Journal articles: 'Parental monitoring'

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Lac, Andrew, and William D. Crano. "Monitoring Matters." Perspectives on Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01166.x.

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Parental monitoring is commonly accredited as an important protective factor against risky adolescent behaviors. In this meta-analytic review, associations of adolescents' perceptions of parental monitoring with adolescent marijuana use were collected and quantified across 25 independent samples from 17 empirical studies involving 35,367 unique participants. Applying a random-effects model, the average magnitude of effect was r = –.21. The association was significantly stronger in female-only samples (r = –.31 vs. r = –.19, p < .001) and when parental monitoring was defined purely in terms of parental knowledge of the child's whereabouts, activities, and relations (r = –.24 vs. r = –.19, p < .05). Cross-sectional (r = –.23) and longitudinal studies (r = –.10) disclosed significant effect sizes. To assess publication bias, a file-drawer analysis indicated that 7,358 studies of nil effect size would be necessary to render the association of parental monitoring and reduced marijuana usage nonsignificant. Theoretical and practical implications of parental monitoring are discussed, especially issues concerning the measurement of parental monitoring and the possible utility of the construct in curtailing marijuana use.

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Stattin, Hakan, and Margaret Kerr. "Parental Monitoring: A Reinterpretation." Child Development 71, no. 4 (July 2000): 1072–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210.

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Knopf, Alison. "What Is ‘Parental Monitoring’?" Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 30, no. 29 (July 29, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adaw.32049.

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Sani, Indriawati Ghita Ghai, Missiliana Riasnugrahani, and Paulus H. Prasetya. "Self-Dicslosure dan Parental Monitoring: Model Mediasi dengan Parental Knowledge." TAZKIYA: Journal of Psychology 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v8i1.14723.

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AbstractSelf-disclosure is an individual's actions to share information about himself to others, whether it is private, less intimate or even everyday information. Adolescent with the development of personal space sometimes need distance and keep many secrets from their parents, and tend to be more open to friends. Parents who are worried about the child's social and personal life will do parental monitoring. Parental monitoring efforts are partly influenced by the social signals displayed by children, meaning that the strength of parental monitoring can be influenced by the degree of self-disclosure. On the other hand, children who try to disclose sometimes get different responses such as reacting positively or negatively from parents. Therefore, we assume that the strength of parental monitoring will also be influenced by parental knowledge. Self-disclosure will be a source of parental knowledge, and this knowledge then determines parental monitoring. If parents do not use the child's disclose to increase knowledge about the child, then the child's self-disclosure will not affect parental monitoring. Through a proportional stratified random sampling technique, it was obtained 394 high school students, to see the link between self-disclosure and parental monitoring with the mediation of parental knowledge. Data were taken using parental monitoring scale from Kerr and Stattin (a=0.83), self-disclosure scale from Wheeless and Grotz (a=0.67), and parental knowledge from Kerr and Stattin (a=0.73). Mediation test results with the model 4 Hayes PROCESS obtained that the relationship between self-disclosure and parental monitoring is fully mediated by parental knowledge of 0.10. This means that self-disclosure in high school students will affect parental monitoring, only if parents have adequate knowledge about their children. AbstrakSelf-disclosure adalah tindakan individu untuk memberitahukan informasi tentang dirinya kepada orang lain, baik berupa informasi yang sangat sensitif, kurang intim atau bahkan informasi sehari-hari. Remaja dengan perkembangan konsep personal space terkadang membutuhkan jarak dan menyimpan banyak rahasia dari orangtuanya, serta cenderung lebih terbuka kepada teman. Orangtua yang khawatir terhadap kehidupan sosial dan pribadi anak akan melakukan parental monitoring. Upaya parental monitoring sebagian dipengaruhi oleh sinyal sosial yang ditampilkan anak, artinya kuat lemahnya parental monitoring dapat dipengaruhi oleh derajat keterbukaan anak sendiri. Di sisi lain, anak yang berusaha terbuka terkadang mendapatkan respon yang berbeda seperti bereaksi positif ataupun negatif dari orangtua. Oleh karena itu kami berasumsi bahwa kuat lemahnya parental monitoring akan dipengaruhi pula oleh parental knowledge. Self-disclosure akan menjadi sumber bagi parental knowledge, dan pengetahuan ini selanjutnya menentukan monitoring yang dilakukan orang tua. Jika orang tua tidak memanfaatkan keterbukaan anak untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang anak, maka self-disclosure anak tidak akan memengaruhi monitoring orang tua. Melalui teknik proportional stratified random sampling diperoleh 394 siswa SMA, untuk melihat kaitan self-disclosure dan parental monitoring dengan mediasi parental knowledge. Data diambil menggunakan skala parental monitoring dari Kerr dan Stattin (a=0.83), skala self-disclosure dari Wheeless dan Grotz (a=0.67), dan parental knowledge dari Kerr dan Stattin (a=0.73). Hasil uji mediasi dengan model 4 Hayes PROCESS diperoleh bahwa hubungan self-disclosure dan parental monitoring sepenuhnya dimediasi oleh parental knowledge sebesar 0,10. Artinya self-disclosure pada siswa SMA akan memengaruhi parental monitoring, hanya jika orang tua memiliki pengetahuan yang memadai tentang anaknya.

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Ndou, Adam. "Parental Financial Monitoring and Financial Literacy: The Moderating Effects of Parental Income." Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting 4, no. 4 (September 13, 2023): 556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v4i4.1934.

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The moderating effect of parental income on parental financial monitoring and financial literacy is increasingly becoming important. This study determined whether the relationship between parental financial monitoring and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. Quantitative research approach was adopted. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Moderated regression analysis was used to analyse data. The results showed that Parental income moderated the relationship of Parental financial monitoring with financial knowledge, financial behaviour, and financial attitude. Furthermore, the results indicated that parental income did not moderate the relationship of Parental financial monitoring and financial decision-making. Therefore, the overall results indicated that the relationship between parental financial monitoring and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. This study is the first to investigate whether the relationship between parental financial monitoring and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. This study concluded by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research.

