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Journal articles on the topic 'Parental labor supply'

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Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Eckhoff Andresen, Martin, and Tarjei Havnes. "Child care, parental labor supply and tax revenue." Labour Economics 61 (December 2019): 101762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101762.

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2

김정호. "Parental Leave and Female Labor Supply in Korea." KDI Journal of Economic Policy 34, no. 1 (March 2012): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2012.34.1.169.

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3

Wolff, François-Charles. "Parental transfers and the labor supply of children." Journal of Population Economics 19, no. 4 (October 19, 2005): 853–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0012-4.

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4

Guo, Rufei, Hongbin Li, Junjian Yi, and Junsen Zhang. "Fertility, household structure, and parental labor supply: Evidence from China." Journal of Comparative Economics 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2017.10.005.

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5

Eriksen, Tine L. Mundbjerg, Amanda Gaulke, Niels Skipper, and Jannet Svensson. "The impact of childhood health shocks on parental labor supply." Journal of Health Economics 78 (July 2021): 102486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102486.

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6

Ginja, Rita, Jenny Jans, and Arizo Karimi. "Parental Leave Benefits, Household Labor Supply, and Children’s Long-Run Outcomes." Journal of Labor Economics 38, no. 1 (January 2020): 261–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704615.

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7

Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie, and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. "Parental transfers, student achievement, and the labor supply of college students." Journal of Population Economics 23, no. 2 (October 17, 2008): 469–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-008-0221-8.

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8

Zangger, Christoph, Janine Widmer, and Sandra Gilgen. "Work, Childcare, or Both? Experimental Evidence on the Efficacy of Childcare Subsidies in Raising Parental Labor Supply." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 42, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): 449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09749-x.

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AbstractAs a policy tool aimed at raising parental labor supply, childcare subsidies come with high expectations. Using data from a factorial survey conducted in the City of Bern, Switzerland, we examine whether childcare subsidies reach their goal. Because of the simultaneity of the decision to take up a job and arranging childcare, we experimentally alter hypothetical income (e.g., gross earnings from a job, income from other sources) as well as aspects of the childcare setting including subsidy levels. Using an alternative-specific conditional logit model, we show that subsidies have the expected effect of increasing parents’ labor supply. Moreover, the results from simulations based on the estimated utility function show that varying subsidy levels have different effects on subgroups of parents. Subsidies are especially efficient in raising the labor supply of low-status parents, and especially for women. We also find that subsidies already have the desired effect at 25% of total childcare costs and that the marginal utility of higher subsidy levels decreases beyond that threshold. Subsidies covering 25% of the total costs for childcare lead to an approximately 2 h per week increase in the labor supply of women.
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9

Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. "Female Labor Supply: Why Is the United States Falling Behind?" American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.251.

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In 1990, the US had the sixth highest female labor participation rate among 22 OECD countries. By 2010 its rank had fallen to seventeenth. We find that the expansion of “family-friendly” policies, including parental leave and part-time work entitlements in other OECD countries, explains 29 percent of the decrease in US women's labor force participation relative to these other countries. However, these policies also appear to encourage part-time work and employment in lower level positions: US women are more likely than women in other countries to have full time jobs and to work as managers or professionals.
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10

Minagawa, Junichi, and Thorsten Upmann. "A Single Parent’s Labor Supply: Evaluating Different Child Care Fees within an Intertemporal Framework." B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 177–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejte-2012-0026.

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AbstractIn this paper, we present a model of a one-parent, one-child household where parental decisions on labor supply, leisure, and the demand for parental and public child care are simultaneously endogenized and intertemporally determined. We characterize the path of the optimal decisions and investigate the effects of various public child care fees and of the quality of public child care services on the parent’s time allocation and the child’s performance level. Our results show that different public child care policies may induce substantially diverging effects and reveal that each policy frequently faces a trade off between an encouragement of labor supply and an enhancement of the child’s performance. In addition, we find that, from an efficiency perspective, an income-based fee levied on public child care services is dominated by both a flat fee and a use-based fee system.
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11

Byker, Tanya S. "Paid Parental Leave Laws in the United States: Does Short-Duration Leave Affect Women's Labor-Force Attachment?" American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161118.

