming family reputation, and avoiding dishonest behavior were among the least common reasons for abstaining from drugs. Children of parents who were neutral, versus critical, about religion — or who considered religion of minor importance — were more likely to have a history of drug use. Protective factors against drug behavior included also parental positions of responsibility in the church and frequent family discussions involving religion and Christian conduct. The mother's view of religion was a stronger indicator of previous drug use behavior than either the father's view of religion, positions of church responsibility held by the parents, or arguments about religious teachings with parents. Discussion on topics of Christian conduct was a stronger indicator of previous drug use behavior than were either church attendance or discussions on topics of religious doctrine.

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Colasante, Emanuela, Francesco Fabi, Carla Rossi, Gianpaolo S. Tomba, and Sabrina Molinaro. "Updated Indicators to Evaluate Harmful Drug Use, in Particular, Poly-Drug Use." Current Drug Research Reviews 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874473711666180924155231.

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Background: Drug use indicators that are capable of measuring the individual levels of harm following drug use, and in particular, poly-drug use, have previously been proposed, based on individual drug and frequency of use data and expert rankings of harms related to various substances. These indicators allow the estimation of risk profiles for selected groups of individuals and comparisons, both over time and between populations. Recent advances regarding the ranking of drug use harms allow a refinement of these indicators, separating the effects on self and others. Objective: To define updated indicators and compare their performance to previous ones on datasets related to the Italian ESPAD longitudinal data. Methods: Two new scores, based respectively on the Harm to self and Harm to others substance scores, are defined. These scores follow the same logic as the previous poly-drug score (PDS), but now using the new Harm to self and Harm to others scores as weights, both in the individual calculations and in the calculation of the two normalizing factors. Results: The new harm-to-self drug use indicator is shown to correlate strongly with the previous poly-drug use indicator; and the Harm to others indicator, is introduced and commented upon. Using further ESPAD survey information related to personal behaviour, it is shown that high values of poly-drug use indicators are linked to specific behaviours related to interest in school, relationship with parents and use of leisure time. These results are consistent with previous analyses based on surveys among high school students in Italy.

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Loxley, W., A. Marsh, and S. K. Lo. "Age and injecting drug use in Perth, Western Australia: the Australian National AIDS and injecting drug use study." AIDS Care 3, no. 4 (October 1991): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540129108251592.

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Gilbar, Roy, and Efrat Ram-Tiktin. "It Takes a Village to Raise a Child: Solidarity in the Courts—Judicial Justification for Posthumous Use of Sperm by Bereaved Parents." Medical Law Review 28, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwz033.

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Abstract The practice of posthumous use of sperm raises social, ethical, and legal questions. We examine the issue of who should be allowed to use the sperm—only the deceased’s spouse or the deceased’s parents as well—from the perspective of solidarity and relational autonomy. Following a theoretical discussion of various accounts of solidarity and relational autonomy, the legal status of posthumous assisted reproduction is examined in three jurisdictions—the USA, Australia, and Israel—in which most applications to the courts were submitted by the deceased’s parents. In Israel, we found fifteen court rulings on requests for posthumous use of sperm and fourteen in Australia. A smaller number were found in the case of the USA. The analysis reveals that Israeli and Australian courts employ solidarity-based arguments to justify their decisions to allow posthumous use of sperm, particularly when the deceased’s true wishes are unknown. We thus conclude that the posthumous use of sperm can be legally extended to include the deceased’s parents based on solidarity and relational autonomy arguments.

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Forney, Paul David, Mary Ann Forney, Paul Fischer, John W. Richards, Joseph Scherger, Sallie Rixey, and Stephen R. Smith. "Sociocultural Correlates of Substance Use among Medical Students." Journal of Drug Education 18, no. 2 (June 1988): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5xjc-2yar-xdlu-hj9h.