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Hayes, Louise, Alan Hudson, and Jan Matthews. "Parental Monitoring: A Process Model of Parent-Adolescent Interaction." Behaviour Change 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.20.1.13.24844.

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AbstractEmpirical evidence supports parental monitoring as a moderator of adolescent problem behaviours. A methodological review shows that monitoring has been measured using self-report questions based on parental knowledge of adolescent free-time use; however, inconsistencies in the definition of monitoring have created confusion. A process model of parental monitoring is proposed. This proposed model conceptualises monitoring interactions in a temporal sequence. It proposes that parental monitoring occurs in two distinct stages: before the adolescent goes out and when they return home. Parental and adolescent responses to monitoring interactions impact on future monitoring episodes. The proposed model demonstrates that a functional understanding of parent and adolescent monitoring behaviours is essential to clinical prevention and intervention.

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Suwarni, Linda, Djauhar Ismail, Yayi Suryo Prabandari, and MG Adiyanti. "Perceived Parental Monitoring on Adolescence Premarital Sexual Behavior in Pontianak City, Indonesia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v4i3.4736.

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Inadaquate parental monitoring is widely recognized as a risk factor for the development of child and adolescent conduct problems, including early premarital sexual behavior. Previous studies examining parental monitoring have largely effect to adolescents premarital sexual behavior. Parental monitoring is the most important and effective factor to prevent early adolescents sexual activity. This paper examines the role of perceived parental monitoring in adolescent’s premarital sexual behavior (study on Adolescent’s Junior High School in Pontianak). A cross-sectional study and proportionated random sampling was conducted among 402 adolescents of junior high school at six subdistricts in Pontianak. SEM analyses was conducted using SMART-PLS. Result of path analysis revealed that parental knowledge (r = 0.389) and parental-adolescence relationship (r = 0.334) had a strong influence on parental monitoring. Then, parental monitoring had a significant indirect relationship with adolescent premarital sexual behavior through attitudes about premarital sexual (path coefficient = 0.063), and attitudes about premarital sexual and intention to sexual behaviour (path coefficient = 0.03). Parental monitoring can act as protective factor in early adolescent premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, risk reduction interventions with adolescents should include their parents to learn about monitoring skill and develop skill that will allow them to buffer negative influences.

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Suwarni, Linda, Djauhar Ismail, Yayi Suryo Prabandari, and MG Adiyanti. "Perceived Parental Monitoring on Adolescence Premarital Sexual Behavior in Pontianak City, Indonesia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v4i3.4736.

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Inadaquate parental monitoring is widely recognized as a risk factor for the development of child and adolescent conduct problems, including early premarital sexual behavior. Previous studies examining parental monitoring have largely effect to adolescents premarital sexual behavior. Parental monitoring is the most important and effective factor to prevent early adolescents sexual activity. This paper examines the role of perceived parental monitoring in adolescent’s premarital sexual behavior (study on Adolescent’s Junior High School in Pontianak). A cross-sectional study and proportionated random sampling was conducted among 402 adolescents of junior high school at six subdistricts in Pontianak. SEM analyses was conducted using SMART-PLS. Result of path analysis revealed that parental knowledge (r = 0.389) and parental-adolescence relationship (r = 0.334) had a strong influence on parental monitoring. Then, parental monitoring had a significant indirect relationship with adolescent premarital sexual behavior through attitudes about premarital sexual (path coefficient = 0.063), and attitudes about premarital sexual and intention to sexual behaviour (path coefficient = 0.03). Parental monitoring can act as protective factor in early adolescent premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, risk reduction interventions with adolescents should include their parents to learn about monitoring skill and develop skill that will allow them to buffer negative influences.

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Jaggers, Jeremiah W., Sara Tomek, Lisa M. Hooper, Missy T. Mitchell-Williams, and Wesley T. Church. "What About the Parental Response?: The Effect of Delinquency and Anger on Parental Monitoring." Family Journal 29, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480721992511.

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Parental monitoring is a set of correlated parenting behaviors involving attention to and tracking of the child’s whereabouts, activities, and adaptations. The impact of parental monitoring is ubiquitous and has broad relevance for youth outcomes. Similarly, although less commonly investigated, youth behaviors can impact parents’ or caregivers’ responses or behaviors. Longitudinal analysis was used to assess the gendered effects of youth behaviors—defined as internalized anger, externalized anger, and delinquency—on parent behaviors (i.e., parental monitoring). Results showed that adolescent’s levels of internalized anger, externalized anger, and delinquency were predictive of parental monitoring. Specifically, as the adolescents aged, parental monitoring decreased and parental monitoring was differentiated based on gender. Results and implications for the parent–child relationship are discussed.

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Rudi, Jessie H., and Jodi Dworkin. "Parents' and Youths' Solicitation and Disclosure of Information in Today's Digital Age." Journal of Youth Development 13, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2018.645.

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Extensive research has identified parental monitoring to be a protective factor for youth. Parental monitoring includes parents’ solicitation of information from their child and the child’s voluntary disclosure of information. In today’s digital society, parental monitoring can occur using technology, such as text messaging, email, and social networking sites. The current study describes parents’ and youths’ communication technology use explicitly to solicit and share information with each other in a sample of 56 parent–youth dyads from the same family (youth were 13 to 25 years old). We also examined associations between in-person parental monitoring, parental monitoring using technology, parental knowledge, and youth substance use initiation. Results revealed great variability in frequency of parental monitoring using technology, with a subgroup of parents and youth reporting doing these behaviors very frequently. Parental monitoring using technology was not associated with greater parental knowledge or youth substance use initiation after controlling for youth age group (adolescent or emerging adult) and gender composition of dyads. However, in-person communication between youth and parents remained an important variable and was positively associated with parental knowledge. Youth workers could empower parents to focus on in-person communication, and not rely solely on communication using technology.

