Books on the topic 'Parental genome'
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1
La souffrance des envahis: Récit autobiographique. Montréal]: J. Leduc, 2012.
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2
Écouter l'autisme: Le livre d'une mère d'enfant autiste. Paris: Autrement, 2009.
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3
Lavigueur, Suzanne. Ces parents à bout de souffle: Un guide de survie à l'intention des parents qui ont un enfant hyperactif. Outremont: Quebecor, 1998.
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4
Geneviève, Tellier, Palardy Sylvain, and Hôpital Sainte-Justine, eds. L' enfant malade: Répercussions et espoirs. Montréal, Qué: Éditions de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 2000.
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5
Ervas, Fulvio. N'aie pas peur si je t'enlace. Paris: L. Levi, 2013.
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6
La petite fille qui ne parlait pas. [Montréal]: Libre expression, 1989.
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7
Masculin/féminin. Paris: O. Jacob, 1996.
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8
Joseph, Dwayne S. Around the way girls 4. Deer Park, N.Y: Urban Books, 2007.
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9
M, Gunn D., ed. Gender, power, and promise: The subject of the Bible's first story. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1993.
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10
Numan, Michael. The Parental Brain. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848675.001.0001.
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The Parental Brain: Mechanisms, Development, and Evolution takes a three-pronged approach to the parental brain. The first part of the book deals with neural mechanisms. Subcortical circuits are crucially involved in parental behavior, and, for most mammals, the physiological events of pregnancy and parturition prime these circuits so that they become responsive to infant stimuli, allowing for the onset of maternal behavior at parturition. However, since paternal behavior and alloparental behavior occur in some mammalian species, alternate mechanisms are shown to exist that regulate the access of infant stimuli to these circuits. In humans, cortical circuits interact with subcortical circuits so that parental feeling states (emotions) and cognitions can be translated into parental behavior. The section on development emphasizes the experiential basis of the intergenerational continuity of normal and abnormal maternal behavior in animals and humans: The way a mother treats her infant affects the development of the infant’s brain and subsequent maternal behavior. Genetic factors, including epigenetic processes and gene by environment (G × E) interactions, are also involved. The chapter on evolution presents evidence that the parental brain most likely provided the foundation or template for other strong prosocial bonds. In particular, cortical and subcortical parental brain circuits have probably been utilized by natural selection to promote the evolution of the hyper-cooperation and hyper-prosociality that exist in human social groups. A unique aspect of this book is its integration of animal and human research to create a complete understanding of the parental brain.
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Genomic Imprinting and Kinship (The Rutgers Series in Human Evolution, edited by Robert Trivers, Lee Cronk, Helen Fisher, and Lionel Tiger). Rutgers University Press, 2002.
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12
Haig, David. Genomic Imprinting and Kinship (The Rutgers Series in Human Evolution, edited by Robert Trivers, Lee Cronk, Helen Fisher, and Lionel Tiger). Rutgers University Press, 2002.
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13
Goldman, David, Zhifeng Zhou, and Colin Hodgkinson. The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0042.
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Addictive disorders are moderately to highly heritable, indicating that alleles transmitted from parents are protective, or enhance risk by whatever mechanisms. However, the inheritance of addictive disorders is complex, involving hundreds of genes and variants that are both common and rare, and that vary in effect size and context of action. Genes altering risk for addictions have been identified by pathway and candidate gene studies in humans and model organisms, and genomic approaches including genome-wide association, meiotic linkage, and sequencing. Genes responsible for shared liability to different addictive disorders have been identified, as well as genes that are relatively specific in altering risk of addiction to one agent. An impediment to overarching conclusions is that most of the heritability of addictions is unexplained at the level of gene or functional locus. However, new analytic approaches and tools have created new potentials for resolution of the “missing heritability.”
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Deater-Deckard, Kirby, Nan Chen, and Shereen El Mallah. Gene–Environment Interplay in Coercion. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.4.
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Coercive relationship dynamics are established and operate within reactive and regulatory intra- and interpersonal processes in families. These regulatory processes function within complex transactions between genetic and nongenetic processes that are transmitted from parents to children. This chapter highlights examples of gene–environment interplay in several key components of coercive family processes, with a special focus on parent and child self-regulation problems in coercive interactions. These include gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in self-regulation and dyadic regulation. These are conceptualized within a framework of ongoing parent and child effects operating within family dyads.
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A, Cavallera Hervé, and Pati Luigi, eds. Educare alla genitorialità tra differenze di genere e di generazione. Brescia: La scuola, 2005.