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Medical students at four regional medical schools were administered a questionnaire regarding drug, alcohol, and tobacco use, and involvement in sensation-seeking sports and activities. Results of the study indicated that tobacco use was minimal, drug use was moderately low, and alcohol use was extensive. Increased alcohol use was strongly correlated with heavy drinking patterns in parents and male students while decreased drinking was strongly correlated with frequent religious attendance patterns. Students actively using drugs were more likely to have heavy drinking parents and to attend church infrequently. Protestant students and black students were least likely to be involved in drug use. Drug, alcohol, and tobacco use were significantly correlated. Those who use drugs tend to be heavy drinkers and smokers. Preventive education programs can utilize the results in medical school to inform students of potential problem areas based on sociodemographic influences.

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Auliff, Alyson M., John H. Adams, Michael T. O'Neil, and Qin Cheng. "Defining the Role of Mutations in Plasmodium vivax Dihydrofolate Reductase-Thymidylate Synthase Gene Using an Episomal Plasmodium falciparum Transfection System." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 9 (June 21, 2010): 3927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00628-10.

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ABSTRACT Plasmodium vivax resistance to antifolates is prevalent throughout Australasia and is caused by point mutations within the parasite dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-thymidylate synthase. Several unique mutations have been reported in P. vivax DHFR, and their roles in resistance to classic and novel antifolates are not entirely clear due, in part, to the inability to culture P. vivax in vitro. In this study, we use a homologous system to episomally express both wild-type and various mutant P. vivax dhfr (pvdhfr) alleles in an antifolate-sensitive line of P. falciparum and to assess their influences on the susceptibility of the recipient P. falciparum line to commonly used and new antifolate drugs. Although the wild-type pvdhfr-transfected P. falciparum line was as susceptible to antifolate drugs as the P. falciparum parent line, the single (117N), double (57L/117T and 58R/117T), and quadruple (57L/58R/61M/117T) mutant pvdhfr alleles conferred a marked reduction in their susceptibilities to antifolates. The resistance index increased with the number of mutations in these alleles, indicating that these mutations contribute to antifolate resistance directly. In contrast, the triple mutant allele (58R/61M/117T) significantly reversed the resistance to all antifolates, indicating that 61M may be a compensatory mutation. These findings help elucidate the mechanism of antifolate resistance and the effect of existing mutations in the parasite population on the current and new generation of antifolate drugs. It also demonstrates that the episomal transfection system has the potential to provide a rapid screening system for drug development and for studying drug resistance mechanisms in P. vivax.

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42

Darke, Shane, and Joanne Ross. "The use of antidepressants among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia." Addiction 95, no. 3 (March 2000): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95340711.x.

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Winter, R. J., J. T. Young, M. Stoové, P. A. Agius, M. E. Hellard, and S. A. Kinner. "Resumption of injecting drug use following release from prison in Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 168 (November 2016): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.640.

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Sutherland, Rachel, Natasha Sindicich, Gavin Entwistle, Elizabeth Whittaker, Amy Peacock, Allison Matthews, Raimondo Bruno, Rosa Alati, and Lucy Burns. "Tobacco and e-cigarette use amongst illicit drug users in Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 159 (February 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.035.

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Teesson, Maree, Tracey Hodder, and Neil Buhrich. "Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders Among Homeless People in Australia." Substance Use & Misuse 38, no. 3-6 (January 2003): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ja-120017382.

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Seay, Kristen D. "Detection of Problematic Substance Use in the Child Welfare System: A Comparison of Self-Report and Caseworker Report." Child Maltreatment 24, no. 2 (December 4, 2018): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518815613.

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Using a national sample of American families investigated for child maltreatment, this article compares parental self-report on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test measures to caseworker report of problematic alcohol and drug use at investigation. Data in this article are from child welfare caseworkers and a subset of parents surveyed in the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II—primary caregivers (most often the biological mother) whose child remained in the home following investigation ( n = 4,009). Caseworkers identified problematic alcohol use in only 17.7% of the parents who self-reported problematic alcohol use and problematic drug use in 37.6% of the parents who self-reported problematic drug use. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of problematic alcohol use were 21.5% and 94.8%, respectively, and 65.3% and 83.7% for problematic drug use, respectively. After controlling for the other variables in the model, an allegation of substance use reduced the odds of caseworker detection of problematic alcohol use being consistent with parent self-report (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.45, p < .01) and the odds of caseworker detection of problematic drug use being consistent with parent self-report ( OR = 0.13, p < .001).