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I analyze the effects of short-duration paid parental leave on maternal labor supply. Using monthly longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, my event-study research design estimates impacts of paid leave laws in California and New Jersey on women's labor-force outcomes around childbirth. I find that paid leave laws are associated with a substantial increase in labor-force attachment in the months directly around birth. While US-style short-duration leave is unlikely to change prolonged exits from the labor force, my findings imply that paid leave laws induce some women stay more attached to jobs, particularly low-skill women.
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12

Kim, Jungho, and Chul Hong Sok. "The Effects of Childcare Subsidy and Parental Leave on Female Labor Supply and Fertility." Korea Journal of Population Studies 43, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31693/kjps.2020.03.43.1.1.

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13

Broadway, Barbara, Guyonne Kalb, Duncan McVicar, and Bill Martin. "The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia." Feminist Economics 26, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 30–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175.

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14

Fradkin, Andrey, Frédéric Panier, and Ilan Tojerow. "Blame the Parents? How Parental Unemployment Affects Labor Supply and Job Quality for Young Adults." Journal of Labor Economics 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 35–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/698896.

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15

Ural Marchand, Beyza, Ray Rees, and Raymond Riezman. "The effect of parental labor supply on child schooling: evidence from trade liberalization in India." Review of Economics of the Household 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9175-z.

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16

McManus, Patricia A., and Lauren Apgar. "Parental Origins, Mixed Unions, and the Labor Supply of Second-Generation Women in the United States." Demography 56, no. 1 (November 19, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0736-x.

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17

Park, Hyejoon, Min Zhan, and Shinwoo Choi. "After-school childcare arrangements and maternal labor supply in low-income American households: Comparisons between race and ethnicity." Social Work and Social Welfare 2, no. 1 (2020): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/swsw.2020.01.004.

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Even though after-school childcare arrangements are a significant matter for working mothers in the United States, only formal childcare has been recognized as relevant by researchers. Therefore, this study aims to find the association between different types of after-school childcare arrangements (after-school programs, relative, parental, self-care, and combination of care) and low-income working mothers’ labor supply, including their working hours and months, as well as their availability for regular job shifts and training/school, with special attention to their race/ethnicity. The study employed the Ordinary Least Square regression analysis and utilized the National Household Education Survey Programs: After-School Programs and Activities (2005). The results showed that White and Hispanic mothers using relative care reported longer working hours than mothers of the same ethnic group who used other types of care. Hispanic mothers using parental (spousal) care also reported fewer working months than Hispanic mothers using relative care. Implications for policy, social work practice, and research are discussed along with limitations, including the cross-sectional design of the study.
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18

Albanesi, Stefania, and Jiyeon Kim. "Effects of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market: Occupation, Family, and Gender." Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.3.3.

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The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real-time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the impact of the pandemic by occupation, gender and family status. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations.
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19

Ang, Xiaoling Lim. "The Effects of Cash Transfer Fertility Incentives and Parental Leave Benefits on Fertility and Labor Supply: Evidence from Two Natural Experiments." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 36, no. 2 (March 28, 2014): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-014-9394-3.

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20

YAMAUCHI, CHIKAKO. "Children’s Health and Parental Labour Supply*." Economic Record 88, no. 281 (April 8, 2012): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2012.00794.x.

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21

Dustmann, Christian, John Micklewright, and Arthur van Soest. "In-school labour supply, parental transfers, and wages." Empirical Economics 37, no. 1 (September 5, 2008): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-008-0230-1.

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22

Oshio, Takashi, and Emiko Usui. "Informal parental care and female labour supply in Japan." Applied Economics Letters 24, no. 9 (August 5, 2016): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1217303.

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23

Kalb, Guyonne. "Paid Parental Leave and Female Labour Supply: A Review." Economic Record 94, no. 304 (November 2, 2017): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12371.

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24

Novella, Rafael, Laura Ripani, and Claudia Vazquez. "Conditional cash transfers, female bargaining power and parental labour supply." Journal of International Development 33, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3530.

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25

Kosonen, Tuomas. "To Work or Not to Work? The Effect of Childcare Subsidies on the Labour Supply of Parents." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 817–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0073.