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A, Cavallera Hervé, and Pati Luigi, eds. Educare alla genitorialità tra differenze di genere e di generazione. Brescia: La scuola, 2005.
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17
Wyatt, Tristram D. 3. How behaviour develops. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198712152.003.0003.
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Behaviours evolve by natural selection. As genes influence how behaviours develop, selection on behaviour will alter gene frequencies in subsequent generations: genes that lead to successful behaviours in foraging, parental care, or mate choice, for example, will be represented in more individuals in future generations. If conditions change, then mutations of the genes that give rise to advantageous behaviours will be favoured by selection. ‘How behaviour develops’ explains that the environment is equally important: both genes and environment are intimately and interactively involved in behaviour development. Behavioural imprinting is also discussed along with co-opting genes, gene regulation, social influences on brain gene expression, phenotypic plasticity, and play.
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Waller, John. Heredity: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198790457.001.0001.
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The idea of heredity—that qualities of body and mind are somehow inherited from one’s parents—has profoundly shaped many aspects of the human experience: from our attempts to understand variation in personality and intelligence, to popular attitudes about gender, race, and social hierarchy, to the methods employed to increase crop yields and the value of horses and cattle. Heredity: A Very Short Introduction traces both the technical study of biological inheritance and the ideological use of the concept of heredity from antiquity into a modern age of molecular biology in which a brave new prospect is emerging: the capacity to manipulate the human genome itself.
19
Rudrappa, Sharmila. Reconsiderations of Race. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0012.
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This chapter explores transnational surrogacy in South Asia. India has become the prime destination for surrogacy for Western couples. It is a quicker and easier legal process than adoption, and it allows the Western parents to raise a child who is genetically similar to one of them. The babies' birth certificates have the commissioning parents' names, with no sign whatsoever of the surrogate mothers' role in the development and birth. In order to take the baby to their home country, the new parents must prove that the child is legally theirs through paternal gene testing. Some parents celebrate their children's Indian roots by way of nicknames or clothing, while others ignore the role of Indian mothers. Although users of transnational surrogacy services are moral pioneers, there is no place for egg donors or surrogate mothers in the nuclear Western family.
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Rhodes, Rosamond. Constructing the Abortion Argument. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.4.
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Debates in the abortion literature typically rely upon crude versions of ethical naturalism. Pro-choice advocates invoke the absence of psychological characteristics such as the capacity to reason to support the claim that fetuses do not have a right to life; pro-life advocates invoke biological characteristics such as the human genome to support the claim that the fetus does have that right. Yet such arguments notoriously transition from claims of fact to moral claims. In contrast, constructivism offers a novel and useful approach to the abortion debate. In this chapter, I provide a constructivist account of the ethics of abortion. On this account, the fetus’s right to life derives from parents taking on the obligation to care for and nourish their future child. This constructivist account of the right to life as a special personal obligation offers a dramatic challenge to natural rights theorists’ paradigmatic example.
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Graves, Andrew. Prevenge. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800855939.001.0001.
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The purpose of this book is to examine the marrying together of children, parental anxiety and the role of mother in the twenty-first century genre film. It will also explore the often played out gimmick of pregnancy as ‘body horror’. Prevenge provides an excellent conduit to explore these issues and to make a study of such offerings, the female function in horror cinema and the uneasy social commentaries which ensue. Placing this and other work within a societal and a historical context will provide the backbone of this text. It will explore Prevenge’s inception, narrative development, reception and cult film status, as well investigating the impetus of first time director Lowe, detailing her previous work as writer and performer and her collaborations with other artists such as Ben Wheatley and Steve Oram.
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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. Self-Esteem in Time and Place. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.001.0001.
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Self-Esteem in Time and Place reveals how self-esteem became a touchstone of American childrearing in the early years of the twenty-first century. Until now, almost nothing has been known about self-esteem as understood by ordinary parents or practiced as part of everyday family life. In the study reported here, parents of young children, living in a small Midwestern city, embraced self-esteem as a childrearing goal at a time when images and discourses of self-esteem proliferated across the cultural landscape. European American, African American, middle-class, and working-class parents believed that fostering young children’s self-esteem was critical to their psychological health and future success. To achieve this goal, they enacted a high-maintenance style of childrearing comprising assiduous monitoring, copious praise, and gentle discipline. These practices differed dramatically from most cultural cases in the ethnographic record. Together, parents and children created an early moment in a child-affirming developmental trajectory. As active participants and inventive agents, they also engaged in a process of personalization, nuancing their views in light of their social positioning and infusing normative ideas and practices with personal significance. These insights emerged from an innovative interdisciplinary study that draws on diverse sociocultural theories and incorporates intellectual history, interviews with parents, media texts and images, and longitudinal ethnographic observations. It situates the social imaginary of childrearing and self-esteem in time and place, traces its roots to nineteenth-century visionaries, and identifies the complex, multilayered contexts from which this enduring cultural ideal derives its meanings.
