Academic literature on the topic 'Parental level of employment and low-income families'
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Journal articles on the topic "Parental level of employment and low-income families"
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Ern, Tun Ju, Zarinah Arshat, and Nellie Ismail. "Predictors of Emotional Intelligence among Preschool Children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(40).
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Emotional intelligence is emerging as a relatively important and growing area of behavioural investigation in education, psychology, learning and development. Negative effects may arise and affect children's lives when emotional intelligence deficits. Nowadays, electronic devices have become common and hence it is undeniable that screen time of electronic devices among preschool children is gradually increasing because they have more opportunities to use it in anywhere and anytime. Playfulness is an essential element of childhood that could promote children's emotional intelligence and future mental health. Besides, parents play the main roles in monitoring their children's screen time, in forming children's playfulness traits and in promoting their emotional intelligence. Certain previous researches revealed that the frequency of electronic device usage or screen time was higher for children with lower socioeconomic status families (Dashti & Yateem, 2018; Certain & Kahn, 2002). Low socioeconomic status would affect parenting practices like monitoring and also parental investment (Dashti & Yateem, 2018). This could be supported by previous studies which mentioned parents from low SES families would engage in less responsive ways when interacting or playing with their kids (Conger & Donnellan, 2007; Grant et al., 2003). Moreover, financial difficulties would affect children's socio-emotional development and also parenting strategies like monitoring because low-income parents preferred to use restrictive strategies when monitoring their kids (Hosokawa & Katsura, 2017; Nikken & Jansz, 2006; Conger & Conger, 2002). Nevertheless, higher SES families would use more active and involved interaction style with their kids (Fujioka & Austin, 2002; Linver, Brooks-Gunn & Kohen, 2002; Mayer, 1997). This study sought to determine the relationship between mother's characteristics (age, mothers' education level and employment status), child's characteristics (age), family characteristics (family total monthly income and number of children), screen time, playfulness and parental monitoring with emotional intelligence among Chinese preschool children. Next, the research aims to determine the unique predictors of EI. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Parental monitoring, Playfulness, Preschool children, Screen time
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Rajevska, Feliciana, and Katrine Reima. "INVESTING IN PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN – A CASE STUDY OF VIDZEME REGION (LATVIA)." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2017): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol4.2247.
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Social investments are important for a child’s development and future success. Parental leaves and Early Childhood Education and Care services (ECEC) are among main forms of social investment, contributing to child poverty reduction and increasing equality, as well as underpinning the potential for skilled workers in the future. The aim of the paper is to analyse availability of the main forms of social investment in preschool age children - early childhood education services and parental leaves, in Vidzeme region (Latvia) for a case study. An analysis of policy documents, parents’ surveys at pre-school institutions, interviews with education institution representatives and local authorities regarding education and social matters were conducted in the research. The support system for parents is still dominated by the “passive” form of support system. However, social investment policies are becoming increasingly more important. This is achieved by supporting parents' access to social investment services and by increasing the amount of parental leave benefits. In 2013-2015 funding for child-care and family policy has increased. Expenditure growth was mostly affected by an increase in the allowance for childcare and the minimum parental allowance. The availability of ECEC is moderate, but since 2009 private institutions and since 2013 babysitting services have been co-funded at the national level till May 31, 2016 to improve it. Since September 2015 a 3-year innovative project “Vouchers for the provision of child minder services to workers with nonstandard work schedules” has been introduced too, to promote parental employment and work and family balance. In Vidzeme region, for example, service availability is additionally stimulated by free transport services, ECEC fee discounts for poor, low-income and large families, etc. Results show that the availability of ECEC has been improved and there has been signs of positive changes in children’s development. Nevertheless, the availability of ECEC is moderate, and in some poorer municipalities in Latvia Matthew effects can be spotted – the middle and highest strata of society use services to a higher extend then the low-income society.
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Olivetti, Claudia, and Barbara Petrongolo. "The Economic Consequences of Family Policies: Lessons from a Century of Legislation in High-Income Countries." Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.205.