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Abstract This paper studies the effect of childcare subsidies on parental labour supply. I use variation arising from changes in the municipality-specific supplement to Finnish child homecare allowance to identify the causal effect of subsidies on the labour force participation of parents. The variation in labour supply incentives is plausibly exogenous, since eligibility depends on municipal-level rules, but not on family income. Robustness checks indicate that the results are not driven by policy endogeneity or residential sorting. I find a robust result that 100 euros higher supplement per month reduces the maternal labour supply by 3 percentage points.
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26

Huebener, Mathias, Astrid Pape, and C. Katharina Spiess. "Parental labour supply responses to the abolition of day care fees." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 180 (December 2020): 510–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.019.

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27

Shimada, Akira. "Parental migration, unpaid child labour, and human capital." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 10 (October 12, 2015): 906–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2013-0253.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how parental migration due to poverty affects a child’s education and human capital formation through changes in the child’s supply of unpaid labour. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a small open overlapping generations model where the parent migrates for the family’s subsistence and that the child has to give up a part of education to do the housework during the parent’s absence. Findings – The paper finds that given the level of the human capital, reducing the child’s burden of housework and promoting parental migration to high-wage countries do not necessarily raise the amount of child’s education. The paper also finds a possible underdevelopment trap in the dynamic context. Originality/value – Unlike previous studies on child labour, this paper focuses on unpaid labour, whose share is actually larger than that of paid labour. Even if paid labour is available, children cannot re-allocate their time from doing the housework to the market work; so the author cannot disregard this observation. Investigation into the dynamics of human capital formation under such child labour is new.
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28

Weir, Sharada, Patti Ephraim, and Ellen Mackenzie. "Effects of paediatric limb loss on healthcare utilisation, schooling and parental labour supply." Disability and Rehabilitation 32, no. 24 (January 2010): 2046–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2010.481028.

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29

Holford, Angus. "The labour supply effect of Education Maintenance Allowance and its implications for parental altruism." Review of Economics of the Household 13, no. 3 (March 7, 2015): 531–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-015-9288-7.

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30

DEY, IAN. "Wearing Out the Work Ethic: Population Ageing, Fertility and Work–Life Balance." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 4 (September 4, 2006): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406000134.

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In response to population ageing, the UK intends to increase female labour supply. To this end, the Chancellor has announced a ten-year strategy designed to allow parents to combine work with family responsibilities more easily. The policies proposed centre on extending parental leave and childcare provision, while promoting greater flexibility in employment. While these policies may improve labour supply in the short term, this article looks at their implications for fertility, which if negative may reduce the labour supply in the longer term. Recent demographic studies suggest that measures which allow women more readily to combine childbearing with paid employment may also stabilise or improve fertility rates, so mitigating the trend to population ageing. However, the evidence is not conclusive, for relationships between female employment and fertility are complex and context dependent. The article suggests several factors that might therefore merit further consideration. These include gender inequities in the domestic division of labour, long working hours and a re-evaluation of unpaid work in the home. Enthusiasm for the work ethic may have to be balanced by a more explicit acknowledgement of a care ethic.
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31

Boca, Daniela Del, and Silvia Pasqua. "Labour supply of Italian mothers. A comparison with other EU countries: facts, data and public policies." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 1 (February 2004): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000110.

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Recent social and labour market policies in Italy have altered childcare costs and availability, increased opportunities for part-time jobs and flexibility in working hours and extended parental leave. This analysis focuses on the impact of these changes on the labour supply of mothers in Italy in comparison with other countries. Data from Eurostat and the OECD, and empirical results from the Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) and from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) are presented. The data show how the situation of Italian mothers is not dissimilar from that of mothers in other southern European countries, in particular Spain and Greece.
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32

Burney, Nadeem A., and Mohammad Irfan. "Parental Characteristics, Supply of Schools, and Child School-enrolment in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 21–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i1pp.21-62.