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TEIXEIRA, Maria, and Fabio VITI, eds. Les butoirs de la pensée. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813004420.
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Cet ouvrage collectif en hommage à Françoise Héritier rassemble des textes d’anthropologues qui ont en commun d’avoir suivi le séminaire « Corps et affects » qu’elle avait dirigé avec Margarita Xanthakou au Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale et d’avoir commencé leurs recherches en Afrique. Tous les auteurs développent leurs réflexions sur des éléments d’anthropologie du corps et de la parenté chers à Françoise Héritier. Les contributions reviennent entre autres sur l’inceste du second type, l’inceste dans la procréation médicalement assistée, les relations de genre, les représentations de l’hérédité, de la parenté et de la mécanique des humeurs corporelles. La notion de mithridatisation est analysée dans le cadre de l’alliance ainsi que les représentations de la transmission d’une maladie génétique. Tous ces textes discutent et prennent parfois de la distance par rapport à ses théories, mais reconnaissent toujours ce que nous lui devons toutes et tous. Cet ouvrage présente également une biographie de Françoise Héritier et propose à nouveau l’un de ses textes sur l’anthropologie symbolique du corps.
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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. Brian Tatler and His Family. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0011.
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Chapter 11, “Brian Tatler and His Family,” describes a middle-class European American family with two children. Brian and his younger brother went to day care and spent two afternoons a week with their grandmothers while their parents worked full-time. Brian was a placid child and an avid participant in pretend play, whose special stuffed animals were almost like family members. The Tatler family enjoyed a robust expressive life, which included singing, book reading, and telling a hybrid genre of stories of their own invention, which became part of Brian’s bedtime ritual. Brian was learning to be comfortable with his feelings within a set of family practices that were highly attuned to the full spectrum of emotional life. His parents believed that he had high self-esteem, citing his growing awareness of his own successes, his positive attitude, his willingness to try new things, and his ability to shift focus when upset.
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Nardini, Luisa. Chants, Hypertext, and Prosulas. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514139.001.0001.
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The liturgical chant that was sung in the churches of southern Italy between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries reflects the multiculturalism of a territory in which Roman, Franks, Lombards, Byzantines, Normans, Jews, and Muslims were present at various times and with different political roles. This book examines a specific genre, the prosulas that were composed to embellish and expand preexisting liturgical chants of the liturgy of mass. Widespread in medieval Europe, prosulas were highly cultivated in southern Italy, especially by the nuns, monks, and clerics in the city of Benevento. They shed light on the creativity of local cantors to provide new meanings to the liturgy in accordance with contemporary waves of religious spirituality and to experiment with a novel musical style in which a syllabic setting is paired with the free-flowing melody of the parent chant. In their representing an epistemological “beyond” and because of their interconnectedness with the parent chant, they can be likened to modern hypertexts. The emphasis on universal saints of ancient lineage stressed the perceived links with the cradles of Christianity, Africa and West Asia, and the center of the papal power, Rome, while the high number of Christological prosulas in manuscripts used in nunneries might be tied to the devotion to Jesus as “spiritual spouse” that was typical of female religiosity. Full editions of texts, melodies, and manuscript facsimiles in the companion website enrich the study of the stylistic features and the cultural components of this fascinating genre.
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Klitzman, Robert. Designing Babies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190054472.001.0001.
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Since the first “test tube baby” was born over 40 years ago, in vitro fertilization and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have advanced in extraordinary ways, producing millions of babies. About 20% of Americans use infertility services, and that number is growing. ARTs enable gay and lesbian couples, single parents, and now others to have offspring. Prospective parents can also use preimplantation genetic diagnosis to avoid passing on certain mutations to their children and to avoid abortions of fetuses with these mutations. Other future parents routinely choose the sex of their child and whether to give birth to twins. In the United States, these procedures are largely unregulated, and a large commercial market has rapidly grown, using “egg donors,” buying and selling human eggs and sperm, and using gestational surrogates. Potential parents; policymakers; doctors, including reproductive endocrinologists; and others thus face critical complex questions about the use—or possible misuse—of ARTs. This book examines ethical, social, and policy questions about these crucial technologies. Based on in-depth interviews, Robert Klitzman explores how doctors and patients struggle with quandaries of whether, when, and how to use ARTs. He articulates the full range of these crucial issues, from economic pressures to moral and social challenges of making decisions that will profoundly shape these offspring. The book explores, too, broader social and moral questions regarding gene editing, CRISPR, and eugenics. Klitzman argues for closer regulation of these technologies, which are altering future generations and the human species as a whole.