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By the early 21st century, most high-income countries have put into effect a host of generous and virtually gender-neutral parental leave policies and family benefits, with the multiple goals of gender equity, higher fertility, and child development. What have been the effects? Proponents typically emphasize the contribution of family policies to the goals of gender equity and child development, enabling women to combine careers and motherhood, and altering social norms regarding gender roles. Opponents often warn that family policies may become a long-term hindrance to women's careers because of the loss of work experience and the higher costs to employers that hire women of childbearing age. We draw lessons from existing work and our own analysis on the effects of parental leave and other interventions aimed at aiding families. We present country- and micro-level evidence on the effects of family policy on gender outcomes, focusing on female employment, gender gaps in earnings, and fertility. Most estimates range from negligible to a small positive impact. But the verdict is far more positive for the beneficial impact of spending on early education and child care.
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Fuller, Bruce, Stephen W. Raudenbush, Li-Ming Wei, and Susan D. Holloway. "Can Government Raise Child-Care Quality? The Influence of Family Demand, Poverty, and Policy." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15, no. 3 (September 1993): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737015003255.
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The quality of child-care centers and preschools—situated in a mixed market—varies enormously. Advocates for higher quality urge higher subsidies and stricter central regulation. Market advocates argue instead that local demand and parental-choice remedies will spark quality gains while ensuring competitive prices. Federal and state governments have responded with an array of policy interventions: targeting subsidies on preschools serving low-income families; enacting statewide quality standards; creating tax credits and vouchers for the “working poor” and middle-class families. This article assesses the influence of these alternative policies on preschool quality, based on a national survey of 1,805 centers in 36 states. Discrete policy effects are assessed after taking into account the influence of contextual sources of family demand: statewide levels of wealth, maternal employment, and poverty rates. Contrary to K–12 patterns, we find that center quality is higher in centers receiving greater subsidies. However, the subsidy effect depends on the particular indicator of quality being observed; effects are also conditioned by state-level contexts. Statewide sources of family demand, antecedent to policy interventions, help to raise certain facets of preschool quality. Tax credits hold no discernible influence on quality. Implications for building policy strategies in “managed choice” school settings are discussed.
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Gennetian, Lisa A., Natasha Cabrera, Danielle Crosby, Lina Guzman, Julia Mendez Smith, and Elizabeth Wildsmith. "A Strength-Based Framework for Realizing Latino Young Children’s Potential." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 2 (September 11, 2021): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23727322211033618.
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Hispanic children experience poverty at rates two to three times higher than white children. Latino households with children, in general, have high parental employment coupled with low levels of parental education and stagnant parental earnings relative to non-Latino peers. While many Latino children live in neighborhoods that do not have access to high-quality early education, Latino children, on average, are raised in a home environment that offers economic stability and security, the presence of two parents, and socially supported family and community networks. Furthermore, though Hispanic children’s school achievement outcomes lag behind those of their peers, their socio-emotional developmental outcomes are on the same level or better. Latino children are raised in environments with the ingredients needed to achieve their potential. We use this foundation to propose a strength-based framework for guiding policy investment on Latino children and families.
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Marynissen, Leen, Jonas Wood, and Karel Neels. "Mothers and Parental Leave in Belgium: Social Inequalities in Eligibility and Uptake." Social Inclusion 9, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3834.
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In recent decades, many Western European countries introduced parental leave policies to support the work–family combination in families with young children. However, these parental leave schemes often exhibit employment‐based eligibility criteria, so the question arises to which extent social inequalities emerge in the access to parental leave, and as a result thereof also in the uptake of parental leave. Although research on parental leave increasingly addresses the issue of inclusiveness, only a limited number of studies has yet examined individual‐level differentials in parents’, and especially mothers’, eligibility. Using detailed register data, we develop an individual‐level indicator of eligibility in Belgium and deploy it to document differentiation in mothers’ eligibility by age at first birth, partnership status, migration background and education. In addition, we examine to what extent differential eligibility can explain inequalities in parental leave uptake. Our results show that a considerable share of mothers—specifically very young, single, low educated mothers and mothers with a migration background—do not meet the eligibility criteria and thus are structurally excluded from parental leave in Belgium. Furthermore, differential eligibility can account for a large part of the age and educational gradients in parental leave use, as well as differences by migration background. Eligibility cannot (fully) account for lower parental leave use by single mothers and mothers with a Moroccan or Turkish migration background. Our findings suggest that a reconsideration of eligibility criteria may be instrumental in increasing the inclusiveness of parental leave policies.