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In recent yean, due to a virtual unanimity about the critical role of hmnan capital in economic development, increased efforts are being made in the developing countries to eradicate illiteracy. Despite a significant increase over time in the number of educational institutions and the government's expenditure on education in Pakistan, the performance of the education sector in terms of output has been at best meagre. This non-correspondence between the growth in the educational institutions and the resultant output implies that failure to enlist the participation of the population in education can hardly be attributed exclusively to an insufficiency of the schools. To the extent that child schooling reflects parental capacity to invest in hmnan capital formation, there is a need to reckon with factors bearing parental decision regarding child schooling. This paper investigates family's decision regarding child schooling through an assessment of the determinants of child school-enro1ment, using choice theoretic framework. The regression results are indicative of the influence of household status, both economic and social, on the propensity to invest in child schooling. A positive association between the household income, parental education, and tenurial status as land-owner bear out the importance of these factors in shaping the household's decision regarding investment in human capital formation. The study also fmds traces of the quantity-quality trade-off in family's preferences regarding the nmnber of children, and it is found to be male-specific. The most disturbing fmding of the study appears to be the predominance of the influence originating from parental education. It is this inter-generational transfer of human capital which needs more attention as it also implies that illiteracy, and hence poverty, of the parents gets transmitted to the off-spring. The analysis also brings out the fact that the labour market hiring practices serve as an important feedback to the household's human capital formation behaviour.
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33

WALLIS, PATRICK, CLIFF WEBB, and CHRIS MINNS. "Leaving home and entering service: the age of apprenticeship in early modern London." Continuity and Change 25, no. 3 (December 2010): 377–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416010000299.

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ABSTRACTLeaving home and entering service was a key transition in early modern England. This article presents evidence on the age of apprenticeship in London. Using a new sample of 22,156 apprentices bound between 1575 and 1810, we find that apprentices became younger (from 17.4 to 14.7 years) and more homogeneous in age, irrespective of background. We examine the effect of region of origin, parental occupation, Company entered and paternal mortality on age of entry. The fall in apprentices' ages has significant implications for our understanding of the labour supply, training structures, experiences of apprenticeship and family economy in this period.
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34

Todd, Patricia. "Employer and Employer Association Matters in 2009." Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 3 (June 2010): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610365630.

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For employers 2009 was a year of major regulatory change in industrial relations, requiring them to position themselves in response to these changes. The first part of the Fair Work Act commenced on 1 July and details of the modern awards continued to be released throughout the year. The drive towards a unified national industrial relations system was consolidated legislatively; amendments to the building industry inspectorate’s powers were debated but not concluded; a promise to introduce paid parental leave was put on the table; and regulatory changes occurred in relation to the 457 visa programme, employee share schemes and executive remuneration. These changes were occurring in the context of the global financial crisis, which itself required employers to determine appropriate strategic actions to reduce labour costs and yet retain their workforce for the future. Not surprisingly, concerns about labour shortages abated although there was ongoing recognition that long term labour supply issues were still very real.
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35

Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan, C. Katharina Spieß, and Katharina Wrohlich. "Das Elterngeld und seine Wirkungen auf das Haushaltseinkommen junger Familien und die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern." Journal of Family Research 25, no. 2 (September 1, 2013): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-153.

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In 2007, Germany introduced a new parental leave benefit scheme, the so-called “Elterngeld”. The new benefit is an income-related transfer and is granted for a maximum period of 14 months. The more generous, but shorter Elterngeld replaced the former means-tested flat rate benefit that could be drawn for up to 24 months. One of the aims of the reform was to smooth household income in the year after childbirth and another to increase the incentives to return quickly to the labour market. In this study, we analyse empirically the change in income in the first year after birth and the effect of increasing incentives for mothers to return to the labour market in the second year after childbirth. We find that the average increase of net household income of families with a child in the first year after birth amounts to 480 euro per month. With respect to labour supply, we show that in the first year after childbirh, mothers’ labour supply decreases. In the second year labour supply of mothers in East Germany and low-income mothers in both parts of Germany increases. Zusammenfassung Mit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 beabsichtigte die Bundesregierung die Bedingungen für Familien mit jungen Kindern zu verbessern. Die neue familienpolitische Leistung hatte mehrere Ziele, von denen in diesem Beitrag drei zentrale untersucht werden: Zum Ersten sollte für Eltern in der Frühphase der Elternschaft ein Schonraum geschaffen werden. Zum Zweiten ist es ein erklärtes Ziel des Elterngeldes, es beiden Elternteilen zu ermöglichen, ihre wirtschaftliche Existenz eigenständig zu sichern, und drittens soll die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern gefördert werden. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand einer empirischen Wirkungsstudie überprüft, ob diese Ziele erreicht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Familien im ersten Jahr nach der Geburt durch das Elterngeld durchschnittlich etwa 480 Euro im Monat mehr haben als vor seiner Einführung. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern in diesem Zeitraum zurückgegangen ist. Mütter mit Kindern im zweiten Lebensjahr haben aufgrund der Einführung des Elterngeldes eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Beruf zurückzukehren.
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36

Bergemann, Annette, and Regina T. Riphahn. "Female labour supply and parental leave benefits – the causal effect of paying higher transfers for a shorter period of time." Applied Economics Letters 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2010): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850903425173.