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Shoemark, Helen, and Trish Dearn. Music Therapy in the Medical Care of Infants. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.23.
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This chapter describes the ways in which music therapy can be provided to preterm infants or full-term who require medical care for complex issues that require hospitalization after birth. The history of Newborn Music Therapy research includes the application of music to change pain, non-nutritive sucking, feeding, with kangaroo care, and in developmental care. The modalities include recorded music and singing, and live singing and gentle instrument playing. Underpinning the application of music in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are considerations of the ambient sound levels of the NICU, the age of the infant, the physical context, timing of session. The significance of the parents’ experience in family-centerd music therapy in hospital is highlighted, as is the pivotal role of the music therapist to stimulate and facilitate music as part of healthy infant development.
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Nerby, Jill Ann, and Jessca Otis, eds. Aniridia and WAGR Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195389302.001.0001.
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Our hope is to enlighten and encourage those affected by aniridia and WAGR Syndrome by providing patient support and medical information. There is information to inform parents, teachers, doctors, employers, and the public about aniridia and what it is like to live with it. Several renowned doctors contribute medical chapters. Personal experiences from individuals with aniridia and parents with children with aniridia provide encouragement. Contact information for Aniridia Foundation International (AFI) is included. When a child is born without a complete iris, it is usually a symptom of a broader condition. Known as aniridia, this condition can also be a sign other parts of the eye are underdeveloped as well. Moreover, recent research shows that the gene involved can also affect the kidneys, pancreas and forebrain, so aniridia can coincide with a range of symptoms known as WAGR syndrome. Until recently, however, there was very little information available on aniridia and WAGR Syndrome. Even now, not all of the available information is current or correct, so that when a child is diagnosed with aniridia, the parents often find or are given information that is confusing and even frightening. We created this book to help those families see that they are not alone, and there are a lot of answers and a great deal of hope. It contains information about aniridia and WAGR Syndrome for parents, other family members, friends, teachers, doctors, and employers. We have been very fortunate to have several renowned doctors contribute current and comprehensive medical information that will help to provide concrete answers to basic questions and demystify these conditions. The book has many personal stories from individuals and parents that will help to give a more complete picture of what it is like to live with aniridia and WAGR Syndrome and provide encouragement and comfort. It also contains information about where to go for more answers and support, including the Aniridia Foundation International (AFI), http://www.aniridia.net, a non-profit organization created by one of the authors, Jill Nerby. We hope that you will read this book and join us in creating a better future for those with aniridia and WAGR Syndrome.
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Parens, Erik, and Josephine Johnston, eds. Human Flourishing in an Age of Gene Editing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190940362.001.0001.
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The potential use of CRISPR-Cas9 and other new gene editing technologies to alter the DNA of human beings raises a host of questions. Some questions are about safety: Can these technologies be deployed without posing an unreasonable risk of physical harm to current and future generations? Can all physical risks be adequately assessed and responsibly managed? Gene editing technologies also raise other, equally if not more difficult, questions that touch on deeply held, personal, cultural, and societal values: Might such technologies redefine what it means to be healthy, normal, or cherished? Might they undermine relationships between parents and children or exacerbate the gap between the haves and have-nots? The broadest form of this second kind of question about the impact of gene editing on values is the focus of this book: What might gene editing—and related technologies—mean for human flourishing? An interdisciplinary group of scholars asks age-old questions about the nature and well-being of humans in the context of revolutionary new biotechnology that has the potential to change the genetic makeup of both existing people and future generations. These authors aim to help readers engage in a conversation about the ethics of gene editing. It is through this conversation that citizens can influence laws and the distribution of funding for science and medicine; that professional leaders can shape understanding and use of gene editing and related technologies by scientists, patients, and practitioners; and that individuals can make decisions about their own lives and the lives of their families.
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Lachmann, Robin H., and Timothy M. Cox. Disorders of Fructose Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0003.