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Keijsers, Loes. "Parental monitoring and adolescent problem behaviors." International Journal of Behavioral Development 40, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415592515.

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This article aims to provide a critical analysis of how much we know about the effectiveness of parental monitoring in preventing adolescent delinquency. First, it describes the historical developments in parental monitoring research. Second, it explains why it is uncertain whether causal inferences can be drawn from contemporary research findings on the link of parenting and adolescent problem behaviors. Third, it is empirically demonstrated, using Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Models, how distinguishing between-person and within-person associations may alter or strengthen conclusions regarding the links of parental monitoring and adolescent disclosure with adolescent delinquency. Previously detected correlations between parental monitoring and adolescent delinquency were not present at the within-family level. However, there were significant associations between within-person fluctuations in disclosure and delinquency. Together, these models provide stronger evidence for a potential causal link between disclosure and delinquency, but also suggest that previously detected linkages of parental monitoring and delinquency can be explained by stable between-person differences rather than causal processes operating within families.

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Kovacevic-Lepojevic, Marina. "Parental monitoring and rule-breaking behaviour in secondary school students." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 49, no. 1 (2017): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1701099k.

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Parental monitoring is recognised as one of the most important family factors that are associated with rule-breaking behaviour. The objective of this paper is to determine the nature of correlations between parental monitoring and its key components (parents? knowledge, child disclosure, parental solicitation and parental control) and rule-breaking behaviour. Additionally, the prediction of the rule-breaking behaviour by parental monitoring variables, age and gender will be considered. The sample included 507 secondary school students from Belgrade, aged 15 to 18. The data on rule-breaking behaviour were collected through ASEBA YSR/11-18, and on parental monitoring via the Parental monitoring scale. The most important conclusions are the following: the strongest negative correlations are found between parental knowledge and child disclosure with rule-breaking behaviour; child disclosure is the most important source of parental knowledge; the variables of parental monitoring, gender and age explained 31.4% of the variance of rule-breaking behaviour; finally, parental control and age, unlike other variables, did not predict rule-breaking behaviour. Given that parents mostly know how children spend their free time only if the children tell this to them, it is recommended that the prevention programme of rule-breaking behaviour should be oriented towards the improvement of parent-child relationships instead of focusing on parental control and supervision.

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Lyndsey Veal, Maribeth, and Lisa Thomson Ross. "Gender, Alcohol Consumption, and Parental Monitoring." Journal of Psychology 140, no. 1 (January 2006): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.140.1.41-52.

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Carbone, T. "Parental compliance with home cardiorespiratory monitoring." Archives of Disease in Childhood 84, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.84.3.270.

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MacDougall, C., L. Saych, A. Brightwell, K. Blair, P. Clarke, and G. Briars. "G361 Parental photographic monitoring of ascites." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, Suppl 3 (April 2015): A148.1—A148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308599.317.

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Rodgers-Farmer, Antoinette Y. "Parental Monitoring and Peer Group Association." Journal of Social Service Research 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j079v27n02_01.

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Tiberio, Stacey S., David C. R. Kerr, Deborah M. Capaldi, Katherine C. Pears, Hyoun K. Kim, and Paulina Nowicka. "Parental Monitoring of Children’s Media Consumption." JAMA Pediatrics 168, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.5483.

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Metzger, Aaron, Christa Ice, and Lesley Cottrell. "But I Trust My Teen: Parents' Attitudes and Response to a Parental Monitoring Intervention." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/396163.

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Parental knowledge gained from monitoring activities protects against adolescent risk involvement. Parental monitoring approaches are varied and may be modified with successful interventions but not all parents or adolescents respond to monitoring programs the same way. 339 parent-adolescent dyads randomized to receive a parental monitoring intervention and 169 parent-adolescent dyads in the control group were followed for one year over four measurement periods. Parent attitudes about the usefulness of monitoring, the importance of trust and respecting their teens’ privacy, and the appropriateness of adolescent risk-taking behavior and experimentation were examined as predictors of longitudinal change in parental monitoring and open communication. Similar effects were found in both the intervention and control group models regarding open communication. Parental attitudes impacted longitudinal patterns of teen-reported parent monitoring, and these patterns differed across experimental groups. In the intervention group, parents’ beliefs about the importance of trust and privacy were associated with a steeper decline in monitoring across time. Finally, parents’ attitudes about the normative nature of teen experimentation were associated with a quadratic parental monitoring time trend in the intervention but not the control group. These findings suggest that parental attitudes may impact how families respond to an adolescent risk intervention.

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Park, Sohyun. "How Parental Attachment and Monitoring Shape Self-Concept: Mediating Effects of Academic Pressure and Career Maturity." Korea University Institute of Educational Research 94 (February 28, 2025): 77–108. https://doi.org/10.24299/kier.2025.381.77.

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This study aims to explore the impact of parental attachment and parental monitoring on self-concept among high school seniors and to identify the mediating roles of academic pressure and career maturity in this process. Utilizing data from the Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS), the study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and multiple regression analysis to validate the relationships among variables. The findings indicate that both parental attachment and parental monitoring exert significant positive effects on self-concept, with parental attachment demonstrating a stronger influence. Parental attachment was found to be a key factor in enhancing career maturity, and its indirect effect on self-concept was also significant. In contrast, parental monitoring was associated with increased academic pressure and exhibited a weaker direct influence on self-concept compared to parental attachment. While career maturity emerged as a crucial mediator in self-concept formation, the mediating effect of academic pressure was relatively minor. Furthermore, the interaction between parental attachment and parental monitoring negatively impacted self-concept, indicating that higher levels of parental monitoring weakened the positive effect of parental attachment. These results highlight the critical role of parental emotional support and behavioral guidance in shaping adolescents' self-concept and underscore the necessity of balanced parenting approaches. The study further suggests implications for the development of parent education and counseling programs.