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37

Kunze, Astrid. "Parental leave and maternal labor supply." IZA World of Labor, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15185/izawol.279.

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38

Ward, Jason. "The Four-day School Week and Parental Labor Supply." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3301406.

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39

Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff, and Charlene M. Kalenkoski. "Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.574164.

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40

Braga, Breno, and Olga Malkova. "Time to Grow Up? Adult Children as Determinants of Parental Labor Supply." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3760862.

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41

Wu, Qi, and Xin Gao. "The Effects of Parental Retirement on Adult Children's Labor Supply: Evidence From China." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3718085.

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42

Harsoyo, Andri, and Eny Sulistyaningrum. "Pengaruh Fertilitas Terhadap Partisipasi Tenaga Kerja Perempuan." Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, August 13, 2018, 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jekt.2018.v11.i02.p01.

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Indonesia, like other countries in the world, is experiencing a downward trend in the total fertility rate and an increasing trend in the female labor force participation rate. This study looks at the effect of female fertility on job supply in Indonesia by using IFLS data and the instrumental variable (IV) estimation technique first introduced by Angrist and Evans (1996; 1998) conducted in the United States. This study shows how parental preferences are related to different sexes of children as identification of fertility towards women's participation in the labor market. The results of this study indicate that fertility with the approach of the number of children owned and then instrumented by looking at the sex of the child resulted in a decrease in the supply of female labor. The magnitude of the effect on the working age group is that there is a decrease in work participation of around 52-54 percent and a decrease in overall work hours of around 23 hours / week.
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43

Edwards, Kathryn Anne, and Jeffrey B. Wenger. "Parents with an Unemployed Adult Child: Consumption, Income, and Savings Effects." IZA Journal of Labor Economics 8, no. 1 (July 5, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/izajole-2019-0001.

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AbstractThe risk of labor market, health, and asset-value shocks comprise profound retirement savings challenges for older workers. Parents, however, may experience added risk if their children experience adverse labor market shocks. Prior research has shown that parents support their children financially through an unemployment spell. In this paper, we also provide evidence of financial support from parents and investigate if this financial support is accompanied by adjustments to parental consumption, income, or savings behavior. With longitudinal data on mothers and children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we use within-mother variation in behavior to identify the effect of a child’s labor market shock on parent outcomes. We find evidence of a decline in consumption, an increase in labor supply, and a decrease retirement savings, though the results are heterogenous among mothers. Our results point to aggregate inefficiencies and inequities that may result from family risk sharing.
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44

Forssén, Katja, Anita Haataja, and Mia Hakovirta. "Policy Changes, Employment, and Single Parenthood in Finland." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, January 1, 2005, 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.45012.

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The labor supply of mothers is in? uenced by womens preferences and labor market conditions, as well as by family policy packages which enable families to reconcile work and family life. This article deepens the understanding about why Finnish single mothers are facing higher unemployment risks than mothers in two-parent families. The main question is how the changes in the Finnish family policy system have affected the economic and labor market status of single mothers in the last part of the 1990s. Have the changes in family policy affected their entry / re-entry into the labor market? Or can these changes in employment rate be explained by mothers personal decisions. Single parents were more vulnerable compared to partnered mothers in parental leave reforms and in the Family reform package in 1994. Changes in the labor market have had an impact on the situation of mothers with small children. One group of mothers can enjoy the full provision of leaves, bene? ts and job security, but an increased share of mothers have become dependent on only basic bene? ts. In this respect, the inequality among mothers has increased.
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45

Larsson, Germund, and Johannes Westberg. "Child Labour, Parental Neglect, School Boards, and Teacher Quality: School Inspector Reports on the Supply and Demand of Schooling in Mid-nineteenth-century Sweden." Historical Studies in Education / Revue d'histoire de l'éducation, April 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32316/hse-rhe.v32i1.4743.