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Hereditary fructose intolerance is an autosomal recessive disease which is manifest at weaning but formal diagnosis is often delayed until late childhood or adult life. Fructose, sucrose and sorbitol present in offending foods and drinks induce hypoglycaemia, hypophosphatemia, acidosis, hyperuricemia and hypermagnesemia. If unrecognized, the disease causes failure to thrive, a reno-tubular syndrome with nephrocalcinosis, jaundice, and ultimately liver injury. Parenteral administration of fructose or its congeners can be fatal. Molecular analysis of the aldolase B gene has revolutionized diagnosis. Treatment by a strict dietary exclusion (supplemented by water-soluble vitamins) is successful and, if instituted in a timely manner, is compatible with a normal life span. Early diagnosis and dietary modification are critical for well-being and normal development in affected children.
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Fontane, Theodor, and Ritchie Robertson. Effi Briest. Translated by Mike Mitchell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199675647.001.0001.
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‘I loathe what I did, but what I loathe even more is your virtue.’ Seventeen-year-old Effi Briest is steered by her parents into marriage with an ambitious bureaucrat, twenty years her senior. He takes her from her home to a remote provincial town on the Baltic coast of Prussia where she is isolated, bored, and prey to superstitious fears. She drifts into a half-hearted affair with a manipulative, womanizing officer, which ends when her husband is transferred to Berlin. Years later, events are triggered that will have profound consequences for Effi and her family. Effi Briest (1895) is recognized as one of the masterpieces by Theodor Fontane, Germany's premier realist novelist, and one of the great novels of marital relations together with Madame Bovary and Anna Karenina. It presents life among the conservative Prussian aristocracy with irony and gentle humour, and opposes the rigid and antiquated morality of the time by treating its heroine with sympathy and keen psychological insight.
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Trollope, Anthony. Doctor Thorne. Edited by Simon Dentith. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199662784.001.0001.
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‘Frank has but one duty before him. He must marry money.’ The squire of Greshamsbury has fallen on hard times, and it is incumbent on his son Frank to make a good marriage. But Frank loves the doctor's niece, Mary Thorne, a girl with no money and mysterious parentage. He faces a terrible dilemma: should he save the estate, or marry the girl he loves? Mary, too, has to battle her feelings, knowing that marrying Frank would ruin his family and fly in the face of his mother's opposition. Her pride is matched by that of her uncle, Dr Thorne, who has to decide whether to reveal a secret that would resolve Frank's difficulty, or to uphold the innate merits of his own family heritage. The character of Dr Thorne reflects Trollope's own contradictory feelings about the value of tradition and the need for change. His subtle portrayal, and the comic skill and gentle satire with which the story is developed, are among the many pleasures of this delightful novel.
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Ryan, Jeanne. Charisma. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2016.
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Pechenik, Jan A., ed. Latent Effects: Surprising Consequences of Embryonic and Larval Experience on Life after Metamorphosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0014.
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The coming years will apparently bring increases in seawater temperatures, salinity fluctuation, and ocean acidity, along with increasing pollution levels and increasing incidences of coastal hypoxic events. We can also expect to see shifting patterns of phytoplankton abundance and nutritional quality. Many such stresses experienced early in development—even among brooded embryos—have been found to influence growth rates, survival, and other fitness characteristics following metamorphosis, sometimes for months, both in laboratory studies and in those in which juveniles were transplanted to the field. The effects are usually negative, but have been seemingly positive in a few studies. Vulnerability can vary among species, and even among the offspring from different parents. The mechanisms through which such “latent effects” are mediated are unclear: energy-balance issues and epigenetic factors—in which gene expression patterns are altered without any changes in DNA sequences—seem to be involved.
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Dweck, Carol S. Social Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0008.
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This chapter describes new theories, concepts, and methods that are being brought to bear on the central questions of social development, and it highlights the unprecedented interdisciplinary nature of current research in social development. Topics include the foundations of “social-ness” and its role in making humans unique; new findings on gene–environment and temperament–environment interactions and their role in the emergence of important social outcomes; ways in which socialization experiences are carried forward in children’s mental representations and physiological changes; the impact of different agents of socialization, such as parents, peers, and media; the mutual influence of cognitive and social development, and the ways in which social-cognitive interventions can boost intellectual performance; and the burgeoning area of intergroup perception and interaction. Throughout I discuss the implications of recent discoveries for interventions, and the ways in which interventions both test theories and speak to the plasticity of developing systems.
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Cunningham, Steve. Diagnosis and process of care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0002.