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Hardie, Beth. "Reconceptualising parental monitoring within a model of goal-directed parental action." New Ideas in Psychology 61 (April 2021): 100847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100847.

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Suchyadi, Yudhie, Entis Sutisna, and Sandi Budiana. "KONTRIBUSI MONITORING ORANG TUA TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN SISWA DI SEKOLAH DASAR." Pedagonal : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan 4, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/pedagonal.v4i2.2688.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF PARENTS MONITORING TO THE INDEPENDENCE OF STUDENTS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLThe research objective is to examine the contribution of parental monitoring to learning outcomes indirectly through student independence. Type of quantitative research. The sampling technique used proportional random sampling. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used path analysis. The results of the study with parental monitoring, contribute simultaneously to independence. Partially, parental monitoring does not contribute directly to learning outcomes and indirectly contributes positively through independence. Partially, parental monitoring affects independence by 7.34%.

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Supe, Inga, and Baiba Martinsone. "PERCEIVED SCHOOL CLIMATE, PARENTAL MONITORING AND CYBERBULLYING AMONG ADOLESCENTS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 7 (May 20, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol7.5007.

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The aim of this research was to find out the connection between the perceived school climate, parental monitoring and cyberbullying among adolescents, and whether there were differences in these variables between two adolescent age groups. It was examined how the dimensions of the perceived school climate and parental monitoring explain the adolescents’ experience of cyber victims and cyberbullies. A total of 309 Latvian students from grades 5 to 12 (200 respondents from grades 5-9 and 109 respondents from grades 10-12) participated in the research. In data collection Parental Monitoring Scale (Stattin & Kerr, 2000), Georgia School Climate Survey (La Salle, McIntosh, & Eliasson, 2016) and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (Brighi et al., 2012) were applied. The results confirmed significant positive correlation between school climate perception, adequate parental monitoring and less cyberbullying. Also, significant differences between two age groups in perceived school climate, parental monitoring and cyberbullying indications were found. The younger group's adolescents provided more positive evaluations of school climate and parental monitoring, while the older group's adolescents reported more cyberbullying experience. The school climate dimensions Order and discipline, Character, Social support from peers together with negative aspect of parental monitoring Parental solicitation significantly predicted cyberbullying behavior in whole adolescent sample. These results create a better understanding of the variables concerning cyberbullying.

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Febriana, Annisa, and Sigit Mulyono. "Pengaruh Parental Monitoring terhadap Perilaku Seksual Berisiko Remaja: A Systematic Review." Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan "SUARA FORIKES" (Journal of Health Research "Forikes Voice") 10, no. 3 (May 11, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/sf.v10i3.419.

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Introduction: High parental monitoring is demonstrated in the form of good supervision by parents, accompanied by communication and parenting as an important and effective part, to prevent risky adolescent sexual behavior. The purpose of writing this article is to systematically review several recent studies using cross sectional, longitudinal and ethnographic designs to determine the effect of parental monitoring on adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Method: Searching library sources was conducted in several electronic databases such as scanned, biomed, pubmed and google scholar in the last 10 years, which were published in English. The search results obtained 8 articles that met the criteria. Conclusion: Parental monitoring is very influential to reduce the risk of adolescent risky sexual behavior. Parental monitoring is more effective with good parenting, good relationships and communication between parents and adolescents, high religiosity, and the application of discipline in the family. Further research is needed in the form of interventions, as well as examining parental monitoring in various other risk behaviors for adolescents. Keywords: parental monitoring, adolescent, risky sexual behavior, parent-adolescent communication   ABSTRAK   Pendahuluan: Parental monitoring yang tinggi ditunjukkan dalam bentuk pengawasan yang baik oleh orangtua, disertai dengan komunikasi dan pola asuh sebagai bagian penting dan efektif, untuk mencegah perilaku seksual berisiko remaja. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk melakukan review secara sistematis terhadap beberapa penelitian terbaru yang menggunakan desain cross sectional, longitudinal dan etnografi untuk mengetahui pengaruh monitoring orangtua terhadap perilaku seksual berisiko remaja. Metode: Pencarian sumber pustaka dilakukan di beberapa database elektronik seperti sciencedirect, biomed, pubmed dan google scholar dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir, yang dipublikasikan dalam bahasa Inggris. Hasil pencarian berhasil memperoleh 8 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria. Kesimpulan: Parental monitoring sangat berpengaruh untuk menurunkan risiko terjadinya perilaku seksual berisiko remaja. Parental monitoring lebih efektif dilakukan dengan pola asuh yang baik, terjalinnya hubungan dan komunikasi yang baik antara orangtua dengan remaja, religiusitas yang tinggi, serta penerapan disiplin dalam keluarga. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut dalam bentuk intervensi, serta mengkaji parental monitoring di berbagai perilaku berisiko remaja lainnya.  Kata kunci: parental monitoring, remaja, perilaku seksual berisiko, komunikasi orangtua-remaja

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Jahan, Mohammad Reza. "The Examination of the Structural Relationships Between Parental Monitoring and Parental Perfectionism on Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System and Social Competence with Self-Efficacy as a Mediator in Students." Journal of Cognition, Behavior, Learning 1, no. 1 (2024): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.61838/jcbl.1.1.3.