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Abstract:
By examining the state school inspector reports of 1861–1863, which provide rich insights into the local conditions of schooling in Sweden, this article sheds further light on the wide range of factors that weakened school enrolment and attendance in nineteenth-century Sweden. In terms of parental demand, these included child labour on farms, at manors, and in industries; the transformation of the servant system among rural households; and religious practices, such as the confirmation and the beliefs of Protestant sectarian groups. On the supply side, factors that school inspectors reported included the inability of Swedish teacher seminars to examine enough teachers and the problematic behaviour of local school boards. As a result, this article provides additional input into the debate in educational history regarding the role of the state, religion, rural elites, and parents in the rise of mass schooling, while simultaneously providing further qualitative evidence to a quantitatively oriented research field in economic history on the determinants of schooling.
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46

Larsson, Germund, and Johannes Westberg. "Child Labour, Parental Neglect, School Boards, and Teacher Quality: School Inspector Reports on the Supply and Demand of Schooling in Mid-nineteenth-century Sweden." Historical Studies in Education / Revue d'histoire de l'éducation, April 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32316/hse/rhe.v32i1.4743.

Full text
Abstract:
By examining the state school inspector reports of 1861–1863, which provide rich insights into the local conditions of schooling in Sweden, this article sheds further light on the wide range of factors that weakened school enrolment and attendance in nineteenth-century Sweden. In terms of parental demand, these included child labour on farms, at manors, and in industries; the transformation of the servant system among rural households; and religious practices, such as the confirmation and the beliefs of Protestant sectarian groups. On the supply side, factors that school inspectors reported included the inability of Swedish teacher seminars to examine enough teachers and the problematic behaviour of local school boards. As a result, this article provides additional input into the debate in educational history regarding the role of the state, religion, rural elites, and parents in the rise of mass schooling, while simultaneously providing further qualitative evidence to a quantitatively oriented research field in economic history on the determinants of schooling.
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47

Geyer, Johannes. "Veraenderungen Der Erwerbsanreize Durch Das Elterngeld Plus Fuer Muetter Und Vaeter (The New Parental Benefits Scheme 'Elterngeld Plus': Changing Labour Supply Incentives of Mothers and Fathers)." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2812033.

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48

Lama, Tsering P., Melinda K. Munos, Joanne Katz, Subarna K. Khatry, Steven C. LeClerq, and Luke C. Mullany. "Assessment of facility and health worker readiness to provide quality antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care in rural Southern Nepal." BMC Health Services Research 20, no. 1 (January 6, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4871-x.

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Abstract Background Increased coverage of antenatal care and facility births might not improve maternal and newborn health outcomes if quality of care is sub-optimal. Our study aimed to assess the facility readiness and health worker knowledge required to provide quality maternal and newborn care. Methods Using an audit tool and interviews, respectively, facility readiness and health providers’ knowledge of maternal and immediate newborn care were assessed at all 23 birthing centers (BCs) and the District hospital in the rural southern Nepal district of Sarlahi. Facility readiness to perform specific functions was assessed through descriptive analysis and comparisons by facility type (health post (HP), primary health care center (PHCC), private and District hospital). Knowledge was compared by facility type and by additional skilled birth attendant (SBA) training. Results Infection prevention items were lacking in more than one quarter of facilities, and widespread shortages of iron/folic acid tablets, injectable ampicillin/gentamicin, and magnesium sulfate were a major barrier to facility readiness. While parenteral oxytocin was commonly provided, only the District hospital was prepared to perform all seven basic emergency obstetric and newborn care signal functions. The required number of medical doctors, nurses and midwives were present in only 1 of 5 PHCCs. Private sector SBAs had significantly lower knowledge of active management of third stage of labor and correct diagnosis of severe pre-eclampsia. While half of the health workers had received the mandated additional two-month SBA training, comparison with the non-trained group showed no significant difference in knowledge indicators. Conclusions Facility readiness to provide quality maternal and newborn care is low in this rural area of Nepal. Addressing the gaps by facility type through regular monitoring, improving staffing and supply chains, supervision and refresher trainings is important to improve quality.
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