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Netfa, Faeza, Catherine King, Cristyn Davies, Harunor Rashid, Mohamed Tashani, Robert Booy, and S. Rachel Skinner. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of the Arabic-Speaking Community in Sydney, Australia, toward the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Program: A Qualitative Study." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090940.

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Background: Little is known about acceptability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among parents of adolescents from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and attitudes of parents from Arabic backgrounds towards HPV vaccination offered to their children in the national school-based vaccination program. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted in Western Sydney, with parents of adolescents from Arabic backgrounds. Recruitment was via informal personal contacts and passive snowballing. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted in Arabic. These were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes. Results: Commonly identified themes across fifteen interviews included: (1) lack of awareness and knowledge of HPV and its vaccination, (2) awareness and understanding of the government vaccination information sheet, (3) parents’ preferences for information provision, (4) the role of parents’ religious beliefs in forming attitudes about HPV vaccination, and (5) lost opportunities to educate parents about HPV vaccination during general practitioner (GP) visits. Conclusion: The findings point to the need to address cultural, language, and communication barriers to improve awareness and acceptability of HPV vaccination in the Arabic community. Educational strategies should be tailored to this community based on their specific information needs and preferences.

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Macdonald, Donald Ian. "Substance Abuse." Pediatrics In Review 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10.3.89.

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Following a decade during which drug use by adolescents was viewed by many parents and other adults as a normal phase of development, the 1980s have been marked by growing awareness of the risks and costs of illegal drug use. Yet, despite the many successes of a burgeoning parents' movement, stimulated by the active leadership and support of the President and Mrs Reagan, drug use persists as a significant threat to the health and well-being of American youth. Physicians are in a powerful position to deliver health promotion messages to patients and their parents and have an obligation to do so whenever possible. Messages delivered on a routine basis can be influential in promoting smoking, alcohol, and drug abstinence. These messages should begin early and continue throughout childhood to reinforce and strengthen the development of healthy attitudes and behaviors. The pediatrician must never be reluctant to express his or her own views regarding the health consequences of drug and alcohol use to patients or their parents. Informed pediatricians represent formidable opposition to individuals who argue that "experimental" or "recreational" use of illicit substances during the developmental years is inevitable, normal, or harmless.

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Sârbu, Emanuel Adrian, Marius Marici, Simona Bostan, and Liviu Gavrila-Ardelean. "Physical and Recreational Activities, Sedentary Screen Time, Time Spent with Parents and Drug Use in Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021434.

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In a context in which sedentary screen time is on the rise and adolescents are less eager to engage in free-time activities, physical and recreational activities, although too often ignored, have proven to be an antidote for a large array of psychological and behavioral problems in adolescents, including drug use. The present study is a cross-sectional investigation of the association between physical and recreational activities, sedentary screen time, and time spent with parents and the intensity of drug use in adolescents. The participants were part of a representative sample of 2677 adolescents from Bucharest, Romania. The results indicate that vigorous physical and recreational activities, as well as time spent with parents, were negatively associated with an index of drug use (13 drugs), while screen time positively predicted the intensity of drug use. These findings raise the question of the involvement of parents and educational authorities in promoting healthy behaviors and good practices for the prevention of drug use and improving public adolescents’ health.

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Craig, Lyn, Killian Mullan, and Megan Blaxland. "Parenthood, policy and work-family time in Australia 1992—2006." Work, Employment and Society 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353778.

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This article explores how having children impacted upon (a) paid work, domestic work and childcare (total workload) and (b) the gender division of labour in Australia over a 15-year period during which government changed from the progressive Labor Party to the socially conservative National/Liberal Party Coalition. It describes changes and continuity in government policies and rhetoric about work, family and gender issues and trends in workforce participation. Data from three successive nationally representative Time Use Surveys (1992, 1997 and 2006), N=3846, are analysed. The difference between parents’ and non-parents’ total workload grew substantially under both governments, especially for women. In households with children there was a nascent trend to gender convergence in paid and unpaid work under Labor, which reversed under the Coalition.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Parents Drug use Australia'

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