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The behavioral inhibition/activation system and social competence are variables that are constantly influenced by factors such as parental monitoring and their perfectionism. The aim of this study was to examine the structural relationships between parental monitoring and parental perfectionism on the behavioral inhibition/activation system and social competence with self-efficacy as a mediator in students. The research method was descriptive, correlational, and model-based. The study population included all students at Semnan University. The sample size for this research consisted of 250 individuals who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools in this study included parental monitoring (Kerr & Stattin, 2000), perfectionism (Terry-Short et al., 1995), self-efficacy (Schwarzer & Maddux, 1982), social competence (Flenner, 1990), and behavioral inhibition/activation system (Carver & White, 1994). The data analysis method employed was structural equation modeling. The results revealed that parental monitoring had a direct relationship with the behavioral inhibition/activation system in children; parental monitoring had a direct relationship with children's social competence; parental monitoring had an indirect relationship with the behavioral inhibition/activation system in children through self-efficacy as a mediator; parental perfectionism had a direct relationship with the behavioral inhibition/activation system in children; and parental perfectionism had a significant and inverse relationship with children's social competence. Therefore, the findings suggest that parental monitoring and their perfectionism are influential factors affecting the behavioral system and social competence of students, with self-efficacy playing a mediating and reinforcing role in the relationship.

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Ye, Hong, You-Me Lee, and Sang-Mi Lee. "Mothers’ Parental Monitoring on Children’s Media Device Addiction: The Moderating Effects of Parental Attachment." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 18 (September 30, 2022): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.18.295.

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Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effects of parental attachment on the relationships between mothers’ parental monitoring and children’s media device addiction among 11-year old children. Methods In this study, Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between mother’s parental monitoring and parental attachment and children’s media device addiction by analyzing data from the 12th year of the Korean Children’s Panel(N=948). A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to verify the effect of controlling parental attachment on the relationship between addiction to media devices. Results First, the average level of mothers’ parental monitoring was high with a rating of 4.68(SD=.54), the average level of parental attachment was middle with a rating of 3.84(SD=.56), and the average level of children’s media device addition was low with a rating of 1.70(SD=.45). Second, it was found that there was an overall negative correlation between mothers’ parental monitoring, adolescent’s attachment with parent and children’s media device addiction. Third, mothers’ parental monitoring had a negative(-) effect on children’s media device addiction, and it was found that the moderating effect of parental attachment was significant on their relationship. In other words, the group with low parental attachment slowed down the influence of mothers’ parental monitoring to lower children’s media device addiction, as a result, it suggests that the possibility of media device addiction is high. Conclusions The purpose of this study was to prove that children with higher parental attachment and trusting their parents that mothers’ parental monitoring was effective and the tendency to addicted to media devices was lowered. The results of this study are meaningful in investigating the importance of a healthy family environment and the attachment relationship between children and parents as a way to prevent media device addiction in elementary school children who are exposed to a lot of media.

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Shanti, Theresia Indira, and Chatarina Dara Gryselda. "Parental Monitoring and Risk Behavior in Middle Adolescents." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v16i3.23431.

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Friends played significant role due to middle adolescents tended to imitate behaviour of their friends including the risk behaviour. Parental monitoring could minimize the risk. However, the excessive unreasonable parental monitoring tended to increase risk behaviour of middle adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to know whether perceived parental monitoring had a significant relationship with risk behaviour among middle adolescents. This study used quantitative method with two measuring instruments in the form of a questionnaire, Parental Monitoring Questionnaire which consisted of 25 items to measure parental monitoring and Adolescence Risk Behaviour Questionnaire which consisted of 15 items to measure risk behaviour. The participants in this study were 105 male senior high school student age 15-17 years, who lived with both of their parents in Jakarta. Correlation test results showed that there was a significant relationship between perceived parental monitoring and substance use, premarital sex, and criminal behaviour among middle adolescents. Based on these results, the researcher presented some discussion materials and the suggestions that needed to be considered for further research.

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Leaver, Tama. "Intimate Surveillance: Normalizing Parental Monitoring and Mediation of Infants Online." Social Media + Society 3, no. 2 (April 2017): 205630511770719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117707192.

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Parents are increasingly sharing information about infants online in various forms and capacities. To more meaningfully understand the way parents decide what to share about young people and the way those decisions are being shaped, this article focuses on two overlapping areas: parental monitoring of babies and infants through the example of wearable technologies and parental mediation through the example of the public sharing practices of celebrity and influencer parents. The article begins by contextualizing these parental practices within the literature on surveillance, with particular attention to online surveillance and the increasing importance of affect. It then gives a brief overview of work on pregnancy mediation, monitoring on social media, and via pregnancy apps, which is the obvious precursor to examining parental sharing and monitoring practices regarding babies and infants. The examples of parental monitoring and parental mediation will then build on the idea of “intimate surveillance” which entails close and seemingly invasive monitoring by parents. Parental monitoring and mediation contribute to the normalization of intimate surveillance to the extent that surveillance is (re)situated as a necessary culture of care. The choice to not survey infants is thus positioned, worryingly, as a failure of parenting.

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Trucco, Elisa M., Sandra Villafuerte, Mary M. Heitzeg, Margit Burmeister, and Robert A. Zucker. "Susceptibility effects of GABA receptor subunit alpha-2 (GABRA2) variants and parental monitoring on externalizing behavior trajectories: Risk and protection conveyed by the minor allele." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 1 (March 23, 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000255.