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Taylor, B. W. "Demography of pediatric emergency care in Halifax, Canada." CJEM 8, no. 04 (July 2006): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500013828.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: Demography affects emergency department (ED) utilization and influences the health care needs of patients, yet the demographics of the caregivers who accompany children to pediatric EDs are not well described. The objective of this study was to provide a demographic description of this population. The hypothesis was that single parent status, annual income less than $20 000, and education no greater than high school constitute a social triad that might reduce the ability to provide health care for a sick child. Methods: Over a 1-month period, a convenience survey of caregivers who brought children to a pediatric ED was conducted. Twelve hundred surveys were distributed to 1733 eligible subjects. Social and economic determinants were captured, including age, gender, visible minority status, income group, employment, single parent status and education level. Results: In total, 1018 (85%) of 1200 surveys were returned — a population response rate of 59%. Single parent status, income less than $20 000/yr, and education no greater than high school were found to be risk factors for altered delivery of health care. Overall, 40.9% of caregivers had at least one risk factor, including 43.2% of women, 63.4% of those under 30 years of age, 65.1% of those with visible minority status, and 71.6% of women who were from a visible minority. In addition, 41.7% of single parents had no more than a high school education, and 75.7% of single parent families had incomes of less than $40 000 per year. Conclusions: It was found that a high level of educational, social and financial disadvantage in our population. These factors may adversely affect parental capability to provide health care at home for their child. The extent of this problem in other regions is not well defined and should be a focus of future research. It is recommended that inquiry into parental income, education and single parent status be a routine part of the history in pediatric emergency populations.
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Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Frina Lin, Jeremy Majerovitz, and Benjamin Scuderi. "Childhood Environment and Gender Gaps in Adulthood." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161073.
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We show that differences in childhood environments shape gender gaps in adulthood by documenting three facts using population tax records for children born in the 1980s. First, gender gaps in employment rates, earnings, and college attendance vary substantially across the parental income distribution. Notably, the traditional gender gap in employment rates is reversed for children growing up in poor families: boys in families in the bottom quintile of the income distribution are less likely to work than girls. Second, these gender gaps vary substantially across counties and commuting zones in which children grow up. The degree of variation in outcomes across places is largest for boys growing up in poor, single-parent families. Third, the spatial variation in gender gaps is highly correlated with proxies for neighborhood disadvantage. Low-income boys who grow up in high-poverty, high-minority areas work significantly less than girls. These areas also have higher rates of crime, suggesting that boys growing up in concentrated poverty substitute from formal employment to crime. Together, these findings demonstrate that gender gaps in adulthood have roots in childhood, perhaps because childhood disadvantage is especially harmful for boys.
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Gennetian, Lisa A., A. Rupa Datta, Robert Goerge, Wladimir Zanoni, Richard Brandon, Ann Witte, and Parvati Krishnamurty. "How Much of Children’s Time in Nonparental Care Coincides with Their Parents’ Time at Work?" Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311989484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119894848.
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Nonparental care (NPC) for children before they enter kindergarten has had two primary purposes for American families since the start of the twentieth century: supporting parental employment and providing children developmentally enriching out-of-home experiences. Today’s policy makers are increasingly expanding publicly funded opportunities for children in low-income families to experience center-based care. Yet parents’ work commitments often occur on evenings, weekends, and other times outside of the traditional school day. Understanding parental work schedules vis-à-vis NPC timing is essential to informing public expansions of accessible and affordable nonparental care options. Using a 7-day calendar from the 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education, the authors uncover new patterns in the temporal synchronization of parental work and children’s time in various NPC settings and for households of varying incomes. Across all income groups and types of care, center-based care overlaps least with parental work hours. Children living in poverty have the lowest rates of NPC occurring during parental work time. The uncoupling of parental work status from children’s time in nonparental care suggests potential shifts in parents’ choices to expose children to care settings for the purpose of children’s development.