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Children with CF are now identified by newborn screening programmes, but not in every country, nor is every case is identified by newborn screening. Methods of diagnosis have become more complex as the CF gene has been mapped and more mutations identified, some of which may not be associated with disease. The sweat test remains the primary method of diagnosis, along with clinical symptoms. Clinical care is increasingly orientated to reduce the risk of cross-infection between patients. The range of organisms for which cross-infection measures are put in place is increasing. Routine clinic review is outlined and recommendations made. Annual review is described in detail. Transition is a pivotal period in patient management requiring structure and support. Patients (and parents) should be informed about the transition plan early and the delivery standard across all patients, but delivered at an age and pace commensurate with the adolescent’s clinical and psychological needs.
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Gyngell, Christopher, and Michael Selgelid. Twenty-First-Century Eugenics. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.7.
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Technologies available since the 1970s have enabled parents to influence the genetic makeup of their children. As the twenty-first century unfolds, emerging technologies—including gamete selection, gene editing, and in vitro gametogenesis—may allow greater control over heredity. These technologies have been criticized for involving “eugenics.” However, it is often not clear what this criticism amounts to. What is eugenics and/or why it is a bad thing? This chapter provides a conceptual analysis of “eugenics” and discusses its relevance to debates about twenty-first-century reproductive technologies. We argue for the plausibility of a broad definition of eugenics as “an attempt to improve heredity.” Whereas most common usages of reproductive genetic technologies fall under this broad definition, this alone does not entail they are morally problematic. Indeed, there will often be moral reasons to pursue eugenic aims. We conclude by discussing the types of practices that may be justified in the name of eugenics.
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Hope, James, and Mark P. Dagleish. Prion-protein-related diseases of animals and man. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0041.
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Scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), and related diseases of mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) are the founder members of a group of diseases called the transmissible degenerative (or spongiform) encephalopathies (TSE). These diseases can be transmitted by prions from affected to healthy animals by inoculation or by feeding diseased tissues. Prions are cellular proteins that can transfer metabolic and pathological phenotypes vertically from parent to progeny or horizontally between cells and animals. TSEs are characterised by the accumulation of the prion form of the mammalian prion protein (PrPC) in the central nervous system or peripheral tissues of animals and humans. Mutations of the human PrP gene are linked to rare, familial forms of disease and prion-protein gene polymorphisms in humans and other species are linked to survival time and disease characteristics in affected individuals. Iatrogenic transmission of CJD in man has occurred, and a variant form of CJD (vCJD) is due to cross-species transmission of BSE from cattle to humans. Atypical forms of scrapie and BSE have been identified during large-scale monitoring for TSEs worldwide. This chapter outlines our current understanding of scrapie, BSE, CJD and other TSEs and highlights recent progress in defining the role in disease of the prion protein, PrP.
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Charisma. 2015.
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Roddy, Edward, and Michael Doherty. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0142.
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Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) in articular cartilage is a common age-related phenomenon. Recent important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pyrophosphate metabolism include the identification of a mutation within the ANK gene which associates with familial CPPD, and elucidation of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-dependent mechanisms by which crystals invoke an inflammatory response. Risk factors for CPPD include age, prior joint damage and osteoarthritis, genetic factors, and occasionally metabolic diseases (hyperparathyroidism, haemochromatosis, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphatasia). CPPD is commonly asymptomatic or may present as osteoarthritis with CPPD, acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis, or chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. Although radiographic chondrocalcinosis is often taken to be synonymous with CPPD, other calcium crystals can also have this appearance and definitive diagnosis requires identification of CPP crystals by compensated polarized light microscopy of aspirated synovial fluid. Recently, the ultrasonographic appearances of CPPD have been described. Treatment of CPPD is targeted to the clinical presentation. Acute CPP crystal arthritis is treated by aspiration and injection of glucocorticosteroid, local ice packs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), low-dose colchicine, oral or parenteral glucocorticosteroids, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Treatment of osteoarthritis with CPPD is very similar to the treatment of osteoarthritis alone. There is no specific therapy for chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis: options include NSAID, low-dose colchicine, low-dose glucocorticosteroid, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine. Recommendations for the management of CPPD are derived from a small evidence base and largely based on clinical experience and extrapolation from gout. Further research into diagnosis and management including novel treatment strategies such as IL-1β blockade is much needed.
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Jill, Hunt La, Glenn Roy, Joseph Dwayne S, Hunt La Jill, and Glenn Roy, eds. Around the way girls. Deer Park, N.Y: Urban Books, 2007.
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Joseph, Dwayne, La Jill Hunt, and Roy Glenn. Around The Way Girls 4. Urban Books, 2007.
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