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AbstractUnderstanding factors increasing susceptibility to social contexts and predicting psychopathology can help identify targets for prevention. Persistently high externalizing behavior in adolescence is predictive of psychopathology in adulthood. Parental monitoring predicts low externalizing behavior, yet youth likely vary in the degree to which they are affected by parents. Genetic variants of GABA receptor subunit alpha-2 (GABRA2) may increase susceptibility to parental monitoring, thus impacting externalizing trajectories. We had several objectives: (a) to determine whether GABRA2 (rs279827, rs279826, rs279858) moderates the relationship between a component of parental monitoring, parental knowledge, and externalizing trajectories; (b) to test the form of this interaction to assess whether GABRA2 variants reflect risk (diathesis–stress) or susceptibility (differential susceptibility) factors; and (c) to clarify GABRA2 associations on the development of problem behavior. This prospective study (N = 504) identified three externalizing trajectory classes (i.e., low, decreasing, and high) across adolescence. A GABRA2 × Parental Monitoring effect on class membership was observed, such that A-carriers were largely unaffected by parental monitoring, whereas class membership for those with the GG genotype was affected by parental monitoring. Findings support differential susceptibility in GABRA2.

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Meter, Diana J., and Sheri Bauman. "Moral Disengagement About Cyberbullying and Parental Monitoring: Effects on Traditional Bullying and Victimization via Cyberbullying Involvement." Journal of Early Adolescence 38, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670752.

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The indirect effects of moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring on traditional victimization and bullying via cyberbullying involvement were examined in a diverse sample of 800 youth in Grades 3 to 8. After controlling for grade and gender, moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had an indirect effect on traditional victimization and bullying through cyberbullying involvement. Moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had a direct effect on traditional bullying. Results suggest that moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring affect cyberbullying involvement and additionally impact experiences beyond the cyber context.

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Hayes, Louise, Alan Hudson, and Jan Matthews. "Understanding parental monitoring through analysis of monitoring episodes in context." International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 3, no. 1 (2007): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100172.

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Ranganathan, Chitra, and Raymond Montemayor. "Parental efficacy, parental monitoring efficacy, and monitoring among Asian-Indian parents of adolescents living in Chennai, India." Journal of Adolescence 37, no. 8 (December 2014): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.002.

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Micalizzi, Lauren, Nazaret Suazo, Claudia Paszek, Lynn Hernández, Kathleen Kemp, Kristina Jackson, and Anthony Spirito. "Discrepant Parent-Adolescent Reports of Parental Monitoring And Their Relations to Cannabis Use Among Justice-Involved Youth." Cannabis 5, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2022.02.001.

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Increased parental monitoring is protective against cannabis use (CU) for justice involved youth, although discrepancies across parent/adolescent reports of monitoring may confer risk. Baseline data were drawn from two randomized clinical trials (152 adolescents; Mage= 15.9; 68% male). Adolescents reported on past 60-day CU and adolescents and parents completed a measure of parental knowledge, parental solicitation, parental control, and child disclosure. Multiple regression models that varied operationalization of discrepancies were performed, in which CU was predicted from each monitoring construct. Inclusion of main effects of parent and adolescent reports improved prediction of CU, particularly parental knowledge and child disclosure. When operationalized categorically, discrepancies improved prediction of CU for parental knowledge. Discrepancies did not improve prediction of CU for the other aspects of parental monitoring. Findings diverge from previous research on adolescent alcohol use; explanations of findings and implications for treatment are discussed.

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Rhamdayanti, Shara, Tina Hayati Dahlan, and Gemala Nurendah. "PERSONAL FABLE, PERCEIVED PARENTAL MONITORING, DAN PERILAKU BERISIKO PADA REMAJA DI BANDUNG." Journal of Psychological Science and Profession 4, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v4i2.25160.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kontribusi personal fable dan perceived parental monitoring secara simultan terhadap perilaku berisiko pada remaja di Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linier berganda. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah adaptasi dari New Personal Fable Scale untuk menjaring data personal fable, Parental Monitoring Questionnaire untuk menjaring data perceived parental monitoring, dan Risk-Taking Scales untuk menjaring data perilaku berisiko. Penelitian ini melibatkan 395 remaja berusia 13 – 18 tahun di Bandung dengan status sebagai siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa personal fable dan perceived parental monitoring secara simultan tidak berkontribusi terhadap perilaku berisiko pada remaja. Setelah dilakukan pengujian secara parsial, ditemukan bahwa personal fable tidak berkontribusi terhadap perilaku berisiko, sedangkan perceived parental monitoring berkontribusi terhadap perilaku berisiko.

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Marotta, Phillip L., and Dexter R. Voisin. "Pathways to delinquency and substance use among African American youth: Does future orientation mediate the effects of peer norms and parental monitoring?" Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317736912.

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The following study assessed whether future orientation mediated the effects of peer norms and parental monitoring on delinquency and substance use among 549 African American adolescents. Structural equation modeling computed direct and indirect (meditational) relationships between parental monitoring and peer norms through future orientation. Parental monitoring significantly correlated with lower delinquency through future orientation ( B = −.05, standard deviation = .01, p < .01). Future orientation mediated more than quarter (27.70%) of the total effect of parental monitoring on delinquency. Overall findings underscore the importance of strengthening resilience factors for African American youth, especially those who live in low-income communities.

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Findlay, Leanne, Rochelle Garner, and Dafna Kohen. "TRAJECTORIES OF PARENTAL MONITORING KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH ADOLESCENTS’ SUBSTANCE USE, POOR ACADEMIC OUTCOMES, AND BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 4, no. 4 (November 8, 2013): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs44201312694.

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Lower levels of perceived parental monitoring knowledge have been associated with various risk behaviours among children and youth. Data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth were used to: 1) identify longitudinal patterns of parental monitoring knowledge through early adolescence; 2) explore associations between these patterns and socio-demographic factors; and 3) examine the association between patterns of parental monitoring knowledge and behavioural and academic outcomes. Results revealed that a 3-group model best represented patterns of parental monitoring knowledge. Socio-demographic factors were found to differentiate membership in these patterns. Findings also suggested that lower levels of perceived parental monitoring knowledge were associated with higher levels of behaviour problems, poorer academic outcomes, and a greater likelihood of substance use.</span></p>

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Lim, JungHa, and Zayoun Huh. "Relationship between Parental Monitoring and Cyberbullying Perpetration among Male and Female Adolescents: Dual Sequential Mediating Effects of Self-Control and Peer Conformity of Anti-social Behaviors." Korea University Institute of Educational Research 91 (May 30, 2024): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24299/kier.2024.372.139.