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STANDING, KAY. "Lone Mothers and ‘Parental’ Involvement: A Contradiction in Policy?" Journal of Social Policy 28, no. 3 (June 1999): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279499005668.
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At the same time as the number of lone mother families has been increasing, education policy has demanded more involvement in children's schooling from ‘parents’ (i.e., mothers). Social policy in this area is inherently contradictory, encouraging lone mothers into paid employment on the one hand, whilst imploring mothers to ‘help’ in (and out of) the classroom on the other. Whilst lone mothers become scapegoats for all societal ills, parental involvement schemes are seen to solve society's ‘problems’. Drawing on data from a research project, this article begins to examine the contradictions within and between these policies for low income lone mothers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parental level of employment and low-income families"
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Nalukenge, Kakande Khadeejah, and Nimo Mohammed. "Barnfetma och övervikt kopplat till låg socioekonomisk status." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20032.
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Introduktion: Barnfetma och övervikt är växande folkhälsoproblem där var femte barn iSverige lider av det. Barn som tillhör svaga socioekonomiska grupper drabbas i störreutsträckning än andra barn. Detta förklaras av föräldrarnas låga utbildningsnivå, lågayrkesstatus och låga inkomstnivåer. Enligt WHO led 340 miljoner barn i åldrarna 5–19 år avövervikt eller fetma globalt år 2016. Obehandlad övervikt och fetma hos barn kan leda tillkroniska följdsjukdomar i vuxenlivet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilkafaktorer inom områdena inkomst, utbildningsnivå och yrke som har störst bidragande orsak tillövervikt och fetma hos barn i familjer med låg socioekonomisk status. Metod: En kvalitativsystematisk litteraturöversikt. Analys av fynd gjordes med tematisk analys. Totalt inkluderades20 artiklar och tre databaser användes till studien; PubMed, CINAHL och Academic SearchPremier. Resultat: Föräldrars utbildningsnivå skapar de hälsoförutsättningar som barnet får.Låg utbildningsnivå var förknippat med sämre förutsättningar, sämre arbetsmöjligheter och eninkomst som inte täcker mer utöver de basala behoven. Låg utbildningsnivå resulterar även ibristande kunskaper om hälsosamma matvanor hos föräldrar. Detta påverkar hur de och derasbarn konsumerar mat som är mer energirik och näringsfattig. Flera studier visar att främstmoderns övervikt, lågutbildning och låga yrkesstatus är en riskfaktor för barnfetma. Slutsats:Högre utbildning är en skyddsfaktor som innebär bättre arbetsmöjligheter samt bättrekunskapsunderlag om hälsan och positiva hälsobeteenden. Insatser för att angripa den ojämlikahälsan i samhället bör prioriteras. Satsningar på att öka utbildningsnivån hos utsatta grupper,förbättra arbetsmöjligheter framförallt för mödrar.Introduction: Childhood overweight and obesity are growing public health problems whereevery fifth child in Sweden suffers from it. Children belonging to weak socio-economic groupsare affected to a greater extent than other children. This is explained by the parents' low levelof education, low occupational status and low-income levels. According to the WHO, 340million children aged 5–19 years suffered from overweight or obesity globally in 2016.Untreated overweight and obesity in children can lead to chronic diseases in adulthood. Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate which factors in the areas of income, level of educationand occupation have the greatest contributing factor to overweight and obesity in children infamilies with low socio-economic status. Method: A qualitative systematic literature review.Analysis of findings was done with thematic analysis. A total of 20 articles were included andthree databases were used for the study: PubMed, CINAHL and Academic Search Premier. Result: Parents' level of education creates the health state that the child develops. Low level ofeducation was associated with poorer conditions, poorer job opportunities and an income thatdoes not cover more than the basic needs. Low levels of education also result in a lack ofknowledge about healthy eating habits in parents which affect how they consume foods that aremore energy-rich and nutrient-poor. Several studies show that mainly the mother's overweight,low education and low occupational status are a risk factor for childhood obesity. Conclusion:Higher education acts as a protective factor and means better job opportunities as well as abetter knowledgebase about health and positive health behaviors. Health interventions to tackleunequal health in society should be a priority. Efforts to increase the level of education ofvulnerable groups, improve job opportunities, especially for mothers are needed.