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This study aims to investigate dual sequential mediating effects of self-control and peer conformity of anti-social behaviors in the relationship between parental monitoring of internet use and cyberbullying perpetration in male and female adolescents. Participants were recruited from 8 middle schools in Seoul. A sample of 304 students participated in the study. Self-report questionnaires were used to assessed perceived parental monitoring of internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, self-control, and peer conformity of anti-social behaviors. Data were analyzed with t-tests, Pearson's correlation, and Model 6 in SPSS PROCESS Macro. Results indicated that female students reported higher parental monitoring of internet use and self-control compared to male students, while male students reported higher peer conformity of anti-social behaviors and engagement in cyberbullying perpetration compared to female students. Testing of the sequential mediating model in the overall sample showed parental monitoring of adolescent children influenced cyberbullying perpetration serially via self-control of adolescents and peer conformity of anti-social behaviors. However, in the male students' sample, parental monitoring was associated with cyberbullying perpetration via self-control and peer conformity of anti-social behaviors, respectively, while in the female students' sample, parental monitoring was associated with cyberbullying perpetration only via self-control. Gender-specific pathways from parental monitoring to cyberbullying perpetration were discussed.

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Jaggers, Jeremiah W., Anneliese C. Bolland, Sara Tomek, Kathleen A. Bolland, Lisa M. Hooper, Wesley T. Church, and John M. Bolland. "The Longitudinal Impact of Distal, Non-Familial Relationships on Parental Monitoring: Implications for Delinquent Behavior." Youth & Society 50, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15602415.

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An extensive body of work shows that parental monitoring reduces the likelihood of risky behaviors among youth, yet little attention has been given to the factors compelling parents to engage in monitoring behaviors. The current study examines the association between non-familial, adolescent relationships (i.e., school connectedness, community connectedness, and peer relationships) and parental monitoring. The data used come from the Mobile Youth Survey (MYS), and from 2006 and 2011, resulting in a longitudinal sample of 3,287 adolescents. Longitudinal growth modeling reveals strong associations between non-familial relationships and parental monitoring, along with gendered effects across time. Implications for parental monitoring and delinquency in a low-income, Black American sample are discussed.

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Springer, Andrew E., Shreela Sharma, Alba Margarita de Guardado, Francisco Vázquez Nava, and Steven H. Kelder. "Perceived Parental Monitoring and Health Risk Behavior among Public Secondary School Students in El Salvador." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.284.

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Although parental monitoring has received considerable attention in studies of U.S. adolescents, few published studies have examined how parents' knowledge of their children's whereabouts may influence health risk behaviors in adolescents living in Latin America. We investigated the association between perceived parental monitoring and substance use, fighting, and sexual behaviors in rural and urban Salvadoran adolescents (n = 982). After adjusting for several sociodemographic covariates, multilevel regression analyses indicated that students reporting low parental monitoring were between 2 to 3.5 times more likely to report risk behaviors examined. The promotion of specific parenting practices such as parental monitoring may hold promise for reducing adolescent risk behaviors in El Salvador.

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Anugrah, Dian, Puput Putri Novel, and Ma’rufi Ma’rufi. "SELF REGULATED LEARNING, PARENTAL MONITORING DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS." Pedagogy: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika 7, no. 2 (December 16, 2022): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/pedagogy.v7i2.2153.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan self regulated learning, parental monitoring dan kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Muhammadiyah Enrekang. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang mendeskripsikan atau membuat narasi terkait dengan data yang telah dikumpulkan menggunakan instrumen angket untuk variabel self regulated learning dan parental monitoring dan instrumen tes untuk variabel kemampuan berpikir kritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, self regulated learning dan parental monitoring mahasiswa terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis rata-rata berada pada kategori sedang yang saling berkaitan satu sama lain. Namun secara spesifik, tingginya kemampuan self regulated learning dan parental monitoring maka tinggi pula kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa.

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Browning, Christopher R., Tama Leventhal, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Sexual Initiation in Early Adolescence: The Nexus of Parental and Community Control." American Sociological Review 70, no. 5 (October 2005): 758–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000502.

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This study explores the link between neighborhood collective efficacy and the timing of first intercourse for a sample of urban youth. The authors hypothesize that youth who experience lower levels of parental monitoring and higher levels of exposure to neighborhood environments are more likely to be influenced by collective supervision capacity. The study also examines the extent to which parental and neighborhood controls differ in their impact on first intercourse experiences by gender. Analyses of multilevel and longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicate that neighborhood collective efficacy delays sexual onset only for adolescents who experience lower levels of parental monitoring. Although parental monitoring exerts significantly greater influence on girls' timing of first intercourse, the moderating effect of parental monitoring on collective efficacy holds for both boys and girls.

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Twesigye, Mackey, Enock Barigye, and Basil Tibanyendera. "Parental Monitoring and Engagement of Secondary School Students During Covid-19 Lockdown in Kakoba Ward, Mbarara City South, Uganda." East African Journal of Education Studies 6, no. 2 (July 19, 2023): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.6.2.1328.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate parental monitoring and engagement of secondary school students during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Kakoba ward, Mbarara City, Uganda. The study adopted both descriptive and correlational research designs for data collection and analysis. Information was collected from 93 respondents using a questionnaire and interview guide. The factor analysis of items of parental monitoring data generated three factors: parents’ study monitoring, parents’ network monitoring, and parents’ activeness in the student’s studies. The informants’ views provided more insights into the factors, including timetable, checking on the work covered and giving quiz gave more insights. Factor 1- Parents’ study monitoring mirrored networking with other parents. Factor 2 - Parents’ network monitoring - attending classes with children while Factor 3 - Parents’ activeness in studies. The study rejected the null hypothesis that parental monitoring does not significantly influence the engagement of secondary school students. This calls for the strengthening of the relationship between parental monitoring and engagement of secondary school students

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Racz, Sarah J., Robert J. McMahon, Kevin M. King, Ellen E. Pinderhughes, and Jason J. Bendezú. "Kindergarten antecedents of the developmental course of active and passive parental monitoring strategies during middle childhood and adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 5 (November 13, 2019): 1675–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000993.