Books on the topic "Parental level of employment and low-income families"
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Great Britain. Department of Health and Social Security. and Great Britain. Government Statistical Service., eds. Low income families - 1985: Estimated numbers of families and persons with incomes at various levels relative to supplementary benefit level analysed by family type and employment status. Department of Health and Social Security, 1988.
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Michel, Sonya A. Care and Work-Family Policies. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.016.
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In keeping with its long-term pattern as a public-private welfare model, the United States has developed a patchwork of provisions to reconcile the tension between families' care needs and wage-earning. These include child care, after-school programs, and family and medical leave, as well as tax policy and public assistance. Public funding for child care targets poor and low-income families, linking services to mandatory employment for recipients of public assistance. Public after-school programs are also targeted to low-income children, offering remedial and compensatory services as well as supervision. This leaves middle-income families to find and pay for private preschool and after-school care, with the cost only partially offset by tax breaks. The U.S. stands out for its lack of support to families, being the only advanced industrial society that does not offer paid maternity or parental leave. The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act mandates up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave and only a minority of firms exceed this by providing paid leave. As a result, take-up rates among low-income employees are low. Although many other advanced countries provide high-quality public preschool, there is less difference between them and the U.S. when it comes to care for school-age children.
Book chapters on the topic "Parental level of employment and low-income families"
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Treanor, Morag C. "In and out of work." In Child Poverty, 97–116. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447334668.003.0006.
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Chapter six explores the complex relationship between child poverty and families being in and out of work. It looks at the role of employment in lifting families out of poverty and how low quality, low security employment poses a threat to children and families rather than a route out of poverty. The chapter examines poverty and employment from the perspective of the child, exploring the implications for children of parental employment, unemployment, worklessness, low pay, and insecure employment. With the increase across the developed world of labour market activation, and the dominant status and values attached to employment, this chapter draws on research from children and low income working parents to highlight the challenges faced by children and families situated at the insecure, fragile end of the labour market. There are many actions by governments that interplay with employment and unemployment: in particular, this chapter looks at in-work benefits, labour market activation and welfare conditionality.
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Eichner, Maxine. "Toward Thriving Families." In The Free-Market Family, 213–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055479.003.0011.
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This chapter addresses three concerns that might arise when considering whether to adopt pro-family policies. First, it assesses whether adopting pro-family programs will make our economy less competitive. In answer, it demonstrates that countries that have adopted pro-family policies have experienced as much or more growth in GDP per hour worked in the last decades as the United States has. Furthermore, the employment rates in countries that have adopted pro-family policy are actually higher than our own. Second, the chapter considers whether the costs of pro-family programs, including paid parental leave, child benefits, and universal daycare and prekindergarten, would be prohibitively high. It demonstrates that the additional costs of pro-family programs could be readily absorbed either simply by shifting existing total social welfare spending to spend more on children publicly without paying a penny more overall or by raising taxes in a manner that placed no added burden on middle- and low-income families. Third and finally, the chapter considers whether pro-family policy would stifle Americans’ freedom. Free-market proponents who equate unregulated capitalism with freedom, this section shows, overlook the many ways that market pressures are increasingly constraining Americans’ lives.
Conference papers on the topic "Parental level of employment and low-income families"
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Sharakhova, Natal’ya. "Influence of psychological and pedagogical education of parents on optimization parent-child relationships." In Safety psychology and psychological safety: problems of interaction between theorists and practitioners. «Publishing company «World of science», LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/53mnnpk20-32.
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The article deals with the problems of modern families associated with an increase in the number of information technologies, incomplete and conflict-ridden families, high employment of parents, and a low level of their pedagogical competence. All this significantly affects the changing conditions of family education. In this regard, the optimization of child-parent relations will be effective in the development and implementation of the program of psychological and pedagogical education, which includes knowledge of age psychology, algorithms and technologies for working with individual characteristics of children.