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AbstractDecades of research have highlighted the significance of parenting in children's development, yet few studies have focused specifically on the development of parental monitoring strategies in diverse families living in at-risk neighborhoods. The current study investigated the development of active (i.e., parental discussions and curfew rules) and passive (i.e., child communication with parents) parental monitoring strategies across different developmental periods (middle childhood and adolescence; Grades 4–5 and 7–11) as well as individual (child, parent), family, and contextual antecedents (measured in kindergarten) of this parenting behavior. Using an ecological approach, this study evaluated longitudinal data from 753 participants in the Fast Track Project, a multisite study directed at the development and prevention of conduct problems in at-risk children. Latent trajectory modeling results identified little to no mean growth in these monitoring strategies over time, suggesting that families living in at-risk environments may engage in consistent levels of monitoring strategies to ensure children's safety and well-being. Findings also identified several kindergarten antecedents of the growth factors of these parental monitoring strategies including (a) early child conduct problems; (b) parental warmth/involvement, satisfaction, and efficacy; and (c) parent–child relationship quality. These predictive effects largely highlighted the important role of early parenting behaviors on later levels of and growth in parental monitoring strategies. These findings have important implications for potential prevention and intervention targets to promote the development of parental monitoring strategies among families living in more at-risk contexts.

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Öğretir Özçelik, Ayse Dilek. "Investigating and comparing the relationship between parental monitoring types and perceived parenting styles of the Turkish students." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4400.

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The relationship between parental monitoring and parental styles are considered as an important subject for child development field. The aim of this article is to analyze the perceptions of the adolescents about their parents’ parental monitoring and parenting styles in terms of the participants’ gender, family education and family jobs status. The sample size is 252 adolescents with 158 female nd 94 male students. The data were collected by the Parental Monitoring Instrument (PMI) and the Parenting Styles Scale. The sample was chosen from one Anatolian high school in Ankara, one Multi-Programme High School in Çankırı and one Multi-Programme High School in Yozgat with simple and random sampling. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between mother acceptance/warmth and gender scores t(250)=3,281 and mother control and gender scores t(250)=2,263; p<0.05. The study also analyzed the relationship between adolescent ages and grades as well as the number of children, mothers’ ages and fathers’ ages and the parental style with some statistically significant results. The one-way ANOVA results indicated that there are statistically significant differences between adolescents’ perceptions of parental monitoring sub-scales and the mothers’ parenting styles sub-scales. Except computer monitoring, in all parental monitoring sub-scales, the mothers parenting styles have shown statistically significant differences.

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Scholer, S. J., and J. R. Serwint. "Parental Monitoring and Discipline in Middle Childhood." Pediatrics in Review 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.30-9-366.

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Pathak, Sweta. "Parental monitoring and Self-disclosure of Adolescents." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 5, no. 2 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-0520105.

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Ayimbila, Ezekiel Akotuko, Joshua Awuni, Philip Awine Azangeo, and Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe. "Parental Involvement in Monitoring Students’ Academic Performance." British Journal of Education 10, no. 10 (August 15, 2022): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/bje.2013/vol10n1083108.

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The present study was undertaken to determine the level of parental involvement in monitoring the academic performance of students at the senior high level within Kassena Nankana Municipality in the upper East Region of Ghana. Three research questions were formulated for the study. Purposive and random sampling technique were adopted for sampling the participants for the study. Participants of the study included 50 parents, 100 teachers and 100 students. Self-developed questionnaire was used for collecting data from the sampled parents, teachers and students. Cronbach alpha was used to determine the reliability of the items. Data collected from the participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA). The results of the study proved that the level at which parents participate in monitoring the academic performance of students at the senior high school is very low within the municipality. The results of the study also indicated that poverty, low level of education, single parenting, work load of parents, negative attitude of teachers and parents toward each other and large family size are the major barriers of parental involvement in monitoring students’ academic performance. It was recommended that parents should spend enough time with children at home and discuss with them about their academic performance, Parents should communicate frequently with teachers in order to know the academic performance of their children, Management of senior high schools within the municipality should discuss with parents on the importance of parental involvement in education and Parents-Teachers Association meetings should be organized frequently at least once every semester since it is one of the best means through which teachers can get access to parents and interact with them.

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DiClemente, R. J., G. M. Wingood, R. Crosby, C. Sionean, B. K. Cobb, K. Harrington, S. Davies, E. W. Hook III, and M. K. Oh. "Parental Monitoring: Association With Adolescents' Risk Behaviors." PEDIATRICS 107, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.1363.

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Scholer, Seth J. "Parental Monitoring and Discipline in Middle Childhood." Pediatrics In Review 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.30.9.366.

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ahmadi, kh, and J. khodadad sakgdehi. "Parental monitoring among Adolescents of Military Families." Military Caring Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.mcs.2.3.127.

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Dick, Danielle M., Jacquelyn L. Meyers, Shawn J. Latendresse, Hanneke E. Creemers, Jennifer E. Lansford, Gregory S. Pettit, John E. Bates, et al. "CHRM2, Parental Monitoring, and Adolescent Externalizing Behavior." Psychological Science 22, no. 4 (March 24, 2011): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611403318.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Parental monitoring'

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